saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademia

c p u

gamomcemloba `siaxle~
Tbilisi 2012
 uak) 33(031)
uak
UDC(uak
a-871
rozeta asaTiani. Tanamedrove ekonomikis enciklopediu-
ri leqsikoni. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba `siaxle~, 2012. _ 515 gv.

enciklopediuri leqsikoni moicavs Tanamedrove mikro-, mezo-, mak-

ro- da megaekonomikis rogorc Teoriul, ise praqtikul sakiTxebs,
agreTve cnobili ekonomistebis, maT Soris, nobelis premiis laureate-
bis mecnieruli moRvaweobis amsaxvel masalebs. yoveli terminis
saleqsikono statia Sedgeba misi saxelwodebis, abreviaturis (Tuki
aqvs), inglisuri Sesatyvisis, etimologiisa da axsna-ganmartebisagan.
leqsikoni gankuTvnilia mecnier-ekonomistebisa da praqtikose-
bisaTvis. igi, rogorc damxmare saxelmZRvanelo masala, samsaxurs
gauwevs umaRlesi saswavleblebis ekonomikuri profilis bakalavrebs,
magistrebs, doqtorantebsa da akademiur personals, saerTod, Tanamed-
rove sabazro ekonomikis problemebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelTa far-
To wres.

saredaqcio kolegia: saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli

akademiis wevr-korespondentebi _ vladimer papava
papava,
avTandil silagaZe
silagaZe; ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doq-
torebi, profesorebi nodar WiTanava
WiTanava, solomon
pavliaSvili; ekonomikis doqtorebi ioseb ar-
CvaZe
CvaZe, jemal kaxniaSvili.

recenzentebi: leo Ciqava _ saqarTvelos mecniere-

baTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondenti;
Teimuraz beriZe _ ekonomikur mecni-
erebaTa doqtori, profesori.

ISBN 978-9941-9134-0-2

© r. asaTiani, 2012;
© gamomcemloba `siaxle~, 2012.
 3

recenziis magier

nebismieri mecnierebis ganviTarebisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelo-

vania Sesabamisi mecnieruli aparati da misi adekvaturi gamoy-
eneba, rac swori daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva. cno-
bilia, rom mecnieruli aparatis Semadgeneli nawilia zusti
terminologia, terminebis zedmiwevniT sruli ganmarteba. sa-
zogadoebrivi mecnierebebisaTvis da kerZod, ekonomikuri mec-
nierebisaTvis es garemoeba ormagad aqtualuria, vinaidan termi-
nebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba ekonomikuri movlenebisa da pro-
cesebis urTierTkavSirebis kvleva, kvlevis Sedegebis Sejameba,
metic, mecnieruli terminebis sizustisa da raodenobis mixed-
viT msjeloben ama Tu im mecnierebis ganviTarebis doneze.
bolo wlebSi saqarTvelos sacnobaro da saleqsikono eko-
nomikur literaturaSi sakmaod bevri leqsikoni Tu cnobari
gamovida ekonomikis cnebebsa da kategoriebze, rac udaod misa-
salmebelia. ganmartebiTi leqsikonebis gamosvlis dRevandeli
aucilebloba ganpirobebulia ekonomikaSi radikaluri cvlile-
bebiT, meurneobriobis Tvisebrivad axal modelze _ sabazro
ekonomikaze gadasvliT. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba ki SeiZi-
na sabazro ekonomikis amsaxveli ekonomikuri da sabanko ter-
minologiis sistematizaciis sakiTxma.
aRniSnuli problemis gadawyvetis saqmeSi, Cveni Rrma rwme-
niT, mniSvnelovan wvlils Seitans ekonomikur mecnierebaTa
doqtoris, profesor rozeta asaTianis mier momzadebuli `Tana-
medrove ekonomikis enciklopediuri leqsikoni~. masSi yura-
dRebas iqcevs ori monaTesave, magram mainc gansxvavebuli dar-
gis _ ekonomikisa da biznesis terminebis axsna-ganmarteba.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi avtori iZleva ekonomikis sxvadasxva mx-
aris axsnas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi mocemulia biznesgaremoSi
konkretuli qmedebebisa da qcevebis amsaxveli terminebis gan-
4
marteba, rac udaod garkveul siaxles warmoadgens saleqsikono
da sacnobaro literaturaSi.
leqsikonSi mocemulia ekonomikuri da sabanko terminebis,
saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri da safinanso institutebis, ekono-
mikuri klasifikatorebis, koncefciebis, Teoriebisa da moZRvrebe-
bis axsna-ganmarteba, gadmocemulia gamoCenili mecnier-ekono-
mistebis biografiuli monacemebi da a.S. aRsaniSnavia, rom
avtori ar ifargleba mxolod terminebis ganmartebiT, aramed
iZleva maT siRrmiseul axsnas (magaliTad, ekonomikuri Teoria,
ekonomiqsi da sxv.), rac aseve leqsikonis Rirebul mxaresa da
siaxles warmoadgens.
enciklopediuri leqsikoni, Tavisi formiTa da SinaarsiT
seriozuli ganacxadia, Sedgenilia imgvarad, rom saSualebas
aZlevs mkiTxvels ara marto profesiulad daeuflos ekono-
mikur terminologias, aramed kargad gaerkves Tanamedrove ekono-
mikis rTul urTierTkavSirebSi.
leqsikonSi warmodgenili ZiriTadi terminebis ganmartebe-
bi mTlianad Seesabameba saerTaSoriso standartebs da asaxavs
ekonomikuri mecnierebis Tanamedrove miRwevebs, rac udavod
mniSvnelovania ekonomikis globalizaciis pirobebSi.

Teimuraz beriZe

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori
 5

vuZRvni Cemi Zvirfasi

mSoblebis _ qeTevan da Salva
asaTianebis naTel xsovnas

winasityvaoba
leqsikonSi Tavmoyrilia Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomi-
kaSi gamoyenebuli terminebi da cnebebi, warmodgenilia ekonomikis
dargis msoflioSi cnobili zogierTi ucxoeli mecnierisa da
Rvawlmosili qarTveli ekonomistebis, maT Soris, saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis akademikosebisa da wevr-kores-
pondentebis biografiebi.
leqsikons erTvis statiaTa anbanuri da Tematuri saZie-
beli, msoflios qveynebis reitingi, dadgenili adamianis ganviTarebis
indeqsis (HDI) safuZvelze, agreTve qveynebisa da teritoriebis
anbanuri CamonaTvali valutebisa da kodebis CvenebiT.
leqsikons safuZvlad daedo qarTuli da ucxouri eko-
nomikuri literatura (enciklopediebi, leqsikonebi, monografi-
ebi, statiebi), maT Soris, devid u. pirsis saerTo redaqciiT
gamocemuli `makmilanis Tanamedrove ekonomiqsis leqsikoni~
(meoTxe gamocema), `oqsfordis ganmartebiTi biznes-leqsikoni~,
o. blanSaris `makroekonomika~, agreTve Cveni naSromebi - `eko-
nomiqsi~ (ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, mesame gadamuSavebuli gamocema),
`Tanamedrove ekonomikis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni~, `ekonomikisa
da biznesis leqsikoni~, `momsaxureba da sabazro sistema~,
`ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomiqsi: erTianoba da gansxvaveba~,
`globalizacia, ekonomikuri Teoria da saqarTvelo~ da a.S.
wignSi umetesad Sesulia sakuTriv avtoriseuli gansaz-
Rvrebebi, Camoyalibebuli xangrZlivi (22 wlis manZilze) samec-
niero-pedagogiuri muSaobis procesSi. amitom zogierTi ter-
mini (cneba) sxvebTan SedarebiT vrclad aris ganmartebuli.
yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, leqsikoni, SeiZleba
iTqvas, originaluria.
6
mocemuli terminebi da cnebebi exeba ara mxolod ekono-
mikis erT romelime sferos, aramed mTel ekonomikas, rogorc
mikro-, ise mezo-, makro- da megaekonomikas.
enciklopediuri leqsikoni Sedgenilia Semdegi wesebis dacviT:
1. sasaTauro terminebi, cnebebi, gamoTqmebi dalagebulia
qarTuli anbanis mixedviT;
2. sasaTauro sityva (sityvebi) gamoyofilia naxevrad
Savi mTavruli SriftiT;
3. terminis ganmarteba mocemulia mxolod ekonomikur
aspeqtSi;
4. sasaTauro sityvis (sityvebis) Semdeg frCxilebSi mo-
cemulia inglisuri Sesatyvisi;
5. Tu sasaTauro sityva ucxouri warmoSobisaa, inglisuri
Sesatyvisis Semdeg transkrifciaSi mocemulia misi etimologia;
6. niSani ` < ~ niSnavs: warmodgeba... gan;
7. leqsikonSi qarTul enaze mocemulia Tanamedrove piro-
bebSi damkvidrebuli inglisuri sityvebisagan momdinare
abreviaturebi. mag., kaf-i (CAF - Cost and Freight _ Rirebuleba da
fraxti).
vfiqrobT, ganmartebiTi leqsikoni daexmareba mkiTxvels,
gaerkves sabazro urTierTobebis rTul labirinTebSi, amasTan, igi
xels Seuwyobs saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikis terminebisa da
cnebebis gavrceleba-damkvidrebas.
did madlobas vuxdi saredaqcio kolegiasa da recenzen-
tebs gaweuli SromisaTvis.
mkiTxvelis yvela obieqtur SeniSvnasa da winadadebas avto-
ri madlierebis grZnobiT miiRebs da gaiTvaliswinebs Semdgom
gamocemaSi.

rozeta asaTiani
rozeta

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori

Tbilisi
aprili, 2012
 7

leqsikonSi gamoyenebuli abreviaturebi

bsp - biznesis socialuri pasuxismgebloba

gaero - gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia
eas - erovnul angariSTa sistema
emf - erTpirovnuli mflobelobis firma
Tez - Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona
mep - mTliani erovnuli produqti
mesk – moxalise eqspertTa saerTaSoriso korpusi
mtp - mecnierul-teqnologiuri progresi
mSp - mTliani Sida produqti
sif - Rirebuleba, dazRveva, fraxti
srn - savaldebulo rezervebis norma
ssdk - saerTaSoriso standartuli dargobrivi klasifikacia
ssf – saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi
fss – federaluri sarezervo sistema
Sps - SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba
Sso – Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia
ASPE – sazogadoebrivi seqtoris ekonomikis mkvlevarTa asociacia
EACT – Tavisufali vaWrobis evropuli asociacia
EBRD – evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki
EC – evropuli gaerTianeba
EEC – evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianeba
EMPI – valutis bazarze zewolis indeqsi
EU – evrokavSiri
EU-GBC – evrokavSir-saqarTvelos biznessabWo
GATT – tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb generaluri SeTanxmeba
HDI - adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi
IBRD – rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso banki
ISIC - yvela saxis ekonomikuri saqmianobis saerTaSoriso standartuli
samrewvelo klasifikacia
MNC – transerovnuli (transnacionaluri) korporacia
NACE - evropuli kavSiris ekonomikuri saqmianobis mTavari samrewvelo
klasifikacia
NICs – axali industriuli qveynebi
OECD - ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizacia
USAID – aSS-is saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento
WTO – msoflio savaWro organizacia
8

