ÌÈÐÎÂÀß ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ È ÌÅÆÄÓÍÀÐÎÄÍÎÅ

ÑÎÒÐÓÄÍÈ×ÅÑÒÂÎ

ÒÅÎÐÈß È ÏÐÀÊÒÈÊÀ: ÈÇ ÏÐÎØËÎÃÎ Â ÍÀÑÒÎßÙÅÅ È ÁÓÄÓÙÅÅ...

ÎÁÙÅÐÅÃÈÎÍÀËÜÍÛÅ ÈÍÒÅÃÐÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÅ
ÈÍÈÖÈÀÒÈÂÛ Â ËÀÒÈÍÑÊÎÉ ÀÌÅÐÈÊÅ
Ìèðîâàÿ ýêîíîìèêà è ìåæäóíàðîäíîå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî
Êîñòþíèíà Ã.Ì., Êîçëîâà Î.À. Îáùåðåãèîíàëüíûå èíòåãðàöèîííûå èíèöèàòèâû â Ëàòèíñêîé Àìåðèêå

ÊÎÑÒÞÍÈÍÀ ÊÎÇËÎÂÀ
Ãàëèíà Îëüãà
Ìèõàéëîâíà Àíàòîëüåâíà

¨ äîêòîð ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð ¨ êàíäèäàò ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, äîöåíò

êàôåäðû ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ êàôåäðû ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ
îòíîøåíèé è âíåøíåýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ ñâÿçåé îòíîøåíèé è âíåøíåýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ ñâÿçåé
ÌÃÈÌÎ (Óíèâåðñèòåò) ÌÈÄ Ðîññèè ÌÃÈÌÎ (Óíèâåðñèòåò) ÌÈÄ Ðîññèè

Îáùåðåãèîíàëüíûå èíèöèàòèâû èìåþò íîâå 112 äâóñòîðîííèõ ïðåôåðåíöèàëüíûõ

ïî÷òè äâóõâåêîâóþ èñòîðèþ, êîãäà åùå â íà- òîðãîâûõ ñîãëàøåíèé (êîòîðûå íàçûâàþòñÿ
÷àëå XIX â. áîðåö çà íåçàâèñèìîñòü Ëàòèí- ñîãëàøåíèÿìè îá ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé âçàèìîäî-
ñêîé Àìåðèêè — Ñèìîí Áîëèâàð âûñòóïàë çà ïîëíÿåìîñòè) ñ îáúåìîì ïðåôåðåíöèé äî
ñîçäàíèå Ïàíàìåðèêàíñêîãî ñîþçà (1826 ã.), 100% [5. Ð. 66].
ñòðåìÿñü îáúåäèíèòü ñåâåð Þæíîé Àìåðèêè  ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå 1990-õ ãîäîâ â êà÷åñòâå
â «Áîëüøóþ Êîëóìáèþ», îáðàçîâàòü Ëèãó àëüòåðíàòèâû ïëàíó ÑØÀ «Àìåðèêàíñêàÿ
àìåðèêàíñêèõ ðåñïóáëèê ñ îáùåé ïîëèòèêîé èíèöèàòèâà» Áðàçèëèÿ ïðåäëîæèëà êîíöåï-

ÃÎÐÈÇÎÍÒÛ ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÈ, 2018, ¹ 1 (41)

â ñôåðå îáîðîíû, ñ îáùåé àðìèåé è îáùèì öèþ «ïëàâàòåëüíîãî áàññåéíà» ïî ôîðìèðîâà-
ïàðëàìåíòîì. Ñîâðåìåííûå èíòåãðàöèîííûå íèþ Þæíîàìåðèêàíñêîé çîíû ñâîáîäíîé òîð-
ïðîåêòû áåðóò íà÷àëî â 60-å ãîäû. Ê íèì ãîâëè, êîòîðàÿ èñõîäèëà èç ïîäïèñàíèÿ ñîãëà-
ìîæíî îòíåñòè: ñîãëàøåíèå î Ëàòèíîàìåðè- øåíèé î ÇÑÒ ìåæäó âåäóùèìè ðåãèîíàëüíû-
êàíñêîé çîíå ñâîáîäíîé òîðãîâëè, ËÀÑÒ ìè îáúåäèíåíèÿìè — Ìåðêîñóð è Àíäñêèì
(Latin American Free Trade Area, LAFTA), êî- ñîîáùåñòâîì (ÀÑ), Ìåðêîñóð è ÊÀÐÈÊÎÌ,
òîðîå â 1980 ã. áûëî ïåðåèìåíîâàíî â Ëàòèíî- Ìåðêîñóð è Öåíòðàëüíîàìåðèêàíñêîé èíòåã-
àìåðèêàíñêóþ àññîöèàöèþ èíòåãðàöèè — ðàöèîííîé ñèñòåìîé (ÖÀÈÑ1). Â 1998 ã. óäà-
ËÀÈ (Association of Latin American ëîñü ïîäïèñàòü òîëüêî Ðàìî÷íîå ñîãëàøåíèå
Integration, ALAI) â ñîñòàâå 11 ãîñóäàðñòâ î çîíå ñâîáîäíîé òîðãîâëè ìåæäó Ìåðêîñóð è
(Àðãåíòèíà, Áîëèâèÿ, Áðàçèëèÿ, Âåíåñóýëà, ÀÑ ïî çàìåíå äâóñòîðîííèõ òàðèôíûõ ñîãëà-
Êîëóìáèÿ, Ìåêñèêà, Ïàðàãâàé, Ïåðó, Óðóã- øåíèé çîíîé ñâîáîäíîé òîðãîâëè, à â 2004 ã. —
âàé, ×èëè è Ýêâàäîð). Ïîçäíåå, áëàãîäàðÿ Äîãîâîð î òîðãîâëå è àññîöèèðîâàííîì ÷ëåí-
ïðèñîåäèíåíèþ Êóáû è Ïàíàìû, ÷èñëåííûé ñòâå [4].  ðåçóëüòàòå ñ 2015 ã. ôóíêöèîíèðóåò
ñîñòàâ ðàñøèðèëñÿ äî 13 ñòðàí. Â íàñòîÿùåå çîíà ñâîáîäíîé òîðãîâëè (ÇÑÒ) â îòíîøåíèè
âðåìÿ ËÀÈ ÿâëÿåòñÿ çîíîé ïðåôåðåíöèàëü- 80% òîâàðîâ âçàèìíîé òîðãîâëè, à äî 2020 ã.
íîé òîðãîâëè, êîòîðàÿ ôóíêöèîíèðóåò íà îñ- áóäåò ïðîâåäåíà ëèáåðàëèçàöèÿ åùå 20% òî-

1
Ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîå íàçâàíèå — Öåíòðàëüíîàìåðèêàíñêèé îáùèé ðûíîê, ÖÀÎÐ.

