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2. Which of the following groups would most likely be harmed by a minimum wage
law?
3. In the labour market, it is said, a worker is paid a wage equal to the marginal
revenue product. Therefore,
A. civil servants in Hong Kong has enjoyed significant increases in real wages
during the last decade because of significant increases in their productivities.
B. a businessman earns a windfall profit because he is more productive.
C. in the University of Hong Kong, a professor is paid twice the salary of a
lecturer because the professor knows twice as much and is twice as
productive.
D. None of the above. (86-14)
4. Assume only two inputs are used in agriculture: land and labour. If adding
labour to work on a limited area of land were NOT subject to diminishing
marginal productivity,
5. The more human capital an individual worker brings to the labour market,
A. When the quantity of the factor employed decreases, the price of the factor
falls.
B. When the price of the product falls, the quantity of the product demanded
increases.
C. When the quantity of the factor employed increases, the price of the factor
rises.
D. The price of the product is fall over time. (88-06)
10. Suppose land and labour are the only factors involved in farming. If the use of
land for farming is reduced by law, then the marginal product of land will _____
and that of labour will _____.
A. rise, rise
B. fall, fall
C. rise, fall
D. fall, rise (90-09)
11. Workers in Hong Kong earn higher wages than those in the Philippines
because
13. God may have started out to create all men equal, but our parents intervened.
Natural differences in abilities, attributes and tastes go far to explain wage
differences. Economics tells us that
A. the government should therefore set things right, and a socialist state is
therefore preferable.
B. the best condition is from whom according to ability and to whom according
to needs.
C. with equal education, people will have equal ability.
D. with private property rights, the more productive your labour and the greater
the demand for your services relative to its supply, the higher your wage
rate. (91-24)
14. Assume leisure is a normal good. If the income effect of a wage increase is
greater than the substitution effect,
16. Under which of the following situations will the marginal revenue product of a
factor of production be smaller than the value of its marginal product?
A. When the quantity of the factor employed decreases, the price of the factor
falls.
B. When the quantity of the factor employed decreases, the price of the factor
rises.
C. When the product demand curve facing the producer is downward sloping.
D. When the price of the product is rising over time. (93-06)
17. The more human capital an individual worker brings to the labour market,
18. An employer observes that when one employee is sick (and does not come to
work), the value of output falls by $500 per day. If two workers are sick, the
value of output falls by $1 200 and when three workers are sick the value of
output falls by $2 100. Suppose the wage rate is $750 per man-day, the
employer should
19. When firm is a price-taker in the product market, its demand curve of a factor
input is
A. the substitution effect between work and leisure is smaller than the income
effect when the wage increases.
B. the substitution effect between work and leisure is greater than the income
effect when the wage increases.
C. the worker’s preference for leisure has decreased.
D. the opportunity cost of leisure increases when the wage increases.
(94-22)
21. If Hong Kong’s construction industry is free to import workers from China, it
will
22. Assume that leisure is a normal good. Which of the following is implied by an
upward sloping labour supply curve?
23. In a competitive labour market, two industries require the same type of labour.
Suppose the marginal productivity of labour in Industry A is higher than that in
Industry B. In the absence of transaction costs, which of the following
statements is correct?
A. If labourers are switched from Industry B to Industry A, then the value of the
total output of the industries will increase.
B. Employers in Industry A will lay off some workers who will then be employed
in Industry B.
C. The labour demand curve for industry A will shift upward and that for
industry B will shift downward.
D. The labour demand curve for Industry A will shift downward and that for
Industry B will shift upward. (96-03)
24. According to the marginal productivity theory, a worker is paid a wage rate
equal to his marginal product. Thus,
A. Output will increase at a decreasing rate, when all inputs increase together.
B. Output will increase at a decreasing rate, when one input increases and
another input stays constant.
C. Output will increase at a decreasing rate, when all inputs except one increase.
D. Output will increase at a decreasing rate, when all inputs increase at declining
proportions.
(97-
26)
27. In a competitive market, the observed wage rates of men are generally higher
than those of women. This implies
28. An effective wage floor imposed on imported workers by the government will
lead to _____ in marginal productivity and _____ in the average productivity of
imported workers.
32. In a competitive labour market, the wage rate received by a worker depends
on
35. One flower shop makes money and stays in business; another flower shop
loses money and also stays in business. Both shops will stay in business
indefinitely, that is, they have no plan to close down.