qarTuli anbani

a — an m — man R — Ran

b — ban n — nar y — yar

g — gan o — on S — Sin

d— don p — par C — Cin

e— en J — Jan c — can

v — vin r — rae Z — Zil

z — zen s — san w — wil

T— Tan t — tar W — War

i — in u — un x — xan

k — kan f — far j — jan

l — las q — qan h — hae

absoluturi upiratesoba
a tage) an SeZenili (acquired ad-
abandonmenti (abandon-
ment) - dazRveuli qonebis
dakargvis, ganadgurebis an sxva
msgavs SemTxvevaSi (mag., gemis
CaZirvis gamo), sakuTrebis uf-
lebaze uaris Tqmisa da aRniS-
nuli faqtis dadasturebis sa-
fuZvelze, mzRvevelis mier daz-
Rvevis Tanxis mTlianad gadax-
da mesakuTrisaTvis.
absenteizmi (absenteeism)
- 1. samsaxuridan daTxovna sa-
muSaos arasapatio mizeziT
gacdenis gamo; 2. warmoebis fi-
nansuri marTvis gamocalkave-
ba misi teqnologiuri aspeqte-
bisgan.
absoluturi mogeba (ab-
solute profit) – im Semosavlis to-
li mogeba, romelsac firma iR-
ebs saqonlis (momsaxurebis)
gayidviT, danaxarjebis gamo-
qviTvis Semdeg.
absoluturi upirateso-
ba (absolute advantage) - 1. upi-
ratesoba, romelic aqvs erT
mwarmoebels sxvebTan Sedare-
biT maRali Sromis mwarmoeb-
lurobis safuZvelze erTeu-
li produqciis warmoebaze na-
klebi resursebis gamoyenebis
Sedegad; 2. upiratesoba, romel-
ic aqvs erT qveyanas sxvebTan
SedarebiT, Tu mas, gamomdinare
9
Tavisi bunebrivi (natural advan-
vantage) upiratesobebidan (xe-
lsayreli bunebrivi pirobebi,
mowinave teqnologia, kvalifi-
ciuri samuSao Zala da a.S.),
SeuZlia ufro efeqtianad awar-
moos (erTeul danaxarjze meti
produqcia miiRos) esa Tu is
saqoneli. saerTaSoriso vaWro-
ba ki iZleva imis SesaZleblo-
bas, rom TiToeuli qveyana
daspecialdes im saqonlis war-
moebaSi, romlisTvisac mas aqvs
es konkretuli upiratesobebi.
mag., iaponias, SeZenili upirate-
sobis safuZvelze, imis gamo,
rom aqvs mowinave teqnologia,
hyavs maRalkvalificiuri spe-
cialistebi, SeuZlia bevrad
iafad awarmoos, vTqvaT, motori-
zebuli gadazidvis saSuale-
bebi, vidre zogierT sxva qveya-
nas. uzbekeTs, bunebrivi upi-
ratesobebidan gamomdinare,
ufro efeqtianad SeuZlia awar-
moos bamba, vidre ukrainas, bal-
tiispireTis qveynebs da bevr
sxva qveyanas. saqarTvelos, aseve,
bunebrivi upiratesobebidan ga-
momdinare, gacilebiT efeqti-
anad SeuZlia awarmoos xili,
vidre ruseTsa da zogierT sxva
qveyanas. magram saerTaSoriso
vaWrobaSi sxvaoba absolu-
tur xarjebs Soris ar as-
rulebs mTavar rols, aq ar-
10 absoluturi upiratesobis Teoria
sebi Tia mocemuli saqonlis
sebiTia
warmoebis alternatiul Ri-
reb ulebebs Soris gansxva-
rebulebebs
veba. roca es Rirebuleba mo-
cemul qveyanaSi ufro daba-
lia, vidre sxva qveyanaSi, maSin
saqme gvaqvs SefardebiT upi-
ratesobasTan.
absoluturi upirateso-
bis Teoria (theory of absolute
advantage) - Teoria, romlis mi-
xedviTac A qveyanas, romelsac
aqvs bunebrivi (xelsayreli bu-
nebrivi pirobebi) an SeZenili
(mowinave teqnologia, kvali-
ficiuri samuSao Zala da a.S.)
upiratesobebi, SeuZlia ufro
efeqtianad awarmoos esa Tu is
saqoneli (e.i. gamouSvas erTeul
danaxarjze meti produqcia),
vidre B qveyanas.
ar aris aucilebeli aseTi
saxis absoluturi upiratesoba
niSnavdes imas, rom A qveyanas
SeuZlia warmatebiT moaxdinos
am saqonlis eqsporti B qveya-
naSi, vinaidan B qveyana SeiZle-
ba flobdes SefardebiT upi-
ratesobas mocemuli saqonlis
warmoebaSi.
absoluturi upiratesobis
Teoria pirvelad daamuSava a.
smiTma naSromSi: `gamokvleva
xalxTa simdidris bunebisa da
mizezebis Sesaxeb~.
absoluturi fasebi (ab-
solute prices) – SefardebiTi
fasebisgan gansxvavebiT, uSua-
lod fuliT, fuladi erTeu-
liT gamoxatuli fasebi saqo-
nelsa da momsaxurebaze.
absorbcia (absorption) – wer-
tili (zRvari), romelic gamoxa-
tavs bazris gajerebas fasiani
qaRaldebiT da yoveli damate-
biTi partia uaryofiT gavle-
nas axdens fasze.
agenti (agent) [<laT. ag-
ens (agentis) moqmedi] - firmis
warmomadgeneli, rwmunebuli,
romelic xelSekrulebis sa-
fuZvelze asrulebs sxva pi-
ris saqmian davalebas, risTvi-
sac iRebs garkveul sakomi-
sio Semosavals. Sesrule-
buli funqciebidan gamomdi-
nare, agentebi SeiZleba iyvnen:
brokerebi, dilerebi, komisio-
nerebi da a.S.
aglomeracia (aglomerare)
– im firmebis, dawesebulebebis,
dasaxlebebisa(upiratesad qala-
qis ti pis) da a.S. sivrcobrivi
TvalsazrisiT kompaqturi gan-
lageba, romlebic dajgufe-
bulni arian warmoebrivi, kul-
turuli, rekreaciuli da sxv.
kavSirebiT. aglomeracia gana-
pirobebs danaxarjebis ekono-
mias (agglomeration economies),
informaciis efeqtian gamoye-
nebas, specializebul momwode-
belTa sistemis ganviTarebasa
adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi
da a.S.
agraruli revolucia (ag-
rarian revolution) – organizaciu-
li da teqnikuri cvlilebebis
safuZvelze sasoflo-sameurneo
warmoebis mniSvnelovani gazr-
da. agraruli revolucia mWid-
ro kavSirSia industrializa-
ciasTan. igi gulisxmobs mzard
investiciebs agrarul seqtorSi
(soflis meurneobaSi, satyeo
meurneobaSi, nadirobasa da me-
TevzeobaSi) Tanamedrove man-
qana-mowyobilobebis danergvis,
miwaTmoqmedebis, mecxoveleobisa
da mevenaxeobis ganviTarebis
mizniT. yovelive es ganapirobebs
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis mk-
veTr amaRlebas, kapitalukuge-
bis gadidebas, rac, agraruli
seqtoris gadidebasTan erTad,
xels uwyobs samuSao Zalis
gamoTavisuflebas agraruli
warmoebidan da mis dasaqmebas
momsaxurebis an industriul
seqtorebSi, rogorc es damaxa-
siaTebelia ganviTarebuli qvey-
nebisaTvis.
agraruli seqtori (ag-
rarian sector) - ekonomikis seq-
tori, romlis Semadgenloba-
Sic Sedis sasoflo--sameurneo
SromiT dasaqmebuli, kvebis
produqtebisa da nedleulis
(xe--tye, bamba da a.S.) mwarmoe-
beli mosaxleoba. igi, rogorc
11
wesi, ekonomikis SedarebiT da-
balSemosavliani seqtoria,
garkveulwilad Sedgeba arasa-
saqonlo meurneobebisagan da
ekonomikaSi misi maRali xved-
riTi wona ZiriTadad damaxas-
iaTebelia ganviTarebadi qvey-
nebisaTvis.
gaeros ssdk-is mixedviT,
agraruli seqtori ekonomikis
pirveladi seqtoria. masSi Se-
dis soflis meurneoba, satyeo
meurneoba, nadiroba da meTev-
zeoba.
agregireba (aggregation)
[<laT. aggregatus SeerTeba] -
erTgvarovani maCveneblebis (si-
dideebis) gaerTianeba, gamsx-
vileba ufro ganzogadebul er-
Tobliv maCveneblad (sidided).
agregirebuli sawar-
moo funqcia (aggregate pro-
duction function) - damokidebu-
leba gamoSvebuli produqciis
(gamoSvebis) raodenobasa da mis
warmoebaze gaweul danaxarjebs
Soris.
adamianis ganviTarebis
indeqsi (human development
index - HDI) - makroekonomikuri
maCvenebeli, romelic Sedgeba
Semdegi komponentebisagan: 1.
mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-
is warmoebis indeqsi; 2. mosax-
leobis sicocxlis saSualo xan-
grZlivobis indeqsi; 3. mosax-
12
leobis ganaTlebis donis ind-
eqsi. maTi SejerebiT gamoiyva-
neba saSualo maCvenebeli, rome-
lic gamoxatavs mocemuli qvey-
nis reitings adamianis ganvi-
Tarebis indeqsis mixedviT.
aRniSnuli maCveneblis mi-
xedviT qveynebi iyofa 4 jgu-
fad: 1. Zalian maRali indeqsis
mqone; 2. maRali indeqsis mqone;
3. saSualo indeqsis mqone da
4. dabali indeqsis mqone qvey-
nebad. 2011 wels gamokvleu-
li 187 saxelmwifodan Zalze
maRali donisaa 47, maRali do-
nis _ 47, saSualo donis _ 47,
xolo dabali donis _ 46 qve-
yana. saqarTvelo HDI-is mixed-
viT maRali reitingis mqone
saxelmwifoTa jgufs ganekuT-
vneba da uWiravs 75--e adgili.
adamianiseuli kapitali
(human capital) - inteleqtua-
luri kapitali, romelic gamo-
xatavs adamianis profesiul
dones, mis ganaTlebas, kvali-
fikacias, codnas da gamocdile-
bas. rac ufro maRalia misi
xarisxi, miT ufro maRalia Sro-
mis mwarmoebluroba.
adamianiseul kapitals qmnis
investiciebi adamianiseul re-
sursebSi, romlis mizania TviT
adamianis, misi inteleqtualuri
potencialis, SemoqmedebiTi
unaris ganviTarebis safuZvelze
warmoebis efeqtianobis amaR-
adamianiseuli kapitali
leba. aseTi investirebis mi-
zanSewoniloba damokidebulia
imaze, ramdenad metia Semosav-
lebi danaxarjebze da dacu-
lia Tu ara standartuli sa-
investicio kriteriumebi.
zogierTi ekonomistis, mag.,
j. kendrikis azriT, adamianise-
uli kapitalis Rirebuleba un-
da Sevides erToblivi aqtive-
bis Rirebulebasa da sazoga-
doebis erovnul simdidreSi.
adaptaciis lagi (adapta-
tion lag) - drois periodi cvli-
lebis Sesaxeb signalis miRe-
bidan adaptaciis dawyebamde.
adgilobrivi biujeti
(local budget) - xelisuflebis
adgilobrivi organoebis, munici-
paluri warmonaqmnis biujeti,
romelsac adgenen, amtkiceben
da gankargaven adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi.
adendumi (addendum) [<laT.
addere damateba) _ xelSekru-
lebis, mag., Carteris, damateba,
romelsac xelSekrulebis xel-
momweri mxareebi SeimuSaveben.
ad valoremi (ad valorem)
[<laT. ad valorem Rirebulebis
mixedviT] - Zvirfasi tvirTis
gadazidvisaTvis gadasaxdeleb-
is gamoTvlis an saqonlis fa-
sidan procentebSi sabaJo gada-
saxadis gaangariSebis meTodi.
administraciuli lagi
(administrative lag) - drois mo-
avizo
nakveTi administraciis mier
gadawyvetilebis miRebidan misi
aRsrulebis dawyebamde. lagis
es saxeoba gansakuTrebul gav-
lenas axdens fulad--sakredi-
to politikaze. misi xangr-
Zlivoba damokidebulia marTvis
efeqtianobaze da mis swraf
reagirebaze, an iSviaT, magram
ufro radikalur cvlilebebze.
administraciuli fasi
(administrative price) - fasi, ro-
melic dgindeba fizikuri an iu-
ridiuli pirebis gadawyvetile-
biT da ar aris sabazro Zalebis
obieqturi TamaSis Sedegi. admi-
nistraciuli fasis dadgena Se-
iZleba im SemTxvevaSi, rode-
sac saqonels yidis monopolis-
ti an saxelmwifo organo. sa-
pirispiroa _ moqnili fasi.
avali (aval) (frang. aval) -
saTamasuqo Tavdeboba, romelsac
kisrulobs mesame piri (aval-
isti) gansakuTrebuli sagar-
antio baraTis gacemiT. aval-
istis xelis mowera aucile-
belia Tamasuqis winapirze an
damatebiT furcelze _ alon-
Jze. sagareo--savaWro garige-
bebSi avalistis rolSi gamo-
dis importioris banki.
avansi (advance) (frang.
avance) _ fuladi Tanxa, rome-
lic winaswar gaicema momava-
li gadasaxdelis xarjze. Cveu-
lebriv, avansis saxiT gaicema
13
gadasaxdeli Tanxis daaxloe-
biT 10--40%.
avansireba (advancement)
(frang. avancer) - avansis gacema.
avansirebuli kapitali
(advance capital) - warmoebaSi
winaswar dabandebuli kapita-
li fuladi Tanxis an qone-
brivi faseulobis saxiT.
avantaJi (avantage) (frang.
avantage) - xelsayreli mdgo-
mareoba, pirovnebis (jgufis)
sargebloba, upiratesoba.
averaJi (averaging) - sabir-
Jo TamaSis strategia, romel-
ic iTvaliswinebs drois gar-
kveul SualedSi gamoSvebuli
aqciebis yidva--gayidvas misi kur-
sis cvlilebis Sesabamisad.
aviazednadebi (airway bill)
- aviatvirTbaraTi, gadazidvis
kontraqtis damadasturebeli
savaWro qviTari.
avizo (aviso, advice) [<ital.
avviso Setyobineba] - 1. weri-
lobiTi uwyeba, romliTac aty-
obineben mimRebs misTvis saqon-
lis, fulis an Tamasuqis gag-
zavnas; 2. oficialuri Setyo-
bineba sameurneo operaciis Ses-
rulebis Sesaxeb, romelsac
ugzavnis erTi kontrahenti
meores; 3. urTierTangariS-
sworebaSi momxdari cvlile-
bebis Setyobineba fostiT an
telegrafiT; 4. oficialuri
Setyobineba, romelsac ugzav-
14
nis banki meanabres, misi anabris
erTi angariSidan meoreze gada-
tanis Sesaxeb.
a’vista (a’ vista) [<ital. a’
vista wardgenisas] - Tamasuqi
gadaxdis vadis miuTiTeblad.
aseTi Tamasuqis gasanaRdeblad
wardgena SeiZleba nebismier
dros.
avista (avista) [<ital., ix.
a’vista] - warwera Tamasuqze
an fuladi angariSsworebis
sxva dokumentze, romelic adas-
turebs am dokumentis ganaRde-
bas wardgenisTanave an ward-
genidan gansazRvruli vadis
gasvlis Semdeg.
avstriuli skola (aus-
trian school) - neoklasikuri mim-
dinareobis erT--erTi ganStoe-
ba, marJinaluri mimarTuleba,
romelic Camoyalibda XIX
saukunis 70-- ian wlebSi avs-
triaSi. zogjer mas moixse-
nieben rogorc venis skolas,
radgan misi warmomadgenlebi
f. vizeri, k. mengeri, o. bem--
baverki da a.S. venis univer-
sitetis profesorebi iyvnen.
avstriul skolas didi wvlili
miuZRvis zRvruli sarge-
blianobis Teoriis SeqmnaSi. igi
pirvelad 1871 wels Camoay-
aliba k. mengerma naSromSi
`politikuri ekonomiis safuZ-
vlebi~, xolo bem--baverkma ga-
naviTara es Teoria naSromSi
a ’ vista
_ `kapitali da sargebeli~.
avstriuli skola daupirispir-
da SromiTi Rirebulebis Teo-
rias. ix.: SromiTi Rirebule-
bis Teoria, zRvruli sargeb-
lianobis Teoria, marJina-
liz mi, neo
lizmi, klasikuri ekono-
neoklasikuri
mikuri Teoria.
avtarkia (autarky) [<berZn.
autarkeia TviTdakmayofileba] -
qveynis sameurneo gamocalkeve-
bis politika, romelic qmnis
karCaketil, TviTuzrunvelyo-
fad ekonomikas.
avtomatizacia (automa-
tion) – Sromis Secvla avtoma-
turi procesebiT, magaliTad,
manqanis an misi detalebis mu-
Saobis kontroli, avtomaturi
SeRebva da a.S. avtomatizacia,
Cveulebriv, ganapirobebs teq-
nologiur umuSevrobas, magram
aseT pirdapir kavSirs ara aqvs
adgili Tu igi xels uwyobs
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdas,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, axali sa-
muSao adgilebis Seqmnisa da
ekonomikuri zrdis sawindaria.
avtomaturi stabili-
zatorebi(automatic stabilizers,
built-in-stabilizers) - fiskaluri
sistemis instrumentebi, rom-
lebic recesiis periodSi, poli-
tikuri gadawyvetilebebis
gareSe, sabiujeto--sagadasaxa-
do politikis avtomaturi cv-
lilebebiT gavlenas axdenen
avtonomiuri xarjebi
erToblivi moTxovnis stimu-
lirebaze. rodesac ekonomika-
Si iwyeba vardna, mTavrobis mier
gadasaxadebis saxiT akrefili
Tanxa avtomaturad mcirdeba,
vinaidan recesiis periodSi
yvela saxis Semosavali (maT
Soris xelfasi, mogeba da a.S.)
mcirdeba da sagadasaxado Se-
natanebic saxelmwifo biujetSi
klebulobs (imis gamo, rom maTi
sidide uSualod ekonomikuri
saqmianobis Sedegebzea damok-
idebuli). sagadasaxado amon-
agebis avtomaturi Semcireba
astimulirebs erTobliv moTx-
ovnas da, aqedan gamomdinare,
amcirebs ekonomikur ryeva-
dobas.
imis gamo, rom ekonomikuri
aRmavlobis periodSi yvela
saxis Semosavali (maT Soris
xelfasi, mogeba da a.S.) izrdeba,
sagadasaxado Senatanebic sax-
elmwifo biujetSi matulobs.
avtomaturi stabiliza-
toris rols saxelmwifo so-
cialuri xarjebic asrulebs.
kerZod, recesiis dros, rode-
sac ikveceba samuSao adgile-
bi, is pirebi, romlebmac dakarg-
es samuSao, iReben sxvadasxva
saxis fulad daxmarebas (maT
Soris, umuSevrobisTvis dazRve-
vas). saxelmwifo socialuri
xarjebis avtomaturi gadide-
ba astimulirebs erTobliv
15
moTxovnas da, maSasadame, am-
cirebs ekonomikur ryevadobas.
avtomaturi stabiliza-
torebis efeqtianoba arc ise
maRalia, rom mTlianad mospos
ekonomikaSi moklevadiani vard-
nis SemTxvevebi, magram igi war-
moqmnis stabilurobis elemen-
tebs, umuSevrobisa da inflaci-
is winaaRmdeg asrulebs e.w.
CaSenebuli stabilizatoris
rols. amitom avtomatur sta-
bilizatorebs CaSenebul sta-
bilizatorebsac uwodeben.
avtonomiuri investi-
cia (autonomous investment) -
kapitaldabandeba, romelic ar
aris dakavSirebuli Semosav-
lebis donis cvlilebasTan.
aseTi investiciebis magaliTad
gamodgeba saxelmwifo kapi-
taldabandebebi, is investicie-
bi, romlebic xmardeba gamog-
onebebs, agreTve grZelvadiani
investiciebis is nawili, romel-
Ta anazRaureba swrafad ar
xdeba.
avtonomiuri xarjebi
(autonomous expenditures) –
xarjebi, romlebic Semosavleb-
isgan damoukideblad ganixileba
modelSi _ Semosavlebi-xarjebi.
aseTia, magaliTad, saxelmwifo
xarjebi, investiciebis zogier-
Ti saxeoba (avtonomiuri inves-
ticiebi), saeqsporto xarjebi
da a.S.
16
avuari (asset) [<frang. avo-
ir qoneba] - farTo gagebiT -
aqtivi (fuladi saxsrebi, Ceki,
Tamasuqi, akreditivi da sxv.),
romlis meSveobiTac warmoebs
fuladi valdebulebebis da-
farva. viwro gagebiT _ bankis
fuladi saxsrebi, advilad re-
alizebadi fasiani qaRaldebi,
agreTve sazRvargareTis banke-
bSi am bankis angariSze arse-
buli aqtivebi ucxour valu-
taSi. ganasxvaveben Tavisufal
(SeuzRudavad mosaxmar), blo-
kirebul (saxelmwifos da banke-
bis gankargulebaSi arsebul)
da gansazRvruli reJimis mqone
avuarebs.
`aziuri vefxvebi~ (“asi-
an tigers”) – oTxi aziuri qveya-
na (samxreTi korea, singapuri,
taivani, hong-kongi).
akerlofi jorj (daib.
1940) (Akerlof George) - ameri-
keli ekonomisti, nobelis premi-
is laureati ekonomikis darg-
Si (2001) j. stiglicTan da
m. spensTan erTad, asimetriu-
li informaciis bazrebis anal-
izSi Setanili umniSvnelovane-
si wvlilisaTvis.
akvizitori (acquirer) [<laT.
acquisitor mompovebeli, SemZeni]
- satransporto an sadazRve-
vo sawarmoTa TanamSromeli an
agenti, romlis valdebulebeb-
Sic Sedis axali tvirTis mo-
avuari
zidva da dazRveva.
akorduli gadasaxadi
(lump--sum tax) - saxelmwifos
mier dadgenili fiqsirebuli
gadasaxadi, romelic ar aris
damokidebuli Semosavlebis an
Sesyidvebis sidideze.
akreditivi (letter of cred-
it) [<laT. accreditivus rwmunebi-
sa] - 1. sabanko angariSis saxeo-
ba, romelic fizikur an iuri-
diul pirs aZlevs SesaZleblo-
bas, saakreditivo davalebaSi
miTiTebuli pirobebis dacviT
miiRos gasamrjelo valde-
bulebis SesrulebisTanave; 2.
angariSsworebis forma saga-
reo vaWrobaSi. akreditivi
xSirad gamoiyeneba tratasTan
erTad sagareo vaWrobis dafi-
nansebis usafrTxoebis gazr-
dis mizniT; 3. saxelobiTi fa-
siani qaRaldi, romelic adas-
turebs mesakuTris uflebas
bankSi miiRos akreditivSi mi-
TiTebuli Tanxa.
akri (acre) - farTobis er-
Teuli inglisur sazomTa sis-
temaSi: 1 a = 0,4047 heqtars.
`aldagi~ (Aldagi) - aqci-
oneruli sazogadoeba, pirveli
arasaxelmwifo sadazRvevo
kompania saqarTveloSi. daars-
da 1990 wels. 2006 wlis bo-
lomde ekava lideris pozicia,
vidre misi aqciebis 100% ar
SeiZina sadazRvevo kompania `bi-
alonJi
siaim~. 2009 wlis monaceme-
biT, gaerTianebuli kompaniis
`aldagi bisiais~ wili bazris
41,3%--s Seadgens.
ale moris (daib. 1911) (Al-
ais Morris) - frangi ekonomisti,
neoliberaluri mimarTulebis
warmomadgeneli, nobelis premi-
is laureati ekonomikis darg-
Si (1988). mieniWa novatoruli
wvlilisTvis bazrisa da re-
sursebis efeqtiani gamoyenebis
TeoriaSi.
alokaciuri efeqtia-
noba (allocative efficiency) - 1.
produqciis warmoebis opti-
maluri anu saukeTeso kombi-
nacia resursebis efeqtiani ko-
mbinaciis gziT; resursebis ise-
Ti kombinacia, rodesac produ-
qcias awarmoeben minimaluri
alternatiuli danaxarjebiT.
resursebis aseT gamoyenebas
teqnikur efeqtianobasac uwo-
deben; 2. situacia, rodesac
SeuZlebelia reorganizaciiT
an gacvliT erTi individis
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba
meoris interesebis Selaxvis
gareSe. meore saxelwodebaa
pareto-efeqtianoba.
alokaciuri funqcia (al-
location function) - saxelmwifos
Semosavlebisa da xarjebis
politikis nawili, romelic
iTvaliswinebs ekonomikaSi gan-
sazRvruli saxis saqonlisa da
17
momsaxurebis warmoebas. sax-
elmwifos alokaciuri funq-
cia aucileblobiTaa ganpirobe-
buli, vinaidan garkveuli sax-
is dovlaTi, romelic sazoga-
doebrivi saqonlis saxelwodeb-
iTaa cnobili, ar SeiZleba sa-
bazro fasiT miewodos sazoga-
doebas. saxelmwifos es funq-
cia ukavSirdeba agreTve gare
efeqtebis, eqsternaliebis prob-
lemas, rodesac erTi indivi-
dis moqmedebas sxvebisTvis mo-
aqvs xarji an mogeba.
alokaciuri funqcia saxel-
mwifos sami funqciidan erT--er-
Tia, romlis gansazRvrac r. a.
masgreivsa da sxva avtorebs
ekuTvniT. arsebobs agreTve
saxelmwifos gamanawilebeli
da stabilizaciuri funqcie-
bi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Teo-
riulad am funqciebis erTmane-
Tisagan gamijvna Zalze mox-
erxebulia, praqtikaSi isini
xSirad gaerTianebulia.
aseTi dayofis mniSvnelo-
ba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom vi-
naidan, fasebis meqanizmi ver
iZleva signals potenciuri
moTxovnis Sesaxeb, sabazro
ekonomikaSi SeiZleba dairRves
arsebuli wonasworoba.
alonJi (allonge [<frang.
allonge wanakeri] - Tamasuqze
mimagrebuli damatebiTi fur-
celi _ saTavdebo sagarantio
18
baraTi, avali.
alpari (al par) - fasiani
qaRaldebis, valutis, Tamasu-
qis sabazro (sabirJo) kursis
toloba maT nominalTan (nom-
inalur RirebulebasTan).
alternativa (alternative)
[laT. alter erTi oridan] – ur-
TierTgamomricxavi SesaZleb-
loba; ori an ramdenime SesaZ-
leblobidan erTi variantis
arCeva, romelsac aqvs upirate-
soba (maT Soris, ekonomikuri).
alternatiuli danax
danaxFH-
FH-
j B ((Rirebuleba
Rirebuleba
Rirebuleba)) (opportunity
cost) - xelidan gaSvebuli Sesa-
Zleblobebis danaxarji (Rire-
buleba), im saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis alternatiuli dan-
axarji, romelTa daTmoba auci-
lebelia mocemuli saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad
an SesaZenad. sxva sityvebiT,
ama Tu im saqonlis sawarmoe-
blad garkveuli resursebis
arCeva niSnavs sxva, alterna-
tiuli saqonlis warmoebis Seu-
Zleblobas.
nebismier qveyanas, ganviTare-
bis donis miuxedavad, aqvs war-
moebrivi SesaZleblobis zRvari.
mas ar SeuZlia ganusazRvre-
lad gazardos warmoeba sru-
li dasaqmebis pirobebSic ki,
vinaidan yvela moTxovnis dakma-
yofileba SeuZlebelia resur-
sebis ukmarisobis gamo. resur-
alpari
sebis SezRuduloba iwvevs war-
moebis SezRudvasac. amitom
raime saqonlis warmoeba gana-
pirobebs imave resursebis
gamoyenebaze uaris Tqmas sxva,
alternatiuli produqtis
sawarmoeblad. amrigad, yvela
danaxarji, garkveulwilad, al-
ternatiulia. realur warmoe-
briv saqmianobaSi aucilebelia
gaTvaliswinebuli iyos ara mxo-
lod faqtobrivi fuladi, ara-
med alternatiuli danaxar-
jic.
amalgamacia (amalgama-
tion) [frang. amalgame <berZn.
malagma rbili sarCuli] - sa-
banko kapitalis centralizaci-
is erT--erTi forma, romelic
gulisxmobs ori an ramdenime
bankis Serwymas konkurenciu-
li brZolis procesSi. ganasx-
vaveben amalgamaciis or saxe-
obas: 1. msxvili bankis mier
mcire bankis STanTqmas; 2. banke-
bis nebayoflobiTi Serwymis
safuZvelze axali bankis warmoq-
mnas.
ambalaJi [<frang. embal-
lage safuTavi] - 1. safuTavi
masala; 2. SefuTvis xarjebi.
amortizacia (amortiza-
tion, depreciation) [<laT. amorti-
sation dafarva, gadaxda] - 1.
realuri aqtivebis Rirebulebis
Semcireba, maTi nawilis yovel-
wliuri Camowera eqspluataci-
angariSsworebis angari Si
angariSi
is procesSi; cveTis kvaloba-
ze ZiriTadi kapitalis Rire-
bulebis gadatana mza produ-
qciaze; 2. fuladi saxsrebis
miznobrivi gadaricxva da da-
groveba ZiriTadi kapitalis
cveTis anazRaurebis mizniT
Semdgomi gamoyenebisaTvis; 3.
valis TandaTanobiTi dafarva
grafikis mixedviT, perioduli
Senatanebis an valdebulebeb-
is gamosyidvis gziT.
amortizaciis norma (am-
ortization rate) - amortizaciis
wliuri Tanxis procentuli
Sefardeba ZiriTadi kapitalis
pirvandel sabalanso Rirebule-
basTan. amortizaciis wliuri
normebi diferencirebulia Zir-
iTadi kapitalis saxeobaTa
mixedviT.
ampliacia (ampliatio) – xel-
werilis asli fulis miRebis
Sesaxeb.
amxanagoba (company) - fi-
zikuri an iuridiuli pirebis
gaerTianeba erToblivi ekono-
mikuri saqmianobisTvis. ganasx-
vaveben Sereul (komanditur)
da srul amxanagobas.
anabari (deposit) - bankSi
Sesanaxad da sargeblis miReb-
is mizniT Setanili fuladi
Tanxa. arsebobs vadiani da mo-
kiTxvamde anabari. vadiani ana-
bari garkveuli vadiT Seit-
aneba bankSi, xolo mokiTxvam-
19
de anabari _ Senaxvis vadis
miuTiTeblad.
angariSgeba (reporting) -
firmebis, organizaciebis mier
TavianTi ekonomikuri saqmiano-
bis Sesaxeb angariSebis peri-
odulad Sedgena.
angariSi (account) - gan-
sazRvruli formiT Sedgenili
dokumenti, romelic gamoiyene-
ba ekonomikuri saqmianobis ama
Tu im aspeqtis gamosaxatavad.
mag., drois garkveul monakveT-
Si aqtivisa da pasivis, an kidev,
maTi maragis cvlilebebis an-
gariSi, romelic SeiZleba iyos
auditoruli, buRaltruli,
kapitalis moZraobis, komerci-
uli, mimdinare operaciebis, moge-
bisa da zaralis, sakorespon-
dento, fiduciaruli da a.S.
angariSsworeba (payment,
settlement) - fulis gadaxda
valdebulebebis mixedviT naR-
di an unaRdo formiT. angariS-
sworeba SeiZleba ganxorciel-
des akreditiviT, CekebiT an sxva
saxis fasiani qaRaldebiT, kred-
itebiT, urTierTmoTxovnebis
CaTvliT, xelfasebis gacemiTa
da a.S.
angariSsworebis angari-
Si (paying account) - angariSi,
romelsac banki uxdis iurid-
iul pirebs fuladi saxsrebis
Sesanaxad da sxva iuridiul da
fizikur pirebTan angariSswo-
20
rebis ganxorcielebisaTvis.
angariS- faqtura (invo-
ice) - savaWro garigebis amsax-
veli dokumenti, romelsac gamy-
idveli adgens da ugzavnis
myidvels; Seicavs saqonlis mi-
wodebis sabaziso pirobebs. igi
moicavs cnobebs gasayidi saqon-
lisa da fasis Sesaxeb, aseve,
warmoadgens angariSsworebisaT-
vis gadaxdis safuZvels. anga-
riS-faqtura adasturebs saqon-
lis an momsaxurebis faqtob-
riv miwodebas myidvelisaTvis.
anderaitingi (underwrit-
ing) - bolo gamoSvebis fasiani
qaRaldebis SeZena maTi gayid-
vis mizniT. Cveulebriv an-
deraitings axorcieleben sa-
investicio dilerebi _ an-
deraiterebi.
anketa (form, questionnaire
[frang. enquete] - gamokiTxvis
furceli, ZiriTadi dokumenti
anketirebis gziT gamokvlevis
CatarebisaTvis.
anketireba (inquiry) - sxva-
dasxva movlenasa da RonisZie-
baze mosaxleobis socialur--
fsiqologiuri reaqciis Sesaxeb
informaciis miRebis meTodi.
anketirebis procedura Sedge-
ba anketirebis SemuSavebis, gavr-
celebis, damuSavebisa da ana-
lizisagan.
anketireba aris uSualo
(interviu) an gaSualebuli (an-
angariS
angariS-- faqtura
keta) gziT respondentisagan