51
 Ìèðîâàÿ ýêîíîìèêà è ìåæäóíàðîäíîå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî
âàðîâ (òåêñòèëüíàÿ ïðîäóêöèÿ è áóìàãà, àã-
ðàðíàÿ ïðîäóêöèÿ è àâòîìîáèëè). Ñòðàíû
Ìåðêîñóð ñòàëè àññîöèèðîâàííûìè ÷ëåíàìè
Àíäñêîãî ñîîáùåñòâà, à ãîñóäàðñòâà ÀÑ — àñ-
ÒÅÎÐÈß È ÏÐÀÊÒÈÊÀ: ÈÇ ÏÐÎØËÎÃÎ Â ÍÀÑÒÎßÙÅÅ È ÁÓÄÓÙÅÅ...
ñîöèèðîâàííûìè ÷ëåíàìè Ìåðêîñóð.
Ñ ñåðåäèíû 2000-õ ãîäîâ, êîãäà ïðîâàëèëñÿ
àìåðèêàíñêèé ïëàí Âñåàìåðèêàíñêîé çîíû
ñâîáîäíîé òîðãîâëè, ÔÒÀÀ (Free Trade Area
for Americas, FTAA), â Ëàòèíñêîé Àìåðèêå
àêòèâèçèðîâàëèñü îáùåðåãèîíàëüíûå èíòåã-
ðàöèîííûå èíèöèàòèâû [2]. Ñðåäè íèõ —
ïðåäëîæåíèå Áðàçèëèè ïî ôîðìèðîâàíèþ
ÓÍÀÑÓÐ è ïðåäëîæåíèå âåíåñóýëüñêîãî ëè-
äåðà Ó. ×àâåñà ïî ñîçäàíèþ ÀËÁÀ.
Ñîþç þæíîàìåðèêàíñêèõ íàöèé
(ÓÍÀÑÓÐ)
Ãîñóäàðñòâà Ìåðêîñóð è ÀÑ ñîñòàâëÿþò
îñíîâó äåéñòâóþùåãî îáùåðåãèîíàëüíîãî ñîã-
ëàøåíèÿ — Ñîþçà þæíîàìåðèêàíñêèõ íà-
öèé, ÓÍÀÑÓÐ (Union of South American
Nations, UNASUR), êîòîðûé áûë ñîçäàí íà îñ-
íîâå Äîãîâîðà Êóñêî 2004 ã. Ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîå
íàçâàíèå îáúåäèíåíèÿ — Þæíîàìåðèêàíñêîå
ñîîáùåñòâî íàöèé (South American
Community of Nations, CSN). Â ñîñòàâ âõîäÿò
12 ãîñóäàðñòâ — Àðãåíòèíà, Áðàçèëèÿ, Âåíå-
ñóýëà, Ïàðàãâàé è Óðóãâàé (÷ëåíû Ìåðêîñóð),
Áîëèâèÿ, Êîëóìáèÿ, Ïåðó è Ýêâàäîð (ó÷àñò-
íèöû ÀÑ), à òàêæå Ãàéàíà, Ñóðèíàì è ×èëè.
Ñòàòóñ àññîöèèðîâàííûõ ÷ëåíîâ èìåþò Êóáà,
Ìåêñèêà è Ïàíàìà. Öåëü Äîãîâîðà Êóñêî
ñîñòîèò â ôîðìèðîâàíèè çîíû ñâîáîäíîé òîð-
ãîâëè ê 2019 ã. ñ äîëãîñðî÷íîé ïåðñïåêòèâîé —
ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ñîþçà ïî ìîäåëè ÅÑ ñ îáùåé
âàëþòîé è îáùèì ïàðëàìåíòîì.
ÃÎÐÈÇÎÍÒÛ ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÈ, 2018, ¹ 1 (41)
 2009 ã. ñòðàíû ÓÍÀÑÓÐ ïðèíÿëè Óñòàâ,
óñòàíîâèâøèé ìåæäóíàðîäíî-ïðàâîâîé ñòà-
òóñ îáúåäèíåíèÿ, â êîòîðîì èíòåãðàöèîííûé
àêöåíò ñìåùåí â ñòîðîíó ïîëèòèêè è êóëüòó-
ðû â óùåðá ýêîíîìèêå. Êàê è ìíîãèå ðåãèî-
íàëüíûå îáúåäèíåíèÿ ñ ó÷àñòèåì ðàçâèâàþ-
ùèõñÿ ãîñóäàðñòâ, â ÓÍÀÑÓÐ áîëüøîå âíè-
ìàíèå óäåëÿåòñÿ ìîäåðíèçàöèè èíôðàñòðóê-
òóðû, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì â 2007 ã. áûëà ðàçðàáîòàíà
ïðîãðàììà «Èíèöèàòèâà ïî èíòåãðàöèè ðå-
ãèîíàëüíîé èíôðàñòðóêòóðû ñòðàí Þæíîé
Àìåðèêè», ÈÈÐÑÀ. Îíà èñõîäèò èç ôîðìèðî-
âàíèÿ â 12 ó÷àñòâóþùèõ ñòðàíàõ 10 öåíòðîâ
èíòåãðàöèè ïî ðàçâèòèþ èíôðàñòðóêòóðû è
ëîãèñòèêè: òðàíñïîðòíûõ ðàçâÿçîê, òåëåêîì-
ìóíèêàöèîííûõ ñåòåé, ýíåðãîñåòåé è ïîãðà-
íè÷íûõ ïåðåõîäîâ.  ðàìêàõ ÓÍÀÑÓÐ