A. horizontal.
B. downward sloping.
C. upward sloping.
D. first upward sloping and then downward sloping. (03-22)
38. A factory, using valuable machines, pays higher piece rates for workers who
produce more pieces than other workers over the same period of time. All
workers use the same machines. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. The observation is inconsistent with the theory that the marginal products of
different workers will be equated.
B. Without paying different piece rates the rents of the same machines will not
be equal; therefore it would be inconsistent with the postulate of wealth
maximization.
C. The observed pricing practice is inconsistent with the theory that workers are
paid according to their marginal products.
D. The observed piece rates would be inconsistent with the theory that machine
rents are paid according to the marginal products of the machines.
(04-30)
39. In China, the rental return of land designated for industrial usage is several
times higher than that of land designated for agricultural usage. Assume both
land and labour are homogeneous so that both could be readily employed in
either industry or agriculture. Which of the following statements about China is
correct?
A. with a small wheat farm, one could add successive fertilizer and labour to
produce enough wheat to feed the world.
B. with a constant wage level, all workers would participate in farming.
C. the marginal productivity theory will not be affected.
D. All of the above. (06-14)
1990 Q. 7
In the 14th century, the Black Death (Bubonic Plague) killed a
large number of the population of England (possibly 1/3) within
three years.
(a) It was allegedly observed that in the ensuing years there
was a strong tendency for real wages to rise and land rents
to fall. Is this consistent with economic theory? Explain in
terms if an aggregate marginal productivity schedule for
labour. (Note that production of the time was largely
confined to the use of land and labour.)
(8
marks)
Given only two factors of production, land and labour, the above
diagram shows the marginal product of labour, holding land constant. A
decline in population, shift the labour supply from S1 to S2, results in a
rise in real wage from W1 to W2. However, the total wage may rise or
fall, depending on the elasticity of the MPL.
1991 Q. 5
Agricultural land has different levels of fertility, i.e. given the
same non-land inputs their productivities are not the same.
Why do farmers cultivate both superior and inferior land, i.e.,
why do they not cultivate only superior land? (10 marks)
1995 Q. 5
What will the price of land be if the law of diminishing
marginal productivity does not hold? Explain.
(8 marks)
Briefly speaking, the price of land is the same as land rent. With land
being fixed and labour the only variable factor, if diminishing marginal
productivity holds, the amount of land rent will be equal to the total
product less the income to labour.
With one tiny piece capable of producing all lands combined could, all
the land owners will try to sell their land on the market but the demand
for land is very small. Hence, the price of land would be driven down to
nearly zero under competition.
Another explanation for zero land rent is that since marginal productivity of labour is
increasing, in order to employ an additional unit of labour, higher wage has to be offered.
Since marginal revenue product is higher than average revenue product, it is impossible
for the employer to raise the wages of the previous unit. Hence, the wage paid will be
equal to the marginal revenue product of corresponding unit of labour employed. In this
case the total wage payment will be equal to total revenue product and there will be no
residual income for land.
1999 Q. 5
The law of diminishing marginal productivity (diminishing
returns) is neither a postulate nor an assertion, but a
statement of fact. Do you agree? (7 marks)
However, if the above law does not hold so that the product curve of
labour is upward rising, the marginal product of labour will keep on
increasing with the amount of labour. This means that by cultivating
only a small piece of land, output can be increased indefinitely and is
sufficient to feed the whole world. Hence, if the law of diminishing
returns does not hold, only a tiny, or infinitely small, piece of land will
be used for farming.
Another explanation for zero land rent is that since marginal productivity of labour is
increasing, in order to employ an additional unit of labour, higher wage has to be offered.
Since marginal revenue product is higher than average revenue product, it is impossible
for the employer to raise the wages of the previous unit. Hence, the wage paid will be
equal to the marginal revenue product of corresponding unit of labour employed. In this
case the total wage payment will be equal to total revenue product and there will be no
residual income for land.
2001 Q. 5
In agriculture, when two persons work together on a given
piece of land, helping each other, the output may be more than
double that of one person working singly on the same piece of
land. Is this consistent with the law of diminishing marginal
productivity? (6 marks)
From the above information, if we observe that when two persons work
together on a given piece of land and the output is more than double
that of one person working singly on the same piece of land, this
implies that the marginal output of the additional worker is increasing.
However, it does not imply that this is inconsistent with the law of
diminishing marginal productivity.