(piri, romlis gamokiTxvac xde-
ba) pirveladi, verbaluri (si-
tyvieri) informaciis Sekreba.
es meTodi farTod gamoiyeneba
sazogadoebrivi azris Sesas-
wavlad.
antidempinguri gadasa-
xadi (anti--dumping duties) - saba-
Jo gadasaxadi, romelic icavs
erovnul mrewvelobas dempin-
guri (xelovnurad daqveiTebu-
li) fasis mqone saqonlis im-
portisagan.
antidempinguri kanon-
mdebloba (anti--dumping legis-
lation) - dempingis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli specialuri samarT-
lebrivi aqtebi da debulebebi.
antidovlaTi (bad) - pro-
duqti, romelsac momxmareb-
lisTvis uaryofiTi efeqti
moaqvs. es termini farTod aris
gavrcelebuli Tanamedrove
ekonomikur literaturaSi. mas
gansakuTrebiT xSirad iyeneben
gare efeqtebTan dakavSirebu-
li xarjebis ganxilvisas.
antimonopoliuri ka-
nonmdebloba (anti--trust laws)
- msoflios mravali qveynis
kanonmdebloba, romelic iTval-
iswinebs warmoebis metismeti
monopolizaciis (firmebis Ser-
wyma, erTi firmis mier meoris
STanTqma, kanonsawinaaRmdego
SeTanxmebebi bazrebis ganawi-
arainstituciuri samo
samoqalaqo
qalaqo mosaxleoba
lebisa da fasebis dadgenis miz-
niT) SezRudvas. antimonopo-
liuri kanonebi xels uwyobs
konkurenciis ganviTarebas, icavs
mcire da saSualo firmebs.
antici pacia (anticipation)
[<laT. anticipatio] - fulis ga-
daxda savalo valdebulebis
safuZvelze daTqmul vadamde.
antrepreniori (entrepre-
neur) [<frang. entrepreneur me-
warme] - 1. kerZo Teatris, cir-
kis da a.S. mflobeli, arenda-
tori. 2. mewarme.
antreprizi (private the-
atrical enterprise) [<frang. entre-
prise] - kerZo sanaxaobiTi sawar-
mo (Teatri, cirki da a.S.).
anuiteti (annuity) - vadi-
ani saxelmwifo sesxi valis
yovelwliuri dafarviTa da
procentis gadaxdiT.
aJio (agio) [ital. aggio] -
1. qaRaldis fulSi gamoxatu-
li oqros sabazro fasis zrda
qaRaldis fulis raodenobas-
Tan SedarebiT; 2. fasiani qa-
Raldebisa da fuladi niSne-
bis sabirJo (sabazro) kursis
aweva, maT nominalur Rirebule-
basTan SedarebiT. angariSoben
procentobiT. mag., Tu 10 dola-
ris Rirebulebis aqcia birJaze
11 dolarad iyideba, maSin aJio
Seadgens 10%-s. igivea, rac
laJi. sapirispiro _ dizaJio.
aJiotaJi (stock-- jobbing)
21
[<frang. agiotage] - spekulaci-
uri operaciebi birJaze an ba-
zarze saqonlisa da fasiani
qaRaldebis fasebis xelovnuri
gazrdis mizniT.
araerTgvarovani kapi-
tali (heterogeneous capital) -
sxvadasxva saxis fizikuri kap-
itali, gamoyenebuli maRalspe-
cializebuli konkretuli war-
moebrivi procesebisaTvis. misi
sxva mizniT gamoyeneba SeuZle-
belia. araerTgvarovani kapita-
li gansxvavdeba erTgvarovani
ZiriTadi kapitalisagan, rom-
lis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia
mravali sxvadasxva saqonlis
warmoebisaTvis da sxvadasxva
warmoebriv procesSi. Tu kapi-
tali araerTgvarovania, maSin,
rogorc kembrijis skolis war-
momadgenlebi (a. pigu, d. rober-
tsoni da sxvebi) aRniSnaven,
warmoiqmneba seriozuli prob-
lemebi erToblivi warmoebrivi
funqciis gamoyenebasTan dakavSi-
rebiT. es ukanaskneli ki neokla-
sikur modelebSi gamoiyeneba.
arainstituciuri samo-
qalaqo mosaxleoba (noninsti-
tucional civilian population) – qvey-
nis mosaxleobis is nawili,
romelic aris samuSao asaks
qvemoT (mosaxleoba 16 wlam-
de), aseve, potenciurad gamo-
sadegi samoqalaqo dasaqmebi-
sTvis (SeiaraRebul ZalebSi,
22
sapatimroebSi da a.S. myofi
pirebi).
arakanonieri warmoeba
(illegal production) – erovnul
angariSTa sistemis ( eas -93)
Tanaxmad, arakanonieri warmoe-
ba kanoniT akrZaluli saqmi-
anobaa (narkotikebis warmoeba
da ganawileba) an saqmianobis
is saxeobebi, romlebic nebar-
Tvis gareSe xorcieldeba. mag.,
samedicino praqtika licenzi-
is gareSe. aqedan gamomdinare,
arakanonieri warmoeba iyofa or
kategoriad: 1. kanoniT akrZa-
luli saqonlisa da momsax-
urebis warmoeba da realiza-
cia; 2. ekonomikuri saqmiano-
bis is saxeobebi, romelTa war-
moeba da realizacia Cveu-
lebriv nebadarTulia, magram Tu
xorcieldeba Sesabamisi licen-
ziis gareSe, maSin isini ara-
kanonierad iTvleba.
arakomerciuli organi-
zacia (non--profit institution) - or-
ganizacia, romelic mogebas ar
iRebs Tavisi ZiriTadi saqmi-
anobidan. arakomerciuli or-
ganizacia iqmneba socialuri,
qvelmoqmedi, kulturul-sagan-
manaTleblo, samecniero da sam-
marTvelo miznebis misaRwevad,
moqalaqeebis janmrTelobis dac-
vis, fizikuri kulturisa da
sportis ganviTarebis, moqala-
qeebis sulieri da sxva aramate-
arakanonieri warmoeba
rialuri moTxovnilebebis dak-
mayofilebis, fizikuri da iuri-
diuli piris uflebebisa da kano-
nieri interesebis dacvis, kama-
Tisa da konfliqtebis gadawy-
vetis da a.S. miznebis misaR-
wevad. (magaliTad, mravali or-
ganizacia jandacvisa da ganaT-
lebis sistemaSi). arakomerciu-
li organizaciebi SeiZleba Se-
iqmnas sazogadoebrivi an reli-
giuri organizaciebis (gaerTia-
nebebis), arakomerciuli partni-
orobis, dawesebulebebis, avto-
nomiuri arakomerciuli orga-
nizaciebis, specialuri, qvel-
moqmedi da sxva fondebis, aso-
ciaciebis, kavSirebisa da sxva
formebiT, romlebic moqmedi ka-
nonebiTaa gasaTvaliswinebeli.
iTvleba, rom aseTi organizaci-
ebi muSaoben specifikur reJim-
Si da sxva firmebisagan gansxva-
vebul miznebs isaxaven.
arakonkurentuli mox-
mareba
mareba (non--rival consumption)
- saqonlis moxmareba iTvleba
arakonkurentulad, Tu erTi in-
dividis mier misi moxmareba
aranairad ar amcirebs meore
individisaTvis am saqonlis
miwodebas. aseTi saqonlis mox-
mareba ar ukavSirdeba alter-
natiul danaxarjebs. moxmare-
bis arakonkurentuloba sa-
zogadoebrivi saqonlis Tvise-
baa. amis magaliTia satelevizio
arapirdapiri gadasa xadi
signali, gamomdinare iqidan, rom
erTi individis mier aseTi sig-
nalis miReba ar amcirebs mis
xelmisawvdomobas sxvebisaTvis.
ekonomistebis mtkicebiT, ase-
Ti ti pis saqoneli unda miewo-
debodes nulovani fasiT yo-
vel zRvrul (damatebiT) er-
Teulze.
aramaterialuri momsa-
xureba (non--material, intangible
service) - Sromis specifikuri
ekonomikuri forma, romlis
sasargeblo efeqtic aramate-
rializebul momsaxurebaSi
vlindeba.
ekonomikuri saqmianobis
saxeobaTa saerTaSoriso stan-
dartuli samrewvelo klas-
ifikaciis mixedviT, aramateri-
aluri momsaxureba or jgu-
fad iyofa. pirvel jgufs
miekuTvneba piradi momsaxure-
ba, meores _ socialuri mom-
saxureba. Tumca amgvari dayo-
fa pirobiTia, vinaidan arsebobs
momsaxurebis iseTi saxeobebi,
romlebic SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT
rogorc erT, ise meore jgufs.
magaliTad, ganaTleba, janmrTe-
lobis dacva, kultura da a.S.
akmayofilebs ara mxolod pi-
rad, aramed socialur moTx-
ovnilebebsac.
aramaterialur momsaxure-
bas gansakuTrebuli adgili
ukavia momsaxurebis sferoSi. mis
23
wamyvan dargebSi ekonomikuri
saqmianoba ganixileba arasaba-
zro meqanizmis funqcionire-
bis, sazogadoebrivi saqonlis
Teoriis, sabiujeto dafinanse-
bisa da normatiuli ekonomikis
poziciebidan. dasavleTSi sayo-
velTaod aRiarebulia, rom
socialur--kulturuli momsa-
xurebis mniSvnelovani nawili,
agreTve saxelmwifo mmarTvelo-
bis, uSiSroebis organoebis mom-
saxureba da sxv., rac sazoga-
doebriv saqonels warmoadgens,
qmnis ekonomikis arasabazro
seqtors.
aranivTobrivi aqtive-
bi (goodwill, intangible asset) -
termini, romelic gamoiyeneba
sabuRaltro aRricxvaSi da
gamoxatavs firmis aranivTo-
brivi aqtivebis Rirebulebas.
Cveulebriv gamoiTvleba ro-
gorc sxvaoba funqcionirebad
firmisTvis gadaxdil fassa da
mis sabalanso Rirebulebas So-
ris. Tu gasayid firmas aqvs
kargi reputacia, hyavs mrava-
li momxmarebeli da klienti,
romlebic, albaT, darCebian mas-
Tan misi gayidvis Semdeg, es Se-
dis mis aranivTobriv aqtivebSi.
arapirdapiri gadasa
gadasa--
xadi (indirect tax) - sagadasax-
ado anaricxi, romelsac saqon-
lis SeZenisas ixdis myidveli;
moxmarebaze gadasaxadi, romel-
24
sac krefen gayidvis yoveli
aqtidan, dawyebuli warmoebrivi
da ganawilebiTi ciklidan da
saboloo moxmarebiT damTavre-
buli. moicavs gayidvaze gada-
saxads, damatebul Rirebule-
baze gadasaxads, aqcizur ga-
dasaxads, saimporto baJs, saqmi-
anobis monopoliur saxeobebze
gadasaxads da a.S. Sedis saqon-
lisa da momsaxurebis sabazro
fasSi. es gadasaxadebi ganvi-
Tarebad qveynebSi qmnian saga-
dasaxado nakrebis ZiriTad ma-
sas, vinaidan pirdapir gadasax-
adebTan SedarebiT advilia maTi
regulireba da akrefa.
arasabazro momsaxure-
ba (non--market service) - mom-
saxureba, romelic iyideba ara-
sabazro fasiT da erTeuli mom-
saxurebis mwarmoebeli resursebi
(50 procenti da meti) iqmneba
ara momsaxurebis realizaci-
iT, aramed samTavrobo trans-
ferebiT, saojaxo meurneobidan
nebayoflobiTi SenatanebiT,
sakuTrebidan miRebuli Semo-
savlebiT da sxv.
gaeros erovnuli angariSe-
bis sistemis klasifikaciis
mixedviT, arasabazro momsaxure-
bas miekuTvneba: saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobis organoebis, erovnu-
li Tavdacvis, savaldebulo
socialuri dazRvevisa da so-
cialuri dacvis momsaxureba;
arasabazro momsaxureba
ganaTlebisa da mecnieruli
kvlevis dargSi (umaRles sas-
wavleblebSi, zogadsaganmanaT-
leblo skolebSi, profesiul--
teqnikur saswavleblebSi, sko-
lamdel dawesebulebebSi, samec-
niero--kvleviT dawesebulebeb-
Si) saxelmwifos da kerZo ar-
akomerciuli organizaciebis
xarjze gaweuli momsaxureba;
janmrTelobis dacvis sfero-
Si (saavadmyofoebi, klinikebi,
sanatoriumebi da sxv., agreTve
veterinaruli saqmianoba) sax-
elmwifosa da kerZo arakomer-
ciuli organizaciebis xarjze
gaweuli momsaxureba; kerZo ar-
akomerciuli organizaciebis,
profesiuli kavSirebis, re-
ligiuri organizaciebis, tur-
istuli sainformacio saagen-
toebisa da klubebis, poli-
tikuri partiebis, samomxmare-
blo da samoqalaqo organiza-
ciebis momsaxureba; momsaxureba
kulturis, dasvenebisa da gar-
Tobis sferoSi (biblioTekebi,
sazogadoebrivi arqivebi, muze-
umebi, sportuli moednebi da
klubebi, botanikuri da bi-
ologiuri baRebi) gaweuli
saxelmwifo da kerZo arako-
merciuli organizaciebis xar-
jze; sasaflao meurneobis or-
ganizaciasTan, nagvis gatanasa
da sanitariasTan dakavSirebu-
li arasabazro momsaxureba;
arasabazro urTierToba
saojaxo momsaxureba (Sinamo-
samsaxureTa momsaxureba).
arasabazro urTierTo-
ba (non--market relations) - urTi-
erToba, romelic sabazro eko-
nomikaSi yalibdeba qveynis mak-
roekonomikuri regulirebis,
saxelmwifo sawarmoebSi mtkice
fasebis dadgenis, saxelmwifo
dakveTebis SemoRebis, mosaxle-
obis socialur dacvasTan da-
kavSirebuli RonisZiebebis ga-
tarebis SemTxvevaSi. arasabaz-
ro pirobebSi moqmedeben sabi-
ujeto dafinansebaze myofi
organizaciebi.
arasabazro urTierTobis
arsebobas ZiriTadad ganapiro-
bebs Semdegi faqtorebi: pirve-
li, _ bazris meqanizmi saSu-
alebas aZlevs momxmareblebs
daikmayofilon mxolod moTx-
ovniT gamoxatuli moTxovnile-
bebi. magram arsebobs moTxov-
nilebebi, romelTa fuliT ga-
zomvac SeuZlebelia. bazari
maTze ar reagirebs. aseTi saxis
moTxovnilebebi ukavSirdeba
gansakuTrebuli ti pis saqonel-
sa da momsaxurebas, romelic
msoflio ekonomikur liter-
aturaSi cnobilia `sazogadoe-
brivi saqonlis~ saxelwodeb-
iT. misi kvlavwarmoebis area-
li qmnis ekonomikis arasaba-
zro seqtors; meore, _ bazars
ar SeuZlia misTvis niSan-
25
doblivi faswarmoqmnis meqaniz-
mis meSveobiT Seafasos adami-
anTa saqmianobis saboloo gare
efeqtebi, romlebic SeiZleba
gamoixatos rogorc dadebiT,
ise uaryofiT socialur--eko-
nomikur SedegebSi. gare efeqte-
bis arseboba ganapirobebs ker-
Zo da socialuri danaxarjeb-
isa da Sedegebis gamijvnis
aucileblobas. kerZo danaxar-
jebi da Sedegebi asaxavs saba-
zro urTierTobas, maTi tolo-
ba _ sabazro wonasworobas,
xolo socialuri danaxarje-
bi da Sedegebi _ fsevdosaba-
zro wonasworobas, romelic
Tavisi ekonomikuri SinaarsiT
gacilebiT farToa sabazroze.
mxolod bazars ar SeuZlia
fsevdosabazro wonasworobis
damyareba, igi dgindeba saxelm-
wifosa da moTxovna--miwodeb-
is meqanizmis erToblivi Zal-
isxmeviT. iq, sadac bazari uZ-
luria, aucilebelia saxelm-
wifos Careva; mesame, ekonomikis
dargebis — energo-- , Tbo-- ,
wyal-- da gazmomaragebis, sar-
kinigzo mimosvlis, safosto,
satelefono da satelegrafo
kavSirgabmulobis da a.S. te-
qnikuri da teqnologiuri
specifika, romelic moiTxovs
warmoebis, ganawilebisa da mox-
marebis erTian sistemas, war-
moebuli produqciis Tavisebu-
26 arasagadasaxado Semosa
rebebi da moxmarebis masobrivi
xasiaTi, romelic ganapirobebs
farTomasStabiani warmoebis
aucileblobas, ar qmnis ekono-
mikur sivrces normaluri kon-
kurenciisaTvis. amitom am dar-
gebSi saxelmwifo monopolia
(bunebrivi monopolia) gan-
pirobebulia obieqturi auci-
leblobiT, rac arasabazro ur-
TierTobebSi aisaxeba.
arasagadasaxado Semosa-
vali (off-budget receipts) - Se-
mosavali, romelic ar aris gaT-
valiswinebuli sagadasaxado
kodeqsiT. mas miekuTvneba: li-
cenzirebisa da sxva saxis sax-
elmwifo momsaxurebis gawe-
vidan miRebuli mosakreblebi,
saxelmwifo biujetis, saxelm-
wifo qonebis arendidan miRe-
buli Semosavali da a.S.
arasrulyofili konku-
rencia (imperfect competition)
- sabazro situacia, rodesac
konkurenciis srulyofileba
irRveva Tundac erTi gamyid-
velis (an myidvelis) zegav-
leniT sabazro fasze. igi
gamoxatavs sabazro struqtur-
is nebismier formas _ monopo-
lias, oligopolias an monopo-
liur konkurencias.
aratradiciuli ekono-
mika (non-traditional economy) –
qveynis ekonomikis arajansaRi
nawili, romelic warmodgenilia
Semosavali
vali
zombiekonomikisa (ix.) da nek-
roekonomikis (ix.) saxiT.
arafasismieri kon ku
ku--
konku
renci
rencia
cia (non--price competition) -
nebismieri kanonieri saSualebis
gamoyeneba, garda fasebis Sem-
cirebisa, axali momxmareblis
mizidvis mizniT. arafasismieri
konkurenciis meTodebs Soris
aRsaniSnavia reklama, market-
ingis gaumjobeseba, inovacieb-
is danergva da a.S.
araformaluri ekonomi-
ka (informal economy) – ekono-
mikis, kerZod Sromis bazris
mniSvnelovani nawili (gansa-
kuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveyneb-
Si). did rols asrulebs dasaq-
mebisa da Semosavlebis formi-
rebaSi. im qveynebSi, sadac mo-
saxleobis zrdis tempebi an
urbanizacia maRalia, arafor-
maluri seqtori swrafad iz-
rdeba qalaqebSi mzardi samu-
Sao Zalis xarjze, amitom ara-
formalur seqtorSi warmoe-
buli saqonlisa da momsaxure-
bis aRricxva Zalze mniSvnelo-
mSp
vania MmSp
mSp-is asaxvisaTvis.
araformaluri seqtoris
saerTaSoriso gansazRvreba mi-
Rebul iqna 1993 wels Sromis
saerTaSoriso organizaciisa da
Sromis bazris statistikosTa
meTxuTmete saerTaSoriso kon-
ferenciis gadawyvetilebiT.
araformalur seqtorSi
arbitraJi `ad
`ad-- hoki~
dasaqmebulTa umetesi nawilis
saqmianoba savsebiT legaluria,
amasTan, araregistrirebuli an
aralicenzirebuli, rac gana-
pirobebs warmoebis danaxarje-
bis Semcirebas.
araformaluri se
seqq to-
ri (informal sector) - ekonomikis
seqtori, romelic ar aris Car-
Tuli oficialur statistika-
Si. masSi Sedis TviTdasaqme-
bulTa kategoria, romlis ma-
Rali xvedriTi woniT gamoirCe-
va ganviTarebadi qveynebi. TviT-
dasaqmebulebi asruleben wvril
Sromatevad samuSaoebs, Tumca,
xSirad maT mniSvnelovani wv-
lili SeaqvT erovnuli Semo-
savlis warmoebaSi.
TviTdasaqmebulTa Sroma
xasiaTdeba dabali kapitalte-
vadobiTa (anu gamoyenebul mow-
yobilobaTa Rirebulebis gamoS-
vebul produqciasTan Sefarde-
bis dabali doniT) da dabali
kapitalSeiaraRebiT (anu gamoy-
enebul mowyobilobaTa Rire-
bulebis daxarjuli Sromis
RirebulebasTan Sefardebis
dabali doniT).
arbitraJi (arbitration, ar-
bitrage) [frang. arbitrage]--1. spe-
kulacia riskis gareSe. komer-
ciuli saqmianoba, romelic
gulisxmobs ucxouri valut-
is yidvas fasiani qaRaldebis
27
erT bazarze erTdroulad me-
oreze gayidvis mizniT, sxva-
dasxva bazarze valutis kur-
sis sxvaobis safuZvelze moge-
bis misaRebad. arbitraJi xels
uwyobs fasebSi mkveTri gansx-
vavebis daZlevas, rac bazrebis
efeqtiani funqcionirebis mniS-
vnelovani faqtoria; 2. sadavo
saqmeTa ganxilvis meTodi, rode-
sac mxareebi mimarTaven samedia-
toro mosamarTles (arbitrs);
3. samediatoro sasamarTlo, sa-
dac davas wyvets mosamarTle--
Suamavali (arbitri).
arbitraJi `ad-hoki~ (ar-
bitrage “ad hoc”) - arbitraJi, ro-
melic iqmneba konkretul kon-
traqtTan dakavSirebuli sada-
vo sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad.
uTanxmoebas, rogorc wesi, gani-
xilavs sami piri: ori arbitri
(mosarCelisa da mopasuxis) da
erTi superarbitri. kontraqtSi
dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli
arbitrebis arCevisa da daniS-
vnis wesebi, dadgenilia gadaw-
yvetilebaTa miRebis saboloo
vadebi. Cveulebriv arbitrebad
iwveven sagareo--savaWro opera-
ciebis saukeTeso specialis-
tebs. isini SeiZleba iyvnen mec-
nierebi, firmebis prezidentebi,
advokatebi, saxelmwifo orga-
nizaciebis mosamsaxureebi. auci-
leblobis SemTxvevaSi arbitre-
28
bad SeiZleba miiwvion teqnikuri
eqspertebi.
arenda (rent) [<laT. ar-
rendare gaqiraveba] - xelSek-
ruleba, romlis mixedviTac
erTi mxare (mearende) aZlevs
meore mxares _ arendators
qonebas (miwas, Senoba--nagebobebs,
samrewvelo da savaWro sawar-
moebs, droebiT gamouyenebel
mowyobilobebs, satransporto
saSualebebsa da sxv.) droe-
biT sargeblobisaTvis gan-
sazRvruli qiriT. arendatori
valdebulia gadaixados saaren-
do gadasaxadi SromiTi saqmi-
anobis Sedegebis miuxedavad.
arendirebuli qoneba SeiZleba
gaxdes arendatoris sakuTre-
ba, Tu es ukanaskneli mas mTli-
anad gamoisyidis.
arendatori (leaseholden,
tenant) - piri, saarendo xelSek-
rulebis erT--erTi mxare, rome-
lic raimes arendiT iRebs mea-
rendisagan.
ari (are) [<laT. are far-
Tobi, zedapiri] - farTobis er-
Teuli sazomTa metrul siste-
maSi.
1 a = 100 kv.m., anu 0,01 ha.
arCevani alternatiu-
li variantebidan (trade--off)
- im gadawyvetilebis miRebis
aucilebloba, romelic gulisx-
mobs, rom arCeuli varianti
ganxorcieldeba alternati-
arenda
ulze uaris Tqmis fasad. mak-
roekonomikur terminologia-
Si gamoiyeneba ekonomikuri
politikis RonisZiebebis Se-
muSavebisas ama Tu im miznis
arCevis problemis aRsaniSna-
vad. mag., arCevanis problema
umuSevrobis zrdasa da in-
flaciis daCqarebas Soris,
mogebis zrdasa da xelfasis
gadidebas Soris da a.S.
asortimenti (range of
goods, assortment) [<frang. as-
sortiment] - sxvadasxva saxis
saqonlis nakrebi, dajgufebu-
li gansazRvruli niSnebis
mixedviT. ganasxvaveben sawar-
moo da savaWro asortiments.
asociacia (association) [<laT.
associatio gaerTianeba] - iurid-
iul da fizikur pirTa nebayo-
flobiTi gaerTianeba, Seqmnili
ekonomikuri (sameurneo), poli-
tikuri, samecniero da sxva
miznebis misaRwevad. ekonomi-
kuri asociacia iqmneba same-
warmeo saqmianobis mizniT sax-
elSekrulebo urTierTobis
safuZvelze. koncernisagan gan-
sxvavebiT, iq SezRudvebi nak-
lebad mkacria.
auditi (audit) [<laT. ix.
auditori] - sameurneo subieq-
tis sabuRaltro-- safinanso
angariSgebis, sabuRaltro aR-
ricxvisa da safinanso opera-
ciebis warmoebis, moqmed kanon-
auditori
mdeblobasa da normativebTan
Sesabamisobis, sisrulisa da
utyuarobis, agreTve, safinan-
so da qonebrivi mdgomareobis
eqspertiza, romelsac atareben
arasauwyebo damoukidebeli
auditorebi saauditoro obieq-
tis Seswavlis, Semowmebisa da
reviziis gziT. auditorul
momsaxurebad iTvleba agreTve
zemoT aRniSnul sakiTxebze
sameurneo subieqtebisaTvis
gaweuli konsultaciebi da
daxmareba.
auditi tardeba saaudi-
toro standartebisa da dad-
genili meTodikis Sesabamisad.
cnobilia sainiciativo da
savaldebulo auditebi. saini-
ciativo auditi tardeba sa-
meurneo subieqtis iniciativ-
iT da am ukanasknelis mier
SerCeuli saaudito Temis
mixedviT. savaldebulo audi-
ti dawesebulia kanonmdeblo-
biT garkveuli wris sameur-
neo subieqtebisaTvis da tar-
deba periodulad kanoniT dad-
genil Temaze. auditis Catare-
ba savaldebuloa:
- im sameurneo subieqteb-
isaTvis, romelTa organizaci-
ul-- samarTlebrivi formac
moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT iTval-
iswinebs mesakuTreTa SezRu-
dul qonebriv pasuxismgeblo-
bas;
29
_ bankebis, sadazRvevo ko-
mpaniebis, arasabiujeto fond-
ebis, safondo da sasaqonlo
birJebisaTvis;
- fasiani qaRaldebis emi-
tentebisa da sainvesticio in-
stitutebisaTvis;
- ucxouri iuridiuli
pirebisaTvis, romlebic moge-
bas iReben mocemuli qveynis
teritoriaze saqmianobiT;
- ucxouri sainvesticio
sawarmoebisaTvis;
- sxva sameurneo subieqte-
bisaTvis, romelTa siac yovel-
wliurad mtkicdeba.
auditi fasiani momsaxure-
baa. igi, rogorc wesi, tardeba
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze
saxelmwifo kontrolisagan
damoukideblad da ar cvlis
mas.
auditori (auditor) [<laT.
auditor msmeneli] - auditis
Camtarebeli fizikuri piri,
rogorc wesi, mocemuli sax-
elmwifos moqalaqe, romelsac
aqvs specialuri ganaTleba da
kvalifikacia, rac dadasture-
bulia specialuri saatesta-
cio komisiis mier. auditors
saauditoro saqmianobis daw-
yebis ufleba aqvs mxolod Se-
sabamisi kompetenturi organ-
odan licenziis miRebis Sem-
deg. auditorebi am saqmianobas
ewevian rogorc individualu-
30
rad, ise auditorul firmebSi.
auditori valdebulia moi po-
vos iseTi informacia da masa-
la, romelic uzrunvelyofs
saaudito Temis srulyofil
Seswavlas, Sefasebasa da daskv-
nis obieqturobas, amasTan,
gamoricxavs tendenciurobasa
da calmxrivobas. sameurneo
subieqtis administracia valde-
bulia miawodos auditors
misTvis sasurveli informacia
da masala, romelTa utyuar-
obazec pasuxismgebelia sameur-
neo subieqti. auditis Temis
Sesaxeb Tavis saboloo mo-
sazrebas auditori asaxavs daskv-
naSi, romelic oficialuri
dokumentia da romlis ward-
genac nebismier organizaciaSi
SeiZleba. auditis Sedegebis
realizacias, rogorc wesi,
axdenen damkveTi da sxva ad-
resatebi, romlebic auditorul
daskvnas iReben. amasTan, kanon-
mdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul
SemTxvevaSi auditors SeuZlia
Sesabamisi kompetenturi or-
ganos winaSe dasvas auditoris
Sedegebis realizaciis sakiTxi.
auditoruli firma (audi-
tor firm) - firma, romlis wes-
debac iTvaliswinebs mxolod
auditorul da masTan dakav-
Sirebul saqmianobas.
auditoruli saqmianoba
aris im urTierTobaTa erTob-
auditoruli firma
lioba, romelic myardeba audi-
tis da masTan dakavSirebuli
saqmianobis momzadebis, Catare-
bisa da Sedegebis realizaci-
is procesSi sameurneo sub-
ieqts (damkveTs), auditors
(auditorul firmas), agreTve,
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, xelisu-
flebis organosa da sxva rome-
lime mesame pirs Soris, moqme-
di kanonmdeblobisa da sxva ma-
regulirebeli normebis safuZ-
velze.
rogorc wesi, auditorul
saqmianobas aregulirebs sax-
elmwifo. es xdeba kanonebis
miRebisa da maT Sesrulebaze
xelisuflebis meTvalyureobis
gziT. amasTan, saxelmwifo uSu-
alod ar ereva auditoruli
firmis saqmianobaSi. auditori
damoukidebelia saxelmwifos-
agan, klientisagan, nebismieri
mesame pirisagan. igi xelmZRv-
anelobs mxolod kanonebiT, au-
ditoruli standartebiTa da
meTodikiT. auditoruli fir-
ma Tanabrad icavs mesakuTris,
saxelmwifosa da sazogadoeb-
is kanonier interesebs.
auditoruli saqmianobis
saxelmwifo regulirebis or-
ganoebi umetes SemTxvevaSi iqm-
neba xelisuflebis umaRles or-
ganoebTan (saqarTveloSi am mov-
aleobas asrulebs auditoru-
li saqmianobis sabWo, romelic
auqcioni
Seqmnilia parlamentTan).
auditoruli firmis muSa-
obas mimarTaven auditorTa
TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi.
isini amzadeben auditis stan-
dartebs da sxva meToduri xa-
siaTis normatiul aqtebs. TviT-
mmarTvelobis aseTi organoebi
ZiriTadad auditorTa nebayo-
flobiTi profesiuli gaer-
Tianebebia. bevr qveyanaSi maT
auditoruli palatebi ewode-
baT.
saqarTveloSi auditoru-
li palata Seiqmna 1992 wlis
damlevs, xolo auditoruli da
sakonsultacio momsaxurebis
pirveli aqcionerTa sazogadoe-
ba _ `iberiauditori~ 1990
wels daarsda. amiT dasabami
mieca qveyanaSi auditoruli
saqmianobis dawyebas.
autraiti (outright) - mar-
tivi vadiani savaluto gari-
geba, romelic iTvaliswinebs
fulis gadaxdas monawile mx-
areebis mier mkacrad gan-
sazRvruli `forvardis~ kur-
siT.
autsaideri (outsider) [<ing.
outsider] - firma, ZiriTadad
mcire da saSualo, romelic
ar Sedis monopolistur gaer-
TianebaSi.
autsorsingi (outsourcing)
– ukavSirdeba kompaniebis mier
biznesmodelis Secvlas, im ope-
31
raciebis gasxvisebas, romlebic
ar Seadgens maTi biznesis Zir-
iTad kompetencias, amasTan, ufro
iafad SeuZliaT Seisyidon na-
klebad ganviTarebul qveyneb-
Si.
miuxedavad amisa, amJamad prog-
ramirebisa da aplikaciebis (pro-
gramuli gamoyenebebis) Semu-
Savebis autsorsingi sakmaod
momwifebuli sabazro segmentia
ganviTarebul qveynebSi, myarad
aris damkvidrebuli iseT gan-
viTarebad da did qveynebSi,
rogoricaa indoeTi, CineTi,
malaizia; garkveuli qvesegmenti
aTvisebulia mcire qveynebSic:
israeli, estoneTi, litva. am
bazarze axladSemosuli qvey-
nebis (ruseTi, brazilia, Cile,
belarusi, vietnami) damkvidrebis
siswrafe mcirdeba, magram far-
Tovdeba maTi moqmedebis area-
li. sainformacio teqnologie-
bis servisebis autsorsingi uf-
ro mimzidvelia, vidre biznes-
procesebis autsorsingi, vinaid-
an mas aRemateba TiTqmis xuT-
jer, amasTan, yvelaze swrafad
mzardi segmentia sainformacio
teqnologiebis bazarze.
auqcioni (auction) [<laT.
auctio (auctionis)] - bazris erT-
erTi forma, sadac potenciuri
myidvelebi TviT Tavazoben ba-
zars saqonlis fass da ara
ubralod ixdian gamyidvelis
32 auqcionuri bazari