ÈÈÐÑÀ áûëà òðàíñôîðìèðîâàíà â Þæíî-
àìåðèêàíñêèé ñîâåò ïî ïëàíèðîâàíèþ, ïîðò-
52
ôåëü èíôðàñòðóêòóðíûõ ïðîåêòîâ êîòîðîãî
âêëþ÷èë 593 ïðîåêòà ñîâîêóïíîé ñòîèìîñòüþ
105–336 ìëðä äîëë. Èç íèõ 22% ïðîåêòîâ
áûëè çàâåðøåíû è åùå 31% íàõîäèëñÿ íà ñòà-
äèè ðåàëèçàöèè ïî èòîãàì 2016 ã. [6. Ð. 6]. Èõ
ôèíàíñèðîâàíèå îñóùåñòâëÿþò Áàíê Þãà ñ
óñòàâíûì êàïèòàëîì â 7 ìëðä äîëë., à òàêæå
Àíäñêàÿ êîðïîðàöèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ, Ìåæàìåðè-
êàíñêèé áàíê ðàçâèòèÿ è Ïðîãðàììà ðàçâè-
òèÿ ÎÎÍ (ÏÐÎÎÍ).
 öåëîì, õîòÿ óñïåõè â èíòåãðàöèîííîì
ñáëèæåíèè ìåæäó ó÷àñòâóþùèìè ãîñóäàðñò-
âàìè ÓÍÀÑÓÐ íåâûñîêè, íî äå-ôàêòî äåéñò-
âóåò çîíà ñâîáîäíîé òîðãîâëè ìåæäó 9 ñòðà-
íàìè (îäíîâðåìåííî âõîäÿùèìè â Ìåðêîñóð
èëè Àíäñêîå ñîîáùåñòâî) èç 12 è ïðîäîëæàåò-
ñÿ ðåàëèçàöèÿ àìáèöèîçíîãî ïëàíà ïî ìîäåð-
íèçàöèè èíôðàñòðóêòóðû, ÷òî êðàéíå âàæíî
äëÿ ïîâûøåíèÿ óðîâíåé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ðàç-
âèòèÿ ñòðàí. Îäíàêî äîñòè÷ü ïîñòàâëåííîé
öåëè — ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ñîþçà
ê 2019 ã. — âðÿä ëè óäàñòñÿ ñ ó÷åòîì îáúåê-
òèâíûõ è ñóáúåêòèâíûõ ïðè÷èí.
Áîëèâàðèàíñêèé àëüÿíñ äëÿ íàðîäîâ
íàøåé Àìåðèêè, ÀËÁÀ
Åùå îäíà îáùåðåãèîíàëüíàÿ èíòåãðàöèîí-
íàÿ èíèöèàòèâà áûëà âûäâèíóòà áûâøèì
ïðåçèäåíòîì Âåíåñóýëû Óãî ×àâåñîì â 2001 ã.
êàê Áîëèâàðèàíñêàÿ àëüòåðíàòèâà äëÿ íàðî-
äîâ íàøåé Àìåðèêè (The Bolivarian
Alternative for the People of Our America —
Treaty of Commerce of the People, ALBA),
ïîçäíåå ïåðåèìåíîâàííàÿ â Áîëèâàðèàíñêèé
àëüÿíñ äëÿ íàðîäîâ íàøåé Àìåðèêè. Â ñîñòàâ
âõîäÿò 11 ïîëíîïðàâíûõ ÷ëåíîâ: Àíòèãóà è
Áàðáóäà, Áîëèâèÿ, Âåíåñóýëà, Äîìèíèêà,
Êóáà, Íèêàðàãóà, Ñåíò-Âèíñåíò è Ãðåíàäèíû,
Ñåíò-Êèòñ è Íåâèñ, Ýêâàäîð, à òàêæå 5 ïðèã-
ëàøåííûõ ñòðàí — Ãàèòè, Èðàí, Ïàðàãâàé,
Ñèðèÿ è Óðóãâàé.
Îñíîâîïîëàãàþùèé äîêóìåíò áûë ïîäïè-
ñàí â 2004 ã. ìåæäó äâóìÿ ñòðàíàìè-îñíîâà-
òåëüíèöàìè — Âåíåñóýëîé è Êóáîé â ôîðìàòå
Ñîâìåñòíîé äåêëàðàöèè. Åå öåëè — ñîäåéñò-
âèå òîðãîâëå è èíâåñòèöèÿì; ðàçðàáîòêà ñïå-
öèàëüíûõ ïðîãðàìì ïî ñîäåéñòâèþ ýêîíîìè-
÷åñêîìó ðàçâèòèþ íàèìåíåå ðàçâèòûõ ñòðàí;
ñîäåéñòâèå èíòåãðàöèè ñèñòåì òðàíñïîðòà è
ñâÿçè.
 ðàìêàõ ÀËÁÀ óñòàíîâëåí áåñïîøëèí-
íûé ðåæèì âçàèìíîé òîðãîâëè íà îñíîâå ñïå-
öèàëüíûõ ñîãëàøåíèé î òîðãîâëå, ïîäïèñàí-
íûõ â îñíîâíîì â 2006 ã. ïî ïðåäëîæåíèþ Áî-
ëèâèè. Êðóïíûì äîñòèæåíèåì ðàññìàòðèâàå-
 Êîñòþíèíà Ã.Ì., Êîçëîâà Î.À. Îáùåðåãèîíàëüíûå
èíòåãðàöèîííûå èíèöèàòèâû â Ëàòèíñêîé Àìåðèêå