An important point we must note is that the law states that marginal
output will eventually diminish when more and more variable factors is
being employed. However, before diminishing marginal productivity
sets in, the marginal output may be increasing with the increase of
variable factors. This may be due to the fact that in the initial stage,
the increase of workers can give rise to better division of labour which
enables the fixed factor, i.e. land, to be better utilized. Hence, the
percentage increase in outputs is greater than the percentage increase
in workers employed. This explains the increase in marginal output.
However, when more and more workers are employed, the amount of
fixed factor becomes insufficient and over-utilized. Eventually the
percentage increase in output become smaller than the percentage
increase in workers employed and diminishing marginal productivity
results.
2002 Q. 2
The upward sloping supply curve of a firm is always the result
of diminishing marginal productivity. Do you agree? Explain.
(8 marks)
- END -
1. Economic rent is
2. Economic rent
3. Mr. Leung and Miss Tang are equally skilled at their jobs as teachers; their
productive capacities in everything else are also similar except Miss Tang has
more entrepreneurial talent. If both of them have the same salary as teachers,
then
4. Economic rent is
5. Which of the following correctly shows the difference between rent and cost?
6. Economic rent is
7. Suppose the alternative earnings of all workers, both existing and new, in a
particular trade are identical and constant, and suppose new workers in that
trade accepts a 15% wage cut. Which of the following statements about workers
in that trade is correct?
A. Both existing and new workers would definitely earn economic rents.
B. The cost of quitting the job would remain unchanged for the existing workers.
C. The transfer earnings of the existing workers would decrease by 15%.
D. All of the above. (00-24)
8. Economic rent is
9. A flower shop owner loves flowers so much that even when he loses money in
the business, he still stays in business. When this flower shop breaks even in
terms of money,
10. Which of the following statements about rent and cost is correct?
2003 Q. 2
What is rent? (i.e. economic rent)? Is rent a cost? Explain.
(6 marks)
Rent is that part of income a change of which will not affect quantity
supplied of a resource in a particular direction or dimension. That is,
the availability or the supply of a good or a factor of production will not
change in a particular dimension as result of a price change or a
change in income to the seller of the good or factor owner, and such
income is known as rent.
2004 Q. 7
Many people go deer hunting. It is reported that among all the
people who go deer hunting, less than 10 per cent of them (the
superior hunters) get more than 90 per cent of the hunted
deer, while the remaining 90 per cent or more of them (the
inferior hunters) get less than 10 per cent, or each of them get
hardly any deer. Assume for this question that all people who
go deer hunting have the same time cost and that they enjoy
hunting equally.
(a) What would you call that part of hunting income a superior
hunter earns over and above that of an inferior one? Why?
(4 marks)
Rent. It is called rent because even if this part of income does not exist,
a superior hunter would still go hunting as his time cost is no more
than that of an inferior hunter. In other words, the rent captured by a
superior hunter is an income that would not be competed away.
2005 Q .4
Rent is cost, but cost is not necessarily rent. Do you agree?
Explain. (8 marks)
2009 Q.2
What is the law of diminishing return? Why is this law essential in the determination of
rents and wage?
The law of diminishing returns is the same as the law of diminishing marginal
productivity, which states that when one factor input increases while other factor inputs
are held constant, output will rise at a decreasing rate, and at some point the marginal
product will become zero and then negative. If this law does not hold, one may keep
adding fertilizers to a small plot of land to grow enough food to feed the world.
Therefore, if this law does not hold the price of land cannot be determined, and likewise
the price of other inputs cannot be determined.
- END -
(iii) Profit
8. Mrs. Wong had bought a solar heater and has saved some electricity cost.
A. it is a matter of luck.
B. there is a chance of suffering loss.
C. it is totally unanticipated.
D. it cannot be measured. (97-21)
10. Profit is
11. After SARS in 2003 and the introduction of the Individual Visit Scheme; the
housing market in Hong Kong has unexpectedly soared, with the property
value rising about 40 per cent from the SARS period. Which of the following is
correct?
12. Profit
A. is a part of cost.
B. is an income that cannot be discounted.
C. is a part of rent.
D. may exist in a perfectly certain world. (07-05)
MC Answers on Profit
A B B A A B B A B B
A B
Profit
1991 Q. 2
What is the main difference between profit and rents? Give
two examples (one example each) to illustrate this difference.
(10 marks)
Since rents are expected and profits are not, rent can be discounted
and capitalized in decision-making. Profits cannot be so discounted.
Moreover, since with a transfer in ownership, the resource owner can
also realized the same amount of return of rent, he incurs a cost in
obtaining rent for not selling the resource ownership to others.