mier dawesebul fass. auqcio- lobiTi formiT waradgens

ni sajaro vaWrobaa auqcion- Tavis fass garkveuli saxis
eris xelmZRvanelobiT, romlis faseulobis SesaZenad. Ria
drosac gasayid saqonels iZens auqcionSi nebadarTulia Sesasy-
umaRlesi fasis gadamxdeli idi qonebis fasis mravaljera-
piri. aseT auqcions Cveu- di SeTavazeba. am formis auq-
lebrivi anu inglisuri auq- cionSi monawileobis ufleba
cioni ewodeba. auqcionis sxva- aqvs qveynis nebismier moqalaqes
dasxva saxeobaTa Soris aRsa- da qveyanaSi registrirebul
niSnavia agreTve holandiuri kerZo samarTlis iuridiul
auqcioni
auqcioni, sadac vaWroba iwyeba pirebs, agreTve, es ufleba Sei-
maRali fasiT, sanam vinme ar Zleba hqondeT ucxoel fiz-
gamoTqvams survils SeiZinos ikur da iuridiul pirebsac.
mocemuli saqoneli bolos ga- auqcionuri bazari (auc-
mocxadebuli fasiT. praqtika- tion market) – konkurentuli
Si saqonlis birJebze gamoiye- miwodebis modeli, organizebu-
neba ormagi auqcioni, rodesac li bazari, sadac fasebi regu-
birJis wevri SeiZleba iyos ro- lirdeba moTxovna-miwodebis
gorc gamyidveli, ise myidveli. cvlilebis safuZvelze. misi
auqcioni ufro metad sa- ZiriTadi komponentebia stan-
gareo vaWrobaSi gavrcelebu- dartizebuli saqoneli, anoni-
li saqonlis lotebad an calke muri vaWroba da konkurenciis
nivTebad gasaRebis xerxia, ro- monawileTa sakmao raodenoba.
desac saqoneli an misi nimu- aqseleratori (acceler-
Sebi gamofenilia dasaTvaliereb- ator) [<laT. accelerare daCqare-
lad potenciuri myidvelebi- ba] - ekonomikuri maCvenebeli,
saTvis. auqcionis zogad piro- romelic gamoxatavs Tanafar-
bebs gansazRvravs gamyidveli, dobas investiciebisa da Semo-
vaWroba ki iwyeba lotis an niv- savlebis cvalebadobas Soris;
Tis nomris da sawyisi fasis ga- investiciis namatis fardoba
mocxadebiT. auqcioni warmoad- Semosavlis namatTan. aqseler-
gens qonebis iZulebiT gayidvis atori gamoiyeneba ekonomikuri
formasac valebis dafarvis miz- zrdis makroekonomikur mod-
niT. elebSi multi plikatorTan
arsebobs daxuruli da Ria erTad.
auqcioni. auqcioni daxurulia aqseleratoris princi-
sadac yvela myidveli weri- pi (accelerator principle) - kon-
aqtiuri kapitali
cefcia, romlis Sesabamisad
produqciis gamoSvebis zrdis
tempebis cvlilebebi iwvevs
imave mimarTulebiT investicie-
bze moTxovnis cvlilebebs. mis
Tanaxmad, erToblivi wminda in-
vesticiebi damokidebulia war-
moebis moculobis mosalod-
nel cvlilebebze. umartivesi
formiT es princi pi SeiZleba
warmovadginoT Semdegnairad:
- 1+b,
It = a·LYt-
sadac a aris aqseleraciis koe-
ficienti, L - mcire cvlileba,
Yt--1 - warmoebis moculobis
cvlileba wina wels, b - inves-
ticiebi, romlebic mimarTulia
ZiriTadi kapitalis mwyobri-
dan gamosuli nawilis Sesacvle-
lad.
aqseleratoris principi mniS-
vnelovan rols asrulebs eko-
nomikuri ciklis axsnaSi, mag.,
multi plikatorisa da aqsel-
eratoris urTierTzemoqmedeb-
is safuZvelze, agreTve ekono-
mikuri zrdis TeoriaSi, gan-
sakuTrebiT harod-- domaris
TeoriaSi.
aqseleraciis koefici-
enti (accelerator coefficient) -
koeficienti, romelic uCvenebs,
ramdenjer izrdeba axali in-
vesticiebi warmoebis moculo-
bis cvlilebis sapasuxod. igu-
lisxmeba, rom axali investicie-
bi unda izrdebodes ufro
33
swrafad, vidre warmoebis moc-
uloba, vinaidan manqana--danad-
garebis Rirebuleba Cveulebriv
mniSvnelovnad aRemateba misi
wliuri produqciis Rirebule-
bas.
aqtivi (asset) [<laT. acti-
vus, qmediTi, aqtiuri] - 1. eko-
nomikuri saqmianobis subieqte-
bis nebismieri qoneba _ naRdi
fuli anu mimoqcevaSi gaSve-
buli qaRaldisa da liTonis
fulis erToblioba, manqana--
danadgarebi, Senoba--nagebobebi,
sabanko anabrebi, patenti, in-
vesticiebi, fasiani qaRaldebi
da sxv., dasavleTis praqtika-
Si _ agreTve saqmiani reput-
acia; iyofa realur da fin-
ansur aqtivebad. realuri
aqtivi warmoebaSi dabandebuli
materialuri resursebia, xolo
finansur aqtivebs miekuTvneba
fuli, obligaciebi da aqciebi.
2. saxelmwifos mier sazRvarg-
areTidan miRebuli fuladi Se-
mosavlebis siWarbe sazRvarga-
reT gaweul xarjebTan Sedare-
biT (mag., saqonlis gatanis Sed-
egad); 3. sabuRaltro balansis
erT--erTi mxare, sadac mocemulia
sameurneo saSualebebis dasax-
eleba, xolo meore mxares _
pasivSi CamoTvlilia sameurneo
saSualebebis wyaroebi.
aqtiuri kapitali (ac-
tive capital) - kapitali, romel-
34 aqtiuri sagadasaxado balansi
ic Tavisufalia valdebulebe-
bisa da valebisagan.
aqtiuri sagadasaxdelo
balansi (active balance of pay-
ments) - sagadasaxdelo bal-
ansi, romelSic sazRvargare-
Tidan Semosulobebi aRemateba
qveynis mier sazRvargareT gawe-
ul xarjebsa da gadasaxdelebs.
aqtuariusi (actuary) [<laT.
actuarius moangariSe] - dazRve-
vis saqmis specialisti, romel-
ic dakavebulia sadazRvevo Se-
natanebis, pensiebisa da a.S. gaan-
gariSebiT.
aqceptanti (acceptor) - pi-
ri, romelic iRebs valdebule-
bas, gadaixados warmodgenili
angariSis, Tamasuqis mixedviT.
aqcepti (acceptance) [<laT.
acceptus miRebuli] - 1. Tanxmo-
ba xelSekrulebis dadebaze; 2.
warwera gadasapirebel Tamasu-
qze, romliTac gadamxdeli adas-
turebs Tavis valdebulebas,
gaanaRdos Tamasuqi masze mi-
TiTebul vadaSi. aqcepts afor-
mebs aqceptanti warweriT `aq-
ceptirebulia~ da xelis mo-
weriT; 3. bankis Tanxmoba ga-
dasapirebel Tamasuqze aRniS-
nuli Tanxis gadaxdis garan-
tiis Sesaxeb.
aqcepturi krediti (ac-
ceptance credit) - bankebis mier
gacemuli krediti klientis
mier wardgenili gadasapirebe-
li Tamasuqis aqceptirebis
gziT. gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso
vaWrobaSi, rogorc importis
dakreditebis erT--erTi for-
ma. aqcepturi kreditis gace-
mis operacia xorcieldeba Sem-
degnairad: importiori Seu-
Tanxmdeba eqsportiors imis
Sesaxeb, rom am ukanasknelis
mier eqsportirebul saqonel-
Si fuls gadaixdis importio-
ris momsaxure banki, eqspor-
tioris mier wardgenili ga-
dasapirebeli Tamasuqis aqcep-
tis gziT. amasTan, dgindeba saaq-
cepto Tanxa da gadaxdis vada.
importiori avalebs bank-- aq-
ceptats, gaxsnas akreditivi eq-
sportioris sasargeblod mis
mier sasaqonlo dokumentebis
wardgenis safuZvelze. eqspor-
tiori, gagzavnis ra saqonels,
gamowers tratas importior-
is bankze. eqsportioris banki
gadagzavnis tratas eqsporti-
oris sasaqonlo dokumentebT-
an erTad importioris bankSi
aqceptisaTvis. sasaqonlo do-
kumentebi gadaecema importio-
rs. es ukanaskneli tratis
gadaxdis vadis dadgomisas
uxdis bank--aqceptats Sesabam-
is Tanxas, ris Semdegac banki
anaRdebs tratas.
aqceptur - rambusnuli
krediti (reimbursement cred-
it) - aqcepturi kreditis gar-
aqcia warmomdgenze 35
Tulebuli forma, romlis dro- da privilegiur aqciebs. Cveu-
sac Tamasuqi waredgineba ara lebrivi aqciebis mixedviT ga-
importioris banks, aramed, nawilebuli Semosavlebi merye-
orive mxaris SeTanxmebis safuZ- obs mogebis normis Sesabamis-
velze, romelime pirvelxarisx- ad. igi izrdeba aqcioneruli
ovan banks saerTaSoriso bazar- sazogadoebis mogebis zrdasTan
ze. amrigad, aqceptur--rambus- erTad da, piriqiT, mcirdeba mis
nuli kreditiT sargeblobisas SemcirebasTan erTad. privi-
operaciaSi monawileobs sami legiuri aqciebis mixedviT ga-
banki: importioris banki aZlevs nawilebuli Semosavlebi ar
garantias ganvadebiT nayidi icvleba aqcioneruli sazoga-
saqonlis anazRaurebis Sesax- doebis mogebis cvlilebis Se-
eb pirvelxarisxovan banks ram- sabamisad. igi winaswar dadge-
busnuli valdebulebis for- nili, fiqsirebuli sididea.
miT. eqsportioris banki gamow- aqcioneruli sazogadoebis
ers pirvelxarisxovani bankis likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi, misi
saxelze gadasapirebel Tama- qonebis ganawilebisas, Cveu-
suqs importioris mier gadmot- lebrivi aqciis mflobelTan
virTul saqonelze. gadaxdis SedarebiT, upiratesoba eniWe-
vadis dadgomis win importio- ba privilegiuri aqciis mflo-
rs Seaqvs saWiro Tanxa Tavis bels. rogorc wesi, privi-
bankSi, romelic, rambusnuli legiuri aqciis mflobeli ar
valdebulebis Sesabamisad, gada- sargeblobs xmis uflebiT, Cveu-
ugzavnis mas pirvelxarisxo- lebrivis mflobeli ki sarge-
van banks. gadaxdis vadis dad- blobs. amitom aqcioneruli
gomisas pirvelxarisxovani banki kompaniebis damfuZneblebi upi-
gadaugzavnis am Tanxas eqspor- ratesobas aniWeben da Tavis-
tioris banks. Tvis itoveben Cveulebriv aqcie-
aqcia (share, stock) [<frang. bs, xolo privilegiurs yidian.
action] - fasiani qaRaldi, ga- aqcia warmomdgenze (bear-
moSvebuli aqcioneruli sa- er share) - aqcia, romlis blan-
zogadoebis mier, romelic kzec ar aris miTiTebuli misi
aZlevs uflebas mis mflobels, mflobelis saxeli. aqcione-
miiRos dividendi aqcioneru- ruli sazogadoebis aqciebis
li sazogadoebis mogebidan. registraciis wignSi fiqsire-
Semosavlis sididis mixed- bulia mxolod am saxis aqcie-
viT ganasxvaveben Cveulebriv bis saerTo raodenoba.
36 aqciebis sakontrolo pa keti
paketi

aqciebis sakontrolo miT naklebi wilia masSi.

paketi (controlling stake, control
paketi aqciis kursi (share price)
share holding) - erTi piris - fasi, romliTac mocemul mo-
sargeblobaSi arsebuli aq- mentSi xdeba konkretuli aqci-
cioneruli sazogadoebis aqcie- oneruli sazogadoebis aqcie-
bis mTliani raodenobis naw- bis yidva--gayidva safondo bir-
ili, romelic aZlevs mas ufle- Jaze, saqonlis birJebis safon-
bas ganaxorcielos kontroli do ganyofilebebSi, bankebsa da
am sazogadoebis saqmianobaze. sabrokero kantorebSi. mudmi-
aqcizi (aqcizuri gada- vad moqmedi kapitalis bazris
saxadi) (excise) [<laT. accidere pirobebSi aqciis kursi, pirvel
waWra] - arapirdapiri gadasa- yovlisa, damokidebulia divi-
xadis erT--erTi saxeoba. wes- dendis ganakveTsa da sargeb-
deba iseT saqonelze, romel- lis ganakveTs Soris Tanafar-
sac axasiaTebs ori ZiriTadi dobaze. mag., Tu dividendis
Tavisebureba: 1. fasisgan damo- ganakveTi udris 18%--s, xolo
ukideblad iyideba ganusazRvre- sargeblis ganakveTi _ 12%--s,
li raodenobiT; 2. aris Seucv- maSin aqciis kursi Seadgens misi
leli samomxmareblo saqone- nominaluri fasis 150%--s, anu
li. igi Sedis saqonlis (Saqris, aqcia 100 dolaris nominaluri
Cais, alkoholuri sasmelebis, fasiT eRireba aranakleb 150
Tambaqos, marilis, benzinis da dolarisa. aqciis kursze gav-
a.S.) fasSi, agreTve satrans- lenas axdens agreTve aqcioner-
porto, komunaluri da sxv. mom- uli sazogadoebis reputacia,
saxurebis tarifSi. aqcizi zRu- misi saqmianobis finansuri maC-
davs maT moxmarebas. saxelm- veneblebi, fasiani qaRaldebis
wifo afiqsirebs aqcizuri ga- bazarze moTxovnis da miwode-
dasaxadis sidides da axor- bis Tanafardoba da sxv. aqci-
cielebs fasebze kontrols. is mravali mflobeli iyenebs
aqcizi saxelmwifo biujetis sabazro da nominaluri aqci-
erT--erTi mniSvnelovani wyaroa. is kursebs Soris mniSvnelo-
aqcizi regresiuli gada- vani sxvaobis xarjze Semosav-
saxadia. aqcizuri gadasaxadis lis miRebis SesaZleblobas,
akrefisas SeZenili produqci- swrafad da momgebianad yidis
is erTeulze Tanabari sidi- am aqciebs, ris gamoc miwodeba
dis gadasaxadi amoiReba. es ki sWarbobs moTxovnas, aqciis
niSnavs imas, rom rac ufro kursi ecema da, piriqiT, rek-
metia Semosavali, gadasaxadis lamisa da sxva faqtorebis
aSkara danaxarji
gavleniT, SeiZleba warmoiqmnas
aJiotaJuri moTxovna aqciebze
da, Sesabamisad, mkveTrad ga-
izardos maTi kursi. nominalur
fasze maRali aqciis kursi emi-
siuri Semosavlis wyaroa. aqci-
is kursis dinamikaze did gav-
lenas axdens qveyanaSi arse-
buli socialur-- ekonomikuri
da politikuri viTareba.
aqcioneri (stockholder,
shareholder) [<frang. acctionaire]
- piri, romelic aqcionerTa
sazogadoebis wevri xdeba misi
aqciis an aqciebis SeZenis
safuZvelze. aqcioneri sarge-
blobs garkveuli uflebebiT.
kerZod, mas ufleba aqvs monaw-
ileoba miiRos sazogadoebis
saqmianobis mimarTulebebis gan-
sazRvraSi, airCios an arCeuli
iqnes aqcioneruli sazogadoe-
bis xelmZRvanelad, miiRos misi
mogebis nawili dividendis sax-
iT, romelic yovelwliurad ga-
icema aqciebze gadasaxadebis
gadaxdisa da rezervebis Sevse-
bis Semdeg, ufleba aqvs miiRos
qonebis nawili (aqciebis Rire-
bulebis sididis mixedviT) aq-
cioneruli sazogadoebis likvi-
daciis SemTxvevaSi da a.S.
aqcioneruli sazogado-
eba (joint stock company, stock--
company) - sameurneo agentTa
samarTlebriv-- organizaciuli
forma, Seqmnili damfuZnebel
aqcionerTa saxsrebis gaerTiane-
37
bis safuZvelze. aqcioneruli sa-
zogadoeba unda Sedgebodes ara-
nakleb ori monawilisagan. igi
iqmneba da moqmedebs wesdebis sa-
fuZvelze, xolo iuridiuli pi-
ris ufleba eniWeba registra-
ciis momentidan. aqcioneruli
sazogadoebis umaRlesi orga-
noa aqcionerTa saerTo kreba, ro-
melic gansazRvravs sazogadoe-
bis saqmianobis ZiriTad mimaT-
ulebebs, cvlis wesdebas, amt-
kicebs gegmebs, irCevs aqcioner-
uli sazogadoebis sameTvaly-
ureo sabWos, aRmasrulebeli
da sarevizio komisiebis wevrebs.
saerTo krebaze kenWisyra tar-
deba Semdegi princi piT: erTi
aqcia _ erTi xma.
aRmavloba (growth, expan-
sion, recovery) - ekonomikis gan-
viTarebis periodi, saqmiani aq-
tiurobis ciklis faza, romel-
ic xasiaTdeba saSualoze ma-
Rali zrdis tempebiT.
aRmavlobis dros ekonomi-
kuri ganviTarebis done aWar-
bebs krizisis dawyebisas arse-
bul dones.
aSkara danaxarji (explicit
expense) - danaxarji, romelic
aSkara (fuladi) gadasaxdelis
formas iRebs da xmardeba war-
moebis faqtorebisa da Suale-
duri produqtis mimwodeblebs.
igi sabuRaltro wignSi reg-
istrirebuli fuladi danax-
arjia. aSkara danaxarjs mie-
38 aSS
aSS-- is saerTaSoriso gan viTarebis saagento
ganviTarebis
kuTvneba muSebis xelfasi, me-
nejerTa gasamrjelo, sakomisio
gadasaxdeli savaWro firmebi-
saTvis, sabanko da safinanso
momsaxurebis sxva mimwodebelTa
Sromis anazRaureba, honorarebi
iuridiuli konsultaciebi-
saTvis, satransporto xarje-
bis ganaRdeba da sxv.
aSS-is saerTaSoriso gan-
viTarebis saagento (Interna-
tional Development Agency of USA
- USAID) - daarsda 1961 wels
j. kenedis prezidentobis pe-
riodSi sagareo daxmarebis
aqtis miRebis safuZvelze. misi
ZiriTadi mizania ganviTareba-
di qveynebis daxmareba ekono-
mikuri reformebis gatarebaSi,
kerZod, demokratiis mSeneblo-
baSi, biznesis xelSewyobaSi,
mwvave siRaribis daZlevasa da
stiqiuri ubedurebiT gamowveu-
li Sedegebis aRmofxvraSi.
saagento saqarTvelos dax-
marebas uwevs 1992 wlidan.
am mizniT man ganvlil period-
Si 1 mlrd dolarze meti ga-
moyo. reformebis gatarebaSi
mniSvnelovan xelSewyobas iTva-
liswinebs USAID-is `saqarTve-
los biznes--klimatis refor-
mis~ proeqti. misi roli did-
ia energetikis ganviTarebaSi, sa-
xeldobr, saqarTvelos energe-
tikis maregulirebeli erovnu-
li komisiis (semek) kanonmdeb-
lobis daxvewaSi (1997), eleq-
troenergiisa (1998) da bune-
brivi gazis (1999) satarifo
meTodologiis SemuSavebaSi, li-
cenzirebis wesebisa da regu-
lirebis sxva fuZemdebluri do-
kumentebis SeqmnasaSi da a.S.
saagento teqnikur, materialur,
finansur da saganmanaTleblo
daxmarebas uwevs da moicavs
regulirebis yvela sferos.
axali ekonomika (new eco-
nomy) - ekonomika, romelSic po-
zitiurad aisaxeba swrafi teqno-
logiuri progresis safuZvelze
sainformacio teqnologiebSi
ganxorcielebuli fundamentu-
ri cvlilebebi. axali ekonomika
qveynis konkurentunarianobis
mniSvnelovani garantia
axali zrdis Teoria (new
growth theory) - cnobilia agre-
Tve, rogorc endogenuri zr-
dis Teoria
Teoria. tradiciuli zr-
dis Teoriis modificirebuli
varianti, romelic xsnis sxvada-
sxva qveynisTvis grZelvadiani
balansirebuli zrdis gansxva-
vebul SesaZleblobebs, amasTan,
Raribidan mdidar qveynebSi ka-
pitalis gadadinebis mizezebs.
axali industriuli qve-
ynebi (new industrial countries -
NiCs) - ekonomikuri ganviTare-
bis SedarebiT maRali donisa
da dinamikuri mrewvelobis
mqone, msoflio vaWrobaSi, sa-
finanso da sainvesticio siste-
maSi aqtiurad CarTuli qvey-
axali mikroekonomika
nebis mcire jgufi. maT ricx-
vs miekuTvneba argentina, bra-
zilia, meqsika, TurqeTi, israe-
li, saberZneTi, singapuri,
samxreTi korea, taivani, honkongi
(CineTis Semadg.).
axali klasikuri makro-
ekonomika (new classical mac-
roeconomics) - arsebiTad orTo-
doqsuli klasikuri ekonomi-
kuri Teoria, romelic eyrd-
noba im Sexedulebas, rom racio-
naluri molodinis SeTanawyo-
ba umuSevrobis bunebrivi normis
koncefciasTan bazrebis efeq-
tiani gawmendis Sedegia. am
Teoriis mixedviT, ekonomika myar
mdgomareobaSia umuSevrobis
bunebrivi donis pirobebSi,
xolo cda imisa, rom dairRves
es wonasworoba, magaliTad,
umuSevrobis mis bunebriv don-
eze qvemoT Semcirebis SemTx-
vevaSi, advilad neitralizde-
ba ekonomikuri agentebis mier.
nebismieri cda warmoebisa da
dasaqmebis stabilizaciisa fis-
kalur-- sakredito politikis
gamoyenebiT araefeqtiania da
ver axdens rogorc mokle--, ise
grZelvadian gavlenas realuri
cvladebis mniSvnelobaze. am
poziciis arsi mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom ar arsebobs arCeva-
ni inflaciasa da umuSevrobas
Soris moklevadian periodSic
ki. miuxedavad amisa, iTvleba,
39
rom ekonomikuri mecnierebis es
mimarTuleba monetarizmis gan-
viTarebaa. misi argumentebi
gansxvavdeba iseTi cnobili
monetaristebis daskvnebisagan,
rogoric m. fridmenia. frid-
menis azriT, moTxovnis marTvis
politikam SeiZleba gamoiwvios
moklevadiani gadaxra warmoe-
bis moculobisa da umuSevro-
bis bunebrivi donidan.
axali klasikuri makroeko-
nomika cdilobs daasabuTos
moTxovnis marTvis keinzianuri
politikis araefeqtianoba da
yuradReba gadaitanos miwode-
bis ekonomikur Teoriaze.
axali mikroekonomika
(new microekonomics) – ekonomi-
kuri Teoriis erT-erTi mimar-
Tuleba, romlis momxreebi cdi-
loben gaaigivon mikro- da mak-
roekonomika mikroekonomikuri
dasabuTebis im meqanizmiT, ro-
melic safuZvlad udevs fase-
bisa da umuSevrobis cvlile-
bebs Soris urTierTkavSirs.
axali mikroekonomika eyr-
dnoba umuSevrobis bunebrivi
donis hi poTezas da uaryofs
bazris monawileTa ufaso da
srul informirebulobas. axa-
li mikroekonomika cdilobs
axsnas umuSevrobis dadebiTi
bunebrivi donis arseboba da
uaryofiTi kavSiri fasebsa da
umuSevrobas Soris, romelic
40 axali Sexeduleba investiciebze