ìîãî îáúåäèíåíèÿ ñòàëè îòðàñëåâûå ñîãëàøå- íûé ôîíä ïî ÷ðåçâû÷àéíûì ñèòóàöèÿì. Â

íèÿ, êîòîðûå äåéñòâóþò â ñôåðàõ ýíåðãåòèêè 2013 ã. ïðåäëîæåí ïðîåêò Åäèíîé çîíû ýêîíî-
(Ïåòðîêàðèáå ïî ïðîäàæå âåíåñóýëüñêîé ìè÷åñêîé âçàèìîäîïîëíÿåìîñòè â ñîñòàâå
íåôòè êàðèáñêèì ñòðàíàì íà ëüãîòíûõ óñëî- ñòðàí ÀËÁÀ, Ìåðêîñóð è Ïåòðîêàðèáå. Îñ-

ÒÅÎÐÈß È ÏÐÀÊÒÈÊÀ: ÈÇ ÏÐÎØËÎÃÎ Â ÍÀÑÒÎßÙÅÅ È ÁÓÄÓÙÅÅ...

âèÿõ), îáðàçîâàíèÿ (ïî ëèêâèäàöèè íåãðàìîò-
íîñòè), çäðàâîîõðàíåíèÿ (ïî îêàçàíèþ áåñ-
ïëàòíûõ ìåäèöèíñêèõ óñëóã è ïîäãîòîâêå
âðà÷åé íà Êóáå è â Âåíåñóýëå), ðàäèîâåùàíèÿ
(ñîçäàíà è ôóíêöèîíèðóåò ðàäèîâåùàòåëüíàÿ
êîðïîðàöèÿ Òåëåñóð), ýêîíîìèêè (â ôîðìàòå
ñîâìåñòíûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé â äîáûâàþùåé è îá-
ðàáàòûâàþùåé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè). Îñíîâíûì
ôèíàíñîâûì ñïîíñîðîì ïî ñîäåéñòâèþ ýêîíî-
ìè÷åñêîìó è òîðãîâîìó ðàçâèòèþ ñòðàí
ÀËÁÀ ÿâëÿåòñÿ Âåíåñóýëà êàê íàèáîëåå ýêî-
íîìè÷åñêè ðàçâèòàÿ ñòðàíà, îáëàäàþùàÿ
êðóïíûìè çàïàñàìè ýíåðãîðåñóðñîâ [1].
 2008 ã. Óãî ×àâåñ ïðåäëîæèë ââåñòè âî
âçàèìíûõ òîðãîâûõ ðàñ÷åòàõ îáùóþ ðàñ÷åòíóþ
åäèíèöó «ñóêðå» (Sistema Unicode Compensacion
Regional, SUCRE), êîòîðàÿ ñòàëà ïðèìåíÿòüñÿ ñ
2010 ã. Åå ñòîèìîñòü ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî áûëà óñòà-
íîâëåíà â ðàçìåðå 1 äîëëàð = 1,25 ñóêðå è
îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ñòîèìîñòüþ âàëþòíîé êîðçèíû
íàöèîíàëüíûõ âàëþò ó÷àñòâóþùèõ ãîñó-
äàðñòâ. Çà 3 ãîäà ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ äàííîé
ñèñòåìû ñòîèìîñòíîé îáúåì âíåøíåòîðãîâûõ
ñäåëîê ïðè ðàñ÷åòàõ â ñóêðå óâåëè÷èëñÿ ñ
10 ìëí äî 750 ìëí ñóêðå åæåãîäíî, èëè â
75 ðàç, ÷òî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò 1 8 âçàèìíûõ òîðãî-
âûõ îïåðàöèé ìåæäó ñòðàíàìè ÀËÁÀ [3.
Ñ. 304].
Íåìàëûå óñïåõè â ðàçâèòèè Áîëèâàðèàí-
ñêîãî àëüÿíñà ïîçâîëèëè èíèöèèðîâàòü ïðî-
åêò Åäèíîãî ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà ïîä
íàçâàíèåì ÝÊÎ-ÀËÁÀ íà îñíîâå èñïîëüçîâà-
íîâíûå åå çàäà÷è ñîñòîÿò â ñîäåéñòâèè ñîöè-
àëüíî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêîìó ðàçâèòèþ ó÷àñòâóþ-
ùèõ ãîñóäàðñòâ, ðàçâèòèþ èíôðàñòðóêòóðû,
ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà, òóðèçìà, êóëüòóðû è èí-
íîâàöèîííîé ñôåðû, à òàêæå ñîäåéñòâèè ëèê-
âèäàöèè íèùåòû íà Ãàèòè è ïîñòàâîê íåôòè â
îáìåí íà ïðîäîâîëüñòâèå.
Ïîñëå êîí÷èíû Ó. ×àâåñà Áîëèâàðèàíñêèé
àëüÿíñ ñòàãíèðóåò, òàê êàê åãî äåÿòåëüíîñòü
áàçèðîâàëàñü â îñíîâíîì íà ôèíàíñîâîé ïî-
ìîùè (â óñëîâèÿõ ñíèæåíèÿ öåí íà íåôòü ñ
ñåðåäèíû 2014 ã. âåíåñóýëüñêàÿ ýêîíîìèêà
îêàçàëàñü â êðèçèñíîì ñîñòîÿíèè, ÷òî âûçâà-
ëî ñîöèàëüíûå è ïîëèòè÷åñêèå ïðîòåñòû â
ñòðàíå, à Âåíåñóýëà áûëà ãëàâíûì ñïîíñîðîì
ïðè ðåàëèçàöèè îñíîâíûõ ïðîåêòîâ â ðàìêàõ
ÀËÁÀ) è ïîëèòè÷åñêîì àâòîðèòåòå ïðåçèäåí-
òà Âåíåñóýëû.
Ïîòåíöèàëüíàÿ îáùåðåãèîíàëüíàÿ
çîíà ñâîáîäíîé òîðãîâëè
Òèõîîêåàíñêèé àëüÿíñ — Ìåðêîñóð
Ïåðñïåêòèâû èíòåãðàöèîííûõ ïðîöåññîâ â
Ëàòèíñêîé Àìåðèêå è Êàðèáñêîì áàññåéíå
ñâÿçàíû ñ ïðîãíîçèðóåìûì ôîðìèðîâàíèåì
çîíû ñâîáîäíîé òîðãîâëè ìåæäó Òèõîîêåàí-
ñêèì àëüÿíñîì2 è Ìåðêîñóð, êîòîðàÿ â èòîãå
îõâàòèëà áû 9 ãîñóäàðñòâ, 90% ÂÂÏ è 80% íà-
ñåëåíèÿ Ëàòèíñêîé Àìåðèêè. Íà ïåðâîé
âñòðå÷å ìèíèñòðîâ èíîñòðàííûõ äåë äâóõ
îáúåäèíåíèé â àïðåëå 2017 ã. áûëà ïîäïèñàíà
äîðîæíàÿ êàðòà ïî ðàñøèðåíèþ ñîòðóäíè÷å-