However, since profits are totally unexpected, they will not be
considered in the process of decision-making and so they are not part
of costs.
1993 Q. 2
What is profit? What is the difference between profit and rent?
(8 marks)
For rent, it is defined as a return over and above the amount which is
necessary to keep the resource in its present use. In other words, it is
the amount over and above the highest alternative use of the
resources.
For example, an investment made by a firm worth $100 000 with an
expected return of 10% means income of $10 000 per time period. If
there is a sudden change in demand which gives rise to a realized
return of 15% to this investment, then a profit of $5 000 will exist. If
the $5 000 is expected to persist in future, such amount will become
rent.
1995 Q. 4
Is rent part of cost? Is profit part of cost? Explain.
(8 marks)
For rent, it is defined as a return over and above the amount which is
necessary to keep the resource in its present use. In other words, it is
the amount over and above the highest alternative use of the
resources.
For example, an investment made by a firm worth $100 000 with an
expected return of 10% means income of $10 000 per time period. If
there is a sudden change in demand which gives rise to a realized
return of 15% to this investment, then a profit of $5 000 will exist. If
the $5 000 is expected to persist in future, such amount will become
rent.
2005 Q.1
What is dissipation of rent? Explain how and why this dissipation take place. (8 marks)
When rent of income has no exclusive claimant, or when price is not used as a criterion
for allocation, competition for resource use or for a good will lead to what has become
known as the dissipation of rent. That is the value of a resource or a good will be
absorbed by the cost incurred under competition for using the resources or for getting the
good, not by producing something of value to exchange in return. ~~
2005 Q.4
Rent is cost but cost is not necessarily rent , do you agree? Explain. (8 marks)
Rent is a cost when we considered cost is the highest valued option forgone, including the
option of selling out a business. On the other hand, cost isn’t necessarily rent in that a
change in rent will not change supply or alter behavior in a certain dimension, and this is
the reason why the concept of rent is introduced in economics. We may say rent is a part
of cost, but if we are only concerned with changing behavior, there is no rent component
in cost.
2006 Q. 2
What is the difference between rent and profit? Can they both
be capitalized? Explain.
(8
marks)
Rent is that part of income an alternation of which will not affect
behaviour, normally at a specific margin. Profit is windfall, an
unanticipated return at a rate higher than the rate of interest. Rent can
be capitalized because it is anticipated; profit cannot be capitalized as
a windfall it is not anticipated.
2008 Q.3
What is “dissipation of rent ”? Will it occur without competition? Why is it so
important for the interpretation of equilibrium in economies?
Any scare resource has a rental value. However this rental value may not be competed
away if that resource is subject to unrestricted common exploitation, as in the case
when the cost of use increase when people compete to capture that rent. Rent
dissipation will not occur without competition, as in a one man economy the rent of
any scare resource is fully captured by only one man.
Dissipation of rent is an important concept in economic analysis because if at the
margin there are some rents without exclusive claimants left in the analysis, that
analysis must be wrong. Equilibrium analysis requires that at the margin there is no
rent left without exclusive claimants.
2009 Q.5
What is the relationship between income and wealth? Does wealth exist in a one
man economy? Explain.
- END -
(iv) Capital
A. is invaluable.
B. will not be raised if the present value of the cost of feeding it is higher than
the market value of the goose.
C. will be worth more when the interest rate rises.
D. should be protected by the government. (96-01)
5. Capital refers to
A. Workers and machines are both capital although they are very different in
appearance.