gamomdinareobs moklevadiani qmedeben qveynis ekonomikur

fili psis mrudidan. politikaze.
axali mikroekonomikis mo- axireba (fad) - drois gar-
delebi sxvadasxvaa, amasTan, yve- kveul periodSi finansuri inves-
la modelisTvis damaxasiaTe- torebis mzadyofna, gaumarTle-
belia warmoebis moculobis beli optimizmidan gamomdinare,
cvlilebebi, gamowveuli winas- fasian qaRaldebSi gadaixadon
war ganuWvreteli fasebis Sec- imaze meti, vidre isini realu-
vliT. amrigad, erToblivi moTx- rad Rirs (ix. racionaluri spe-
ovnis araprognozirebadi zrda kulaciuri `sapnis buSti~).
iwvevs inflaciis moulodnel
zrdas, fasebisa da xelfasebis
gauTvaliswinebel matebas, rac,
saboloo angariSiT, ganapiro-
bebs warmoebis moculobisa da
dasaqmebis gadidebas. es ki, sxva
Tanabar pirobebSi, fasebis zrda-
ze Cveulebrivi reaqciaa.
axali Sexeduleba inves-
ticiebze (new view on invest-
ment) - investiciebisadmi axa-
li midgoma, romelic iTval-
iswinebs mowyobilobaTa bolo
Taobis efeqtianobis zrdas, ey-
rdnoba msjelobas imis Sesax-
eb, rom Tanamedrove teqnolo-
giuri progresi aqveiTebs Zir-
iTadi kapitalis saSualo asaks
da zrdis im kapitalis wils,
romelSic ganivTebulia axali
teqnologia.
axali politikuri eko-
nomia (new political economy) -
Seiswavlis politikisa da eko-
nomikis urTierTqmedebis kanon-
zomierebebs, ikvlevs im poli-
tikur faqtorebs, romlebic mo-
bazari
b qmnis, piradi da sazogadoebrivi
badisebri gare efeq-
ti (network externality) - gare
efeqtis saxeoba, romlis dro-
sac yoveli individisaTvis dov-
laTis sargeblianoba damokide-
bulia mocemuli dovlaTis mo-
mxmarebelTa raodenobaze.
bazari (market) - sabazro
ekonomikaSi kvlavwarmoebis mTe-
li procesis momcveli fenom-
eni, ekonomikuri sivrce, sadac
TviTregulirebis meqanizmis
safuZvelze yalibdeba urTier-
Toba saqonlisa da momsaxure-
bis mwarmoeblebsa da momxmare-
blebs Soris. igi horizonta-
luri kavSirebis ganviTarebis
safuZvelze gamoricxavs admin-
istraciul Carevas faswarmo-
qmnasa da resursebis ganawile-
baSi, riTac sagrZnoblad amar-
tivebs mmarTvelobis ierarqi-
ul vertikalur struqturas.
bazari garkveul kanonzom-
ierebebs eqvemdebareba. misTvis
damaxasiaTebelia: a) sakuTreb-
is pluralizmi da meurneobis
mravalferovneba; b) mwarmoe-
belTa damoukidebloba da maTi
ekonomikuri pasuxismgebloba;
g) mewarmeobaSi reglamentaciis
arqona, racionalizmi kontra-
hentis arCevaSi da sxv.
bazari, romelic SromiTi
41
motivaciis efeqtian sistemas
interesebis gaerTianebis moqni-
li meqanizmia. sabazro konku-
renciis monawilis mamoZrave-
beli subieqturi mizani _
maqsimaluri mogebis miReba,
bazris `uxilavi xeliT~, sab-
oloo angariSiT, zegavlenas
axdens sazogadoebriv intere-
sebze da ayalibebs obieqtur
kanonzomierebebs, romlebic
gamoxatulebas qveynis ekono-
mikur zrdaSi povebs.
ganasxvaveben kerZo da te-
ritoriul bazrebs. kerZo ba-
zrebi iyofa saqonlis, momsax-
urebis, samuSao Zalisa da kap-
italis bazrebad. teritoriu-
li sazRvrebis mixedviT ganasx-
vaveben adgilobriv, erovnul da
msoflio bazrebs. amaTgan Ti-
Toeuls axasiaTebs specifikuri
Taviseburebebi, romelTa gaT-
valiswinebasac makroekonomi-
kuri regulirebisa da calkeu-
li firmis sabazro strategi-
is SemuSavebaSi didi mniSvnelo-
ba eniWeba.
Sromis sazogadoebrivi
danawilebis Tanamedrove done,
farTomasStabiani warmoebis up-
iratesobebi, maRalteqnolo-
giuri da araerTgvarovani sa-
qonlisa da momsaxurebis saxe-
obebis gansakuTrebuli simrav-
le, ekonomikuri kavSirebis
42
mravalferovneba da a.S. gana-
pirobebs bazarze konkurenci-
is modifikacias.
bazris koniunqtura (mar-
ket opportunities, condition) - im pi-
robebis erToblioba, romlebic
gansazRvraven yovel mocemul
momentSi moTxovnisa da miwode-
bis Tanafardobas.
bazris fiasko (market fa-
ilure) - situacia, romlis dro-
sac bazars ar ZaluZs ekono-
mikur arCevanTan dakavSirebu-
li procesebis imgvarad koor-
dinireba, rom uzrunvelyos
resursebis efeqtiani gamoye-
neba. resursebis ganawilebis
sferoSi bazris fiasko, Teori-
ulad, saxelmwifos Carevis ga-
marTlebis safuZvelia.
bazris wonasworoba -
(market balance) - moTxovnisa da
miwodebis tolobis gamomxatve-
li sabazro situacia, rode-
sac ar arsebobs arc Warbi mo-
Txovna, arc Warbi miwodeba da
bazars miewodeba imdeni pro-
duqcia, ramdenzec aris moTxov-
na.
bazroba (fair) - savaWro
da samrewvelo organizacieb-
is, komersantebisa da sxvaTa
mier periodulad mowyobili
vaWroba saqonlis upiratesad
biTumad gayidvisa da Sesyid-
visaTvis gamofenili nimuSebis
mixedviT.
bazris koniunqtura
`bai - beki~(“buy back”) -
saqonelgacvlis grZelvadiani
operacia, romlis drosac man-
qana--mowyobilobebis misawode-
blad gacemuli krediti Sem-
dgomSi ifareba maTi meSveo-
biT warmoebuli produqciiT.
balansi (balance sheet)
[frang. balance saswori] - eko-
nomikur maCvenebelTa sistema,
gamoxatuli naturaluri an fu-
ladi formiT, romelic axasi-
aTebs ama Tu im movlenas misi
mxareebis Sedarebis an dapiris-
pirebis gziT da gamoxatavs to-
lobas aqtivsa da pasivs Soris.
balansi iTvleba aqtiurad, Tu
Semosavlebi sWarbobs xarjebs,
xolo pasiurad _ Tu Semosav-
lebi xarjebze naklebia.
ganasxvaveben sagadasaxde-
lo, savaWro, saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis, finansuri operacie-
bisa da a.S. balansebs.
`balansireba danis pir-
ze~ (“knife edge”) - ase ewode-
ba ekonomikuri zrdis Teoria-
Si stabiluri zrdis Seferx-
ebas, gamoxatuls garantirebu-
li zrdis tempis meryeobaSi.
arsebobs agreTve meore prob-
lema, rac bunebrivi zrdis tem-
pis miRwevaSi mdgomareobs. `da-
nis pirze balansirebis~, wonas-
worobis dacvis centraluri
problemaa warmoebis mosalod-
neli donis gansazRvra. Tu Se-
bankomati
mosavlis mosalodneli zrdis
tempi garantirebul zrdis
tempze dabalia, maSin mewarmeebi
mcire doziT moaxdenen in-
vestirebas. es gamoiwvevs er-
Toblivi zrdis dacemas da
Warbi simZlavreebis zrdas,
rasac, Tavis mxriv, mohyveba
Semosavlis mosalodneli zr-
dis tempebis Semdgomi dacema.
bankebis aqtiuri opera-
ciebi (banking active operations)
- operaciebi, romelTa saSu-
alebiTac bankebi gascemen Ta-
vianT gankargulebaSi arsebul
fulad saxsrebs (fasiani qaRal-
debis yidva, sesxis gacema da
sxv.).
bankebis pasiuri opera-
ciebi (passive banking opera-
tions) - operaciebi, romelTa sa-
SualebiTac bankebi izidaven fu-
lad saxsrebs (anabrebis miRe-
ba, banknotebis gamoSveba da sxv.).
banki (bank) [<frang. ban-
que] - sakredito-- safinanso
dawesebuleba, romlis mTavari
funqciac aris droebiT Tavis-
ufali fuladi saxsrebis aku-
mulacia (pasiuri operaciebi)
da maTi gacema kreditis sax-
iT droebiT sargeblobaSi fizi-
kur an iuridiul pirebze (aq-
tiuri operaciebi). deponentis
dainteresebis mizniT, banki maT
uxdis gansazRvrul procents
Setanil anabrebze, kreditis ga-
43
cemisas ki debitorebs gacilebiT
maRal procents axdevinebs. am
procentebs Soris sxvaoba Se-
adgens sabanko mogebas. banki
asrulebs agreTve Suamavlis
funqcias firmebsa da calkeul
pirebs Soris urTierTsagada-
saxdelo da saangariSsworebo
operaciebis Sesrulebisas da
sxv. centraluri banki aregu-
lirebs qveyanaSi fulis mimoq-
cevas fulis emisiis CaTvliT.
dakisrebuli funqciebis mixed-
viT ganasxvaveben centralur,
komerciul, sainvesticio, ipo-
Tekur, inovaciur da a.S. bankebs.
bankTaSorisi kreditis
ganakveTi (interbank interest rate)
- sargeblis norma, romelsac
centraluri banki sesxis gace-
misas axdevinebs komerciul ban-
kebs.
bankiri (banker) - fula-
di kapitalis menejeri da me-
sakuTre, romelic daspeciale-
bulia sabanko operaciebis war-
moebaSi.
banknoti (bank-- note) [<ing.
bank--note] - sabanko bileTi, sak-
redito fulis umaRlesi for-
ma, romelsac mimoqcevaSi uS-
veben saemisio bankebi; bankiris
Tamasuqi, romlis warmdgensac
nebismier dros SeuZlia fu-
lis miReba.
bankomati (auto teller ma-
chine - ATM) - sabanko aparati,
44
romliTac klienti, plastikuri
baraTis gamoyenebiT, Tavisi an-
gariSidan damoukideblad awar-
moebs martiv operaciebs.
bankroti (bankrupt, insol-
vent) - gakotrebuli mevale.
baJi (duty) - moxmarebisaT-
vis dawesebuli gadasaxadis
saxeoba. baJiT ibegrebian is
fizikuri da iuridiuli pire-
bi, romlebic urTierTobas am-
yareben saxelmwifosTan an erT-
maneTTan (xelSekrulebis dade-
ba arendis Sesaxeb, SeTanxmeba
meurveobis Taobaze da sxv.).
baratria (barratry) - wi-
naswar ganzraxuli zianis miye-
neba tvirTisa da gemisaTvis
kapitnisa da eki paJis mier. ba-
ratriis riski eqvemdebareba
dazRvevas.
barteri (barter) _ sasa-
qonlo garigeba, romlis Tanax-
mad saqonlis gacvla saqonelze
xdeba fuladi angariSswore-
bis gareSe, Tanxis gadauxdelad.
`baumolis daavadeba~
(“Bowmole’s desease”) - ukav-
Sirdeba momsaxurebis sfero-
Si xelfasis zrdis uzrunve-
lyofis sakiTxSi warmoqmnil
siZneleebs: am sferoSi xelfa-
si gacilebiT dabalia, vidre
materialur--nivTobriv warmoe-
baSi, rac gamowveulia ekono-
mikis mesameul seqtorSi Sro-
mis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis
bankroti
SedarebiT dabali tempebiT. mag.,
aSS-- is momsaxurebis sferos
kerZo seqtoris muSakebi xel-
fasis saxiT iReben mrewvelo-
baSi dasaqmebulTa gamomuSave-
bis 67%--s; iaponiaSi es maCvene-
beli naklebia 7--iT, xolo gfr--
Si _ 15%--iT. dasavleTis eko-
nomikur literaturaSi aRniS-
nuli movlena pirvelad gaaa-
naliza cnobilma ekonomistma
baumolma. man daasabuTa mate-
rialur--nivTobriv warmoebisa
da momsaxurebis sferoebs So-
ris xelfasis donis sxvaobis
mudmivi dacvis meqanizmis Se-
qmnis aucilebloba, momsaxure-
basTan SedarebiT saqonlis war-
moebis sferoSi Sromis mwar-
moeblurobis upiratesi zrdis
safuZvelze. aRniSnuli movle-
na cnobilia `baumolis daa-
vadebis~ saxelwodebiT.
bekeri gari stenli (daib.
1930) (Becker Gary Stanley) - ame-
rikeli ekonomisti, neoinsti-
tuciuri mimarTulebis warmo-
madgeneli, nobelis premiis
laureati (1992), adamianiseu-
li kapitalis Teoriis cno-
bili mkvlevari. pirvelma ga-
naxorciela Sromis bazarze
rasobrivi diskriminaciis neo-
klasikuri analizi, rac aisaxa
mis monografiul gamokvleva-
Si _ `diskriminaciis ekonomi-
ka~ (1957). naSromiT `dabande-
biznes-gegma
bebi adamianiseul kapitalSi:
Teoriuli analizi~ (1962) mniS-
vnelovani wvlili Seitana aR-
niSnuli problemis kvlevaSi.
bekeris naSromebidan aRsaniSna-
via agreTve `ekonomikuri Teo-
ria~, romelic 1871 wels gamo-
vida niu--iorkSi. nobelis pre-
mia mieniWa makroekonomikuri ana-
lizis gamoyenebis sferos ga-
farToebisaTvis, rasac amave sa-
xelwodebis naSromi miuZRvna.
bem-baverki oigen (1851--
1914) (Bohm-Bawerk) - neokla-
sikuri mimdinareobis erT--erTi
ganStoebis marJinaluri mima-
rTulebis (avstriuli skola)
TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli,
avtori naSromebisa: `kapitali
da sargebeli~ (1884), `kapital-
is pozitiuri Teoria~ (1889)
da sxv.
beneficiari (beneficiary)
- piri, romlis sasargeblo-
dac ixdian fuls da gascemen
akreditivs; sadazRvevo poli-
sis mimRebi.
biznes-gegma (business plan)
- firmis saqmianobis mokleva-
diani programa, romelic mo-
icavs mosalodneli Semosavleb-
isa da xarjebis angariSs; dgeba
erTi Tvis, kvartalisa da wl-
isaTvis (zogjer ufro meti
xniTac). biznes--gegma warmoad-
gens sawarmos mier dasaxuli
miznebis Sesrulebis konkret-
45
ul RonisZiebaTa operatiul
programas. mas win uZRvis miR-
weuli Sedegebis anu warmoeb-
is danaxarjebis, saqonlis gay-
idvis, wminda mogebis ganawileb-
isa da gamoyenebis moculo-
bisa da struqturis analizi.
prognozul maCveneblebs uda-
reben miRweuls, ris safuZ-
velzec fasdeba firmis muSao-
bis mosalodneli efeqtianoba.
biznes--gegmis mTavari amocanaa
warmoebis efeqtianobis amaR-
lebis RonisZiebaTa gansazRvra.
misi SemuSavebisas iTvaliswi-
neben bazris mosalodnel ko-
niunqturas, moTxovnasa da mi-
wodebas Soris Tanafardobis
cvalebadobis tendencias, mo-
mxmarebelTa gadaxdisunari-
anobas, agreTve reklamis, servi-
sisa da a.S. saSualebiT myid-
velTa mozidvis SesaZleblo-
bebs. firma, rogorc wesi, ey-
rdnoba Camoyalibebul sabazro
fasebsa da faqtorebs. biznes--
gegmis ganyofilebebisa da maCve-
neblebis raodenobas gansazR-
vravs firmis sammarTvelo. misi
wamyvani ganyofilebebia: a) mar-
ketingi, romelic adgens gay-
idvisa da Semosavlebis mocu-
lobas, Sejamebul danaxarjeb-
sa da komerciul Sedegebs; b)
monacemebis bazaze Sedgenili
warmoebrivi davaleba poten-
ciuri moTxovnis, sabazro fase-
46
bis moZraobis, bazris gajereb-
is Sesaxeb. mis safuZvelze
zustdeba produqciis asorti-
menti, ganisazRvreba momxmare-
belTa momsaxurebis masStabe-
bi; g) firmis safinanso gegma,
romelic gamoxatavs safinan-
so resursebis wyaroebsa da
maTi moZraobis mimarTulebebs.
biznes-- gegma moicavs agreTve
iseT ganyofilebas, sadac asax-
ulia partniorTa savaluto
urTierTdamokidebuleba, sazR-
vargareTuli bankebis kredite-
bis ucxouri valutiT gamoy-
eneba, wminda mogebis ganawile-
ba damfuZneblebs Soris da sxva
maCveneblebi. (biznes-inJineringi
ix. calke furcelze.)
biznes-inkubatori (busi-
ness--incubator) - mravalprofil-
iani organizacia, romelic er-
Toblivi gamoyenebis pirobiT
meurveobas uwevs mcire firmebs
da uzrunvelyofs maT Senoba--
nagebobebiT, teqnologiuri mow-
yobilobebiT da a.S. urTier-
Tobis aseTi forma miznad isax-
avs daexmaros damwyeb mewar-
meebs gadalaxon firmis ra-
cionalurad marTvasTan dakav-
Sirebuli iseTi wina sastar-
to problemebi, rogoricaa sa-
investicio saxsrebis mozidva,
inovaciuri proeqtebis da-
muSaveba da axali teqnolo-
giebis aTviseba, bazarze myari
biznes - inkubatori
poziciis mopoveba, saqmiani
urTierTobis damyareba bazris
konthagentebTan da a.S. sain-
kubacio periodi moicavs 2--3
wels, romlis gasvlis Semdeg
mcire firmebi toveben inkuba-
tors da iwyeben damoukidebel
saqmianobas.
biznesis wamowyebis mxar-
dasaWerad xelsayreli mik-
roklimatis (inkubatoris) Se-
qmnis idea pirvelad SemuSav-
da XX saukunis 80--ian wlebSi,
xolo praqtikuli realizacia
90--iani wlebidan daiwyo.
biznes-- inJineringi (busi-
biznes
ness engineering) – biznesis fi-
losofiaze dafuZnebuli sain-
Jinro-sakonsultacio momsax-
ureba. ix. inJineringi.
inJineringi, rogorc inte-
leqtualuri momsaxurebis axa-
li dargi, farTod ganviTarda
XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan
da SedarebiT mokle droSi ga-
daiqca ekonomikis mniSvnelo-
van struqturul elementad. am
garemoebam xeli Seuwyo mis
integracias biznesTan da war-
moebis oligopolizacias. mcire
da umcires firmebTan erTad,
umsxvilesma samrewvelo da sa-
vaWro kompaniebma, bankebma, sa-
dazRvevo da sabrokero fir-
mebma, romlebic saqmiani momsa-
xurebis am segmentSi xedaven
kapitalis dabandebis momgebi-
biznes-inJineringi
an sferos, Seqmnes filialebi
da Svilobili sazogadoebebi.
ukanasknel periodSi biznes-
inJineringi farTod ikidebs
fexs saerTaSoriso ekonomikur
urTierTobebSi. es aris warmo-
ebrivi, komerciuli da mecnier-
ul-teqnologiuri xasiaTis
momsaxurebis kompleqsi. Tan-
amedrove teqnologiebis momx-
marebeli qveynebis wris gafar-
Toebam ganapiroba am specifi-
kuri saqonlis realizaciis au-
cilebloba msoflio bazarze.
inJineringis wamyvani eqsportio-
rebia aSS-is, didi britaneTis,
safrangeTis, gfr-is, iaponiis
wamyvani kompaniebi, agreTve ka-
nadis, daniis, Sveicariis, Sve-
deTisa da italiis firmebi.
biznes-inJineringi, Tavisi
universaluri xasiaTidan ga-
momdinare, gamoiyeneba samecni-
ero-kvleviTi, saproeqto-sam-
Seneblo, warmoebrivi, sayofacx-
ovrebo da a.S. proeqtebis re-
alizaciisas. misTvis damaxasi-
aTebelia rogorc specializa-
ciis maRali done, ise saeqspor-
tod wardgenili sainJinerin-
go momsaxurebis mravalfer-
ovneba, ramac ganapiroba msof-
lio bazarze sainJinro-sakon-
sultacio firmebisadmi moTx-
ovnis arsebiTi amaRleba. mkveT-
rad gaizarda maTi roli sawar-
moTa modernizaciasa da mar-
47
Tvis sistemis SemuSavebaSi, asa-
gebi obieqtebis teqnikuri do-
nis amaRlebaSi da a.S. Tavis
mxriv, sainJinro-sakonsultacio
firmebi, konkurentunarianobis
amaRlebis mizniT, axorciele-
ben momsaxurebis diversifika-
cias da cdiloben miaRwion ar-
sebiT upiratesobas momsaxure-
bis rogorc xarisxobriv do-
neSi, ise mis mwarmoebluroba-
Si. msoflio bazarze maT war-
matebas, maRal profesionaliz-
mTan erTad, ganapirobebs kom-
pleqsuri `disciplinarTaSori-
si~ inJineringis ganxorciele-
ba, ris gamoc maT aqvT garkveu-
li upiratesobebi. aseT firmebs
miekuTvneba mag., kanadis `lava-
lin grupi~, aSS-is `luis breger
interneSnl~, `beqtel grupi~,
`morison nadsoni~, `fluor
denieli~, safrangeTis `frama-
toni~, `teqni pi~, did britaneTSi
_ `jon brauni~, `teilor vud-
rou~ da a.S.
msoflio bazarze didi gan-
viTareba pova agreTve iseTma
disciplinarTaSorisma firmebma,
romlebic momsaxurebis farTo
speqtrs qmnian teqnikuri dax-
marebis sferoSi. mkveTrad gai-
zarda moTxovna sainJinro-sakon-
sultacio momsaxurebisadmi sa-
warmoTa modernizaciis sfero-
Si, asagebi samrewvelo da sxva
obieqtebis teqnikuri donis
48
amaRlebaSi, warmoebis marTvis
sistemis SemuSavebaSi da a.S.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis mis-
wrafeba sakuTari mrewvelobis
Seqmnasa da mecnierul-teqno-
logiuri progresis miRwevaTa
aTvisebaSi moiTxovs saerTa-
Soriso TanamSromlobis gafar-
Toebas inJineringis sferoSi.
amitom savsebiT kanonzomieria
ganviTarebadi qveynebis, rogorc
inJineringis importiorebis,
rolis zrda msoflio bazarze.
amasTan, saerTaSoriso inJine-
ringze arsebuli maRali fase-
bi ganapirobebs maT mier am sfe-
roSi sakuTari bazris Seqmnasa
da biznes-inJineringis swraf
ganviTarebas.
biznesi (business) - nebis-
mieri ekonomikuri saqmianoba,
romelsac mogeba moaqvs.
biznesis bloki (business
block) - sawarmoo da savaWro
kompaniebi, romlebic aerTiane-
ben saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
mwarmoebeli kapitalis yvela
organizaciul formas.
biznesis socialuri pa-
suxismgebloba - bsp
sux (social
responsibility of businesses) - bi-
znesis valdebuleba wvlili
Seitanos qveynis mdgrad soci-
alur--ekonomikur da ekolo-
giur ganviTarebaSi, daicvas
eTikuri princi pebi, xeli Seu-
wyos sazogadoebaze poziti-
biznesi
uri gavlenis maqsimizacias da
negatiuri gavlenis minimiza-
cias cxovrebis donisa da
xarisxis gaumjobesebis gziT.
bsp - is ZiriTadi mimar-
Tulebebia: Sromis usafrTxoeba,
Sromis anazRaurebis stimu-
lireba, xarisxiani saqonlis
(momsaxurebis) warmoeba, adami-
aniseuli kapitalis kvali-
fikaciis donis amaRleba, spon-
soroba da qvelmoqmedeba, zrun-
va garemos dacvaze, mzadyofna
krizisul situaciebSi monawi-
leobis misaRebad, biznes--part-
niorebsa da korporaciis kli-
entebs Soris keTilsindisieri
saqmiani praqtikis danergvis
xelSewyoba da a.S.
bsp-is koncefcias safuZ-
veli Caeyara XIX saukunis bo-
losa da XX saukunis dasawyis-
Si, xolo Camoyalibda XX
saukunis 30--ian wlebSi; far-
To ganviTareba omis Semdgom
wlebSi aSS--Si pova.
1953 wels gamoqveynda
amerikeli ekonomistis g. boue-
nis wigni `biznesis socialu-
ri pasuxismgebloba~. masSi av-
torma Camoayaliba socialuri
pasuxismgeblobis doqtrina
rogorc biznesmenis valdebule-
ba, Tavisi saqmianoba warmar-
Tos im mimarTulebebiT, rom-
lebic sasargebloa sazogadoe-
bis keTildReobisa da qveynis
biujeti
mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis.
biznesmeni (businessman)
- komersanti, mewarme, romel-
ic bizness eweva.
bil
bil- -brokeri (bill--broker)
- makleri, romelic safondo
birJaze Tamasuqebis diskontis
(ganaRdebis) da rediskontis
(gadanaRdebis) garigebebSi Sua-
mavlis rols asrulebs da
iRebs sakomisio gasamrjelos
gansazRvruli procentis sax-
iT Tamasuqis Tanxidan.
bimetalizmi (bimetallism)
- XVI-XIX ss.-- ebis fuladi
sistema, romlis drosac oqro
da vercxli dakanonebuli iyo
sayovelTao ekvivalentad da
warmoadgenda fuladi mimoqce-
vis safuZvels.
birJa (stock exchange) [<laT.
bursa safule] - regularulad
funqcionirebadi organizebuli
sabiTumo bazari, sadac maso-
brivi warmoebis, didi partieb-
is standartuli da erTgvaro-
vani saqonlis an fasiani qaRal-
debis, an kidev, valutis yidva--
gayidvis garigebebi ideba. sa-
jaro vaWrobiT birJa xels
uwyobs sabazro fasebis Camoy-
alibebas. rogorc wesi, birJas
hyavs wevrTa fiqsirebuli Se-
madgenloba da eyrdnoba vaWro-
bis mkacr wesebs. birJaze war-
modgenili saxeobebis mixedviT
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba
49
saqonlis, safondo, valutisa
da Sromis birJebi.
biukeneni jeims makhil
(daib. 1919) (Buchanan James M.)
- amerikeli ekonomisti, eko-
nomikis dargSi nobelis premi-
is laureati (1986), sazoga-
doebrivi arCevanis Teoriis mkv-
levari. nobelis premia mieni-
Wa naSromisaTvis _ `ekonomi-
kuri da politikuri Teoriis
saxelSekrulebo da konsti-
tuciuri safuZvlebis kvlevi-
saTvis~.
biujeti (budget) [<ingl.
_ CanTa] - saxelmwifos, sawar-
mos (firmis), Sinameurneobisa
da a.S. Semosavlebisa da xar-
jebis nusxa drois garkveul
periodSi, Cveulebriv, erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi. aris agreT-
ve drois biujetic, romelic
gamoxatavs arsebul da dax-
arjul droTa Tanafardobas.
saxelmwifo biujeti Sei-
Zleba iyos faqtobrivi, cik-
luri da struqturuli
struqturuli. faq-
tobriv biujetSi igulisxmeba
biujetis is Tanxa, romelic
damtkicda mocemul wels. igi
Sedgeba struqturuli biuje-
tisa (iTvaliswinebs saxelm-
wifo Semosavlebs, xarjebsa da
deficits, romelic SeiZlebo-
da yofiliyo im wels) da cik-
luri biujetisagan (romelic
ganixileba biujetze ekonomi-
50
kuri ciklis zemoqmedebis gaT-
valiswinebiT).
biujetis deficiti (bud-
get deficit, fiscal deficit) - situa-
cia, roca saxelmwifo xarjebi
sWarbobs saSemosavlo statie-
bis mixedviT biujetis Semo-
savlebs gansazRvruli drois
(kvartalis, wlis) ganmavloba-
Si.
biujetis proficiti
(budget surplus) - biujetis si-
Warbe, mdgomareoba, rodesac bi-
ujetis mimdinare Semosavlebi
aRemateba mimdinare xarjebs.
es cneba xSirad gamoiyeneba im
situaciis asaxsnelad, rode-
sac saxelmwifo Semosavlebi
aRemateba saxelmwifo xarjebs.
biujetSi Senatanebi
(receipts) - saxelmwifo an adg-
ilobrivi biujetebis Semosav-
lebi fulad gamoxatulebaSi.
blokirebuli angariSi
(blocked account) - sabanko anga-
riSi, romlis gamgebloba Sez-
Rudulia sasamarTlos an mTav-
robis gadawyvetilebiT.
boni (bond) [<frang. bon]
- 1. moklevadiani sagadasaxa-
do valdebuleba, gamoSvebuli
xazinis, munici paluri orga-
noebisa da kerZo firmebis mier,
romelic gamoiyeneba mimoqce-
visa da gadaxdis saSualebad,
asrulebs xurda fulis suro-
gatis rols (gavrcelebuli iyo
biujetis deficiti
damoukidebel saqarTveloSi
1918--1921 wlebSi, xolo yo-
fil sabWoTa kavSirSi _ 1922--
1924 wlebis fulad refor-
mamde); 2. xmarebidan (mimoqce-
vidan) amoRebuli da koleq-
cionirebis sagnad qceuli qa-
Raldis fuli.
bonistika (bonistics) [<frang.
bonistique] - damxmare disci p-
lina, romelic swavlobs qaRal-
dis fulad niSnebsa da bonebs,
rogorc istoriul dokumen-
tebs; mWidro kavSirSia numiz-
matikasTan.
bonifikacia (bonification)
[<laT. bonus keTili, kargi] -
1. wanamati im saqonlis fasze,
romlis xarisxic xelSekru-
lebiT gaTvaliswinebulze maRa-
lia (refaqcia); 2. eqsporti-
rebul saqonelze gadaxdevi-
nebuli gadasaxadebis ukan dab-
runeba am saqonlis konkurent-
unarianobis amaRlebis mizniT.
bonusi (bonus) - 1. damate-
biTi gasamrjelo, premia; 2. dama-
tebiTi fasCamokleba. daklebul
Tanxas gamyidveli uTmobs my-
idvels garigebis pirobebis
Sesabamisad.
bordero (frang. bordereau)
_ 1. amonaweri sabuRaltro
dokumentebidan, angariSebidan
da a.S. 2. realizebuli fasi-
ani qaRaldebis nusxa, romel-
sac adgens banki, sabanko kantora
brokeri 51
an makleri. qcionireba Sewyvita 1971 wels.
bosi (boss) - sawarmos, da- breton-vudsis konferen-
cia (Bretton-Woods conference)
wesebulebis mepatrone; mewarme.
brakeraJi (sorting) - sa-- aSS--is kurort breton vuds-
qonlis Semowmeba oficialuri Si gaeros mier 1944 wels sava-
saqonelmcodneebis (brakerebis)luto--finansur sakiTxebze Ca-
mier misi xarisxis, vargisian-tarebuli konferencia, sadac
obis gansazRvris, agreTve dawe-
miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba
sebul standartTan da dade- saerTaSoriso savaluto fon-
buli xelSekrulebis pirobeb- dis, agreTve rekonstruqciisa
Tan Sesabamisobis garkvevis miz-
da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso
niT. bankis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.
breton - vudsi (Breton-- brokeri (broker) [<ingl.
Woods) - aSS--is kurorti niu- broker] - Suamavali myidveleb-
hempSiris StatSi, sadac 1944 sa da gamyidvelebs Soris, maTi
wels Catarda savaluto--fin- agenti kontraqtebis dadebisas
ansur sakiTxebze gaerTianebu- komerciul, savaluto, sakredi-
li erebis organizaciis kon- to da sadazRvevo operacieb-
ferencia da miRebul iqna gada-Si. daspecialebulia gansaz-
wyvetileba saerTaSoriso sava- Rvrul saqonelsa da momsaxu-
luto fondis, agreTve rekon- rebaze, moqmedebs klientTa da-
struqciisa da ganviTarebis valebiT maTs xarjze da maT-
saerTaSoriso bankis Seqmnis Se-
gan iRebs sakomisios anu bro-
saxeb. keris gasamrjelos. ti puri
breton-vudsis savalu- magaliTia safondo birJis bro-
to sistema (Exchange system keri. brokerisagan unda ganvas-
of Breton-- Woods) - savaluto xvavoT dileri. zogierT bazar-
urTierTobaTa organizaciis ze `brokers~ iyeneben `dileris~
formaTa erToblioba, romelic magivrad. es SeiZleba aixsnas
iuridiulad gaformda oqro- imiT, rom dilerebi TavianTi saq-
devizuri (oqrosavaluto) stan- mianobis adreul etapze asru-
dartis saxiT 1944 wels bre- lebdnen brokeris funqciebsac.
ton--vudsis (aSS) konferenci- safondo birJis brokeri
aze miRweuli SeTanxmebis sa- awarmoebs fasiani qaRaldebis,
fuZvelze. es sistema eyrdno- ZiriTadad, aqciebisa da obli-
boda erovnuli valutebis fiq- gaciebis yidva--gayidvasTan da-
sirebul gacvliT kurss. fun- kavSirebul garigebebs.
52
brokeris gasamrjelo (bro-
kerage) _ gasamrjelo, romel-
sac iRebs brokeri klientisa-
gan yidva-- gayidvis ganxor-
cielebisaTvis. es SeiZleba iyos
fiqsirebuli Tanxa an operaci-
is Rirebulebisagan procenti.
bruto (gross, weight) [<ital.
brutto - uxeSi] - saqonlis wona
tarasa da SesafuTavTan er-
Tad. sapirispiro _ neto.
bunebrivi monopolia (na-
tural monopoly) _ saxelmwifo
monopolia, romelic oficial-
urad aRiarebuli gardauvali
monopoliaa saqonlis (momsax-
urebis) warmoebasa da gayid-
vaze. adgili aqvs energo--, Tbo--,
wyal-- da gazmomaragebaSi, sar-
kinigzo mimosvlaSi, safosto,
satelefono da satelegrafo
kavSirgabmulobaSi da a.S. saqmi-
anobis am sferoebSi bunebrivi
monopoliebis arseboba gamow-
veulia dargis teqnikuri da
teqnologiuri specifikiT, rome-
lic moiTxovs warmoebis, ga-
nawilebisa da moxmarebis er-
Tian sistemas. warmoebuli pro-
duqciis moxmarebis masobrivi
xasiaTi ganapirobebs farTo-
masStaburi warmoebis aucile-
blobas. amasTan, vinaidan es
produqcia gamoirCeva erTgva-
rovnebis maRali doniT da misi
Secvla alternatiuli produ-
qciiT SeuZlebelia, amitom am
brokeris gasamrjelo
dargebSi, warmoebis masStabeb-
is gafarToebasTan dakavSire-
biT, Zlier moqmedebs erTeul
produqciaze danaxarjebis eko-
nomiis kanoni. maTSi sabazro
urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis
SemTxvevaSi kerZo mewarmeebi,
romlebic bazarze daikavebd-
nen myar pozicias, advilad
SeZlebdnen konkurenciul brZo-
laSi axali metoqeebis dama-
rcxebas. maTi mdgomareoba ba-
zarze, warmoebis farTomasS-
taburi xasiaTidan gamomdinare,
yovelTvis monopoliuri iqne-
boda da gamoiwvevda resurse-
bis ukiduresad araracionalur
xarjvas. amitom ekonomikuri
saqmianobis am sferoebSi ar
arsebobs ekonomikuri sivrce
normaluri konkurenciisaTvis,
rac ganapirobebs bunebrivi mo-
nopoliebis arsebobas. bunebrivi
monopolia unda ganvasxvaoT xe-
lovnuri monopoliisagan, rome-
lic formirdeba ama Tu im saqon-
lis an momsaxurebis warmoeb-
is, ganawilebisa da moxmarebis
monopolizaciis safuZvelze da
xelovnurad zRudavs sabazro
meqanizmis moqmedebis sferos.
bunebrivi resursebi
(natural resources) _ bunebisgan
naboZebi, adamianisTvis gamosay-
eneblad xelmisawvdomi. amJa-
mad xelmisawvdomobis sazRvari
Seadgens daaxloebiT 4 mils
buSeli
(6,5 km) dedamiwis zedapirze
da 12 mils (20 km) mis siR-
rmeSi. bunebriv resursebs
miekuTvneba nayofieri miwebi,
navTobi, qvanaxSiri, tyeebi, mdina-
reebi, qari (Tu xdeba misi
gamoyeneba energiis misaRebad)
da a.S. zogierTi resursi ar-
akvlavwarmoebadia, zogi ki
arsebobs mudmivad, imisgan damo-
ukideblad Tu ra raodenobiT
xdeba maTi gamoyeneba.
bunebrivi fasi (natural
price) _ termini, gamoyenebuli
adam smiTis mier saqonlis
Rirebulebis (faseulobis)
daxasiaTebisTvis. saqonlis bu-
nebrivi fasisgan xdeba sabaz-
ro fasis gadaxra. bunebrivi
fasi grZelvadiani wonasworo-
bis fasia da damokidebulia
warmoebis danaxarjebze.
butiki (boutique) - viwro spe-
cializebuli sabrokero firma
momsaxurebis SezRuduli wriT.
buRaltruli aRricxva
(accounting) – sameurneo aR-
ricxvis mTliani sistemis erT-
erTi ganmsazRvreli saxeoba, in-
formacia sameurneo saSuale-
bebis wrebrunvis Sesaxeb, war-
moebis mTliani, mkacrad doku-
menturi aRricxva, emsaxureba
warmoebis marTvas, sameurneo
saqmianobis Sedegebis gamovle-
nasa da maTze kontrolis ganx-
orcielebas. buRaltruli aR-
53
ricxva sameurneo saqmianobas
asaxavs ekonomikur maCvenebelTa
sistemis meSveobiT Rirebu-
lebiT gamoxatulebaSi, moicavs
kvlavwarmoebis mTel process,
saangariSsworebo da sakredi-
to urTierTobebs. buRaltru-
li aRricxva asaxavs sawarmos
sameurneo saqmianobis Sedege-
bis damaxasiaTebel maCveneblebs.
buRaltruli balansi (ba-
lance sheet) - buRaltruli aR-
ricxvis dokumenti, gansazRvru-
li TariRisaTvis firmis fin-
ansuri da sameurneo mdgomar-
eobis amsaxvel maCvenebelTa er-
Toblioba.
buRaltruli mogeba (ac-
counting profit) - erToblivi Se-
mosavali aSkara danaxarjebis
gamoklebiT.
buSeli (bushel) - fxvieri da
Txevadi nivTierebebis sawyao
sazomTa inglisuri sistemis
qveynebSi. did britaneTSi buSe-
li udris 36,37, xolo aSS--Si
_ 35,24 litrs.
54
g nebiTac unda gadaixadon fuli;
gadamanawilebeli funq-
cia (distribution function) - sax-
elmwifos sabiujeto-- sagada-
saxado politikis nawili, gam-
iznuli Semosavlebisa da sim-
didris gadanawilebisaTvis sa-
zogadoebaSi. es funqcia gam-
oiyeneba maSin, rodesac Semo-
savlebis an simdidris ganaw-
ileba saxelmwifos zemoqmede-
bisas arasasurvel xasiaTs iR-
ebs.
gadasapirebeli Tamasu-
qi (trata ) (bill of exchange,
draft) - brZaneba konkretuli
piris (mevalis) mimarT mesame
pirisaTvis (remitentisaTvis)
garkveul droSi gansazRvru-
li Tanxis gadaxdis Sesaxeb.
igi SeiZleba gadavides xel-
idan xelSi gadacemis warwer-
is (Tamasuqze warweris) meS-
veobiT. gadasapirebeli Tamasuqi
moicavs: 1. teqstSi CarTul
sityvas `Tamasuqi~, Setanils
im enaze, romelzec TviT do-
kumentia Sedgenili; 2. dapire-
bas gansazRvruli Tanxis gada-
xdis Sesaxeb, rac arafriT ar
aris Sepirobebuli; 3. gadamxde-
lis vinaobas; 4. gadaxdis va-
dis miTiTebas; 5. im adgilis
aRniSvnas, sadac Tanxa unda ga-
daixadon; 6. im piris dasax-
gadamanawilebeli funqcia
elebas, visTvis an visi brZa-
7. Tamasuqis Sedgenis TariR-
isa da adgilis miTiTebas; 8.
Tamasuqis gamcemi piris xelis
moweras. martivi Tamasuqisa-
gan gansxvavebiT, gadasapirebel
TamasuqSi miTiTebulia gada-
mxdelis vinaoba. gadasapirebel
Tamasuqs gamowers da xels
awers kreditori.
gadasaxadi (tax) - saval-
debulo mosakrebeli, romelic
fiqsirebulad gadairicxeba
saxelmwifo (adgilobriv) bi-
ujetSi mocemuli qveynis fiz-
ikuri da iuridiuli pirebis
mier kanonmdeblobiT dadgeni-
li sagadasaxado ganakveTis
Sesabamisad. gadasaxadi aris
pirdapiri da arapirdapiri.
pirdapiri gadasaxadiT ibegre-
ba Semosavali da qoneba, xolo
arapirdapiri Sedis saqonlis
fasSi. gadasaxadi saxelmwifo
biujetis Semosavlebis erT--
erTi mTavari wyaroa.
` gadasaxadi
gadasaxadi~~ miRebul
um aRl
umaRl es ganaTlebaze
aRles (gra-
duate tax) - sauniversiteto ga-
naTlebis sqema, rodesac stu-
denti swavlis procesSi iRebs
fuls Tavisi saganmanaTleblo
da cxovrebiseuli moTxovnile-
bebis dakmayofilebis mizniT,
xolo ganaTlebis miRebis Sem-
deg ixdis Tavisi Semosavlis
gadaxdisunarianoba
fiqsirebul nawils.
gadasaxadebis struqtu-
ra (structure of taxes) - yovel
qveyanas aqvs mravali saxeobis
gadasaxadi, romelic warmoad-
gens sagadasaxado sistemis
struqturas. igi gamoxatavs
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis, qone-
baze gadasaxadisa da xarje-
bze gadasaxadis SefardebiT
mniSvnelobas. misi meSveobiT
SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna sa-
gadasaxado sistemis progre-
sulobis arsebobis, Tu ar ar-
sebobis Sesaxeb.
ganviTarebad qveynebSi ga-
dasaxadebis struqtura upi-
ratesad ixreba arapirdapiri,
gansakuTrebiT dRg-is, sabaJo
gadasaxadebisa da aqcizebisaken.
es aixsneba imiT, rom aseTi ga-
dasaxadebi SedarebiT advili
asakrefia.
qveynis ganviTarebis kvalo-
baze izrdeba saSemosavlo ga-
dasaxadis mniSvneloba. ganvi-
Tarebul qveynebSi arsebobs
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gan-
viTarebuli sistema.
gadasaxadis zRvruli ga-
nakveTi (marginal rate of tax) –
gadasaxadis ganakveTi Semosav-
lis, danaxarjis, simdidris an
saCuqris damatebiT erTeulze.
rac ufro maRalia gadasaxa-
dis zRvruli ganakveTi, miT uf-
ro maRali SeiZleba iyos Ca-
55
nacvlebis efeqtic.
gadawyvetilebis miRe-
bis lagi (decision lag) - drois
monakveTi ekonomikuri (gan-
sakuTrebiT makroekonomikuri)
problemis gadawyvetisTvis
moqmedebis aucileblobis dad-
genis momentsa da politikuri
gadawyvetilebis miRebis mo-
ments Soris. igi Sida (poli-
tikuri) lagis Semadgeneli
nawilia.
gadaxdis valuta (curren-
cy of payment) - valuta, roml-
iTac sagareo--savaWro garige-
bisas saqonlis Rirebulebas
ixdian; SeiZleba ar daemTxves
fasis valutas.
gadaxdisunariani moTx-
ovnileba (effective consumer
demand) - anu moTxovna, fu-
liT uzrunvelyofili moTx-
ovnileba saqonelsa da momsax-
urebaze; warmoadgens damakav-
Sirebel rgols warmoebasa da
moxmarebas Soris, rac gan-
sazRvravs misi Seswavlisa da
prognozirebis did mniSvnelo-
bas firmis marketingul stra-
tegiaSi.
gadaxdisunarianoba (sol-
vency) - saxelmwifos, iuridi-
uli an fizikuri piris unari,
droulad da mTlianad Seas-
rulos savaWro, sakredito da
fuladi xasiaTis sxva opera-
ciebidan gamomdinare sagada-
56
saxado valdebulebebi.
gadaxdisunarianobis Te-
oria (ability to pay theory) - da-
begvrisadmi midgoma, romlis
mixedviTac sagadasaxado tvir-
Ti unda ganawildes gadasaxa-
debis gadaxdis unaris Sesa-
bamisad. es Teoria efuZneba
Tanabari danakargebis koncef-
cias. danakargi aris gadasaxa-
debis gadaxdis Sedegad ekono-
mikuri keTildReobis Semcir-
eba. arsebobs danakargebis to-
lobis sami SesaZlo gansazRvra:
isini SeiZleba iyos absolu-
turad toli, proporciulad
toli da zRvrulad toli. am-
aTgan arc erTs ara aqvs prin-
ci puli upiratesoba. sagada-
saxado sistema progresiulia,
proporciuli Tu regresiuli,
damokidebulia miRebul gansaz-
Rvrasa da Semosavlis zRvru-
li sargeblianobis grafikis
daxris kuTxeze. Tu ivaraude-
ba, rom Semosavlis zRvruli
sargeblianoba ecema, maSin es
sami gansazRvra yovelTvis ar
iZleva erTnairi daskvnis ga-
keTebis saSualebas. aRniSnu-
li Teoria saSualebas gvaZlevs
SevadaroT sxvadasxva pirTa Se-
mosavlebis sargeblianoba. ase-
Ti midgoma uaryofilia keTil-
dReobis Tanamedrove ekonomi-
kur TeoriaSi.
gadaxdisunarianobis Te oria
Teoria
gaeros ssdk (saerTaSo-
saerTaSo-
riso standartuli dargob-
rivi klasifikacia) (Internatio-
nal Standard of Branch Classifica-
tion) - ekonomikuri saqmianobis
yvela saxis saerTaSoriso
standartuli dargobrivi klas-
ifikacia, romlis amJamad moq-
medi IV varianti ganixila da
daamtkica gaeros statis-
tikurma komisiam 2006 wels.
I varianti, romlis proeqtic
gaeros ekonomikuri da so-
cialuri sabWos sesiaze mi-
iRes 1948 wels, zemoT aRniS-
nulma komisiam daamtkica 1958
wels, II varianti _ 1968 wels,
xolo III varianti _ 1989 wels.
ssdk-is mesame varianti wi-
nandelze srulyofili da de-
talizebuli iyo. igi Sedgebo-
da 17 ganyofilebisa da 99
qveganyofilebisagan. es ganyo-
filebebia: 1. soflis meurneo-
ba; nadiroba da satyeo meur-
neoba; 2. TevzWera; 3. samTo-
mopovebiTi mrewveloba; 4. gad-
ammuSavebeli mrewveloba; 5.
mSenebloba; 6. eleqtro--, gaz--
da wyalmomarageba; 7. sabiTu-
mo da sacalo vaWroba; avto-
mobilebis, motociklebis, say-
ofacxovrebo saqonlisa da
piradi moxmarebis sagnebis
remonti; 8. sastumroebi da
restornebi (sazogadoebrivi
kvebis sawarmoebis momsaxereb-
gaeros ssdk
is CaTvliT); 9. transporti;
sasawyobo meurneoba da kav-
Sirgabmuloba; 10. safinanso