ÃÎÐÈÇÎÍÒÛ ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÈ, 2018, ¹ 1 (41)

íèÿ ñóêðå âî âçàèìíûõ òîðãîâûõ ðàñ÷åòàõ è ñòâà è îáìåíó èíôîðìàöèåé, êîòîðàÿ îïðåäå-
ñîçäàíèÿ ñîâìåñòíîãî ôèíàíñîâîãî èíñòèòó- ëèëà òàêèå ìåðû ñîäåéñòâèÿ âçàèìíîé òîð-
òà — Áàíêà ÀËÁÀ (ÁÀËÁÀ). Ïîñëåäíèé äåé- ãîâëå, êàê ââåäåíèå ýëåêòðîííîãî ñåðòèôèêà-
ñòâóåò ñ 2007 ã. ñ óñòàâíûì êàïèòàëîì â òà ñòðàíû ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ òîâàðà, ôóíêöèî-
2 ìëðä äîëë. è ïðèçâàí ôèíàíñèðîâàòü ïðîåê- íèðîâàíèå ïðîãðàìì «îäíîãî îêíà» ïðè ïðîâå-
òû ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ, ïî äåíèè âíåøíåòîðãîâûõ ñäåëîê, ðàçâèòèå òà-
ñîêðàùåíèþ áåäíîñòè è àêòèâèçàöèè èíòå- ìîæåííîãî ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà. Ìåæäó Ìåðêîñóð
ãðàöèîííûõ ïðîöåññîâ. Ïîìèìî ÁÀËÁÀ â êàê îáúåäèíåíèåì è îòäåëüíûìè ñòðàíàìè
ðàìêàõ ÀËÁÀ åñòü è äðóãèå ôèíàíñîâûå èí- Òèõîîêåàíñêîãî àëüÿíñà äåéñòâóþò ñîãëàøå-
ñòèòóòû, êàê, íàïðèìåð, Êàðèáñêèé ôîíä íèÿ î çîíå ñâîáîäíîé òîðãîâëè, à òàêæå Êî-
ÀËÁÀ (â ðàìêàõ ñîãëàøåíèÿ Ïåòðîêàðèáå ïî ëóìáèÿ, Ïåðó è ×èëè èìåþò ñòàòóñ àññîöèè-
ëüãîòíîìó êðåäèòîâàíèþ êàðèáñêèõ ñòðàí, ðîâàííûõ ÷ëåíîâ â Ìåðêîñóð (ó Ìåêñèêè ïîêà
çàêóïàþùèõ âåíåñóýëüñêóþ íåôòü) è Ðåçåðâ- ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ ñòàòóñ íàáëþäàòåëÿ), ÷òî áëàãî-
2
Òèõîîêåàíñêèé àëüÿíñ (Pacific Alliance, èëè Allianza del Pacifico) ñîçäàí â 2011 ã. ïî ïðåäëîæåíèþ Ìåêñèêè â ñîñòàâå
Êîëóìáèè, Ìåêñèêè, Ïåðó è ×èëè. Åùå 50 ãîñóäàðñòâ (26 åâðîïåéñêèõ ñòðàí, 14 ñòðàí Çàïàäíîãî ïîëóøàðèÿ, 8 àçèàòñêèõ
ãîñóäàðñòâ è 2 ñòðàíû Îêåàíèè) îáëàäàþò ñòàòóñîì àññîöèèðîâàííûõ ÷ëåíîâ. Ãëàâíàÿ öåëü Àëüÿíñà çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â ôîð-
ìèðîâàíèè çîíû ãëóáîêîé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé èíòåãðàöèè, ñîäåéñòâèè ýêîíîìè÷åñêîìó ðàçâèòèþ ãîñóäàðñòâ, óêðåïëåíèþ
âçàèìíîãî ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà è ñâîáîäíîì ïåðåìåùåíèè ôàêòîðîâ — òîâàðîâ, óñëóã, êàïèòàëà è ëèö.  îñíîâó èíòåãðàöèîí-
íîãî ñáëèæåíèÿ ïîëîæåíû äâóñòîðîííèå ñîãëàøåíèÿ î çîíå ñâîáîäíîé òîðãîâëè, êîòîðûå â ïåðñïåêòèâå ìîãóò áûòü îáúå-
äèíåíû â îáùåðåãèîíàëüíóþ çîíó ñâîáîäíîé òîðãîâëè.