B. A horse used for farming is not capital.
C. A residential house is a consumer good and therefore not capital.
D. None of the above. (03-21)
7. A researcher reported that people with good looks receive an income about 5% higher than average
workers, other abilities adjusted. This implies
A. discrimination.
B. good looks are a capital asset.
C. it pays to dress nicely.
D. All of the above. (07-17)
MC Answers on Capital
A B B B C A D
(v) Interest
1. Assume the relative prices of all goods are constant. If an apple today can be
exchanged for the right to one and half apples a year from today, we can infer
that
2. Assume the annual rate of interest is 12%. If the cost of operating a taxi is $200
000 a year, gross business income is $350 000 a year, and the tax is 20% of net
income, the market value of a taxi licence will be approximately
A. $500 000.
B. $1 000 000.
C. $1 200 000.
D. $2 000 000. (85-19)
3. Suppose the expected market rental annuity of a flat is $60 000 per year, the
government imposes rent controls restricting the annual rent to $20 000. Once
rented, the landlord cannot evict a tenant has a right to the tenancy in
perpetuity. The annual rate of interest is 10%. If the flat is now vacant, the
landlord can, as a condition for occupying the flat, sell a broken chair to a
prospective tenant for approximately
A. $40 000.
B. $600 000.
C. $400 000.
D. $200 000. (86-01)
4. When the interest rate increases from 10% to 15%, the owner of a perpetual
bond, receiving $450 each year, will
A. enjoy an increase in wealth of $1 500.
B. suffer a fall in wealth of $1 500.
C. enjoy an increase in wealth of $2 250.
D. suffer a fall in wealth of $2 250. (87-11)
7. How will the price of a durable good change relative to the price of a non-
durable good if the interest rate falls?
A. The price of the durable good will rise relative to that of the non-durable
good.
B. The price of the durable good will fall relative to that of the non-durable
good.
C. The relative price will remain unchanged.
D. None of the above. (89-19)
A. Interest is a price.
B. Interest is a flow concept.
C. Interest is the whole of income.
D. When a man buys a house with his own cash, the interest cost of his house to
him is zero. (89-30)
10. If you can exchange 2 bushels of wheat today for the right to receive 2.3
bushels of wheat a year from today,
A. the rate of interest is 0.3.
B. the rate of profit is 0.3.
C. the rate of interest is 0.15.
D. the rate of profit is 0.15. (91-09)
12. Which of the following about the market value of a piece of machinery is
FLASE?
13. Suppose you are given the following choices of payment methods for
purchasing a machine which lasts forever. Which of the following is the lowest
price if the annual interest rate is 10%?
14. Mr. A owns $100 000 worth of long-term bonds while Mr. B owns $100 000
worth of short-term bonds. There exists only one interest rate in the market. A
rise in the interest rate will
16. If the interest rate decreases from 16% to 10%, the present value of a
perpetual bond yielding $500 per year will
A. decrease by $1 875.
B. increase by $1 875.
C. decrease by $8 333.
D. increase by $8 333. (94-20)
A. people tend to seek the jobs with lower income at the earlier stage of their
career.
B. the price of compact discs will rise relative to the price of cassette tapes.
C. the demand for less durable cars will increase while the demand for more
durable cars will fall.
D. the average size of privately farmed fish sold in the market will be larger.
(95-04)
18. Mr. Chan owns a taxi licence and drives his own taxi. Suppose the price of a
taxi licence is increased by $50 000 due to the government policy to restrict
the issue of taxi licenses. Which of the following is correct?
19. Suppose a university student borrows $10 000 which is subject to repayment
in 3 years at zero interest rate. If the market interest rate during this three-
year period is 10% p.a., the discounted present value of the benefits from
borrowing the money is
A. $0
B. $2 487
C. $3 000
D. $3 310 (98-03)
20. Given the opportunity to borrow or lend at a constant interest rate, the choice
among alternative income streams depends on
A. their stability.
B. their discounted present values.
C. the preferred present values.
D. All of the above. (98-11)
22. In Hong Kong, some taxi drivers rent taxis form taxi owners, while other
drivers own their taxis. This implies that
24. A corporate bond promises to pay $100 interest a year. It matures in 3 years,
at which time it pays out its full face value of $1 000 to the bond owner, in
addition to the interest payment. If the market interest rate is 8% p.a., the
present value of the bond is:
A. $1 032
B. $1 051.5
C. $1 093.8
D. $1 257.7 (99-29)
25. Interest
27. During the past several years, the number of young men and women in China
seeking a college education has sharply increased. This is because
29. Although people in Shenzhen at present have a much lower per capita income
than people in Hong Kong, the former tend to consume a larger fraction of their
current incomes than the latter. Which of the following explains this?
30. Trees, one planted, will grow to produce valuable wood. A forest owner will cut
the trees earlier if
31. An apple orchard yields apple, and the value of the orchard is determined by
the value of the apples. Which of the following about the above statement is
correct?
A. The value of apples is income and the value of the apple orchard is wealth.
B. If there is no money the value of the apple orchard cannot be determined.
C. The statement is false. The value of the apple orchard determines the value
of apples, because if the value of the apple orchard rises, the value of the
apples will rise.
D. The statement is false. The value of apples and the value of the apple
orchard are not related.
