Made by Anant Saxena

False Calculus Paradox

X axis

Y axis
a b

Consider the above curve. Let it be y=f(x).

Now, b
f(x)dx= Area 1 + Area 2 + Area 3
a

X axis

Y axis
a b

x. (a,b)

Let the common point of Area 1, Area 2 and Area 3 be( x. , y.).

The line joining (x., y.) and (a, f(a)) is y= y. + (y. - f(a))(x-x.)
(x.-a)
The line joining (x., y.) and (b, f(b)) is y= y. + (y. - f(b))(x-x.)
(x.-b)
These lines should fulfill the conditions

f(x) > y. + (y. - f(a))(x-x.) x (a, x.)

(x.-a)

f(x) > y. + (y. - f(b))(x-x.) x (x., b)

(x.-b)

By area of a trapezium,
Area 2 = ½ * (f(a) +y.)(x.-a)
Area 3 = ½ * (f(b) +y.)(b-x.)
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Let us choose a point (α,f(α)) such that

f’(α)*(y. - f(α)) = -1
(x.-α)

X axis

Y axis
a b

The length of f(x) from a to b is given by

b
(1 + f’(x))1/2 dx
a

And distance from (x., y.) to (α, f(α)) is

((x. - α) + (y. - f(α))1/2

Consider the similar line below f(x)

Let its length be C1

And let the length of the line from a point on C1 to (x., y.) be D1

b
(1 + f’(x))1/2 dx C1
a = __
((x. - α) + (y. - f(α))1/2 D1

Let D1 be h where h->0.

b
(1 + f’(x))1/2 dx C1
a = __
((x. - α) + (y. - f(α))1/2 h
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b
2
=> h (1 + f’(x))1/2 dx
a = hC1
((x. - α) + (y. - f(α))1/2

Since this line has h thickness consider a similar line that would touch it and be just above it.
A point of it will be h + h = 2h distance away from (x., y.).

Hence,

b
=> 2h2 (1 + f’(x))1/2 dx
a = hC2
((x. - α) + (y. - f(α))1/2
And so on

b
2
=> n h (1 + f’(x))1/2 dx
a = hCn
((x. - α) + (y. - f(α))1/2

Where n-> ∞
Adding all of the above from hC1 to hCn

n b
2
=> ∑rh (1 + f’(x))1/2 dx n
R=0 a = h∑Cr
((x. - α) + (y. - f(α))1/2 r=1

b
2
=> n(n+1)/2 h (1 + f’(x))1/2 dx n
a = h∑Cr
((x. - α) + (y. - f(α))1/2 r=1

Now by the figure we see nh = ((x. - α) + (y. - f(α))1/2

And,
n
h∑Cr = Area 1
R=1
Hence,
Made by Anant Saxena

b
1/2
Area 1 = ½*((x. - α) + (y. - f(α)) * (1 + f’(x))1/2 dx
a
b
f(x)dx= Area 1 + Area 2 + Area 3
a

Hence,

b b
1/2
f(x)dx= ½*((x. - α) + (y. - f(α)) * (1 + f’(x))1/2 dx +
a a
½ * (f(a) +y.)(x.-a) + ½ * (f(b) +y.)(b-x.)

But this identitiy is wrong!

Hypothesis

It’s not to hard to guess that the problem must lie in calculating area 1.
Even though the above is very similar to calculating area as limit as a sum there is one difference which
falsifies it.

From the figure

Area 2 = h*f(a)

a+h
Area 1 = f(x)dx - h*f(a) < h
a

Now let’s look at the paradox’s calculus

Maybe Area 1 + Area 2 = βh

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Let us derive the similar curve beneath f(x).

Let the similar curve be g(x).
e be a constant belonging from 0 to 1 and e times the length of f(x) is = to the length of g(x) within
appropriate limits.

x. + x x. + ex

e (1+f’(x))1/2 dx = (1+g’(x))1/2 dx
x. x.

Differentiating both sides

e(1+f’(x. + x))1/2 = e (1+g’(x. + ex))1/2

x x

=> f’(x+x.)1/2 dx = g’(x.+ex)1/2 dx

0 0

=> f(x+x.) - f(x.) = g(x. + ex) - g(x.)

g(x.) = ef(x.)

=>f(x +x.) - f(x.)(1-e) = g(x. + ex)

Let x. + ex = z
=>f((z-x.)/e + x.) -f(x.)(e-1) =g(z)
or g(x) = f((x-x)./e + x.) - f(x.)(e-1)

Let j(x)=f((x-x.)/(e+h) + x.) - f(x.)(1-e-h)

eb

Now area 3 = h* (1+g’(x))1/2 dx

ea
(e+h)b eb

Area 2 + Area 1 = j(x)dx - g(x)dx - 1/2*(ha)(ef(a) + (e+h)f(b)) - 1/2(hb)(ef(b) + (e+h)f(b)) -

(e+h)a ea

eb

h* (1+g’(x))1/2 dx
ea
According to my hypothesis
Area 2 + Area 1 = βh + γh2 + …..
Where β≠0