53
 Ìèðîâàÿ ýêîíîìèêà è ìåæäóíàðîäíîå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî
ïðèÿòñòâóåò ñáëèæåíèþ ìåæäó äâóìÿ âåäó-
ùèìè èíòåãðàöèîííûìè îáúåäèíåíèÿìè.
Ïðàâäà, Ìåðêîñóð è Òèõîîêåàíñêèé àëüÿíñ îò-
ëè÷àþòñÿ ðàçíûìè ïîäõîäàìè ê èíòåãðàöèîí-
ÒÅÎÐÈß È ÏÐÀÊÒÈÊÀ: ÈÇ ÏÐÎØËÎÃÎ Â ÍÀÑÒÎßÙÅÅ È ÁÓÄÓÙÅÅ...
íûì ïðîöåññàì, ðàçíûìè ðåãóëèðóþùèìè íîð-
ìàìè è ôîðìàòîì îáúåäèíåíèÿ (Ìåðêîñóð —
òàìîæåííûé ñîþç, à Òèõîîêåàíñêèé àëüÿíñ —
çîíà ñâîáîäíîé òîðãîâëè), ÷òî ñ òåõíè÷åñêîé
òî÷êè çðåíèÿ îñëîæíÿåò èõ êîíâåðãåíöèþ.
Îäèí èç âàðèàíòîâ îáõîäà óêàçàííûõ ïðîá-
ëåì — èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïðåèìóùåñòâ ËÀÈ,
âêëþ÷àþùåé êàê ñòðàíû Ìåðêîñóð, òàê è ãî-
ñóäàðñòâà Òèõîîêåàíñêîãî àëüÿíñà, íà îñíîâå
ïðîâåäåíèÿ ãàðìîíèçàöèè äåéñòâóþùèõ
äâóñòîðîííèõ ïðåôåðåíöèàëüíûõ òîðãîâûõ
ñîãëàøåíèé è èõ ïåðåâîä â ôîðìàò çîí ñâî-
áîäíîé òîðãîâëè ñ ïîñëåäóþùèì îáúåäèíå-
íèåì â åäèíîå ñîãëàøåíèå. Â èòîãå, âûñîêà
âåðîÿòíîñòü ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ â Ëàòèíñêîé
Àìåðèêå îáùåðåãèîíàëüíîé çîíû ñâîáîäíîé
òîðãîâëè.
Âûâîäû
1. Â ðåãèîíå Ëàòèíñêîé Àìåðèêè ñ ñåðåäè-
íû 2000-õ ãîäîâ ÿâíî ïðîñëåæèâàåòñÿ ïîñòå-
ïåííàÿ ýâîëþöèÿ èíòåãðàöèîííûõ ïðîöåññîâ
îò ñóáðåãèîíàëüíîãî óðîâíÿ ê îáùåðåãèîíàëü-
íîìó, íà êîòîðîì ôóíêöèîíèðóåò 3 ñîãëàøå-
íèÿ — ÓÍÀÑÓÐ, ÀËÁÀ è ËÀÈ. Ïåðâûå 2 ñîã-
ëàøåíèÿ (ÓÍÀÑÓÐ è ÀËÁÀ) ÿâëÿþòñÿ
äå-ôàêòî çîíàìè ñâîáîäíîé òîðãîâëè, à ËÀÈ —
çîíîé ïðåôåðåíöèàëüíîé òîðãîâëè. Íî ïðî-
öåññ èíòåãðàöèîííîãî ñáëèæåíèÿ ïðîäâèãàåò-
ñÿ êðàéíå ìåäëåííî ñ ñîõðàíåíèåì íåìàëûõ
ïðîòèâîðå÷èé ìåæäó ó÷àñòâóþùèìè ñòðàíà-
ìè è ñèëüíûì âëèÿíèåì ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ ôàêòî-
ÃÎÐÈÇÎÍÒÛ ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÈ, 2018, ¹ 1 (41)
ðîâ (ÓÍÀÑÓÐ è ÀËÁÀ).
2. Ïåðñïåêòèâû îáùåðåãèîíàëüíûõ èíòåã-
ðàöèîííûõ ïðîöåññîâ â Ëàòèíñêîé Àìåðèêå
ñâÿçàíû ñ íàìåòèâøåéñÿ êîíâåðãåíöèåé ìåæ-
äó äâóìÿ íàèáîëåå äèíàìè÷íûìè èíòåãðà-
öèîííûìè îáúåäèíåíèÿìè íà ñóáðåãèîíàëü-
íîì óðîâíå — Òèõîîêåàíñêèì àëüÿíñîì è
Ìåðêîñóð.
Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû
1. Êîçëîâà Î.À. Ïîìîùü â èíòåðåñàõ òîðãîâëè â
óñëîâèÿõ óñòîé÷èâîãî ðàçâèòèÿ // Ðîññèéñêèé
54
âíåøíåýêîíîìè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê. 2015. Ò. 2015. ¹ 7.
Ñ. 59–71.
2. Êîçëîâà Î.À. Ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ èíòåãðàöèÿ â Ñå-
âåðíîé Àìåðèêå // Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ
èíòåãðàöèÿ. Ïîä ðåä. Í.Í. Ëèâåíöåâà. Ì.: Ýêîíî-
ìèñòú, 2006. Ñ. 169–190.
3. Êîñòþíèíà Ã.Ì. Èíòåãðàöèîííûå ïðîöåññû â
Çàïàäíîì ïîëóøàðèè. Ìîíîãðàôèÿ. Ì.: ÌÃÈÌÎ-
Óíèâåðñèòåò, 2013. 304 ñ.
4. Êîñòþíèíà Ã.Ì. Èíòåãðàöèÿ â Ëàòèíñêîé
Àìåðèêå // Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ èíòå-
ãðàöèÿ. Ïîä ðåä. Í.Í. Ëèâåíöåâà. Ì.: Ýêîíîìèñòú,
2006. Ñ. 261–296.
5. Detlef N. Trade: The Undervalued Driver for
Regional Integration in Latin America. GIGA Focus,
No. 5. September 2017.
6. Routes to Growth in a New Trade World. Latin
American and Caribbean Macroeconomic Report.
Inter-American Development Bank. 2017. 115 p.
List of References
1. Kozlova O.A. Pomoshch v interesakh torgovli v
usloviyakh ustoychivogo razvitiya // Rossiyskiy
vneshneekonomicheskiy vestnik [The Russian
External Economic Bulletin]. 2015. ¹ 7. S. 59-71.
2. Kozlova O.A. Ekonomicheskaya integratciya v
Severnoi Amerike // Mejdunarodnaya ekonomicheskaya
integratciya [International Economic Integration]. Pod
red. N.N. Liventseva. M.: Ekonomist, 2006. S. 169-190.
3. Kostyunina G.M. Integratcionniye processi v
Zapadnom polusharii [Integration processes in the
Western Hemisphere]. M.: MGIMO-Universitet, 2013.
304 s.
4. Kostyunina G.M. Integratciya v Latinskoy
Amerike. Mejdunarodnaya ekonomicheskaya
integratciya [International economic integration]. Pod
red. N.N. Liventseva. M.: Ekonomist, 2006. S. 261-296.
5. Detlef N. Trade: The Undervalued Driver for
Regional Integration in Latin America. GIGA Focus,
No. 5. September 2017.
6. Routes to Growth in a New Trade World. Latin
American and Caribbean Macroeconomic Report.
Inter-American Development Bank. 2017. 115 p.
 Êîñòþíèíà Ã.Ì., Êîçëîâà Î.À. Îáùåðåãèîíàëüíûå
èíòåãðàöèîííûå èíèöèàòèâû â Ëàòèíñêîé Àìåðèêå