(05-25)
32. Interest exists in the absence of
A. money.
B. risks.
C. a banking system.
D. All of the above. (06-11)
MC Answers on Interest
C B C B C C A C D C
C C C B B B C A B D
B D A D B A A C C A
A C
(vi) Investment
4. Assume the interest rate is 10% per annum and will remain so forever. Suppose
you do not drink wine but are storing wine as an investment. Assume that there
are no storage costs and that the market value of a bottle of wine purchased
today at $500 will increase by $50 every year. To maximize wealth, you should
sell the wine you store
A. will choose the one which yields the highest present value of net worth.
B. will choose the one which can be acquired at the lowest cost.
C. will choose the one which has the largest total income.
D. is indifferent to any two which yield the same total income.
(03-25)
A. an individual is sufficiently rich, he could consume all he wants and still have
money left to invest.
B. there is a market in which one may lend or borrow at the market rate of
interest.
C. an individual sets a target for himself for how much he must invest per
period of time.
D. the government provides interest-free loans to the poor. (05-
20)
MC Answers on Investment
D B D C A D A A B
(vii) Wealth and Income
1. Suppose you are given $100 000 by a rich uncle. At an annual interest rate of
12%,
A. your wealth increases by $100 000; your income increases by $12 000; and
your maximum annual rate of saving is $100 000.
B. your wealth increases by $100 000; your income increases by $12 000; and
your maximum consumption is $12 000.
C. your wealth increases by $100 000; your income increases by $100 000; and
your interest income per year is $12 000.
D. your wealth increases by $100 000; your income increases by $12 000; and
your maximum annual rate of saving is $12 000.
(86-02)
2. You have an income of $10 000 annually. Suddenly you receive a gift of $5 000
in cash. Assume a 10% rate of interest per year. Your wealth increases by _____;
your income increases by _____ and your maximum possible rate of saving is
_____ per year.
A. $15000 ... $ 5000 ... $15000
B. $5000 ... $ 500 ... $10500
C. $5000 ... $ 500 ... $5000
D. $5000 ... $ 5000 ... $10500 (96-25)
A. corruption.
B. sub-letting.
C. tie-in rentals of premises and furniture.
D. more maintenance of the rented premises. (04-22)
7. In one housing development in Shanghai, the land cost of the second phase is
six times that of the first phrase, and as such professional calculations indicate
the price per house in the second phase should double that of the first phase.
However, with the second phase not yet built, the price per house in the first
phase remains unchanged. Which of the following is correct?
9. Choices that have no market price or pecuniary value, such as friendship or prestige,
1987 Q. 10
A student entering the University of Hong Kong will have no
income for three years, but after graduation his income will
rise at a fairly rapid rate for years thereafter. As an
alternative, this student could go out to work immediately
after matriculation, and his initial income will be considerably
higher than if he enters the University, although his income
through time will increase at a slower rate. Assume wealth
maximization is the only objective of the student.
If the interest rate is positive, a student will not choose to enter the
university. It is because to maximize wealth, one has to choose the
option which provides highest discounted future income. Since the
income obtained after attending university education is later than that
of a non-graduate, if the life income of a university graduate is lower
than that of a non-graduate, the discounted future income of a
university graduate will definitely be lower than that of a non-graduate.
Hence, he will not choose to enter the university.
1989 Q. 6
Before and after World War II, the Hong Kong government
imposed rent control on all domestic premises in the city, with
the controlled rent significantly below the market rent.
However, when a flat was vacant, the landlord could charge a
prospective tenant a large lump-sum called key-money, for
acquiring the right to lease. Following this, once the tenant
moved in, he would only have to pay controlled rent.
(c) Suppose the law allows the landlord to evict the tenant at
will if the former chooses to reconstruct a leased building.
What would happen to the rate of housing reconstruction of
leased buildings under rent control? Explain. (9 marks)
The landlord would like to evict the tenants and then reconstruct the
building more often. For each reconstruction of a leased building, the
landlord can charge the new tenants the market rent through the key
money payment. The rate of reconstruction will tend to rise.
1989 Q. 4
‘Capital is the same as wealth.’ Do you agree? Explain.
(10 marks)
According to the generalized concept of capital, it is defined as any asset which is able to
generate a stream of future income. If income is perpetuity, the market value of a capital
asset is equal to the present value of the income stream generated from this asset, i.e.
Hence, wealth is the same as the capital as it is the same as the capital
value of an asset.
Moreover, if Y0 is income of an infinitesimally short period and therefore approaching
zero, then W0 = K0. Capital and wealth may therefore be regarded as the same because
they are both future income discounted.