Suamavloba (sxvadasxva saxis
safinanso da sakredito opera-
ciebTan erTad am ganyofile-
baSi Sedis yvela saxis dazRveva,
garda savaldebulo social-
urisa da sapensio uzrunve-
lyofa; 11. uZrav qonebasTan
dakavSirebuli operaciebi; aren-
da da komerciuli saqmianoba;
12. saxelmwifo mmarTveloba da
Tavdacva; savaldebulo so-
cialuri dazRveva; 13. ganaTle-
ba; 14. janmrTelobis dacva da
socialuri momsaxureba; 15.
sxva komunaluri, socialuri
da personaluri momsaxureba;
16. saojaxo meurneobebi da-
qiravebuli momsaxurebiT; 17.
eqsteritoriuli organizaciebi
da organoebi. pirveli xuTi
ganyofileba materialur-- niv-
Tobrivi warmoebis sferos,
xolo danarCeni Tormeti, ser-
visze orientirebulobis gamo,
momsaxurebis sferos Seadgens.
aseTi dayofis aucilebloba
kidev ufro ganamtkica 70--iani
wlebis bolos da 80--iani wle-
bis dasawyisSi ganviTarebuli
qveynebis piradi moxmarebis
struqturaSi materialuri dov-
laTis xvedriTi wonis inten-
siurma Semcirebam da sxvadasx-
va saxis momsaxurebis wilis
57
Sesabamisma gadidebam.
ssdk- is IV variantSi ma-
terialur--nivTobrivi warmoe-
bis sfero (realuri seqtori)
5 ganyofilebis nacvlad war-
modgenilia 4 ganyofilebad,
agraruli seqtoris (soflis
meurneoba, satyeo meurneoba,
nadiroba, meTevzeoba) erT
ganyofilebad warmodgenis
safuZvelze. danarCeni ganyo-
filebebi momsaxurebis diver-
sificirebis Sedegad Camoyal-
ibebuli dargebia.
ssdk-is mizania ara erov-
nuli klasifikaciebis Secvla,
aramed erovnuli statistikuri
monacemebis saerTaSoriso Se-
darebisaTvis safuZvlis uzrun-
velyofa. im SemTxvevaSi, rode-
sac erovnuli klasifikacia
gansxvavdeba saerTaSorisosa-
gan, Sedarebas axdenen erovnu-
li klasifikaciebidan miRebu-
li monacemebis gadajgufebis
safuZvelze.
ganviTarebuli qveynebi
ssdk- s ganixilaven rogorc
arsebiTad sakuTar erovnul
klasifikaciaze dafuZnebuls
da misgan warmoebuls, xolo
ganviTarebadi qveynebi, piriqiT,
TavianT erovnul klasifikacie-
bs ssdk-ze dafuZnebulad da
misgan warmoebulad miiCneven.
ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi
TavianTi erovnuli klasifika-
58
ciebis gadasinjvisas, qveynis
Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswine-
biT, cdiloben maqsimalurad mi-
uaxloon isini gaeros ssdk-s.
ganviTarebadi qveynebi, imis gamo,
rom sakuTari klasifikaciis
damuSavebisaTvis ara aqvT auci-
lebeli infrastruqtura (es
ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia sta-
tistikis ganviTarebis dabali
doniT), gaeros ssdk-s iyeneben
umniSvnelo cvlilebebiT an
saerTod ucvlelad, rogorc
erovnul klasifikaciebs.
ssdk mWidro kavSirSia
gaeros erovnuli angariSebis
sistemasTan. igi uzrunvelyofs
ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxe-
obebad dayofas da mniSvnelo-
van rols asrulebs sawarmoo
princi pis mixedviT erovnuli
angariSebis SedgenaSi.
gakotreba (bankruptcy)
[<ital. bancarotta] - finansuri
kraxi, rac dadgenilia sasa-
marTlos mier. gakotrebis ofi-
cialurad gamocxadebis dRi-
dan kompania kargavs Tavisi
qonebis gankargvis uflebas.
galoni (gallon) - moculo-
bisa da tevadobis erTeuli aSS--
Si, did britaneTsa da sxva qvey-
nebSi, Seicavs 8 pintas. 1 ga-
loni Txevadi nivTierebebisaT-
vis did britaneTSi utolde-
ba 4546 litrs, xolo aSS--Si
_ 3785 litrs, fxvierisaTvis
gakotreba
_ 4405 litrs (aSS--Si); ame-
rikuli Txevadi galoni gam-
oiyeneba laTinuri amerikis mra-
val qveyanaSi.
gamovlenis lagi (recog-
nition lag) - Sida lagis warmo-
qmnis erT--erTi komponenti, gan-
vlili dro potenciuri de-
stabilizaciuri faqtoris war-
moSobis momentsa da ekonomi-
kuri politikis ganmsazRvre-
li pirebis mier am momentis
dadgenas Soris.
gamoTvliTi ekonomika
(computational economics) – ma-
Tematikuri modelebisa da so-
cialur-ekonomikuri procese-
bis imitaciuri modelirebis
cifrobrivi gadawyveta. maTem-
atikur ekonomikasTan erTad
(romelic ZiriTadad modeleb-
is analitikur gadaWrazea mi-
marTuli) ukanasknel period-
Si farTod gavrcelda gamoTv-
liTi ekonomika, Camoyalibda axa-
li midgomebi, romlebic did
rols asruleben ekonomikuri
Teoriis ganviTarebaSi.
gamoTvliT ekonomikas, gamoT-
vliT ekonometrikasTan erTad,
aqvs gamoyenebiTi mniSvneloba,
warmoadgens ekonomikuri poli-
tikis alternatiul RonisZie-
baTa analizis sakvanZo instru-
ments, saTanado wvlili Seaqvs
ekonomikis `empiriul Semobru-
nebaSi~.
ganawilebis Teoriebi 59
ukanasknel periodSi Tana- ganawilebas, romlis Seswav-
medrove ekonomikur TeoriaSi lisas ekonomistebi ikvleven in-
Teoriuli maTematikuri ekono- dividualuri Semosavlebis
mikis (maTematikuri modelire- ganmsazRvrel faqtorebs, im
ba) batonoba kiTxvis qveS dad- faqtorebisgan damoukideblad,
ga. mis mTavar konkurentad romelTa daxmarebiTac es Se-
gamodis ara verbaluri mode- mosavlebi iqna miRebuli.
lireba, aramed empiriuli eko- klasikuri skolis warmomad-
nomika, romelsac safuZvlad genlebi (gansakuTrebiT d. ri-
udevs ekonometrikuri modeleb- kardo) Semosavlebis funqcio-
is gamoyeneba. naluri ganawilebis ganxilvi-
gamoSvebis bunebrivi mo- sas xazs usvamdnen antagonis-
culoba (natural level of output) – tur damokidebulebas kapi-
warmoebis moculoba, romelic talze mogebis normasa da fiq-
miiRweva dasaqmebis bunebrivi sirebul xelfass Soris, ro-
donis pirobebSi. melic ganisazRvreba sacxovre-
gamyidvelis bazari (sel- beli minimumiT, mosaxleobis
ler’s market) - situacia bazar- zrdiTa da zRvruli Sromis
ze, rodesac moTxovna aRemateba mwarmoeblurobiT. zRvruli
miwodebas, monopolizmis maRa- mwarmoeblurobis doqtrina ga-
li done monopoliur fasebs naviTara neoklasikurma skolam,
warmoqmnis da bazris kontra- romelSic warmoebis faqtore-
hentebs Tavs axvevs sameurneo bis fasi ganisazRvreba moTx-
xelSekrulebaTa diskriminaci- ovnisa da miwodebis urTier-
ul pirobebs. TzemoqmedebiT. k. marqsis ga-
ganawilebis Teoriebi nawilebis Teoria eyrdnoba
(distribution theories) - Teoriebi, klasobrivi brZolis, teqnikuri
romlebic xsnian erovnuli Se- progresis, mosaxleobis zrdis,
mosavlis ganawilebis meqanizms muSaTa organizebulobisa da
kerZo pirebsa da ekonomikur kapitalisturi warmoebis axal
jgufebs Soris. ganasxvaveben sferoebSi SeRwevis urTierT-
Semosavlis funqcionalur damokidebulebas.
ganawilebas, rac gulisxmobs ganawilebis neokeinzianuri
erovnuli produqtis ganawile- modeli dakavSirebulia m. ka-
bas warmoebis faqtorebis (miwa, leckis, j. robinsonis, n. kal-
Sroma, kapitali) mesakuTreebs dorisa da sxva mecnierTa Te-
Soris da piradi Semosavlis oriebTan, romlebic aqcents
60
akeTeben sabazro struqture-
bis rolze, muSaTa organize-
basa da moTxovnis ganmsazRvrel
faqtorebze makroekonomikur
modelebSi.
ganviTarebadi qveynebi
(developing countries) - msofli-
os Raribi qveynebis ekonomikuri
mdgomareobis es saxelwodeba
xmarebaSi Semovida XX sauku-
nis 60--ian wlebSi iseTi saTa-
kilo gamonaTqvamis magivrad,
rogoricaa sustad ganviTare-
buli anu CamorCenili qveyne-
bi. iTvleba, rom am kategorias
miekuTvneba qveynebi, romelTa
mSp mosaxleobis erT sulze
ar aRemateba aSS--is Sesabami-
si maCveneblis (43555 dola-
ri) erT mexuTeds. Tumca ase-
Ti gansazRvra ar aris abso-
luturi, vinaidan zogierTi
qveyana, magaliTad, Sua aRmo-
savleTis navTobgadammuSavebe-
li qveynebi, am maCveneblis mi-
xedviT SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT
ganviTarebul qveynebs (mag., qu-
veiTi _ 18370 dolari), mag-
ram Semosavlebis ganawilebi-
sa da momsaxurebis xelmisawv-
domobis mixedviT, isini ganvi-
Tarebadia.
ganviTarebis strategia
(development strategy) - ganvi-
Tarebis problemisadmi midgo-
ma, rac damokidebulia ekonomi-
kuri zrdis ama Tu im mode-
ganviTarebadi qveynebi
lis gamoyenebaze. arsebobs uam-
ravi erTmaneTisagan gansxvave-
buli strategia, romelTa
Soris aRsaniSnavia Semdegi max-
asiaTeblebi: importis Senacv-
leba Sida warmoebiT, samrewve-
lo ganviTareba, qalaqebisa da
sasoflo raionebis balansire-
buli ganviTareba, soflis meur-
neobis mxardaWera da gafar-
Toeba, saeqsporto seqtoris
ganviTareba ucxouri valut-
is miRebis mizniT da a.S. ganvi-
Tarebis strategia gansakuTre-
biT mniSvnelovania ganviTare-
badi qveynebisaTvis.
ganviTarebuli qveynebi
(developed countries) - msofli-
os maRalSemosavliani saxelm-
wifoebi, romlebmac (istoriu-
lad an ganviTarebis dRevan-
del etapze) miaRwies indus-
triuli ganviTarebisa da mo-
saxleobis cxovrebis maRal
dones, rogoric SesaZlebelia
arsebuli simdidrisa da te-
qnologiebis pirobebSi. sxva-
dasxva organizacia sxvadasx-
va qveyanas miiCnevs ganviTare-
bulad. magram arsebobs 22 qvey-
ana, romlebic nebismier klas-
ifikasiaSi xvdebian. es qvey-
nebia: aSS, iaponia, safrangeTi,
germania, gaerTianebuli same-
fo, SvedeTi, avstria, belgia,
dania, fineTi, islandia, irlan-
dia, italia, luqsemburgi, nider-
gansaxelmwifoebriveba
landi, norvegia, portugalia,
espaneTi, Sveicaria, kanada, avs-
tralia, axali zelandia. gan-
viTarebuli qveynebis upirate-
soba danarCen msofliosTan isaa,
rom am qveynebSi gatarebuli
sabazro reformebis safuZ-
velze met-naklebi warmatebu-
lobiT funqcionirebs socialu-
rad orientirebuli sabazro
ekonomikuri sistema, romelmac
aSkara upiratesoba da maRali
efeqtianoba daamtkica rogorc
wminda kapitalistur, ise kvazi-
socialistur ekonomikur sis-
temebTan SedarebiT.
gankargvadi Semosavali
(disposable income) – Semosavlis
is nawili, romelic momxmare-
blebs rCebaT saxelmwifosgan
transferebis miRebisa da ga-
dasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg.
roca gankargvadi Semosavali
izrdeba, izrdeba moxmarebac.
gankargviTi erovnuli
Semosavali (disposable nation-
al income) - wminda erovnul Se-
mosavals plus mimdinare tran-
sferebi sazRvargareTidan (hu-
manitaruli daxmareba, Sewiru-
loba da sxv.), gamoklebuli
sazRvargareT gacemuli analo-
giuri transferebi anu minus
mimdinare transferebis saldo.
gankargviTi mTliani
erovnuli Semosavali (dis-
posable gross national income) -
61
realuri Semosavali, romelic
gamoiyeneba erToblivi saboloo
moxmarebisa da danazogisaTvis.
sabazro fasebiT igi aris VIG-s
plus (minus) wminda saldo
erovnul ekonomikasa da danar-
Cen msoflios Soris gada-
saxdelebisa da sxva mimdinare
transferebis mixedviT.
gankargviTi wminda er-
ovnuli Semosavali (dis-
posable net national income) - to-
lia gankargulebaSi darCenil
mTlian erovnul Semosavals
gamoklebuli ZiriTadi kapi-
talis moxmareba.
gansaxelmwifoebriveba
(economy destatization, denational-
ization) - sawarmoTa gamoyvana
mmarTvelobis saxelmwifo or-
ganoebis uSualo daqvemdebare-
bidan da maTi gardaqmna kerZo
sawarmoebad, aqcionerul sa-
zogadoebebad, kooperativebad,
sapaio amxanagobebad da sxva
arasaxelmwifoebriv struqtu-
rebad. SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
sxvadasxva formiT. maT Soris
ZiriTadia saxelmwifo sakuTre-
bis privatizacia, aqcionireba,
arendiT gadacema da sxv. de-
regulirebas zog SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba ar mohyves sakuTreb-
is formis Secvla. mTavaria,
saxelmwifom uari Tqvas same-
urneo rgolebis pirdapir mar-
Tvaze. amis safuZvelze sawar-
62
moTa saqmianobaSi saxelmwifo
organoebis funqciebi minimu-
mamde Semcirdeba da, Sesabam-
isad, sawarmos uflebebi ga-
farTovdeba. amrigad, gansaxelm-
wifoebriveba iTvaliswinebs
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri ro-
lisa da funqciebis Secvlas
sazogadoebrivi warmoebis sax-
elmwifo reglamentaciis sf-
eros Sekvecisa da ekonomikis
regulirebis upiratesad ara-
ekonomikuri meTodebidan ekono-
mikur meTodebze gadasvlis sa-
fuZvelze.
saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi
gansaxelmwifoebriveba ganixi-
leba rogorc ekonomikis gasax-
elmwifoebrivebisa (nacional-
izaciis) da sazogadoebrivi
warmoebis saxelmwifo--direqti-
uli reglamentaciis sawinaaRm-
dego procesi.
ekonomikis gansaxelmwifoe-
brivebis Tanmxlebi ZiriTadi
procesebia: 1. ekonomikaSi sax-
elmwifo seqtoris wilis Sem-
cireba saxelmwifo da munici-
paluri sawarmoebis privati-
zaciis safuZvelze; 2. saxelm-
wifo sawarmoTa komercializa-
cia; 3. saxelmwifo biujetis
meSveobiT gadanawilebuli mep-
is wilis Semcireba im wminda
produqtis wilis Sekvecis
safuZvelze, romelic Tavs iy-
rida sazogadoebis centrali-
garanti
zebul fondSi. praqtikulad
laparakia mogebis im wilis
(rogorc SefardebiT, ise ab-
solutur) Semcirebaze, romel-
ic Sedioda saxelmwifo biu-
jetSi gadasaxadebis saxiT; 4.
produqciis warmoebisa da mi-
wodebis savaldebulo saxelm-
wifo davalebis Secvla ekono-
mikuri stimulirebis sistemiT,
rac, saxeldobr, gulisxmobs
saxelmwifo SekveTebidan sax-
elmwifo Sesyidvebze gadasv-
las; 5. centralizebuli in-
vesticiebidan dakreditebis
sistemaze gadasvla; 6. materi-
aluri, finansuri da SromiTi
resursebis ZiriTadi nawilis
centralizebul ganawilebasa
da gadanawilebaze uaris Tqma,
saqonlis, Sromisa da kapitalis
bazrebis formireba; 7. saga-
reo-- ekonomikuri kavSirebis
saxelmwifo monopoliis likvi-
dacia.
saqarTveloSi ekonomikis
gansaxelmwifoebrivebis Tanmx-
lebi procesia saxelmwifo sa-
kuTrebis demonopolizacia da
sabazro infrastruqturis Ca-
moyalibeba.
garanti (guarantee, war-
rantor) - pirovneba, organiza-
cia, saxelmwifo, romelic iZl-
eva garkveul garantiebs da
Tvalyurs adevnebs maT Ses-
rulebas.
gare efeqtebi
garantia (guarantee, war-
ranty) - Tavdeboba, samarT-
lebrivi princi pebisa da sa-
Sualebebis erToblioba, romel-
ic valdebulebaTa Sesrule-
bas uzrunvelyofs.
gardamavali periodi
(transition period) - drois peri-
odi, romlis ganmavlobaSi
ekonomikuri sistemis konver-
siis safuZvelze qveynis eko-
nomika Tvisebrivad axal mdgo-
mareobaSi gadadis.
gare danaxarj
danaxarjeb eb
ebii (exter-
nal expenses) – firmis mTliani
danaxarjebis is nawili, romel-
sac igi gaiRebs gareT SeZeni-
li materialuri da SromiTi
resursebisaTvis.
gare efeqtebi (external-
ities) - eqsternaliebi, romlebic
ar aisaxeba fasebis sistemaSi;
adamianTa saqmianobis saboloo
Sedegebis garkveuli mxare,
romelsac SeiZleba hqondes
rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofi-
Ti gamoxatuleba. dadebiTi
dakavSirebulia sargebliano-
basTan, xolo uaryofiTi _
xarjTan. es aris fasSi ausax-
veli xelsayreloba an xarji
da `gare~ ewodeba imitom, rom
exeba ara mxolod konkretul
saqmianobaSi monawile ekono-
mikur agentebs, aramed vlin-
deba maT gareT mimdinare pro-
cesebSic. gare efeqtebis gam-
63
ovlenis areali zogjer Zalian
masStaburia da vrceldeba mTel
sazogadoebaze. isini Tanamdevi
xarjia, `gadasxmis~ xarjia. maT
miekuTvneba Tanmxlebi social-
ur-ekonomikuri efeqtebi, rom-
lebic gamovlindeba konkret-
uli ekonomikuri saqmianobis
gareT da aisaxeba Sromis ro-
gorc dadebiT, ise uaryofiT
SedegebSi. mag., garemos dacvas,
an kidev, infeqciuri daavadeb-
is Tavidan acilebis mizniT sas-
meli wylis sanaciis progra-
mis ganxorcielebas axlavs
uaRresad dadebiTi gare efeq-
ti _ ekologiuri da sani-
tariuli normebis darRvevisa
da misgan gamowveuli zaralis
Tavidan acileba, xolo mosax-
leobis saganmanaTleblo do-
nis zrda, rac ganapirobebs
kulturuli msoflmxedvelo-
bis amaRlebas, axali garemo-
sadmi adaptaciis SesaZle-
blobebis gadidebas da sxv.,
xels uwyobs soflis mcx-
ovrebTa masobriv migracias
qalaqSi da, saboloo angariSiT,
iwvevs sasoflo--sameurneo ka-
drebis deficits, urbanizaci-
is procesis gaZlierebas, umu-
SevrobasTan erTad siRatakisa
da danaSaulobaTa zrdas, an
kidev, qalTa SromiTi resurse-
bis dasaqmeba iwvevs Sobadobis
Semcirebasa da a.S.
64 gare efeqtis internalizacia
bazars ar SeuZlia misTvis
niSandoblivi faswarmoqmnis
meqanizmis meSveobiT Seafasos
adamianTa saqmianobis gare efeq-
tebi. es ukanaskneli gamoixa-
teba ekologiuri wonasworobis
dacviT, esTetikur faseulo-
baTa, kulturis ZeglTa, buneb-
rivi landSaftebis SenarCunebi-
Ta da movla--patronobiT, mo-
saxleobis sicocxlis xangr-
Zlivobisa da aqtiuri saqmi-
anobis periodis gadidebiT,
daavadebaTa SemcirebiT, pirov-
nebis SemoqmedebiTi potencia-
lis zrdiT, mosaxleobis fiz-
ikuri ganviTarebis donis, mo-
qalaqeobrivi kulturis amaR-
lebiT da sxv. gare efeqtis ga-
moxatva fuliT SeuZlebelia. mi-
si gazomvisaTvis farTod gamoi-
yeneba naturaluri maCveneblebi.
gare efeqtis internali-
zacia (externality internalization)
- gare efeqtis gadaqceva ker-
Zo xarjebis elementad.
gare lagi (outside lag) -
drois Sualedi makroekonomiku-
ri politikis realizaciasa da
misi sruli efeqtis miRebas
Soris.
gasaRebis mrudi (curve
of sale) - grafikuli gamosax-
uleba maTematikuri damokide-
bulebisa fasebis donesa da im
saqonlis moculobas Soris,
romlis yidvac SesaZlebelia
bazarze fasebis ama Tu im donis
pirobebSi. gasaRebis mrudis
ageba gasaRebis samsaxuris mniS-
vnelovani amocanaa, vinaidan sa-
bazro ekonomikaSi nebismier ko-
merciul gadawyvetilebas imis
gaTvaliswinebiT iReben, Tu ro-
gor gavlenas moaxdens igi pro-
duqciis gasaRebaze. gasaRebis
mrudis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebe-
lia zustad SeirCes fasebis
optimaluri done da firmis
yvelaze gonivruli komerciu-
li politika.
gauTvaliswinebeli da-
nax arji
naxarji (unforeseen expense)
- ama Tu im resursis gamoye-
nebaze gaweuli danaxarji, rac
izomeba am resursis yvelaze
ukeTesi alternatiuli gzis
gamouyeneblobiT gamowveuli
danakargebiT. xelidan gaSve-
buli, gamouyenebeli SesaZle-
blobebis danaxarji.
gauTvaliswinebeli in-
flacia (unanticipated inflation)
- inflaciis faqtobrivi temp-
is gadaWarbeba mosalodnelze.
Tu inflaciis mosalodneli
tempi weliwadSi 5%--ia, xolo
faqtobrivi amave periodSi
utoldeba 10%-- s, maSin in-
flaciis gauTvaliswinebeli
tempi Seadgens 5%--s.
gaufasureba (depreciation,
devaluation) - erovnuli valu-
tis msyidvelobiTi unaris dace-
gelbreiTi jon keneti
ma ucxour valutasTan Sedar-
ebiT.
gayidvaze gadasaxadi (sa-
les tax) - arapirdapiri gadasa-
xadi, romelsac ixdian momx-
mareblebi saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis SeZenisas. igi brun-
vidan gadasaxadis saxesxvaobaa,
farTod gamoiyeneba aSS-- Si,
xolo did britaneTSi, gfr--sa
da mraval sxva qveyanaSi (maT
Soris, saqarTveloSi) man mi-
iRo damatebul Rirebulebaze
gadasaxadis saxelwodeba.
`gacveTili fexsacmlis~
danaxarjebi (shoe leather costs)
– saCeko angariSidan valutis
gamosatanad bankSi siarulTan
dakavSirebuli danaxarjebi.
saqme isaa, rom saSualovadian
periodSi realur saprocento
ganakveTze inflacia zemoqmede-
bas ar axdens. inflaciis zrda
nominaluri saprocento ganak-
veTis zrdaze aisaxeba, rac fu-
lis flobis maRal alternati-
ul danaxarjebs iwvevs. sabo-
loo angariSiT, ekonomikuri
subieqtebi TavianT fulis ma-
rags bankSi ufro xSiri siaru-
liT amcireben, riTac gamoix-
ateba `gacveTili fexsacmlis~
danaxarjebi. es danaxarjebi na-
klebi iqneboda, rom qveyanaSi
inflaciis zrdis tempi nak-
lebi yofiliyo, rac dadebiT
gavlenas moaxdenda saqmian aq-
65
tiurobaze.
gacvliTi kursi - ix.
valutis kursi.
gedonistikuri fasi (he-
donistic price) - saqonlis impli-
cituri anu faruli fasi.
saqonlis mocemuli raodeno-
ba SeiZleba ganawildes misi
xarisxis ganmsazRvreli mrava-
li maxasiaTeblis mixedviT.
saqonlis fasi nawilobriv Sei-
Zleba dakavSirebuli iyos mis
konkretul maxasiaTeblebTan da
amis safuZvelze Sefasdes
xarisxis cvlilebac. gedonis-
tikuri fasis Teoria xarisx-
is cvlilebis Sesafaseblad
pirvelad SemoiRo c. grili-
hesma da gamoiyena sacxovre-
belze moTxovnis analizisa da
garemos ekonomikur TeoriaSi.
gelbreiTi jon keneti
(1908--2006) (Galbraith John Ken-
neth) - amerikeli (warmoSobiT
kanadeli) ekonomisti, socio-
logi da sazogado moRvawe.
neoinstitucionalizmis Tval-
saCino warmomadgeneli, harvar-
dis universitetis profesori
(1948). eweoda samecniero--kvle-
viT saqmianobas aSS--sa da sxva
qveynebis mTavrobebTan da akade-
miur institutebSi. iyo aSS--is
elCi indoeTSi (1961-- 1963).
misi cnobili naSromebia: `indus-
triuli sazogadoeba~ (1967),
`ekonomikuri Teoria da sazo-
66
gadoebis miznebi~ (1973), `eko-
nomikuri Teoriis istoria: war-
suli rogorc Tanamedroveo-
ba~ (1987) da a.S.
giravnobis sigeli (mor-
tgage) - uZravi qonebis dagi-
ravebis safuZvelze bankis mier
gacemuli savalo mowmoba.
girao (mortgage) - savalo
valdebuleba, romelic uzrun-
velyofilia konkretuli uZra-
vi qonebiT (miwa an Senoba--nage-
boba). saxelSekrulebo valde-
bulebaTa Sesrulebis uzrun-
velyofis erT--erTi xerxi. im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu movalem (giraos
gamcemma) aRebuli valdebuleba
ar Seasrula, giraos safuZvelze
kreditors ufleba aqvs miiTvi-
sos sagiravno qoneba.
girao SeiZleba iyos pirve-
li giravnobis sigeli, romlis
mixedviTac kreditors eniWeba
upiratesi ufleba, pirvelma
warmoadginos pretenzia dagi-
ravebul qonebaze, an meore, me-
same, meoTxe da a.S. giravnobis
sigeli, roca pretenziis ward-
genis vada dgeba wina giravno-
bis sigelis mesakuTris ufleb-
is realizaciis Semdeg.
giraoTi uzrunvelyo-
fili obligacia (security
in the form of bonds) - obliga-
cia, romelic gamoSvebulia ko-
rporaciis giraoTi. aseTi ob-
ligaciis mflobelis, rogorc
giravnobis sigeli
kreditoris, moTxovna kmayo-
fildeba pirvel rigSi.
girvanqa (pound) [<laT.
pondus wona, sawoni] - 1. masis
erTeuli mraval qveyanaSi,
romelsac aqvs gansxvavebuli
sidide _ 317,62--dan 560 gra-
mamde; 2. masis ZiriTadi er-
Teuli inglisur sazomTa
sistemaSi, uTanabrdeba 0,4536
kg--s, saafTiaqo da samoneto
girvanqa _ 0,3732 kg--s; 3. ma-
sis erTeuli rusul sistema-
Si, romelic gauqmda 1918 wels.
1 girvanqa _ 1/40 fuTs _ 32
lots _ 0,4095 kg--s; 4. zo-
gierTi qveynis fulis erTeu-
li, mag., egvi pturi girvanqa,
girvanqa sterlingi.
globalizacia (global-
ization) - msoflios yvela qvey-
anasa da regionSi mimdinare
socialur--ekonomikuri, poli-
tikuri, kulturuli, mecnier-
ul--teqnologiuri da a.S. pro-
cesebis unifikacia aSS--sa da
evroatlantikuri blokis um-
sxvilesi qveynebis mier Se-
muSavebuli moTxovnebis (norme-
bis, faseulobebis, kriteriume-
bisa da a.S.) Sesabamisad.
globalizacia fragmenta-
ciis (dayofa, danawevreba) sawi-
naaRmdego terminad mogvevli-
na XX saukunis 80--ian wlebSi,
rodesac pirvelad amerikelma
mecnierma T. levitma igi cal-
globalizacia
keuli bazrebis Seswavlis pro-
cesis asaxsnelad gamoiyena. Tu
Tavdapirvelad globalizacia
wminda ekonomikuri Sinaarsis
termini iyo, sul ramdenime
weliwadSi farTo mniSvnelo-
ba SeiZina da sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis yvela sfero moicva.
1990 wels londonSi gamoce-
mul krebulSi _ `globaliza-
cia: Semecneba da sazogadoeba~
_ es termini pirvelma gamoiy-
ena m. elbroum msoflios qvey-
nebisa da xalxebis, sxvadasxva
civilizaciisa da kulturis
erTianobis gamosaxatavad. amave
wels, farTo gagebiT, igi ag-
reTve gamoiyena iaponelma k.
omem, xolo 1999 wels davos-
Si gamarTuli msoflio ekono-
mikuri forumis mTavari Tema
swored globalizacia iyo.
globalizaciis procesi sa-
Taves iRebs XX saukunis 60--iani
wlebidan, Tumca am yovlismom-
cvel process win uZRoda amave
saukunis 40--ian wlebSi daw-
yebuli `keinzianuri revolu-
cia~, romelmac biZgi misca
Tvisebrivad axal ekonomikur
zrdas da mniSvnelovani roli
Seasrula globalizaciis war-
moSobaSi. aRniSnuli procesi
garkveulwilad daaCqara 50--ian
wlebSi dekolonizaciis far-
Tod gaSlam, agreTve mecnier-
ul--teqnologiuri progresis
67
safuZvelze msoflioSi mim-
dinare struqturulma cv-
lilebebma, rac, upirveles yov-
lisa, momsaxurebis sferos pri-
oritetul ganviTarebaSi gam-
oixata. msoflios ekonomikurma
ganviTarebam axali Tvisebrio-
ba SeiZina. 70-- iani wlebis
dasawyisSi industriuli sa-
zogadoebis gadazrdam postin-
dustriulSi axali biZgi mis-
ca msoflio ganviTarebas. am
Tvisebriv naxtomSi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom man
ekonomikas socialuri orien-
tacia SesZina. sabazro urT-
ierTobebma sakuTrebis plu-
ralizmis damkvidrebiT, SeiZle-
ba iTqvas `Stampi moxsna~ ve-
lur kapitalizms da gza gaux-
sna sakuTrebis demokratizaci-
is process. bazarma sruliad
sxva Sinaarsi SeiZina. ekonomikis
saxelmwifo regulirebasTan
erTad, kacobriobis mraval-
saukunovani arsebobis manZilze
bazari pirvelad meurneobis
efeqtian meqanizmad Camoyali-
bda. am garemoebam dasabami misca
sazogadoebriv gardaqmnebs ax-
al ampluaSi da dadebiTi gav-
lena moaxdina Tanamedrove sa-
zogadoebis formirebaze, axal
sociumze, ramac xeli Seuwyo
humanizaciis procesebis gaR-
rmavebas. ganviTarebulma sam-
yarom miiRo axali drois gamo-
68
wveva. safuZveli Caeyara samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebis formire-
bas. es iyo win gadadgmuli
nabiji ufro maRali social-
uri da amave dros, axali msof-
lio wesrigis damyarebis Tval-
sazrisiT.
globalizacias axali im-
pulsi SesZina 90--ian wlebSi
elviseburad ganviTarebulma
socialurma kataklizmebma, rac
swrafad dagvirgvinda msoflio
socialisturi sistemis ngre-
viTa da komunisturi social-
izmis xanis dasrulebiT. es
drois moTxovna da global-
izaciis msoflio procesis ga-
moZaxilic iyo.
globalizacia Tanamedrove
msoflios erT--erTi ZiriTadi
Taviseburebaa, romelic gan-
sazRvravs msoflio politikis
Sinaarss. igi radikalurad cv-
lis Tanamedrove sazogadoeb-
is cxovrebis Sinaarssac.
globalizacia ara mxolod
aaxloebs qveynebs erTmaneTTan,
aramed urTierTdamokidebul-
sac xdis maT. igi aCqarebs
calkeul qveynebSi Ria sazoga-
doebis Camoyalibebas da an-
grevs Caketil, totalitarul
reJimebsa da ekonomikebs. glo-
balizacia xels uwyobs part-
nioruli urTierTobebis wina
planze wamowevas, msoflio mas-
StabiT resursebis efeqtian
globalizacia
gamoyenebas, mecnierebis miRw-
evebis mokle vadaSi danergvas,
resursdamzogveli da nak-
lebnarCeniani teqnologiebis
farTod gavrcelebas, inteleq-
tualuri kapitalis warmoCe-
nas, internetuli qselisa da,
saerTod, sainformacio indus-
triis swraf ganviTarebas, kap-
italis Tavisufal moZraobas,
gansakuTrebiT, finansuri kapi-
talis mobilurobis zrdas da
a.S. bolo xans sainformacio
teqnologiebSi momxdarma rev-
oluciam da transportis sfe-
roSi ganxorcielebulma ko-
losalurma progresma Seamcira
warmoebis xarjebi. amitom ase-
Ti transformaciis pirobebSi,
Seicvala Tavad warmoebis mas-
Stabis efeqtic.
globalizacia Tavisi ar-
siT universaluria. amitom misi
masStabebisa da funqciebidan
gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania ram-
denad marTuli iqneba es mra-
valwaxnagovani da winaaRm-
degobebiT savse fenomeni.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi glo-
balizacias didi zianis mo-
tana SeuZlia kacobriobi-
saTvis.
globalizaciis Zlieri ten-
denciebi dRes gardauvalia. mas
bevr pozitiurTan erTad, ax-
lavs garkveuli negatiuri Sede-
gebi. igi gansakuTrebul saf saf--
globalizaciis KOF- in deqsi
indeqsi 69
rTxes uqmnis mci re region- rebuli gavlenis moxdena. igi
mcire
ebs, qveynebsa da erebs, uaryo- sul ufro da ufro `grilde-
fiT gavlenas axdens loka loka-- ba~. amitom erovnuli ekonomike-
lur kultu rebze.
kulturebze. bis efeqtiani marTvis funqcie-
saerTaSoriso SezRudveb- bi ecema.
is pirobebSi dRes SeuZlebe- mesame aTaswleulis dasa-
lia erovnuli ekonomikebis mar- wyisSi globalizaciis proce-
Tvis damoukidebeli strate- si mkveTrad diferencirebulia,
giebis ganxorcieleba. saxelm- xasiaTdeba Sinagani winaaRmde-
wifoebi, gansakuTrebiT damouki- gobebiT, romlebic upiratesad
deblobis gzaze axaldamdgari Tavs iCens ganviTarebad qvey-
qveynebi naklebad avtonomiuria. nebSi.
maT sul ufro naklebi eqsk- globalizaciis KOF- -in-
luziuri kontroli aqvT sak- deqsi (KOF Globalization Index)
uTar teritoriaze mimdinare - globalizaciis kompleqsuri
socialur--ekonomikur proces- maCvenebeli, romelic Seiqmna
ebze, amasTan, erovnuli Tavise- 2002 wels. monacemebi Ziri-
burebebisa da tradiciebis Se- Tadad eyrdnoba saerTaSoriso
narCunebis naklebi unari Sesw- savaluto fondis, msoflio
evT. mcire qveynebis kultura bankis, gaeros ganaTlebis, mec-
sul ufro metad eqceva wina- nierebisa da kulturis orga-
aRmdegobaSi msoflio proces- nizaciis, vaWrobisa da ganvi-
ebTan. Tarebis Sesaxeb gaeros kon-
Rrmavdeba msoflio ekono- ferenciis wliur angariSebs, sa-
mikis institucionalizaciis erTaSoriso safosto statis-
procesi. saerTaSoriso doneze tikis sainformacio masalebs.
marTuli politikuri gadaw- globalizaciis KOF-ind-
yvetilebebis mniSvnelovani eqsis zogadi maCveneblis mixed-
nawili kontroldeba saerTa- viT lideroben da pirvel aTe-
Soriso organizaciebis mier, ulSi Sedian: belgia, irlandia,
msoflios saagentoebs, savaWro niderlandi, Sveicaria, avstria,
blokebsa da mTavar saxelmwi- SvedeTi, dania, kanada, luqsem-
foebs Soris dadebuli xelSek- burgi da ungreTi. am maCveneb-
rulebebiT. liT saqarTvelo 59,85%-- iT
dRes erovnul politikas 90--e adgilzea.
aRar SeuZlia ekonomikur da globalizaciis KOF inde-
socialur Sedegebze gansakuT- qsiT (procentuli gamosax-
70 globalizaciis KOF- in deqsi
ulebiT) yovelwliurad gan-
isazRvreba msoflios 158 qvey-
anaSi politikuri, ekonomikuri
da socialuri globalizaci-
is xarisxi.
politikuri globaliza-
cia gamoiTvleba iseTi maCveneb-
lebiT, rogoricaa saerTa-
Soriso organizaciebis wevroba,
qveyanaSi saelCoebisa da saer-
TaSoriso xelSekrulebebis
raodenoba, gaeros usafrTxoe-
bis misiis wevroba. am maCveneb-
liT ganisazRvreba samTavro-
bo politikis gavrcelebis
xarisxi. politikur global-
izaciaSi, saerTaSoriso wes-
rigis damyarebis TvalsazrisiT,
mniSvnelovani roli gaerosa da
sxva struqturebs akisria.
politikuri globalizaciis
maCveneblis mixedviT pirvel
aTeulSi Sedian: safrangeTi,
italia, belgia, avstria, Svede-
Ti, Sveicaria, kanada, aSS da
poloneTi. am qveynebSi poli-
tikuri globalizaciis KOF--
indeqsi 93,88%--sa da 89,03%--s
Soris fiqsirdeba. saqarTvelo
46,08%--iT 138--e adgilzea.
ekonomikuri globaliza-
cia, romelSic mniSvnelovan
rols transerovnuli korpo-
raciebi (tek-ebi) asruleben,
ganisazRvreba iseTi maCveneb-
lebiT, rogoricaa saqonlis,
momsaxurebis, kapitalis sazR-
indeqsi
vargareT gatanis masStabebi da
sagareo vaWrobaSi CarTulo-
bis done, gaxsnilobisa da in-
tegrirebis tendenciebis ga-
Zliereba, informaciebis nakade-
bis Sor manZilze gavrceleb-
is xarisxi, ucxouri inves-
ticiebis qveyanaSi Semodinebis
moculoba, saerTaSoriso vaW-
robaSi sabaJo politikis sim-
kacris xarisxi da saimporto
barierebi da a.S. ekonomikuri
globalizacia mravalmxrivi
procesia. igi aZlierebs qvey-
nebs Soris urTierTkavSirsa da
sameurneo internacionaliza-
cias.
ekonomikuri globalizaci-
is KOF--indeqsi, romelic gamo-
xatavs mocemuli qveynis msof-
lio ekonomikaSi integrirebis
xarisxs, 96,67%--sa da 88,11%--s
Soris fiqsirdeba. am maCveneb-
liT pirvel aTeulSi Sedian:
singapuri, luqsemburgi, irlan-
dia, malta, belgia, niderlandi,
estoneTi, ungreTi, bahreini,
SvedeTi, xolo saqarTvelo
69,43%--iT 51--e adgilzea.
socialuri globaliza-
cia ganisazRvreba saerTaSo-
riso turizmis ganviTarebis
doniT, saerTaSoriso satele-
fono kavSirebiTa da werilebiT,
qveynis mTlian mosaxleobaSi
ucxoelTa wiliT, yovel 1000
kacze internetiT momxmarebel-
globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsi
Ta raodenobiT, wignebisa da
gazeTebis vaWrobiT miRebuli
Semosavlebis wiliT mSp- mSp-Si da
a.S. igi, kulturis universali-
zaciis safuZvelze, xels uwy-
obs CamorCenili qveynebis xal-
xTa cxovrebis wesSi Tanamed-
rove civilizaciis elementeb-
is damkvidrebas, rac, Tavis mxriv,
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
sxvadasxva qveyanaTa cxovreb-
is wesis daaxlovebaSi.
socialuri globalizaci-
is maCveneblis mixedviT pir-
vel aTeulSia: luqsemburgi,
Sveicaria. irlandia, antigua
da barbuda, kvi prosi, puerto
riko, singapuri, avstria, grena-
da da belgia. am qveynebSi so-
cialuri globalizaciis KOF--
indeqsi 93,87%--sa da 88,12%--s
Soris farglebSia. saqarTvelos
am maCvenebliT 58,94%--iT 83--e
adgili uWiravs.
globaluri konkurent-
unarianobis indeqsi (Global
Competitivess Index - GCI) –
qveynis konkurentunarianobis
reitingis dadgenis mniSvnelo-
vani Semadgeneli nawili, glo-
baluri konkurentunarianobis
Sefasebis ganzogadebuli maCve-
nebeli. SeimuSava kolumbiis
universitetis profesorma
xavier salari artinma da
pirvelad gamoqveynda 2004
wels.
71
GCI Sedgeba sami ganyofi-
lebisa da 12 svetisgan, romel-
Ta gaanalizeba ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis sxvadasxva doneze my-
ofi qveynebis konkurentunari-
anobis Sefasebis SesaZleblo-
bas qmnis.
GCI-is pirveli ganyofile-
ba _ ZiriTadi moTxovnebi _
moicavs Semdeg oTx svets: I _
qveynis institucionaluri mSe-
nebloba; II _ infrastruqtu-
ra, III _ makroekonomikuri sta-
biluroba; IV _ janmrTeloba
da dawyebiTi ganaTleba.
GCI-is meore ganyofileba
efeqtianobis sayrdenebi _
moicavs Semdeg eqvs svets: V
_ umaRlesi ganaTleba da tre-
ningi; VI _ bazris efeqtianoba;
VII _ Sromis bazris efeqtiano-
ba; VIII _ finansuri bazris moq-
niloba; IX _ teqnologiuri
mzadyofna; X _ bazris sidide.
GCI-is mesame ganyofile-
ba _ inovacia da daxvewilo-
bis faqtorebi _ moicavs
danarCen or svets: XI _ bi-
znesis daxvewiloba; XII _
inovacia.
GCI-is TiToeuli sveti
dayofilia Semdeg nawilebad:
GCI-is I sveti _ institu-
cionaluri mSenebloba
mSenebloba, Tavis
mxriv, iyofa:
1. sazogadoebriv (saxel-
mwifo) da 2. kerZo institu-
72 globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsi
tebad.
sazogadoebriv institu-
tebSi Sedis:
1. qonebis ufleba:
1.1. qonebis dacva;
1.2. inteleqtualuri sa-
kuTrebis dacva.
2. eTika da korufcia:
2.1. sazogadoebrivi fonde-
bis gamoyenebis miznobrioba;
2.2. sazogadoebrivi ndoba
politikosebis mimarT.
3. gadaWarbebuli gavle-
nebi:
3.1. sasamarTlos damoukideb-
lobis SezRudva;
3.2. araobieqturoba mTavro-
bis gadawyvetilebebis miRebi-
sas.
4. mTavrobis saqmianobis
araefeqturoba:
4.1. saxelmwifo finansebis
araefeqtiani xarjva;
4.2. saxelmwifo regulire-
bis simZime;
4.3. kanonmdeblobis araefeq-
turoba;
4.4. kanonmdeblobis araefeq-
turoba davebis gadaWrisas;
4.5. mTavrobis saqmianobis
gamWirvalobis sisuste.
5. usafrTxoeba:
5.1. terorizmisagan bizne-
sis dacvis xarjebi;
5.2. kriminaluri Zaladobis
winaaRmdeg brZolis xarjebi;
5.3. organizaciuli danaSau-
lis _ mafiis winaaRmdeg brZo-
lis xarjebi;
5.4. policiis sandooba.
kerZo institutebSi Se-
dis:
1. korporaciuli eTika.
2. aRricxvianoba:
2.1. buRaltruli da audi-
toruli standartebis siZli-
ere;
2.2. korporaciuli mmarTve-
lobis efeqtianoba;
2.3. umciresobis (aqciaTa
mflobelTa) interesebis dacva.
GCI-is II sveti _ infras-
truqtura moicavs:
A. zogadad infrastruq-
turis Sefaseba (xarisxi).
B. konkretulad:
1.1. gzebis xarisxi;
1.2. sarkinigzo infrastru-
qturis xarisxi;
1.3. porti;
1.4. sahaero infrastruq-
turis xarisxi;
1.5. eleqtroenergia;
1.6. kavSirgabmulobis gan-
viTarebis xarisxi.
GCI-is III sveti _ makro-
ekonomikuri stabiluroba
moicavs:
3.1. saxelmwifo biujetis
balansi;
3.2. erovnuli danazogeb-
is koeficienti;
3.3. inflaciis done;
3.4. saprocento ganakveTis
globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsi
amplituda;
3.5. saxelmwifo vali.
GCI-is IV sveti _ janmrTe-
lobis dacva da dawyebiTi
ganaTleba moicavs:
A. janmrTelobis dacva:
4.1. malariis gavlena biz-
nesze;
4.2. malariis SemTxvevebi;
4.3. teberkuliozis gavlena
biznesze;
4.4. tuberkuliozis SemTx-
vevebi;
4.5. Sidsi;
4.6. bavSvTa sikvdilianobis
maCvenebeli;
4.7. sicocxlis xangrZli-
voba.
B. dawyebiTi ganaTleba:
4.8. dawyebiTi ganaTlebis
xarisxi;
4.9. skolaSi Semsvlel
bavSvTa procentuli raodenoba;
4.10. samTavrobo xarjebi.
GCI-is V sveti _ umaRle-
si ganaTleba da treningi
moicavs:
A. raodenobrivi maCveneb-
lebi:
saSualo ganaTlebis xarjebi.
B. xarisxobrivi maCveneb-
lebi:
5.1. ganaTlebis sistemis xa-
risxi;
5.2. maTematikuri da sabune-
bismetyvelo ganaTlebis xarisxi;
73
5.3. menejmentis skolebis xa-
risxi;
5.4. skolebSi internetis
xelmisawvdomoba.
C. muSaobis procesSi swav-
leba:
5.5. trening-kursebis xelmi-
sawvdomoba da specializebuli
kvlevebi;
5.6. TanamSromelTa trenin-
gisaTvis daxarjuli dro da
saxsrebi.
GCI-is VI sveti _ ba-
zris efeqtianoba moicavs:
A. konkurenciis done.
1. Sida bazarze konkuren-
cia:
6.1. Sida konkurenciis in-
tensivoba;
6.2. antimonopoliuri po-
litika;
6.3. sagadasaxado sistemis
efeqtianoba konkurenciaze ze-
moqmedebis TvalsazrisiT;
6.4. mTliani gadasaxadis ko-
eficienti;
6.5. biznesis dawyebis pro-
cedurebis raodenoba;
6.6. saWiro dro biznesis
dawyebisaTvis;
6.7. soflis meurneobis
politikis gatarebis xarjebi.
2. sagareo bazarze konku-
rencia:
6.8. savaWro barierebi;
6.9. ucxouri kapitalis do-
minireba;
74 globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsi

6.10. ucxouri investicie- 8.1. finansuri bazris daxve-

bis kanonebis zemoqmedeba biz- wiloba;
nesze; 8.2. safondo birJebis Car-
6.11. sabaJo procedurebis Tuloba dafinansebaSi;
simZime; 8.3. sesxis aRebis siadvile;
6.12. importis xvedriTi 8.4. venCuruli kapitalis
wona mSp
mSp-Si. arseboba/xelmisawvdomoba;
B. Sida bazarze moTx- 8.5. SezRudvebi kapitalis
ovnis xarisxi: moZraobaze;
6.12. momxmareblis orien- 8.6. investorTa dacvis done;
taciis xarisxi bazarze; 8.7. bankebis siZliere;
6.13. momxmareblis daxvewi- 8.8. fasiani qaRaldebis ba-
lobis done. zris regulireba;
GCI-is VII sveti _ Sro- 8.9. iuridiuli uflebebis
mis bazris efeqtianoba moi- indeqsi.
cavs: GCI-is IX sveti _ teqno-
7.1. damqiravebelsa da da- logiuri mzadyofna moicavs:
qiravebuls Soris kooperacia; 9.1. uaxloesi teqnologie-
7.2. moqnilobis xarisxi bisaTvis xelmisawvdomoba;
xelfasis gansazRvris dros; 9.2. teqnologiebis aTviseba
7.3. Sromis bazris moqni- firmis doneze;
loba; 9.3. kanonmdebloba infor-
7.4. daqiravebis da ganTa- maciuli teqnologiebisa da
visuflebis praqtika; komunikaciebis Sesaxeb;
7.5. samsaxuridan ganTavisu- 9.4. pirdapiri ucxouri in-
flebis xarjebi; vesticiebi da teqnologiuri
7.6. Sromis anazRaureba da transferebi;
Sromis mwarmoebluroba; 9.5. mobiluri telefoneb-
7.7. profesiul menejmentze is abonentTa raodenoba;
dayrdnoba; 9.6. internetis moxmarebis
7.8. `tvinebis~ gadineba qvey- indeqsi;
nidan; 9.7. personaluri kompiu-
7.9. qalTa wili samuSao terebi;
ZalaSi. 9.8. farTozoliani inter-
GCI-is VIII sveti _ finan- netis momxmareblebi.
suri bazris moqniloba moi- GCI-is X sveti _ bazris
cavs: sidide moicavs:
globaluri konkurentuna rianobis reitingi
konkurentunarianobis 75
10.1. Sida bazris sididis rirebis xarisxi universite-
indeqsi; tebsa da kompaniebs Soris:
10.2. sagareo bazris sidi- 12.5. mowinave teqnologi-
dis indeqsi. uri produqciis saxelmwifo
GCI-is XI sveti _ bizne- Sesyidvebi;
sis daxvewiloba moicavs: 12.6. mecnierebisa da inJin-
11.1. Sida bazris momwode- rebis ricxovnoba;
belTa raodenoba; 12.7. patentebi (statisti-
11.2. Sida bazris momwode- kuri samsaxurebis informacia).
belTa xarisxi; wyaro: Business Forecast by;
11.3. klasteruli ganviTa- http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Glo-
rebis mdgomareoba; bal_competitiveness Report_2010_11.pdf
11.4. konkurentuli upira- globaluri konkurent-
tesobis xasiaTi; unarianobis reitingi (Glo-
una rianobis
11.5. RirebulebaTa jaWvis bal Competitivess rate) – qveynis
sidide; konkurentunarianobis dadgenis
11.6. saerTaSoriso distri- ganzogadebuli maCvenebeli,
buciis kontroli; globaluri indikatori, eyrd-
11.7. warmoebis procesis dax- noba globaluri konkurentuna-
vewiloba; rianobis (Global Competitivess
11.8. marketingis gamoyenebis Index - GCI) da biznesis konku-
xarisxi; rentunarianobis (Business Com-
11.9. kompaniis marTvaSi ga- petitivess Index - BCI) indeqsebs.
dawyvetilebebis miRebis dele- or aTeul welze metia mas yo-
girebis survili. velwliurad aqveynebs msoflio
GCI-is XII sveti _ inova- ekonomikuri forumis analiti-
cia moicavs: kuri jgufi, romelic, garda
12.1. qveyanaSi inovaciuri statistikuri monacemebisa, ef-
procesebis arsebobis SesaZleb- uZneba biznesliderebsa da wam-
lobebi da unari; yvani kvleviTi institutebis
12.2. samecniero-kvleviTi gamokiTxvis Sedegebs, agreTve
institutebis xarisxi; saerTaSoriso savaluto fon-
12.3. kompaniebis samecnie- dis monacemebs. anketa moicavs
ro kvlevebsa da axali produ- biznesgaremoze moqmed faqtor-
qtebis warmoebaze (R&D) dana- Ta farTo wres, romelSic,
xarjebi; SWOT analizis safuZvelze,
12.4. R&D-is mizniT koope- gaTvaliswinebulia qveynis
76
konkurentunarianobis rogorc
Zlieri, ise susti mxareebi, Sesa-
Zleblobebi da safrTxeebi.
gamokiTxva xorcieldeba
yvela sididis kompaniis, maT
Soris mcire kompaniebis (100-
dan 20 aTasamde) gamokiTxvas.M
EF-is mier gamoqveynebul
2010-2011 wlebis globaluri
konkurentunarianobis reitin-
gis mixedviT 139 qveynidan pir-
vel aTeulSi yvelaze konkuren-
tunariani saxelmwifoebis ricx-
vSi Sevida Semdegi qveynebi: Svei-
caria, SvedeTi, singapuri, aSS,
germania, iaponia, fineTi, nider-
landi, dania, kanada. Semdeg mo-
dis honkongi, didi britaneTi,
taivani, norvegia, safrangeTi,
avstralia, yatari, avstria, bel-
gia, luqsemburgi da a.S.
postsabWouri qveynebidan
yvelaze warmatebulia estone-
Ti (33-e adgili). litvas uWi-
ravs 47-e adgili, azerbaijans
57-e, ruseTs – 63-e, latvias –
70-e, yazaxeTs _ 72-e, ukrainas
_ 89-e adgili. globaluri
konkurentunarianobis reiting-
Si saqarTvelos ukavia 93-e
adgili, somxeTs – 98-e, tajikeTs
– 116-e, xolo yirgizeTs – 121-
e adgili. bolo adgilebi gain-
awiles yvelaze CamorCenilma
ganviTarebadma qveynebma. 139
qveyanas Soris postsabWoTa
qveynebidan ver moxvdnen be-
gogiCaiSvili fili pe
larusi, moldova, uzbekeTi,
TurqmeneTi.
sagulisxmoa, rom saqarTve-
lom, wina 2009-2010 wlebTan
SedarebiT, 2010-2011 wlebSi
mxolod 3 poziciiT gaiumjobe-
sa mdgomareoba, maSin rodesac
azerbaijanma – 12 poziciiT.
gogiCaiSvili fili pe
(1872-1950) (Gogichaishvili Filipe)
- ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doq-
tori (1935), Tbilisis saxel-
mwifo universitetis erT-
erTi damaarsebeli da poli-
tikuri ekonomiis kaTedris
pirveli gamge (1918-1923).
politikuri ekonomiis garda ki-
Txulobda ekonomikur moZRvre-
baTa istoriis, finansebisa da
statistikis sauniversiteto
kursebs.
lai pcigis universitetis
filosofiis fakultetis eko-
nomikis ganyofilebis studentma
(1897--1901), misi damTavrebis
Semdeg, aqve daicva sadoqtoro
disertacia filosofiaSi (1901).
iyo Tbilisis saqalaqo saTaT-
biros, Semdeg kavkasiis soflis
meurneobis sazogadoebis sta-
tistikuri biuros gamge (1903--
1913), ruseTis saerobo kavSiris
rwmunebuli amierkavkasiaSi
(1914--1916), kaxeTis rkinigzis
gamgeobis Tavmjdomare (1917--
1918), saxelmwifo kontrolio-
ri (1918--1920), saqarTvelos
granti
mecnierebaTa akademiis ekonomikis
institutis ufrosi mecnier--
muSaki (1946--1950).
1905--1906 wlebSi redaq-
torobda gazeT `iverias~. didi
wvlili miuZRvis qarTul fol-
kloristikaSic. 1905 wels
vrceli winasityvaobiT gamo-
aqveyna a. umikaSvilis mier Sek-
rebili qarTuli folkloru-
li nimuSebis mniSvnelovani
nawili (`saxalxo leqsebi~),
xolo 1937 wels gamosca am
mdidari masalis poeturi naw-
ili (`xalxuri sityviereba~.
t. 1).
f. gogiCaiSvili eweoda far-
To mTargmnelobiT moRvaweobas.
misi Targmnilia araerTi ekono-
mikuri xasiaTis naSromi, maT
Soris devid rikardos `poli-
tikuri ekonomiisa da dabegvris
safuZvlebi~, a. smiTis `gamokv-
leva xalxTa simdidris bunebi-
sa da mizezebis Sesaxeb~, k. mar-
qsis `kapitali~, t. 1--3 da sxv.
f. gogiCaiSvils ekuTvnis
naSromi `xelosnoba saqarTve-
loSi~, romelic germanulidan
iTargmna da `Tbilisis univer-
sitetis gamomcemlobam~ das-
tamba 1976 wels.
gradualizmi (gradualism)
- 1. mecnieruli mimdinareoba,
romelic swavlobs ekonomikuri
sistemis erTi mdgomareobidan
meoreSi evoluciuri gadasv-
77
lis gzebsa da kanonzomier-
ebebs; 2. makroekonomikuri sta-
bilizaciis evoluciuri mod-
eli, romelic orTodoqsuli
modelis alternativaa. misTvis
damaxasiaTebelia ekonomikis
TandaTanobiTi konversia Zve-
li elementebis gamoyenebis
safuZvelze, gamoricxavs uki-
dures radikalizms da uSua-
lod gaTvlilia qveynis war-
moebrivi potencialis ganvi-
Tarebaze. gradualizmisTvis
niSandoblivia: saxelmwifo in-
stitutebis funqcionirebis
Secvla-- ganaxleba ekonomikaSi
saxelmwifos funqciebis mniS-
vnelovani SenarCunebiTa da
saxelmwifo maregulirebeli
rolis ganmtkicebiT, sakuTre-
bis pluralizmis damkvidreba,
warmoebis struqturuli gar-
daqmna da stimulireba, mecnier-
ul-- teqnologiuri progresis
safuZvelze samamulo warmoe-
bis produqciis konkurentunar-
ianobis amaRleba, mimzidveli sa-
investicio garemos Seqmna, sa-
investicio saqmianobis farTod
gaSla da a.S. es modeli war-
matebiT gamoiyeneba CineTSi da
ukavSirdeba `Cinur saswauls~.
granti (grant) - inovaciu-
ri xasiaTis samuSaoTa miznob-
rivi SeRavaTiani an daubrune-
beli dafinanseba. grantis miRe-
bis pretendenti SeiZleba iyos
78
erTi piri an garkveuli jgufi,
romelsac damuSavebuli aqvs
progresuli idea, magram ar ga-
aCnia dafinansebis sakuTari wya-
ro. granti Cveulebriv gaicema
konkursis wesiT. igi eZlevaT
saxelmwifo struqturebs, mewar-
meebs, kerZo firmebs garkveul
valdebulebaTa dakisrebiT.
grant-elementi (grant ele-
ments) - gacemuli sagareo kre-
ditebis SeRavaTianobis ganm-
sazRvreli maCvenebeli. sxvao-
ba valis momsaxurebaze mo-
mavalSi gadasaxdel Rirebule-
basa da kreditis nominalur
sidides Soris. rac ufro mcir-
ea ZiriTadi Tanxisa da pro-
centis dafarvis moculoba da
rac ufro xangrZlivia Ziri-
Tadi Tanxis dafarvis SeRava-
Tiani periodi, miT ufro SeRa-
vaTiania krediti.
CCA- is moTxovniT grant--
elementma ar unda gadaaWar-
bos 35%--s, rac, Tavis mxriv,
gulisxmobs: kreditis xangr-
Zlivobas _ 10 weli, SeRava-
Tian periods _ 5 weli, sapro-
cento wliur ganakveTs _ 4%.
grZelvadiani krediti
(long--term credit) - fuladi sax-
srebis sesxad gacema xangr-
Zlivi periodiT _ 10--dan 45--
60 wlamde.
guguSvili paata (1905--
1987) (Gugushvili Paata) - saqar-
grant
grant-- elementi
Tvelos mecnierebaTa akademi-
is akademikosi (1974), ekono-
mikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori (1940), saqarTvelos
mecnierebis damsaxurebuli
moRvawe (1962). daamTavra Tsu
socialur--ekonomikuri fakul-
teti (1927). iyo Tsu leqto-
ri, docenti (1930--1940), poli-
tikuri ekonomiis kaTedris
gamge (1941--1942), saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis ekono-
mikis institutis damaarsebe-
li da direqtori (1944--1976),
ganyofilebis gamge (1976--1987),
romelsac 1991 wlidan mieniWa
p. guguSvilis saxeli, Tavisi ini-
ciativiT aRdgenili Jurnal
`saqarTvelos ekonomistis~ mTa-
vari redaqtori (1958--1967), sa-
qarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademi-
is prezidiumTan arsebuli xalxT-
mosaxleobis (demografiis)
problemaTa Semswavleli samec-
niero sabWos Tavmjdomare (1958--
1962), saerTaSoriso socio-
logTa asociaciis sabWosa da
aRmaskomis wevri (1959--1963).
p. guguSvili iyo pirveli
qarTveli ekonomisti, romel-
ic saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
akademiis SemadgenlobaSi air-
Cies. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom man
pirvelma daicva saqarTvelo-
Si sadoqtoro disertacia eko-
nomikaSi. misi naSromebi eZRvneba
politikuri ekonomiis, socio-
gunia avTandili
logiis, statistikis, saxalxo
meurneobis istoriis, demogra-
fiis, saqarTvelosa da amier-
kavkasiis ekonomiuri ganviTare-
bis, qarTuli ekonomikuri azris,
qarTuli Jurnalistikis, bib-
liologiis problemebs. man
mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana
axali qarTuli ekonomikuri
terminologiis SemuSavebaSi.
ZiriTadi naSromebia: `saqarTve-
los ssr mosaxleobis aRwar-
moebis sakiTxebi~. Tbilisi,
1973; `sociologiuri etiude-
bi~. t. 1, Tbilisi, 1970; t. 2,
Tbilisi, 1971; `saqarTvelosa
da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri
ganviTareba XIX-- XX ss.-- Si~.
t. 1, Tbilisi, 1949; t. 2, Tbili-
si, 1956; t. 3, Tbilisi, 1959;
t. 4, Tbilisi, 1962; t. 5, Tbili-
si, 1965; t. 6, Tbilisi, 1979;
t. 7, Tbilisi, 1984.
gudvili (goodwill) - arama-
terialuri aqtivebi, romelic
ar eqvemdebareba materialur
ganzomilebebs da gaTval-
iswinebulia kompaniis mxolod
mTlianad gayidvis (yidvis) Sem-
TxvevaSi. kompaniis erToblivi
aqtivebis sabazro Sefasebis
gadameteba am aqtivebis cal--
calke aRebul individualur
sabazro fasze. Sesyiduli kom-
paniis reputaciis, misi kavSiru-
rTierTobebis, xelsayreli adg-
79
ilmdebareobisaTvis gadaxdili
safasuri.
gunia avTandil
avTandili i (1912--
1997) (Gunia Avtandil) - saqar-
Tvelos mecnierebaTa akademi-
is akademikosi (1979), wevr--
korespondenti (1967), ekono-
mikur mecnierebaTa doqtori
(1963), profesori (1966). 1939
wels daamTavra moskovis g.
plexanovis saxelobis saxalxo
meurneobis institutis ekono-
mikis fakulteti. 1942--1952
wlebSi muSaobda moskovSi sak.
kp ck--is aparatSi, iyo saqarTve-
los kp ck--is ganyofilebis gam-
ge (1953), saqarTvelos kul-
turis ministri (1953--1957),
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa aka-
demiis ekonomikisa da samarT-
lis institutis ganyofilebis
gamge (1957--1960), direqtoris
moadgile samecniero nawilSi
(1960--1976), direqtori (1976--
1991), 1991 wlidan gardacva-
lebamde _ sapatio direqtori.
ZiriTadi naSromebia: `kvlavwar-
moebis tempebi da proporcie-
bi saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi~.
Tbilisi, 1966 (rusul enaze);
`mecnierul--teqnikuri progre-
sis ekonomikuri problemebi
saqarTveloSi~. Tbilisi, 1984.
80
d vis poliss, savaldebulo wes-
dabalansebuli biujeti
(balanced budget) - biujeti,
romelSic mTliani xarjebi
zustad mTliani Semosavlebis
tolia.
dabalansebuli zrda (ba-
lanced growth) – situacia, roca
efeqtiani samuSao Zala, kapi-
tali da gamoSveba erTi da
igive tempiT izrdeba.
dazogvis paradoqsi (para-
dox of saving) – yairaTianobis
paradoqsi; martivi modeli,
romelic ukavSirdeba mokle-
vadian periodSi Semdegi orma-
gi Sedegis miRebas: meti da-
zogva Sedegad gamoSvebis Sem-
cirebisa da ucvlel danazogs
ganapirobebs. magram saSualo-
da grZelvadian periodebSi sxva
meqanizmi moqmedebs, romlis Se-
degad danazogis donis zrdas
ufro maRali danazogi da, Sesa-
bamisad, Semosavali moaqvs. am-
rigad, politika, romelic da-
zogvas waaxalisebs, efeqtian-
ia saSualo_ da grZelvadian
periodebSi, xolo moklevadian
periodSi man SeiZleba rece-
sia gamoiwvios.
dazRvevis polisi (insu-
rance policy) – dazRvevis Sesaxeb
xelSekrulebis dadebis faq-
tis damadasturebeli dokumen-
dabalansebuli biujeti
ti, mowmoba, romelsac mzRveve-
li aZlevs damzRvevs. dazRve-
iT, Tan erTvis dazRvevis wese-
bi. mzRvevels ara aqvs ufle-
ba moTxovos damzRvevs raime
damatebiTi mtkicebuleba amas-
Tan dakavSirebiT. dazRvevis po-
lisSi asaxulia dazRvevis Zir-
iTadi pirobebi: dazRvevis obieq-
ti, dazRvevis Tanxa,dazRvevis
Senatanebis odenoba da vadebi.
rogorc wesi dazRvevis poli-
si saxelobiTia, SeiZleba iyos
wardgenis uflebiT.
dakveTa (order) - sawarmo-
Ta sameurneo saqmianobis ganxor-
cielebisa da regulirebis or-
ganizaciul--ekonomikuri saxe.
dakveTis mniSvnelovani formaa
saxelmwifo dakveTebi produ-
qciis warmoebasa da miwodeba-
ze, maT Soris, eqsportze.
dakveTebis portfeli
(backlog of orders) - dakveTebis
erToblioba, romelsac flobs
firma mocemul drois monakveT-
Si. dakveTebis portfeli mas
aZlevs saSualebas, awon-- da-
wonos warmoebrivi simZlavree-
bis datvirTvis SesaZleblobebi
da done, Tavisi ekonomikuri
perspeqtiva da adgili bazarze.
dakrediteba (crediting)
[<laT. credere] - fulis an sa-
qonlis gacema droebiT sar-
geblobaSi ukan dabrunebis pi-
dargTaSorisi balansi
robiT (Cveulebriv, kreditiT
sargeblobisaTvis winaswar Se-
Tanxmebuli procentis gadax-
diT).
`damamSvidebeli~ fasi
(charm price) - fsiqologiuri
fandi, gamyidvelis mier Cveu-
lebriv `mrgval~ sidideze
cota dabla (mag., 10 dolaris
nacvlad _ 9 dolari da 95
centi) dadgenili fasi, romel-
sac xSirad iyeneben vaWrobaSi
myidvelTa mizidvis mizniT.
damatebul Rirebuleba-
ze gadasaxadi - dRg (value--
added tax--VAT) - universaluri
arapirdapiri gadasaxadis saxe-
oba, romelic moicavs umrav-
lesi saxis saqonelsa da mom-
saxurebas da ifareba warmoe-
buli damatebuli Rirebule-
bis mTliani Tanxidan. LQU-is
saboloo gadamxdeli momxmare-
belia. zogierTi saqoneli da
momsaxureba Tavisufldeba dRg--
sagan.
damatebuli R irebule-
ba (value added) - ekonomikuri
maCvenebeli, romelic gamoxat-
avs sxvaobas warmoebuli saqon-
lisa da momsaxurebis Rire-
bulebasa da Sualeduri mox-
marebis (materialuri danax-
arjebis, saamortizacio anar-
icxebisa da zednadebi danax-
arjebis) Rirebulebas Soris.
gaiangariSeba rogorc sxvaoba
81
sarealizacio produqciis Ri-
rebulebasa da mis warmoebaze
gaweul danaxarjebs Soris.
danazogi (savings) - Se-
mosavlis nawili, romelic ar
gamoiyeneba mimdinare moxmare-
bisaTvis da gamiznulia in-
vestirebisaTvis. sxva sityve-
biT, igi warmoadgens sxvaobas
mimdinare Semosavalsa da mim-
dinare moxmarebas Soris. dana-
zogs qmnian rogorc firmebi,
ise saojaxo meurneobebi (haus-
holdis bloki). cnobilia, rom
rogorc calkeuli pirebis, ise
qveynis Semosavlebis zrda xels
uwyobs danazogis gadidebas.
danazogi kerZo da sazogadoeb-
rivi danazogebis jamia.
danazogisaken midreki-
leba (propensity to savings) -
danazogis wilis zrda Semo-
savalSi.
danaxarji (expenses, costs
of production) - sawarmos, orga-
nizaciisa da a.S. mier produ-
qciis warmoebasa da realiza-
ciaze gaweuli xarjebis er-
Toblioba, gamoxatuli fula-
di formiT.
dargTaSorisi balansi
(intersechoral balance) - ekono-
mikur-- maTematikuri modeli,
dargebs Soris sameurneo kav-
Sirebis amsaxveli, produqciis
warmoebisa da ganawilebis bal-
ansi. dgeba rogorc fuladi,
82 dargobrivi konkurentunarianoba