Êîñòþíèíà Ãàëèíà Ìèõàéëîâíà, äîêòîð ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð êàôåäðû ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ ýêîíî-
ìè÷åñêèõ îòíîøåíèé è âíåøíåýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ ñâÿçåé ÌÃÈÌÎ (Óíèâåðñèòåò) ÌÈÄ ÐÔ,
galina_kostynina@yahoo.com
Êîçëîâà Îëüãà Àíàòîëüåâíà, êàíäèäàò ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, äîöåíò êàôåäðû ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ ýêîíîìè÷å-

ÒÅÎÐÈß È ÏÐÀÊÒÈÊÀ: ÈÇ ÏÐÎØËÎÃÎ Â ÍÀÑÒÎßÙÅÅ È ÁÓÄÓÙÅÅ...

ñêèõ îòíîøåíèé è âíåøíåýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ ñâÿçåé ÌÃÈÌÎ (Óíèâåðñèòåò) ÌÈÄ ÐÔ, olgakozlova2003@mail.ru

ÎÁÙÅÐÅÃÈÎÍÀËÜÍÛÅ ÈÍÒÅÃÐÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÅ ÈÍÈÖÈÀÒÈÂÛ Â ËÀÒÈÍÑÊÎÉ ÀÌÅÐÈÊÅ

 äàííîì èññëåäîâàíèè ïðîâåäåí àíàëèç îáùåðåãèîíàëüíûõ èíòåãðàöèîííûõ èíèöèàòèâ, íàñ÷èòûâàþùèõ

áîëåå ÷åì 200-ëåòíþþ èñòîðèþ, êîãäà åùå â 1826 ã. áîðåö çà íåçàâèñèìîñòü Ëàòèíñêîé Àìåðèêè — Ñèìîí Áî-
ëèâàð âûñòóïèë çà ñîçäàíèå Ïàíàìåðèêàíñêîãî ñîþçà. Ñîâðåìåííûå èíèöèàòèâû áåðóò íà÷àëî ñ 60-õ ãîäîâ.
Öåëü. Îõàðàêòåðèçîâàòü ïðåèìóùåñòâà è èçäåðæêè äåÿòåëüíîñòè âåäóùèõ èíòåãðàöèîííûõ îáúåäèíåíèé â
Ëàòèíñêîé Àìåðèêå, ñîçäàííûõ íà îáùåðåãèîíàëüíîì óðîâíå.
Çàäà÷è. Îïðåäåëèòü öåëè è íàïðàâëåíèÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòè Ñîþçà þæíîàìåðèêàíñêèõ íàöèé (ÓÍÀÑÓÐ), ïðî-
àíàëèçèðîâàòü öåëè è íàïðàâëåíèÿ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ è èíòåãðàöèîííîãî ñáëèæåíèÿ ñòðàí Áîëèâàðèàíñêîãî àëü-
ÿíñà äëÿ íàðîäîâ íàøåé Àìåðèêè (ÀËÁÀ), ðàññìîòðåòü ïîòåíöèàëüíûå âîçìîæíîñòè ñîçäàíèÿ îáùåðåãèî-
íàëüíîé çîíû ñâîáîäíîé òîðãîâëè â Ëàòèíñêîé Àìåðèêå â ñîñòàâå ñòðàí Òèõîîêåàíñêîãî àëüÿíñà è Ìåðêîñóð.
Ìåòîäîëîãèÿ.  ïðåäëàãàåìîì èññëåäîâàíèè íà îñíîâå ìåòîäîâ íàó÷íîãî ïîçíàíèÿ îïðåäåëåíû âîçìîæíî-
ñòè ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ îáùåðåãèîíàëüíîé çîíû ñâîáîäíîé òîðãîâëè â Ëàòèíñêîé Àìåðèêå, ðàññìîòðåíû äîñòèæå-
íèÿ â äåÿòåëüíîñòè òàêèõ îáùåðåãèîíàëüíûõ îáúåäèíåíèé, êàê ËÀÈ, ÓÍÀÑÓÐ è ÀËÁÀ.
Ðåçóëüòàòû. Ñîâðåìåííûé ýòàï èíòåãðàöèîííûõ ïðîöåññîâ â Ëàòèíñêîé Àìåðèêå íà÷àëñÿ ñ 1960 ã., êîãäà
áûëî ñôîðìèðîâàíî ïåðâîå îáùåðåãèîíàëüíîå èíòåãðàöèîííîå îáúåäèíåíèå — Ëàòèíîàìåðèêàíñêàÿ çîíà ñâî-
áîäíîé òîðãîâëè, ñïóñòÿ 20 ëåò ïåðåèìåíîâàííîå â Ëàòèíîàìåðèêàíñêóþ àññîöèàöèþ èíòåãðàöèè. Îíî ñîõðà-
íèëî ôîðìàò çîíû ïðåôåðåíöèàëüíîé òîðãîâëè.  2000-å ãîäû ïîä âëèÿíèåì ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ ôàêòîðîâ áûëè ñîç-
äàíû ÓÍÀÑÓÐ è ÀËÁÀ, ÿâëÿþùèåñÿ äå-ôàêòî çîíàìè ñâîáîäíîé òîðãîâëè. Â öåëîì, ïî ãëóáèíå èíòåãðàöèîí-
íîãî ñáëèæåíèÿ îáùåðåãèîíàëüíûé óðîâåíü óñòóïàåò ñóáðåãèîíàëüíîìó óðîâíþ, íà êîòîðîì äåéñòâóþò ÷åòû-
ðå òàìîæåííûõ ñîþçà ñ ïðîäîëæàþùèìñÿ ôîðìèðîâàíèåì îáùèõ ðûíêîâ. Â öåëîì, â Ëàòèíñêîé Àìåðèêå íå-
ìàëóþ ðîëü ñîõðàíÿþò äåçèíòåãðèðóþùèå ôàêòîðû ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî è ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî õàðàêòåðà.
Âûâîäû. Àíàëèç èíòåãðàöèîííûõ ïðîöåññîâ â Ëàòèíñêîé Àìåðèêå ïîçâîëèë ñäåëàòü âûâîä î ïîñòåïåííîé
ýâîëþöèè èíòåãðàöèè îò ñóáðåãèîíàëüíîãî óðîâíÿ ê îáùåðåãèîíàëüíîìó. Îäíàêî ïðîöåññ îáùåðåãèîíàëüíîãî
èíòåãðàöèîííîãî ñáëèæåíèÿ ïðîäâèãàåòñÿ êðàéíå ìåäëåííî ñ ñîõðàíåíèåì íåìàëûõ ïðîòèâîðå÷èé ìåæäó ó÷à-
ñòâóþùèìè ñòðàíàìè è ñèëüíûì âëèÿíèåì ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ ôàêòîðîâ. Ïåðñïåêòèâû èíòåãðàöèîííûõ ïðîöåññîâ â
Ëàòèíñêîé Àìåðèêå ñâÿçàíû ñ íàìåòèâøåéñÿ êîíâåðãåíöèåé ìåæäó äâóìÿ íàèáîëåå äèíàìè÷íûìè èíòåãðàöè-
îííûìè îáúåäèíåíèÿìè íà ñóáðåãèîíàëüíîì óðîâíå — Òèõîîêåàíñêèì àëüÿíñîì è Ìåðêîñóð è âîçìîæíûì
ôîðìèðîâàíèåì îáùåðåãèîíàëüíîé çîíû ñâîáîäíîé òîðãîâëè.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: Ëàòèíñêàÿ Àìåðèêà, èíòåãðàöèÿ, ËÀÈ, ÓÍÀÑÓÐ, ÀËÁÀ, Ìåðêîñóð, Òèõîîêåàíñêèé àëü-
ÿíñ.