1990 Q. 2
‘Capital, land and labour are all capital.’ Is this statement
correct? Explain your answer. If your answer is ‘yes’, then why
is ‘capital’ often treated as neither land nor labour?
(10 marks)
Yes, any productive asset that can generate a stream of future income
is a capital asset, and the discounted value of the income stream is its
capital value. Thus, land and labour are different entities engaged in
production, and as such they are different factors of production.
However, since the value of land and labour rest on their ability to
generate income, they can also be defined as capital assets.
(a) What would you expect the effects to be upon the real rate
of interest when the gold rush began? Explain.
(9 marks)
The real interest rate will rise. With the expected sharp rise in wealth,
gold miners tended to consume more based on their expected wealth
increase. With their relative low actual income they earned, they would
borrow from non-miners to increase their current consumption,
therefore driving up the real interest rate. This rise in interest rate was
accentuated (intensified) by the lack of a transcontinental railroad,
which forced the miners to borrow from the local and small loan
markets.
The rise in real interest rate would restrain the consumption of all the
people in California. However, because it was the miners who wanted
to borrow fro consumption and drove up the interest rate, no matter
how high the interest rate was, they would consume more than if
borrowing was possible.
On the other hand, the consumption of other citizens would fall. This is
because without a similar expected rise in wealth, a higher real interest
rate would encourage consumption. Thus, as non-miners loaned to
miners, there will be a fall in consumption for the non-miners and a rise
in consumption for the miners.
1992 Q. 2
Interest is a price. Why is it a price? What is it a price of?
(12 marks)
1992 Q. 3
Give different types of examples to illustrate the generalized
concept of capital.
(12 marks)
According to the generalized concept of capital, capital is defined as
any asset which is able to generate a stream of future income. Since it
is able to generate future income, the capital value of an asset is equal
to its discounted present value.
A piece of land can be used to grow, say, vegetable for a long period of
time. Thus it is able to generate a stream of future income.
1993 Q. 1
Explain the relationship between income and interest.
(8 marks)
1995 Q. 2
What is the difference between wealth maximization and
income maximization? Compare the two criteria of
maximization in terms of their usefulness in interpreting
behaviour. (8 marks)
1995 Q. 3
Interest is not part of income, but the whole of income. Do you
agree? Explain.
(8
marks)
Since W = I / r, the interest income is defined as the maximum amount
one can consume per period of time without affecting one’s wealth. As
one’s wealth, or capital stock, consists of everything one possesses
which can generate a stream of future income, even land and labour
(human capital) can also be defined as capital in this sense. The
returns to land and labour also reflect their productivities and the price
of these human as well as noon-human capitals is equal to the
discounted value of the future income generated.
So, to conclude, as interest is the return to capital, since all factors can
be defined as capital, either human or non-human, all factor income is
interest. Hence, we have to bear in mind that ‘Interest is the whole of
income, not part of it.’
1995 Q. 7
The authors of books may be paid by the publisher in one of
three ways: (1) a royalty based on a percentage of the gross
sale of books; (2) a fixed unit royalty for each book sale; and
(3) a lump-sum payment to the author on a once-and-for-all
basis.
In the event of perfect certainty of the future income stream, the lump-
sum payment would most likely be chosen, since it incurs the lowest
transaction costs among all payment systems.
To the authors, the cost to keep an eye on book sales in order to avoid
being cheated by the publisher is saved. To the publisher, the once-
and-for-all property allows him to save costs of further negotiations;
also, arguments on things like the honesty of his reported sales can be
prevented.
In the event of certainty of future price but uncertainty about the future
quantity of sale, the fixed unit royalty payment would most likely be
chosen, since it can spread risk burdens and at the same time bears
the lowest transaction costs.
1996 Q. 4
Economists may speak of maximizing wealth, maximizing
income, maximizing rent, maximizing utility, and last but not
the least, maximizing profit. In terms of economic explanation,
which of the above is the worst choice? Explain your answer.
(8 marks)
1996 Q. 8
In Hong Kong, the number of children an average woman
expects to bear in a lifetime has fallen from 4.5 in 1965 to
around 1.3 in 1995.
Assuming that children are normal goods, a rise in income will increase
the demand for children from C1 to C2. However, since the cost of
raising children also increase, the demand for children will fall from C2
to C3.
If the income effect is smaller than the substitution effect, the demand
for children falls from C1 to C3.