Kostyunina Galina Mikhailovna, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor of the Department of International

ÃÎÐÈÇÎÍÒÛ ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÈ, 2018, ¹ 1 (41)

Economic Relations and Foreign Economic Relations, Moscow State Institute of International Relations
(University) MFA Russia, galina_kostynina@yahoo.com
Kozlova Olga Anatolievna, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of
International Economic Relations and Foreign Economic Relations, Moscow State Institute of International
Relations (University) MFA Russia, olgakozlova2003@mail.ru

WIDE-REGION INTEGRATION INITIATIVES IN LATIN AMERICA

This study analizes region-wide integration initiatives dating back more than two hundred years, when in 1826,
the fighter for the independence of Latin America — Simon Bolivar advocated the creation of the Pan-American
Union. Modern initiatives have been taking place since the 1960s.
Goal. To characterize the advantages and costs of the activities of the leading integration associations in Latin
America, established at the region-wide level.
Tasks. To identify the goals and activities of the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), analyze the
goals and directions for the formation and integration of the countries of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of
Our America (ALBA), and consider the potential for creating a region-wide free trade area in Latin America
within the Pacific alliance and Mercosur.
Methodology. In the proposed study, based on the methods of scientific cognition, the possibilities for the
formation of a region-wide free trade area in Latin America have been determined, and the achievements in the
activities of region-wide associations, such as LAI, UNASUR and ALBA, have been examined.
Results. The present stage of integration processes in Latin America began in 1960, when the first region-wide
integration association was formed — the Latin American Free Trade Area, renamed the Latin American

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 Ìèðîâàÿ ýêîíîìèêà è ìåæäóíàðîäíîå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî

Integration Association 20 years later. It retained the format of the zone of preferential trade. In the 2000s. under
the influence of political factors, UNASUR and ALBA were created, which are de facto free trade areas. In
general, in terms of the depth of integration convergence, the region’s overall level is below the sub-regional level,
where four customs unions operate with the continuing formation of common markets. In general, in Latin
ÒÅÎÐÈß È ÏÐÀÊÒÈÊÀ: ÈÇ ÏÐÎØËÎÃÎ Â ÍÀÑÒÎßÙÅÅ È ÁÓÄÓÙÅÅ...

America, an important role is played by disintegrating factors of an economic and political nature.
Conclusions. Analysis of the integration processes in Latin America made it possible to conclude that the
integration is gradually evolving from the sub-regional level to the region-wide one. But the process of region-wide
integration is progressing very slowly, with considerable contradictions between the participating countries and a
strong influence of political factors. The prospects for integration processes in Latin America are connected with
the emerging convergence between the two most dynamic integration associations at the sub-regional level — the
Pacific Alliance and Mercosur and the possible formation of a region-wide free trade area.

Keywords: Latin America, integration, ALAI, UNASUR, ALBA, Mercosur, Pacific Alliance.
ÃÎÐÈÇÎÍÒÛ ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÈ, 2018, ¹ 1 (41)

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