The reasons for the rise in the cost of raising children may be that
there is rising wage rate of female workers as well as domestic
servants. Moreover, the rising level of rents and cost of obtaining a
high quality education may also explain the rise in the cost of raising
children.
If MEI > r, investment will be made. On the other hand, if MEI < r, the
same investment will be abandoned. Given the market interest rate,
the MEI of raising children has fallen steadily in recent years. As a
result, the number of children in each family has also decreased
steadily.
Given the interest rate (r), as the MEI of rising children falls, the MEI
curve shifts from MEI1 to MEI2, thus resulting the number of children in
each household from C1 to C2.
The reasons for the falling MEI or rate of return may be rising cost of
raising children as well as falling apart of traditional family value, e.g.
sons and daughters less willing to support their parents financially.
Thus, the expected returns from children become lower than before.
1997 Q. 1
‘In order to maximize consumption over time, it is essential to
maximize wealth.’
Do you agree? Explain. (8 marks)
1997 Q. 8
University education in Hong Kong is heavily subsidized by the
government. Under this system, admission to university as
well as the selections of university and field of study is based
on examination results. Imagine that there is an alternative
system in which students are admitted according to their
willingness and ability to pay the higher price (tuition). Of the
numerous differences between these two systems, analyze
only the following:
When a student is required to pay a high tuition out of his own pocket
to buy university education, his own marginal valuation of university
education will also be high. He will therefore treasure education more,
with the result that he would study harder than when he does not have
to pay and put a low marginal valuation on education.
For rent, one important point is that whether rent exists or not depends
very much on a person’s viewpoint, i.e. what he thinks his transfer
earning is. Moreover, like income, since rent may also fluctuate in
different time period, hence maximizing rent does not mean
maximizing one’s life-long rent.
1998 Q. 3
Labour, land, equipment, money, education, good looks, etc.
are all capital. Do you agree? Explain.
(10 marks)
Since labour, land, equipment, money, education, good looks, etc. are
all assets which can be used to generate income over time; they can all
be defined as capital.
1998 Q. 6
A mandatory (i.e., compulsory) pension system (the Mandatory
Provident Fund) will soon be introduced to all employees in
Hong Kong. Under this system employers and employees will
each contribute 5% of the employee’s salary to an investment
fund. At the age of 65, the employee will be able to withdraw
from his account the accumulated savings plus investment
return.
Moreover, many workers with relative low income have very limited
investment alternatives available to them. Thus, investment through
mandatory provident fund would actually yield higher returns than
making investment themselves.
1999 Q. 1
Let Y be the annuity income return to an investment and r be
the rate of interest. Explain why Y divided by r is generally the
simplest and most useful guideline for investment decision.
(6 marks)
In making investment decision, we have to determine whether the
investment is worthwhile or not. This can be done by comparing the
price and the present value
i.e. ‘the amount which enables us to obtain the same amount of
income in the future’,
of the investment.
If the PV is higher than the price of the investment i.e. MEI > r, then
the investment should be made. While if the PV is lower than the price
of the investment i.e. MEI < r, then the investment should not be
made.
2001 Q. 4
What is investment? When you read a book, are you investing
or consuming?
(7
marks)
In economics, investment is the balancing of consumption over time. To
engage in investment, we have to forgo present consumption for future
consumption. With positive marginal time preference, earlier
availability is preferred to later availability. Hence, to justify the
sacrifice of present consumption, more future consumption is expected
to compensate for later availability.
Thus, investment occurs when future income can be expected from an
act.
2003 Q. 4
According to the Irving Fisher, income is a series of events,
why? Is wealth also a series of events? Explain.
(8 marks)
Income is a series of events because it is a flow and arises continuously
through time. For example, a wheat field grows or deteriorates every
second, meaning that events are continuously occurring through time.
These events have values, called incomes, which may be positive or
negative, or even constant.
2004 Q. 5
Interest would not exist without money. Do you agree? Explain.
(8 marks)
2005 Q. 2
Explain the disadvantages and advantages of utility
maximization as compared to wealth maximization.
(8 marks)
2008 Q.4
What is capital when we refer to Fisher’s concept as a generalized concept of capital?
Is there any difference between labour and capital?
Capital is future income discounted. In Fisher’s view, any resource that generates
income is a capital asset, and the discounted present value of the income is capital
value. This is a generalized concept of capital because any productive input capable of
generating future income is a capital asset. The difference between labours and
machines can be distinguished in that they are different physical entities, but they are
all capital assets according to Fisher.
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