ise naturaluri maCveneblebis mi- melTa mixedviTac xdeba Ser-

xedviT. ZiriTadia mTliani da Ceul dargSi konkurentunari-
pirdapiri danaxarjebis koefici- anobis strategiis gansazRvra.
entebis maCveneblebi. Tanamedro- pirvel etapze keTdeba dar-
ve sabazro ekonomikaSi mas `da- gis analizi globalur kon-
naxarjebi- gamoSveba~ ewodeba. teqstSi: msoflios romeli
naxarjebi-gamoSveba~
dargobrivi konkurent- kompaniebia mowinave am dargSi,
unarianoba (branch competi- ra produqcia da momsaxureba
tiveness) – dargis mdgradi aris yvelaze konkurentunari-
zrdis unari, romelic miiRwe- ani, vin arian am dargis yve-
va ori gziT: 1. dargobrivi mwar- laze gavleniani moTamaSeebi da
moeblurobis zrdiTa da 2. da- ratom. ramdenime meTodi gam-
saqmebis zrdiT. saboloo an- oiyeneba dargis analizis dros,
gariSiT ki, dargSi damatebu- magram aqedan yvelaze mniS-
li Rirebulebis zrdiT. konku- vnelovania analizi. am meTo-
rentunarian dargSi kompaniebi dis da analizis erTdroulad
permanentulad aumjobeseben gamoyenebis Sedegad xdeba darg-
mwarmoeblurobis maCveneblebs ze moqmedi faqtorebis gamoy-
rogorc teqnologiuri, ise ofa, maTi prioretizacia da
menejeruli inovaciebis SemoRe- dargSi wamyvani biznesmodeleb-
biT, amasTan, bazars ufro xa- is naTlad warmodgena; meore
risxian an ufro iaf produq- etapze xdeba SerCeuli dar-
cias (momsaxurebas) awvdian, ri- gis analizi ukve im faqtore-
Tac zrdian erTobliv moTxov- bis WrilSi, romelTa prioret-
nas. faqtorebi ki, romlebic izacia moxda pirvel etapze.
moqmedebs dargis konkuren- gaanalizdeba mocemul dargSi
tunarianobaze, gansxvavdeba Seqmili damatebuli Riebulebis
dargebis mixedviT. amitom eko- wvlili mTlianad qveyanaSi
nomikuri zrdisken mimarTuli Seqmnil damatebul Rirebule-
politika da strategia unda baSi. am etapze saWiroa e.w.
eyrdnobodes calkeuli dar- benCmarkingi, rac imas niSnavs,
gis ganviTarebis strategias, rom am dargis ZiriTadi paramet-
romlis SemuSaveba SesaZlebe- rebis Sedareba unda moxdes
lia mxolod calkeuli dar- sxva qveynis mowinave dargis
gis konkurentunarianobis faq- saSualo parametrebTan. am
torTa analizis Semdeg. etapobrivi analizis Sedegad
arsebobs oTxi etapi, ro- dargis xarvezebis dadgena
dargobrivi konkurentunarianoba
xdeba isev dargis ZiriTadi
mamoZravebeli Zalebis Wril-
Si. mag., sainformacio teqnolo-
giebisTvis (IT), rogorc maRa-
li damatebuli Rirebulebis
matarebeli dargisTvis, Zalze
mniSvnelovania dafinansebis
iseTi saxeoba, rogoric aris
venCuruli kapitali, gan-
sakuTrebiT e.w. biznesangelo-
zebis arseboba. es faqtori,
samagierod ar warmoadgens
muxruWs satelekomunikacio
biznesSi, piriqiT, Tu teleko-
munikaciebSi antimonopoliur
regulirebas umniSvnelovanesi
adgili ukavia, sainformacio
teqnologiebis ganviTarebi-
sTvis igi meorexarisxovania,
samagierod, ufro mniSvnelo-
vania saavtoro uflebebis
dacvis kanonis moqmedeba qvey-
anaSi da a.S.; mesame etapze
xdeba dargis dainteresebuli
mxareebisa da gavleniani moT-
amaSeebis gamovlena da maTi
interesebis, ZalTa Tanafar-
dobisa da lideruli pozicie-
bis analizi; meoTxe etapze
SemuSavdeba dargis ganviTare-
bis strategiuli mimarTule-
bebi. es SeiZleba iyos wminda
Teoriuli savarjiSo, praqtiku-
li da realuri mdgomareobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, anu rac xde-
ba mecnieruli kvlevis dros
kabinetebSi. realuri mdgomar-
83
eobis gaTvaliswineba xdeba
mxolod maSin, rodesac xe-
rxdeba dargis yvela dainter-
esebuli mxaris warmomadgen-
lebis Sekreba da maTi nebayof-
lobiTi TanamonawileobiT dar-
gis strategiis Camoyalibeba,
strategiuli programis dasax-
va da pasuxismgeblobebis ga-
nawileba.
aseTi Sexvedrebis organi-
zeba da pozitiur Sedegebam-
de miyvana Zalze rTuli amo-
canaa, magram aucilebeli, imi-
saTvis rom SemuSavdes dar-
gis ganviTarebis programa, ro-
melic unda iTvaliswinebdes
yvela mxaris interesebs da
ar ewinaaRmdegebodes qveynis
mdgradi da grZelvadiani eko-
nomikuri zrdis politikis ga-
tarebas.
dargis konkurentunariano-
bis analizis Sedegad SeiZle-
ba gamovlindes is, rom kri-
tikuli parametrebis mixedviT
mocemulma dargma ver SeZlos
konkurenciis gaweva msoflio
bazarze. amitom am dargis saeq-
sporto wamaxalisebeli poli-
tikis gatareba ar iqneboda eko-
nomikurad da finansurad gamar-
Tlebuli. igive Zalisxmeva sxva
dargSi ufro did efeqts moi-
tanda. mag., SesaZloa abreSu-
mis teqstilis aRorZineba sa-
qarTveloSi ar aRmoCndes mar-
84
Tebuli, vinaidan msoflio ba-
zarze gabatonebul Cinur da
indur abreSums xarjTa struq-
turiT ver gauwios konkuren-
cia, rac am dargisTvis kri-
tikuli parametria.
dasaqmeba (employment) -
Sromis saerTaSoriso organi-
zaciis mier SemuSavebuli kri-
teriumebis mixedviT, dasaqme-
bulad iTvleba 15 wlisa da
meti asakis mosaxleoba, romel-
ic dakavebulia sazogadoebri-
vad sasargeblo saqmianobiT. ar-
sebobs daqiravebiT dasaqme-
ba da TviTdasaqmeba.
daqiravebul muSakad iTv-
leba piri, romelic asrulebs
gansazRvrul samuSaos anazRa-
urebis miRebis mizniT, agreTve
piri, romelsac aqvs samuSao
adgili, magram droebiT ar
muSaobs avadmyofobis, Svebule-
baSi yofnis, samuSaodan droe-
biT daTxovnis an msgavsi mize-
zebis gamo.
TviTdasaqmebulad iTvle-
ba SinameurneobaSi usasyidlod
momuSave piri, an is piri, rom-
lis saqmianobis mizans war-
moadgens fuliT an naturiT
saojaxo Semosavlis miReba.
dasaqmebis bunebrivi do-
ne (natural level of employment) –
dasaqmebis done, rodesac umu-
Sevroba misi bunebrivi donis
tolia.
dasaqmeba
dasaqmebis done (rate of
employment) - dasaqmebulTa
mTliani ricxovnobis Sefardeba
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosax-
leobis ricxovnobasTan.
dasaqmebuli mosaxleo-
ba (employees) - Sromisunari-
ani asakis mosaxleoba, romel-
ic aRricxulia qveynis kanon-
mdeblobaSi gansazRvruli Se-
sabamisi normebiT.
daukvirvebadi ekonomi-
ka (non-observable economy -
NOE) – termini 1994 wels
SemoiRo evrokavSirma mTliani
Sida produqtis yovlismomcve-
li gazomvis uzrunvelyofis
mizniT. am mxriv, Zalze mniS-
vnelovania ramdenad srulad
asaxavs ekonomikur saqmianobas
erovnuli angariSebi, romel-
Sic udidesi roli akisria ara
mxolod ekonomikur kvlevebs,
aramed ekonomikuri politikis
sworad warmarTvasac. magram
es Znelad misaRwevia ekonomi-
kuri saqmianobis rigi saxeobe-
bis aRricxvis siZnelis gamo,
rasac Tanamedrove pirobebSi
kidev ufro arTulebs maTi
farTo speqtri.
farul, Crdilovan, krimi-
nalur
nalur,, araformalur sfe-
roebSi, aseve, Sinameurneo-
bebSi sakuTari moxmarebi-
saTvis warmoebul, an kidev,
ZiriTadi monacemebis Sekre-
devalvacia 85
bis sistemis naklovanebis dafraxtva (freight) - ge-
Sedegad warmoqmnil ekono- mis daqiraveba.
mikur saqmianobaTa erTob- daCqarebuli inflacia
liobas daukvirvebadi ekono- (accelerating inflation) - inflaci-
mika (de) ewodeba. is mkveTrad mzardi tempi.
aqedan gamomdinare, ar SeiZ- d a c e m a (e
ekonomikuri)
leba siRaribe gaizomos mSp mSp- (recession) - dabali saqmiani aq-
is maCvenebliT mosaxleobis erT tiurobisa da umuSevrobis ma-
sulze. amasTan, mSp ar iZleva Rali donis periodi, romelic
qveynis ekonomikis zust Se- xasiaTdeba saSualosTan Sedar-
fasebas, rac saerTaSoriso Se- ebiT ekonomikuri zrdis tem-
darebisas garkveul dabrkole- pebis dacemiT.
bas qmnis. dacemis etapi (decay) - pe-
mTliani Sida produqtis riodi, romelic iwyeba, simwi-
srulyofili SefasebisaTvis di- fis etapis gadalaxvis Semdeg,
di mniSvneloba eniWeba de-is saqonlis gasaRebis dacemiT.
gazomvas saerTaSoriso standar- debentura (debenture) [<laT.
tebis, saxeldobr, 1993 wlis debere mevaled yofna] - sabaJo
erovnuli angariSebis siste- mowmoba baJis dabrunebis Sesaxeb.
mis (eas-93) Sesabamisad, rac debitanti (petty merchant)
gansakuTrebiT Znelad misaRw- - wvrili vaWari.
evia sustad ganviTarebul qvey- debitori (debtor) (laT. de-
nebSi. amitom daukvirvebadi bitor) - davalianebis mqone fizi-
ekonomika gacilebiT mcirea gan- kuri an iuridiuli piri.
viTarebul qveynebSi, vidre gan- debitoruli davaliane-
viTarebadSi. amasTan, arsebobs ba (debts, liabilities) - vali, ro-
hi poTeza imis Sesaxeb, rom ro- melic ekuTvnis firmas iuridi-
desac oficialur ekonomikaSi uli an fizikuri pirisgan da
adgili aqvs dacemas, imavdrou- warmoiqmneba maT Soris ekonomi-
lad izrdeba daukvirvebadi kuri urTierTobebis safuZvel-
ekonomika. ze.
dausaqmeblobis koefi- debursi (noncompensation for
cienti (nonemployment rate) – expenses) - aunazRaurebeli dana-
gamoiTvleba dausaqmebeli mo- xarjebi.
saxleobis raodenobis Sefar- devalvacia (devaluation)
debiT mosaxleobis saerTo ri- [laT. de ...tvaleo] - 1. centra-
cxovnobasTan. luri bankis aqcia, romelic
86
vlindeba erovnuli valutis
fiqsirebuli kursis Semcire-
biT, ucxour valutebTan Se-
darebiT.
devalvacia gamoiyeneba sa-
gadasaxdelo balansis defic-
itis SemcirebisaTvis, magram mx-
olod ukidures SemTxvevaSi,
vinaidan igi uaryofiTad aisax-
eba erovnul ekonomikaze. aseT
SemTxvevaSi ucxouri valut-
is mflobelebi dabal fasebSi
iZenen adgilobriv saqonels,
xolo Sida bazarze fasebi im-
portze izrdeba. Tu saeqspor-
to produqciis warmoeba ar
gaizrdeba, maSin eqsportisagan
naklebi iqneba Semosavali, rac
kidev ufro gaamwvavebs saga-
dasaxdelo balansis proble-
mas; 2. oqros paritetis gauqme-
bamde (1978) devalvacia gamox-
atavda agreTve fulad er-
TeulSi (erovnul valutaSi)
oqros Semcvelobis oficialur
Semcirebas an misi kursis da-
cemas sxva qveynebis valuteb-
Tan SedarebiT. sapirispiroa _
revalvacia.
devizi (exchange) (frang.
devises) - ucxour valutaSi
gamoxatuli sagadasaxdelo sa-
Sualeba, romliTac xorcield-
eba saerTaSoriso angariSs-
woreba. devizad iTvleba Tama-
suqi, Ceki, fuladi gzavnili,
ucxouri fasiani qaRaldebi,
devizi
akreditivi da sxv.
dezinvesticia (disinvest-
ment) – ZiriTadi kapitalis na-
wilis winaswarganzraxuli daS-
la, amortizaciis anazRaureb-
isaTvis saWiro aRdgeniTi in-
vesticiebis ganuxorcieleblo-
ba.
dezinflacia (desinflation)
- ekonomikaSi fasebis zrdis
tempis dacemis tendencia, in-
flaciis tempis Semcireba, rom-
lis miRweva SesaZlebelia mxo-
lod maRali umuSevrobis xar-
jze. dezinflacia SeiZleba
miRweul iqnes moklevadian pe-
riodSi umuSevrobis mniSvnelo-
vani zrdiT an xangrZliv peri-
odSi _ umuSevrobis SedarebiT
mokrZalebuli zrdiT.
dekuveri (decouvert) [<frang.
decouvert Tavdauxuravi) _ sxva-
oba qonebis fassa da sadazRve-
vo Tanxas Soris, datovebuli
damzRvevis riskze.
deliveri (delivery order)
- werilobiTi gankarguleba sa-
qonlis gacemis Sesaxeb.
delistingi (delisting) -
aqciebis amoReba sakotiro si-
idan birJis an TviT kompaniis
gadawyvetilebiT. delistingi
xorcieldeba Semdeg SemTx-
vevebSi: a). Tu aqciebi kompa-
niam ukan daabruna an gadacv-
ala; b). Tu kompanias CamoerT-
va aqtivebi an gakotrda; g).
depoziti mokiTxvamde
Tu aqciebis sajaro gavrceleb-
is masStabi umniSvneloa; d).
Tu kompania arRvevs xelSek-
rulebas listingis Sesaxeb da
a.S.
demereji (demurrage) -
xelSekruleba sazRvao gada-
zidvis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanax-
madac gemis damqiravebeli (dam-
fraxtveli) uxdis jarimas ge-
mis mflobels xelSekrulebiT
dadgenili zenormatiuli dat-
virTva--gadmotvirTvisaTvis.
demonopolizacia (de-
monopolization) - saxelmwifo
politika, mimarTuli warmoeb-
is monopolizebuli struqtur-
is winaaRmdeg da konkurenciis
ganviTarebisaken. xorcieldeba
sakanonmdeblo RonisZiebebis sa-
fuZvelze da Tanabar pirobebs
qmnis sakuTrebis sxvadasxva
formisaTvis. demonopolizacia
ganapirobebs mewarmeTa raode-
nobis zrdas, konkurenciis gan-
viTarebis xelSemSleli mize-
zebis aRmofxvras.
dempingi (dumping) [ingl.
Camogdeba, CamoSveba] - saqon-
lis eqsporti xelovnurad Sem-
cirebuli fasiT (saSualo sa-
bazro doneze bevrad iafad),
potenciuri konkurentebis Sevi-
wroebisa da bazris dapyrobis
mizniT. dempingis winaaRmdeg
iyeneben specialur sabaJo ga-
dasaxads.
87
denadobis koeficienti
(fluctuation index) – samuSaodan
wasulTa Sefardeba dasaqmebul-
Ta raodenobasTan.
denominacia (denomina-
tion) - qveynis fuladi erTeu-
lis gamsxvileba Zveli fulis
niSnebis axliT Secvlis safuZ-
velze, dadgenili Tanafar-
dobiT. analogiuri Tanafar-
dobiT gadaiangariSeben fasebs,
tarifebs, xelfasebs, bankebis
angariSze arsebul fulad sax-
srebs, sawarmoTa balansebs da
a.S.
depoziti (deposit) [<laT.
depositum Sesanaxad gacemuli
nivTi] - 1. Sesanaxad Setanili
fuladi saxsrebi an fasiani
qaRaldebi safinanso--sakredi-
to, administraciul da sabaJo
organizaciebSi; 2. movalis
mier sasamarTlo dawesebule-
bebSi kreditorisaTvis gada-
sacemad Setanili fuladi
Tanxa an fasiani qaRaldebi.
depozitia: anabrebi bankeb-
Si, fasiani qaRaldebi safinan-
so-- sakredito institutebSi,
Senatanebi gadasaxadis, baJis da
a.S. saxiT da sxv.
depoziti moTxovnamde
(sight deposit (bill) - sabanko ana-
bari, romlis gamotanac moTx-
ovnisTanave SeiZleba.
depoziti mokiTxvamde
(demand deposit, deposit money) -
88
anabris saxiT mokiTxvamde bank-
Si Senaxuli fuladi saxsre-
bi.
depozitori (depositor) -
1. depozitis mflobeli; sx-
vagvarad deponenti; 2. fizikuri
an iuridiuli piri, romelsac
ekuTvnis fuladi Tanxa, magram
raRac mizezis gamo es fuli
gansazRvrul vadaSi ara aqvT
sawarmoebs, organizaciebs.
deponenti (deponent) [<laT.
deponens (deponentis) gadamwyo-
bi] - igivea, rac depozitori.
deponireba (deposition) -
fuladi Tanxis, fasiani qaRal-
debisa da sxva faseulobebis
Sesanaxad gadacema sakredito
dawesebulebebisaTvis.
deporti (deport) - speku-
laciuri sabirJo garigeba,
romelic iTvaliswinebs fasi-
ani qaRaldebis kursis dace-
mas, kursTaSorisi sxvaobiT
mogebis miRebis mizniT.
depresiuli raioni (dep-
ressed area) - geografiuli zona
an raioni, romelic gacilebiT
mZime ekonomikur mdgomareoba-
Sia, vidre qveyana mTlianad.
`depresiulobis~ indeqsad yve-
laze metad gamoiyeneba umuSe-
varTa wili SromisunarianTa
mTlian ricxovnobaSi. amasTan,
gamoiyeneba ekonomikuri saqmi-
anobis sxva indeqsebic, maT
Soris, ekonomikuri zrdis tem-
depozitori
pebi da Semosavlebi mosaxle-
obis erT sulze. mosaxleobis
gadineba regionidan agreTve
ganixileba rogorc depresiu-
li raionis maxasiaTebeli. bevr
qveyanaSi mTavroba atarebs re-
gionul politikas, romelic mi-
marTulia depresiuli raion-
ebis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis
gasaumjobeseblad.
deprivatizacia (de-priva-
tization) – privatizebuli qone-
bis droebiTi nacionalizacia
misi xelaxali privatizaciis
mizniT. mag., Tuki CaiTvleba, rom
privatizacia darRveviT Catar-
da, maSin SeiZleba ganxorci-
eldes deprivatizacia.
desetina (dessiatina) [<laT.
decima - meaTedi] - 1. miwis sa-
zomi erTeuli ruseTSi. cnobi-
lia XV saukunis bolodan. Tav-
dapirvelad warmoadgenda kvad-
rats, romlis gverdebi 1/10
verss (2500 kv saJeni) udri-
da. saxazino desetina 2400 kv.
saJeniT anu 1,0925 ha--iT gani-
sazRvra.
XVIII saukunidan XX sauku-
nis 30--ian wlebamde ruseTSi
gamoiyeneboda agreTve sameur-
neo iribi, sameurneo wriuli,
da sabaxCe asobiTi desetinebi
da, Sesabamisad, Seadgenda 3200,
3600, 10000 kv. saJens. oq-
tombris revoluciis Semdeg,
zomis metrul sistemaze ga-
deficiti
dasvlasTan dakavSirebiT, deset-
inas gamoyenebis sfero SeizRu-
da, xolo 1927 wels mTli-
anad aikrZala; 2. mosavlis an
sxva Semosavlis meaTedi naw-
ili, romelsac gadasaxadis
saxiT ixdida mosaxleoba, ek-
lesia-- monastrebis Sesanaxad.
Tavdapirvelad, uZveles dro-
Si arsebobda ebraelebTan, Sem-
deg ki dasavleTis qristianul
eklesiebSi gavrcelda. Sua
saukuneebSi kaTolikuri ekle-
sia krefda desetinas purisa
da yurZnis mosavlisgan (e.w.
didi desetina), sabostne da
teqnikuri kulturebis mosav-
lisagan (e.w. mcire desetina),
mecxoveleobis produqtebis
warmoebiT miRebuli Semosav-
lisagan (e.w. sisxlis deseti-
na). misi gauqmeba daiwyo XVI-
II saukunis ukanaskneli aTwle-
ulidan. pirvelad gauqmda sa-
frangeTSi 1789--1790 wlebSi,
sxva qveynebSi _ XIX saukunis
manZilze sxvadasxva period-
Si. ruseTSi desetina SemoRe-
bul iqna X saukuneSi, xolo
gauqmebuli _ XIX saukunis
bolos.
deficiti (deficit, short-
age) [<laT. deficit ukmaroba] -
1. ekonomikuri situacia, rom-
lis drosac arsebuli fase-
bis pirobebSi moTxovna ama Tu
im saqonelze aRemateba mis mi-
89
wodebas. deficitis warmoSoba-
ze, wminda ekonomikuri mizeze-
bis garda, gavlenas axdens bune-
brivi, politikuri, istoriuli
da a.S. faqtorebi. amitom igi
ama Tu im formiT SeiZleba
arsebobdes nebismier sameur-
neo sistemaSi, maT Soris, gan-
viTarebul sabazro ekonomika-
Sic. firmis saqmianobis lim-
itireba xdeba moTxovniT mis
produqciaze. amitom moTxov-
nis gafarToebiT warmoSobili
sasaqonlo deficiti astimu-
lirebs warmoebas, rac, saboloo
angariSiT, miwodebis gafarToe-
baSi aisaxeba. deficiti dai-
Zleva moTxovnisa da miwodeb-
is balansirebiT, magram, vinaidan
mikrodoneze aseTi wonasworo-
bis miRweva Znelia, iqmneba def-
icitis sapirispiro viTareba —
SefardebiTi Warbwarmoeba. war-
moebis procesi ciklur xasi-
aTs iZens, ama Tu im saqonlis
gamoSvebis moculoba ki masze
moTxovnisa da miwodebis cva-
lebadobiT regulirdeba. am-
rigad, meurneobis sabazro
sistemaSi deficits droebiTi
xasiaTi aqvs, misi daZlevis
meqanizmi ki TviT warmoebaSia;
2. situacia, roca saxelmwifo
biujetis xarjebi aRemateba Se-
mosavlebs drois garkveul
monakveTSi. jon meinard kein-
zi iyo pirveli, vinc wamoayena
90
wanadadeba, mTavrobas daegegma
deficiti rogorc Tavisi eko-
nomikuri politikis nawili.
deficitis dafinanseba
(deficit finansing) - ekonomikuri
politikis nawili, romelsac
iyenebs mTavroba deficitis
dasafaravad. es termini asax-
avs rogorc mTavrobis Sida
saqmianobis SedegebiT gamow-
veul, ise sagadasaxdelo bal-
ansis deficitis dafinansebas.
deficituri valuta (star-
ce, hard currency) - sxvagvarad
_ myari valuta.
deflatori (implicit price
deflator) - fasebis indeqsi, gamoy-
enebuli erovnuli Semosavlis
erTi an ramdenime komponentis
deflirebisaTvis. deflatori
paaSes fasebis indeqsia, amitom
igi ufro nela izrdeba, vidre
laspeiresis fasebis indeqsi,
iseTi, rogoric aris sacalo
an sabiTumo fasebis indeqsebi.
deflacia (deflation) [<laT.
deflation gamoberva] - ekonomika-
Si fasebis saSualo donis
dacemis tendencia erToblivi
moTxovnis daqveiTebis an saqon-
lis Rirebulebis dacemis sa-
fuZvelze, sazogadoebrivi Sro-
mis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis an
mimoqcevis arxebidan Warbi
fulis amoRebis xarjze. de-
flacia inflaciis sawinaaRm-
dego procesi da masTan brZo-
deficitis dafinanseba
lis saSualebaa. mas saxelm-
wifo axorcielebs rogorc
fulad--sakredito, ise sagada-
saxado meqanizmiT. sakredito--
fulad RonisZiebebs igi ata-
rebs sakredito restriqciiT,
rac gamoixateba sargeblis
normis amaRlebiT, kreditebis
limitirebiT, samomxmareblo
kreditis pirobebis gauarese-
biT da a.S. saxelmwifo Warb
fuls mimoqcevidan iRebs, ag-
reTve gadasaxadebis gadideb-
iT, xelfasis `gayinviT~, saxel-
mwifo xarjebis zogierTi saxeo-
bis SemcirebiT da sxva RonisZ-
iebebiT. deflaciuri politikis
gatareba iwvevs ekonomikis gan-
viTarebis tempebis Senelebasa
da umuSevrobis zrdas.
defolti (default) - kompa-
niis gakotrebulad gamocxadeba
valebis gadauxdelobis gamo
da fasian qaRaldebze procen-
tis gacemis Sewyveta.
`didi depresia~ (Great Dep-
ression) - 1929--1933 wlebis msof-
lio ekonomikuri krizisi, yve-
laze Rrma istoriaSi, romel-
mac saTave niu--iorkSi aiRo.
`didi Svideuli~ (G7) –
msoflios Svidi Zlieri saxel-
mwifos _ aSS, iaponia, safrange-
Ti, germania, gaerTianebuli same-
fo, italia, kanada _ gaerTiane-
ba.
diversifikacia (diversi-
disbalansi
fication) [<laT. diversus sxvada-
sxva+facere keTeba] - mraval-
mxrivi ganviTareba; warmoeb-
is diversifikacia — war-
moebis mravali saxis erTdrou-
li ganviTareba, nakeTobaTa
asortimentis gafarToeba; eq-
sportis diversifikacia _
eqsportisaTvis gankuTvnili
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saxe-
ebis raodenobis gazrda.
diversificirebuli por-
tfeli (diversified portfolio) -
aqtivebis nakrebi, romelsac
flobs firma. Cveulebriv, igi
moicavs finansur aqtivebs, ma-
gram princi pSi ar gamoricx-
avs realur aqtivebsac.
dividendi (dividend) [<laT.
dividendus--ganawilebisaTvis daq-
vemdebarebuli] - Semosavali,
romelsac iRebs aqciis mflo-
beli aqcioneruli sazogadoe-
bis mogebidan. Cveulebrivi
aqciebidan miRebuli dividen-
dis odenoba damokidebulia aq-
cioneruli sazogadoebis moge-
baze, privilegiuri aqciebidan
miRebuli dividendi ki mtkiced
dadgenili fiqsirebuli sid-
idea.
dividendi fasiani qaRal-
debis formiT (stock dividend)
– dividendis gacemis meTodi
ara naRdi fuliT, aramed axa-
li, damatebiTi aqciebiT. amis
gansaxorcieleblad firmam Ta-
91
visi saxsrebi unda gadaitanos
wminda mogebidan kapitalis an-
gariSze.
dizaJio (disaggio) (ital.
disaggio) - fasiani qaRaldebis
sabirJo kursis dacema maT no-
minalur RirebulebasTan Seda-
rebiT; angariSoben procento-
biT. dizaJio qaRaldis fulze
warmoiSoba inflaciis pirobeb-
Si da misi gamovlenis erT--
erTi saxea. sapirispiroa _ aJio.
dileri (dealer) [<ingl.
dealer sabirJo makleri, dala-
li] - fizikuri an iuridiuli
piri, romelic safondo birJis
wevria da profesiul doneze
vaWrobs fasiani qaRaldebiT.
brokerisagan gansxvavebiT, rome-
lic Suamavalia, dileri oper-
aciebs sakuTari xarjebiT awar-
moebs. mas ara aqvs ufleba,
uSualod klientebTan dados
SeTanxmeba. igi garigebas awar-
moebs brokerebTan. SekveTas
klientebisagan fasiani qaRalde-
bis yidva--gayidvis Sesaxeb iReben
mxolod brokerebi. dilerebi
specialdebian fasiani qaRalde-
bis saxeebis mixedviT. maTi moge-
baa sxvaoba nayid da gayidul
fasian qaRaldebs Soris.
disbalansi (disbalance) -
Semosavlebisa da xarjebis, aq--
tivebisa da pasivebis, debetisa
da kreditis daubalanseblo--
ba, Seusabamoba.
92
diskonti (discount) [<laT.
-
computare] 1. sargeblis ga-
nakveTi, romlis safuZvelzec
centraluri banki aZlevs ko-
merciul bankebs kredits; 2.
Tamasuqis ganaRdeba misi va-
dis gasvlamde nominalur Rire-
bulebasTan SedarebiT nakleb
fasSi; 3. sabirJo da savalu-
to garigebisas _ Sesabamisad
saqonlisa da valutis fasdaT-
moba (fasgamokleba).
diskontireba (discount-
ing) - kapitalur Tanxaze sar-
geblis ganakveTis damateba. es
meTodi farTod gamoiyeneba mo-
mavalSi gadasaxdeli Tanxis
dRevandeli ekvivalentis das-
adgenad. momavali Tanxis amJa-
mindeli Rirebuleba ganisaz-
Rvreba diskontis koeficien-
tis daxmarebiT, romelic sarge-
blis normisa da diskontireb-
is periodzea damokidebuli.
diskontirebuli Rirebu-
leba (discounted value) - moma-
valSi mosalodneli Semosav-
lis an danaxarjis (gadasaxde-
lis) jams minus kapitalze
sargebeli, rogorc molodinis
kompensacia.
diskontis procenti (dis-
count rate) - ganaRdebuli pro-
centi _ sargebeli, romelsac
ixdian Tamasuqis an sxva fasiani
qaRaldebis yidvisas maTi vadis
gasvlamde; sxvaoba Tamasuqis
diskonti
nominalur Rirebulebasa da
masSi gadaxdil Tanxas Soris.
diskonturi obligacia
(diskount bond) – obligacia, ro-
melic ganaRdebisas erTjerad
gadaxdas eqvemdebareba.
diskrecia (discretion) [<laT.
discretion] - ama Tu im sakiTxis
gadawyveta saxelmwifo orga-
noebis an Tanamdebobis pirebis
mier sakuTari Sexedulebisame-
br.
diskreciuli moqmedeba
(discretionary) [<laT. ix. dis-
krecia] - moqmedeba sakuTari
Sexedulebisamebr.
dispaSa (claims adjustment)
[<frang. dispache] - gemis ava-
riis damadasturebeli doku-
menti, romlis safuZvelzec
xdeba gaangariSeba reisis mona-
wile mxareebs Soris zaralis
gasanawileblad.
dispaCi (dispatch) [<ingl.
_ siswrafe] - gasamrjelo, pre-
mia, romelsac gemis mflobeli
uxdis tvirTis mflobels ge-
mis vadamde datvirTvisa da
gadmotvirTvisaTvis.
distanciuri swavleba
(distance learning) - ganaTlebis
miRebisa da kvalifikaciis ama-
Rlebis moqnili sistema, romel-
ic telekomunikaciuri teqnol-
ogiebis gamoyenebis safuZvelze,
or mxares Soris kontaqtis
gareSe iZleva daSorebul man-
dolari
Zilze swavlebis ganxorcieleb-
is saSualebas, SesaZlebels
xdis minimaluri danaxarjebiT
msmenelTa didi raodenobis mier
mravalmxrivi da maqsimalurad
maRalkvalificiuri informaci-
is miRebas.
distributori (distrib-
utor) [<ingl. distributor - gamana-
wilebeli] - firmis agenti, ro-
melsac evaleba am firmis pro-
duqciis realizacia gansaz-
Rvrul regionSi. igi muSaobs
Sesabamisi saqonlis mwarmoebel
firmasTan dadebuli saxelSek-
rulebo SeTanxmebis safuZ-
velze. brokerisagan gansxvave-
biT, distributori ar aris
Suamavali, igi birJasTan ar aris
dakavSirebuli da muSaobs ara
klientis saxeliT an misi an-
gariSiT, aramed Tavisi saxeliT
da Tavisi angariSiT. rogorc
wesi, mwarmoebeli firma aZlevs
Tavis distibutors saqonels
garkveuli fasdaklebiT, rac am
ukanasknelis Semosavlis wya-
roa. magram bazris koniunqtur-
is gaTvaliswinebiT distibu-
tors ufleba aqvs Tavisi
Sexedulebisamebr daadginos
saboloo sarealizacio fasi.
firmis SeTanxmeba am saxis
agentTan grZelvadiania da
iTvaliswinebs orive mxaris
mier saqonlis realizaciasTan
dakavSirebuli Semdegi fun-
93
qciebis Sesrulebas: mocemul
regionSi reklamis organiza-
cias, momxmarebelTaTvis mom-
saxurebis gawevas, bazris ko-
niunqturisa da myidvelTa
gamoxmaurebebis analizsa da
sxv. am funqciebis Sesrulebi-
saTvis firma uzrunvelyofs
distributors saWiro sarek-
lamo prospeqtebiT, awvdis saTa-
darigo nawilebs da a.S. msxvil
firmebs TavianTi distribu-
torebi hyavT ara mxolod regi-
onebSi, aramed sxvadasxva qveya-
naSi. amitom firmebSi dis-
tributorebTan kavSiris dasam-
yareblad Seqmnilia special-
uri ganyofilebebi.
dolari (dollar) - amJamad
dolari msoflios 27 saxelm-
wifos (avstralia, kanada, sin-
gapuri, axali zelandia, zim-
babve da a.S.) valutas hqvia.
Tumca sazogadoebas, upirveles
yovlisa, aSS dolari aintere-
sebs. igi SemoRebul iqna 1786
wels. amerikuli dolari (ro-
melic 100 cents udris) ibe-
Wdeba specialur qaRaldze ma-
saCusetis Statis qalaq dal-
tonSi. yoveldRiurad uSveben
22 mln 500 aTas banknots, maT
Soris erTdolariani 45%-- s
Seadgens. erTdolarianis `si-
cocxlis xangrZlivoba~ weli-
wadnaxevaria, xolo asdolar-
ianis _ 20 welze meti.
94
domari evsei (1914--1997)
-
(Domar Evsey) amerikeli po-
lonuri warmoSobis ekonomis-
ti, ekonomikuri zrdis Teorie-
bis cnobili mkvlevari. man
daisaxa miznad daedgina is
pirobebi, romlebic uzrunve-
lyofen moTxovnisa da warmoe-
brivi simZlavreebis balansire-
bul zrdas. domaris kvlevis
Sedegebi harodis mier miRebu-
li Sedegebis analogiuri aR-
moCnda. amJamad isini cnobil-
ia harod-- domaris pirobebis
saxelwodebiT. igi miuTiTebs
investiciebis ormag efeqtze:
pirveli, maT moaqvT Semosava-
li, meore, zrdian warmoebriv
simZlavreebs, maSin rodesac
keinzianuri Teoria miuTiTeb-
da mxolod pirvel efeqtze.
domaris mTavari naSromia `nar-
kvevebi ekonomikuri zrdis Te-
oriebSi~ (1957).
dotacia biujetidan (bud-
get subsidy) - saxelmwifo biu-
jetidan fuladi saxsrebis
gacema daubruneblobis piro-
biT. dotacia eZlevaT saxelm-
wifo sawarmoebs, organizacie-
bs, dawesebulebebs sameurneo
saqmianobis Sedegebis balan-
sirebis mizniT. bolo xans es
forma Seaviwrova finansuri
daxmarebis axalma saxem _ sub-
venciam.
dou-jonsis indeqsi (Dow
domari evsei
Jones’ index) - 1. SemoiRo ame-
rikelma biznesmenma C. doum
1897 wels. adgens fasiani
qaRaldebis kursis mimarTule-
bas (krizisken Tu aRmavlo-
bisken). gamoiyvaneba rogorc
umniSvnelovanesi aqciebis sa-
Sualo ariTmetikuli. dgeba 3
jgufad: I - 30 samrewvelo aq-
cia; II - rkinigzis aqcia; III -
15 komunaluri aqcia. dou--jon-
sis indeqsze gavlenas axdens:
riskis faqtori, sargeblis ga-
nakveTi, likvidunarianoba, fu-
lis dabandebis alternatiu-
li sferoebi; 2. aSS--is umsx-
vilesi kompaniebis saSualo
aqciebis kursebi, romlebzec
modis sabirJo brunvis daax-
loebiT mesamedi, maT Soris
iseTi cnobili firmebisa, ro-
goricaa `ameriken telefon end
telegrafi~ (ATT), `betlehem
stili~, `diuponi~, `eqsoni~,
`jeneral eleqtriki~, `jener-
al motorzi~, `iunaited--stili~
da sxv. 30 samrewvelo kompa-
niis aqciebis kursis dajame-
biT miRebuli Tanxis safuZ-
velze ganisazRvreba krebsiTi
indeqsi. misi gaangariSeba pe-
riodulad koreqtirdeba ar-
sebuli mdgomareobis mixedviT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dou--
jonsis indeqss amerikul pre-
saSi xSirad akritikeben da al-
ternatiuli maCveneblebic ki
duopsonia
mohyavT, misi dinamika mainc
zustad gamoxatavs am qveynis
mdgomareobas. analogiuri an
msgavsi maCveneblebi ganviTare-
buli finansuri bazrebis sxva
qveynebSic muSavdeba.
dualizmi (dualism) - urTi-
erTgamomricxavi princi pebis,
viTarebis (sasurvelisa da ara-
sasurvelis) arseboba sazoga-
doebaSi. aseTi dualizmis ma-
galiTebia: sauniversiteto ga-
naTleba da masobrivi wera--
kiTxvis ucodinaroba, fufune-
ba da ukiduresi siRaribe,
ekonomikis tradiciuli da
Tanamedrove seqtorebi, zrda
da uZraoba da a.S.
dualizmis Teoria (dua-
lism theory of) - Teoria, romlis
konturebi pirvelad moxaza
malTusma. igi ekonomikas ganix-
ilavda rogorc ori mTavari
seqtoris _ mrewvelobisa da
soflis meurneobis erTianobas.
malTusis azriT, ekonomikis or
nawilad dayofa da maT Soris
urTierTqmedebis Seswavla gan-
viTarebis procesis advilad
gagebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
sasoflo-- sameurneo seqtori-
saTvis damaxasiaTebelia arasasa-
qonlo warmoeba, warmoebis primi-
tiuli da araefeqtiani meTode-
bis gamoyeneba, dabali Sromis
anazRaureba da, Sesabamisad, da-
bali cxovrebis done. samrewve-
95
lo seqtorSi, Tumca, Sromis
anazRaureba SedarebiT maRa-
lia, farTod aris gavrcele-
buli siRaribe da umuSevroba.
es aris mTavari problema gan-
viTarebadi qveynebisaTvis, sa-
dac msxvili qalaqebis gver-
diT aris axali dasaxlebuli
mosaxleoba, romelsac ar Seu-
Zlia i povos samuSao an sacx-
ovrebeli an orive erTad, ma-
gram ar surs daubrundes sa-
soflo--sameurneo raionebs (ix.
luis--feisreinisis modeli).
duimi (inch) [<holand. duim
didi TiTi] - 1. sigrZis erTe-
uli sazomTa inglisur sis-
temaSi; 2. sigrZis erTeuli sa-
zomTa Zvel rusul sistemaSi;
gauqmda 1918 wels. 1 duimi
udris 1/12 futs.
duopsonia (duospony) - sa-
bazro situacia, bazris funq-
cionirebis forma, rodesac kon-
kretuli saqonlis an momsa-
xurebis bazarze mravali gam-
yidveli da mxolod ori msxvi-
li myidvelia. maT mniSvnelo-
vani gavlena aqvT gamyidvelebze,
mag., SeuZliaT daswion sabaz-
ro fasebi.
96
e luri banki dafuZnda frankfur-
egzogenuri mtp (exogenous
scientific-technological progress)
[<berZ. exo garedan, genos gvari,
modgma] - warmoebis avtonomi-
uri faqtori; egzogenuri (gar-
egani mizezebiT warmoqmnili)
teqnologiuri progresis war-
moebrivi funqcia. gulisxmobs
teqnologiuri progresis gare-
dan marTvas. sapirispiro _
endogenuri mtp.
evro (euro) - erTiani ev-
ropuli valuta, oficialuri
fulis erTeuli SemoRebuli
ekius (ecu) nacvlad 1999 wlis
1 ianvridan. evrozonaSi Sevi-
da 11 qveyana: avstria, belgia,
germania, irlandia, espaneTi, ita-
lia, luqsemburgi, niderlandi,
portugalia, fineTi, safrange-
Ti. saberZneTs ar mieca ufle-
ba da 2001 wlamde ver gaer-
Tianda evrozonaSi. 2007 wels
mas daemata slovenia, xolo
2008 wlis 1 ianvridan kvi pro-
si da malta. SemoRebis momen-
tSi evros gacvliTi kursi
aseTi iyo: 1 evro _ 1 ekiu.
2002 wlis 1 ianvramde arse-
bobda unaRdo saxiT. banknote-
bisa da monetebis saxiT mimo-
qcevaSi Sevida 2002 wlis 1
ianvridan. saxelwodeba `evro~
SeTanxmebul iqna evrokavSir-
Si 1995 wlis dekemberSi.
egzogenuri mtp
axali evropuli centra-
tSi da igi evrozonis moneta-
rul politikaze gaxda pasuxis-
mgebeli. evros simboloa • . igi
Seqmna evrokomisiam da sajarod
gamocxadda dublinSi 1996
wlis dekemberSi.
amJamad saqarTveloSi sava-
luto rezervi or valutaSia gan-
Tavsebuli _ amerikul dolarsa
da evroSi. maTi Tanafardoba
2003 wlis monacemebiT, Sesa-
bamisad, Seadgenda 70% 30%--
Tan. 2007 wlis monacemebiT,
es Tanafardoba gaxda 60%
40%--Tan. msoflioSi da, buneb-
rivia, saqarTveloSic, mimdinare
procesebis cvlilebebidan ga-
momdinare, dolarsa da evros
rezervebs Soris Tanafardoba
Seicvala. 2010 wlis monace-
mebiT, es Tanafardobaa 75% 22--
25%--Tan. danarCeni _ sxva sru-
lad konvertirebadi valute-
bia.
evrodolari (eurodollar)
- evropuli dolari. ameriku-
li dolariT gamoxatuli fu-
ladi saSualeba, romelsac
mflobelebi aTavseben aSS--is
farglebs gareT, umTavresad
evropul bankebSi da iyeneben
sakredito operaciebisaTvis.
evrodolaris bazari warmoiSva
XX saukunis 50-- iani wlebis
damlevs.
evropis rekonstruqci
rekonstruqciisa
isa da ganviTarebis...
evrokavSiri (European Uni-
on - EU) - Seiqmna evropuli
gaerTianebis bazaze maaxstritis
1993 wlis 1 noembris xel-
Sekrulebis safuZvelze. adg-
ilsamyofelia briuseli.
1993 wlidan evrokavSir-
Si gauqmda SezRudvebi kapi-
talis, samuSao Zalis, saqon-
lis, momsaxurebis Tavisufal
gadaadgilebaze. 2007 wlis bo-
losaTvis misi wevri 27 qveya-
na gaxda. esenia: safrangeTi, bel-
gia, gfr, italia, luqsemburgi,
niderlandi, didi britaneTi,
dania, irlandia, saberZneTi, por-
tugalia, espaneTi, avstria, fine-
Ti, SvedeTi, kvi prosi, CexeTi,
estoneTi, litva, latvia, un-
greTi, malta, poloneTi, slo-
vakeTi, slovenia, bulgareTi, ru-
mineTi. amJamad 27 qveynisgan Sem-
dgar jgufs zogjer EU27-s uwo-
deben.
evrokavSiris yvelaze didi
qveynebia: safrangeTi, italia,
espaneTi da gaerTianebuli same-
fo. am qveynebze modis EU27-is
75%.
evrokavSiris sakonsulta-
cio da sakoordinacio organoa
evroparlamenti, romlis adgil-
samyofelia strasburgi. (ix. ev-
ropuli ekonomikuri gaerTia-
neba; evropuli gaerTianeba).
evrokavSir-saqarTvelos
biznes-sabZo (EU-GBC) - Se-
97
iqmna 2006 wlis 3 Tebervals
briuselSi evrokavSirTan saqar-
Tvelos savaWro urTierTobebis
gafarToebisa da qveyanaSi inves-
ticiebis mozidvis mizniT. mis
dafuZnebaSi monawileoba miiRo
saqarTvelos minisa da minera-
luri wylebis kompaniam (GGMW),
STATOIL-ma da kanargom. amave
wels saqarTvelos biznesmenTa
federacia gaxda am sabWos wevri.
evroobligacia (Euro-
bond) - fasiani qaRaldi, rom-
lis emisias axorcielebs sax-
elmwifo evropis bazrebze
(safondo birJebze gasayidad).
valis erT--erTi forma, romel-
sac saxelmwifo iRebs sesxad
da amisTvis ixdis sakmaod ma-
Ral procents. igi SedarebiT
Zviri sesxia, vidre saerTa-
Soriso organizaciebis mier
gacemuli sesxebi. amasTan, am
ukanasknelisgan gansxvavebiT, ar
xdeba misi miznobriobisa da
xarjvis gakontroleba.
evropis rekonstruqci-
isa da ganviTarebis banki
(European Bank for Reconstruction
and Development -EBRD) - saxel-
mwifoTaSoriso banki, daarsda
1991 wels londonSi. axorci-
elebs centraluri da aRmo-
savleT evropis, agreTve cen-
traluri aziis qveynebis gr-
Zelvadian dakreditebas, amasTan,
investirebis gziT maT daxmare-
98
bas uwevs sabazro ekonomika-
ze gadasvlaSi.
evropuli gaerTianeba
(European Community - EC) -
naxSirisa da foladis evrop-
uli gaerTianebis (ECSC), evro-
puli ekonomikuri gaerTianeb-
isa (EEC) da atomuri energi-
is sferoSi evropuli gaer-
Tianebis (EAEC) saerTo sax-
elwodeba. Seiqmna 1967 wels
da aerTianebda dasavleT evro-
pis 12 qveyanas (safrangeTi,
didi britaneTi, dania, irland-
ia belgia, gfr, italia, lu-
qsemburgi, niderlandi, saberZne-
Ti, portugalia, espaneTi).
1993 wlis 1 noembridan
maaxstritis xelSekrulebis
safuZvelze evropulma gaer-
Tianebam miiRo evrokavSiris
oficialuri saxelwodeba.
evropuli ekonomikuri
gaerTianeba (European Eco-
nomic Community - EEC) - daars-
da 1957 wels saerTo (evrop-
uli) bazris saxelwodebiT
safrangeTis, belgiis, gfr--is,
italiis, luqsemburgisa da
niderlandis mTavrobebis mier
xelmowerili romis xelSek-
rulebis safuZvelze. xelSek-
ruleba iTvaliswinebda saba-
Jo kavSiris Seqmnas, kapitalisa
da samuSao Zalis Tavisufali
moZraobisaTvis yvela barieris
likvidacias, agreTve saerTo
evropuli gaerTianeba
sasoflo--sameurneo da satran-
sporto politikis SemuSavebas.
garda aRniSnulisa, gaerTianebis
dafuZnebaSi monawileoba miiRes
evropulma sainvesticio bank-
ma da evropulma socialurma
fondma, romelTa mizani am gaer-
Tianebis ekonomikuri ganviTare-
bis koordinacia iyo. 1968
wels sruli sabaJo kavSiris
Seqmnis Sedegad, likvidirebul
iqna yvela Sida tarifi da
Seiqmna saerTo sagareo tari-
fi. 1977 wels gaerTianebam da-
do xelSekruleba sabaJo kavSi-
ris Sesaxeb Tavisufali vaWro-
bis evropul asociaciasTan, rac
Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb
ormxrivi TanamSromlobis dam-
amTavrebel etaps warmoadgenda.
gaerTianebam 1962 wels Se-
imuSava da daamtkica sasof-
lo-- sameurneo politika da
mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadad-
ga saerTo satransporto poli-
tikis koordinirebasTan dakav-
SirebiT.
1972 wels briuselis xel-
Sekrulebis ratifikaciis Sem-
deg, 1973 wels gaerTianebis
eqvs qveyanas daemata dania, ir-
landia da didi britaneTi, rom-
lebmac TavianTi sagareo--savaW-
ro politika gaerTianebis wese-
bis Sesabamisad daaregulires.
1982 wels gaerTianebaSi Sevi-
da saberZneTi, xolo 1986 wels
ekologiuri banki 99
_ portugalia da espaneTi. _ ekonomikuri saqmianobis sax-
1967 wels gaerTianebis or- eebis mixedviT. aRniSnul klas-
ganizaciuli struqtura Seer- ifikaciaSi detalizebulia
wya naxSirisa da foladis evro- ISIC-is koduri poziciebi aT-
puli gaerTianebisa (ECSC) da niSna cifruli kodis mesame
atomuri energiis sferoSi da meoTxe niSnis doneze.
evropuli gaerTianebis (EAEC) ekiu (Ecu) - evropuli va-
struqturebs, ris safuZvelzec lutis erTeuli, SemoRebul iqna
Camoyalibda evropuli gaer- 1979 wels. 1999 wlis pirve-
Tianeba, xolo 1993 wlis 1 li ianvridan igi evrom Secva-
noembris xelSekrulebiT, evro- la.
gaerTianebam miiRo evrokavSiris ekologiuri banki (eco-
saxelwodeba. logical bank) - aseTi bankis de-
evropis centraluri ban- pozitebi aris ara finansuri
ki (European Central Bank _ ECB) resursebi, aramed dasaSveb
– centraluri banki frank- zomaze zeviT dabinZurebis moc-
furtSi, romelic pasuxismge- ulobis Semcirebis dokumen-
belia evrozonaSi monetaruli turad damtkicebuli teqnikuri
politikis ganxorcielebaze. maCveneblebi, rac komerciuli
evropuli kavSiris eko- gacvlis sagania. ekologiur
nomikuri saqmianobis mTa- regulirebaSi sabazro urTier-
vari samrewvelo klasifi- Tobebis gamoyenebis es meTodi
kacia (General Industrial Clas- ukavSirdeba garemos dabinZure-
ification of Economic Activities bis uflebis bazris Seqmnas.
within European Communities) - is firmebi, romlebic SeZleben
NACE - evrokavSiris sabazo garemos dabinZurebis `zenor-
klasifikacia ekonomikuri saqmia- matiul~ Semcirebas, SeuZliaT
nobis mixedviT rogorc baza TavianTi `nameti~ (sxvaoba gare-
erovnuli klasifikaciebis Se- mos zenormatiul da normati-
saqmnelad. ul dabinZurebas Soris) eko-
klasifikaciis obieqtebs logiuri bankebis meSveobiT
warmoadgens ekonomikuri saqmi- mihyidon sxva firmebs. amrigad,
anobis saxeebi. NACE gankuTv- es `nameti~ iqceva sagnad, rome-
nilia samarTlebrivi erTeuleb- lic stimuls miscems firmebs
is (iuridiuli da fizikuri ara mxolod daicvan kanoniT
pirebis) aRwerisaTvis maTi Zi- gaTvaliswinebuli bunebis dac-
riTadi saklasifikacio niSnis vis normebi, aramed kidev ufro
100 ekologiuri ekonomikis koncefcia
Seamciron garemos dabinZure-
bis done, raTa amiT mieceT
SesaZlebloba maTac awarmoon
es `nameti~ da warmoadgendnen
meanabreebs ekologiur bankeb-
Si.
ekologiuri ekonomikis
koncefcia (conception of eco-
logical economy) - mxars uWers
ekolog--ekonomikuri sistemis
Seqmnis ideas da misi real-
izaciisaTvis isaxavs or gzas:
pirveli mimarTulebis warmo-
madgenlebi mTel ekosistemas
ekonomikuri saqmianobis Semad-
genel nawilad miiCneven da
moiTxoven ekonomikur saqmi-
anobaSi bunebrivi procesebis
CarTvas. meore mimarTulebis
warmomadgenlebi ekologiuri
problemis mogvarebas meurneo-
briobis tradiciuli meTodeb-
is gamoyenebas ukavSireben. me-
ore mimarTulebam miiRo en-
vairomentuli determinizmis
(environmental determinism) sax-
elwodeba. mis mixedviT gare-
mo aris qveynis ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis donis mTavari
ganmsazRvreli faqtori. es gan-
sakuTrebiT exeba sustad gan-
viTarebul qveynebs, sadac adg-
ilobriv bunebriv resursebs
uaRresad didi mniSvneloba
aqvs qveynis ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebisaTvis. ekonomikis gan-
viTarebis dabali done aiZu-
lebs am qveynebs moaxdinon moZ-
velebuli teqnologiebis im-
porti, romlebic xels uwyobs
ekologiuri katastrofebis
warmoqmnasa da garemos dabin-
Zurebas.
ekologiuri usafrTxo-
eba (environmental safety) - mTe-
li sazogadoebis sasicocxlo
interesebis dacva im Sida da
gare efeqtebisagan, romlebic
safrTxes uqmnis ekologiuri
sistemis myar funqcionirebasa
da, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT,
aryevs qveynis saxelmwifoebri-
obas.
ekonometria^ ekonometri-
ka (econometrics) - ekonomikuri
mecnierebis erT-- erTi mimar-
Tuleba, romelic dafuZnebu-
lia ekonomikuri movlenebis
analizsa da prognozirebaSi
maTematikuri modelebis gamoye-
nebaze da dakavSirebulia maTem-
atikuri warmodgeniT realuri
movlenebis adekvaturobis gan-
sazRvra-- SefasebasTan.
ekonometrikuli mode-
li (econometrical model) - mTe-
li ekonomikis an misi nawilis
maTematikuri modeli, romlis
parametrebi Sefasebulia ekono-
metrikuli meTodebiT.
ekonomika (economy, eco-
nomics) [<berZ. oikonomia meur-
neobis marTva] - 1. meurneoba
(qveynis, sawarmos, ojaxisa da
ekonomika
a.S.), warmoebasTan, ganawilebasa
da moxmarebasTan dakavSirebuli
sameurneo saqmianobis erTob-
lioba. iyofa mikro-- , mezo-- ,
makro--, da megaekonomikebad. 2.
mecniereba, romelic swavlobs
rogorc ekonomikuri kanonebis
Teoriul aspeqtebs, ise meur-
neobis konkretul mdgomareobas.
inglisur enaSi pirveli mniS-
vnelobis gadmosacemad ixmareba
sityva economy, xolo meori-
saTvis--economics. sityva econ-
omy meore mniSvnelobiT gam-
oiyeneba mxolod Semdeg sity-
vaTwyobaSi _ political economy--
politikuri ekonomia.
ekonomika, rogorc mecniere-
ba, iyofa Teoriul da konkret-
ul ekonomikur disci plinebad.
klasikuri ganmartebiT,
ekonomika, rogorc Teoriuli
codnis sfero, swavlobs ad-
amianTa qcevas SezRuduli re-
sursebis sxvadasxva wesiT gamo-
yenebisas. dasaxuli miznis misaR-
wevad amaTgan optimaluri we-
sis SerCeva Teoriuli ekonomi-
kuri mecnierebis laitmotivia.
ekonomika, rogorc konkre-
tuli ekonomikuri disci pli-
na, Seiswavlis ekonomikis seq-
torebsa (agraruli, industri-
uli, momsaxurebis) da dargebs,
rogorc mTeli qveynis, ise misi
calkeuli regionebis mixedviT,
agreTve, warmoebis pirobebsa da
101
elementebs.
Tavdapirvelad ekonomikis
Sesaxeb primitiuli warmod-
genebi arsebobda. maT Zvelegvi p-
tur papirusebSi, qvaze amokve-
Til lursmnul warwerebSi,
Zvelindur vedebSi da sxva
wyaroebSi vxvdebiT. Semdeg
ekonomikis mecnierulad gaazre-
bis mcdeloba gamoCnda babil-
onis mefis hamurabis kanoneb-
Si (Zv.w. XVIII s.), CineTSi _
konfucisa da menZis (Zv.w. VI--
V ss.), (Zv.w. III s.) Sexedule-
bebSi da a.S.
ekonomikuri mecnierebis
sawyisebis SeqmnaSi mniSvnelo-
vani wvlili miuZRviT anti-
kuri saberZneTis moazrovneebs
_ qsenofonts, platonsa da
aristoteles.
qsenofontma dawera wigni
`oikonomia~ da amiT pirvelma
samecniero literaturaSi Se-
moitana sityva `ekonomika~. am-
rigad, `ekonomika~ berZnuli
warmoSobisaa. igi (oikonomia)
sityva--sityviT saojaxo meur-
neobis marTvas (`oikos~ _ sax-
li, meurneoba da `nomos~ _
wesi, kanoni) niSnavs.
aristotelem `ekonomikisa-
gan~ ganasxvava `qrematistika~,
rogorc ara meurneobis mar-
Tvis, aramed fulis keTebis xe-
lovneba.
rogoric unda yofiliyo
102
antikuri epoqis am an sxva moR-
vaweebis (magaliTad, antikuri
romis cnobili warmomadgenle-
bis _ katonis (234--149), Zmebi
tiberius (169--132) da gaius
(153--121) grakqusebis, varonis
(116--27), kolumelas (ax. w. I
s.) da sxvebis, an Semdgomi pe-
riodis did moazrovneTa Sexe-
dulebebi ekonomikis Sesaxeb,
maT mainc ar hqondaT sistemuri
xasiaTi. ekonomika ar iyo mec-
nierebis calke, damoukidebeli
dargi, vinaidan ar arsebobda
mecnierebis klasifikacia. igi
mxolod mecnierebis erTian
sistemaSi iyo CarTuli.
ase rTulad ikafavda gzas
ekonomika, rogorc ekonomikuri
movlenebisa da procesebis
sistemurad Semswavleli mec-
niereba da xazgasmiT aRsaniS-
navi araferi yofila XVI--XVII
saukuneebamde. swored am pe-
riodSi Camoyalibda pirveli
ekonomikuri mimdinareoba _
merkantilizmi (qveynis simdid-
ris zrdis gadamwyvet piro-
bad sagareo vaWrobis ganvi-
Tarebas miiCnevda), romelmac
mniSvnelovani wanamZRvrebi Se-
qmna ekonomikis, rogorc mec-
nierebis, formirebisaTvis.
ekonomikis servizacia
(servization of economy) - sazo-
gadoebriv warmoebasa da pira-
di moxmarebis struqturaSi
ekonomikis servizacia
momsaxurebis sferos xvedri-
Ti wonis arsebiTi zrdis pro-
cesi. damaxasiaTebelia ganvi-
Tarebuli qveynebis ekonomiki-
saTvis, sadac momsaxurebis sfe-
rom yvela ZiriTadi maCvenebliT,
maT Soris, dasaqmebulTa ricx-
ovnobiT, sagrZnoblad gauswro
materialur--nivTobrivi warmoe-
bis sferos da ekonomikis um-
sxviles seqtorad gadaiqca.
aSS--sa da dasavleT evropaSi
es procesi daiwyo jer kidev
XX saukunis 60-- ian wlebSi,
xolo iaponiaSi _ mxolod 70--
iani wlebidan. amJamad aSS--Si
yoveli aTi momuSavidan Svidi
dasaqmebulia momsaxurebis sfe-
roSi.
ekonomikis wminda moge-
ba (net profit of economy) - erov-
nuli angariSebis sistemaSi mak-
roekonomikuri mogebis maCvene-
beli, gaangariSebuli rogorc
sxvaoba ekonomikis mTlian moge-
basa da ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-
marebas Soris.
ekonomikurad aqtiuri
mosaxleoba (economically acti-
ve population) - dasaqmebuli mo-
saxleoba (daqiravebulebi, dam-
qiraveblebi da sakuTari bizne-
siT dakavebulebi), samxedro
mosamsaxureebi da samuSaos aq-
tiurad maZiebeli registrire-
buli umuSevrebi. igivea, rac
samuSao Zala.
ekonomikuri ganviTareba
ekonomikurad aqtiuri
samoqalaqo mosaxleoba (eco-
nomically active civil population) -
dasaqmebuli mosaxleoba (sam-
xedro mosamsaxureebis gamok-
lebiT) da samuSaos maZiebeli
umuSevrebi.
ekonomikuri adamiani (ho-
mo economicus) - ekonomikur ur-
TierTobaSi CarTuli raciona-
lurad moazrovne adamiani, ro-
melic Tavis saqmianobisas maq-
simaluri sargeblianobis miRe-
bis princi pebiT xelmZRvane-
lobs. igi mocemuli istoriu-
li epoqis ZiriTadi moqmedi
subieqtia. misi xasiaTi, mi-
drekilebebi, miznebi, moqmede-
bebi da saqmianobis saboloo Se-
degebi sazogadoebis cxovreb-
is determinantebad gvevlineba.
a. smiTis SexedulebiT, eko-
nomikuri adamianis umTavresi
niSan--Tvisebebia: 1. saqmianobis
SedegebiT piradi dainterese-
ba; 2. saqmianobis procesSi
partniorTa interesebis gaTva-
liswineba rogorc TanamSrom-
lobis aucilebeli piroba; 3.
saqmianobisas sazogadoebrivi
interesebis dacva.
ekonomikuri azrovnebis
wesi (the economic way of think-
ing) – inteleqtualuri instru-
menti, azrovnebis teqnika, rome-
lic saerToa nebismieri qvey-
nisa da sazogadoebisaTvis. is
103
institutebi, romlebic marTa-
ven sazogadoebas (masSi, pir-
vel yovlisa, qveynis ekonomikis
marTva igulisxmeba), magram ver
floben marTvis saidumloebas,
ver uzrunvelyofen sazogadoe-
baSi Tanxmobas, solidarobas,
ris gamoc qveyanaSi didia qao-
sisa da siRaribis saSiSroeba.
arada, Tanamedrove mecnieruli
miRwevebisa da teqnologiuri
progresis gamoyenebiT, ekono-
mikur azrovnebaSi axali, apro-
birebuli wesebis SemoRebiT, Za-
lisxmevis koordinaciiT, qvey-
nis erovnuli upiratesobebis
wina planze wamoweviT SesaZ-
lebelia socialuri harmoniis,
sazogadoebrivi Tanxmobis miR-
weva, rac erovnuli ekonomikis
ayvavebis sawindaria.
ekonomikuri ganviTare-
ba (economic development) - sa-
zogadoebrivi cxovrebis do-
nis amaRlebisa da xarisxis
gaumjobesebis procesi. moicavs
sam mniSvnelovan Semadgenels:
1. Semosavlebis, moxmarebis, ga-
naTlebis, jandacvisa da a.S.
donis zrdas; 2. politikuri,
ekonomikuri, socialuri da in-
stituciuri sistemebis formi-
rebis safuZvelze adamianTa
urTierTpativiscemis zrdis
xelSemwyobi pirobebis Seqmnas;
3. iseTi situaciis Seqmnas, ro-
desac sazogadoebas aqvs Tavi-
104 ekonomikuri ganviTarebis generaluri
si moTxovnilebebis dakmayofi-
lebis gzebis arCevis SesaZleb-
loba.
ekonomikuri ganviTareba
iwvevs pozitiur cvlilebebs
socialur struqturebSi, sa-
zogadoebrivi institutebis
qcevaSi, ekonomikuri zrdis
daCqarebaSi, uTanasworobis Sem-
cirebasa da umuSevrobis aR-
mofxvraSi. misi meSveobiT vi-
Tardeba ekonomikuri sistema
da mzaddeba cxovrebis donis
xarisxis Semdgomi amaRlebis
materialuri da sulieri piro-
bebi.
ekonomikuri ganviTare-
bis generaluri strategia
(General strategy of economic de-
velopment) - qveynis ekonomikis
warmarTvis strategia, realo-
bidan gamomdinare mocemul
etapze Seqmnili ganviTarebis
kursi.
Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli
qveynebis ekonomika, struqtu-
ruli TvalsazrisiT, diame-
tralurad gansxvavdeba wina
epoqebis ekonomikisagan, rode-
sac dominirebuli mdgomareo-
ba ekava jer soflis meurne-
obas, xolo Semdeg _ mrewvelo-
bas. magaliTad, Tu 1820 wels
aSS-is agrarul seqtorSi da-
saqmebuli iyo momuSaveTa 70%,
am dargis industrializaciis
safuZvelze, 2008 wlis monace-
generaluri...
...
mebiT, aSS-is agrarul seqtor-
Si dasaqmebulia mxolod 1,0%,
industriaSi _ 19,2%, xolo
momsaxurebis sferoSi _ 79,8%.
iaponiaSi es Tanafardoba, Se-
sabamisad, aseTia: 4,4%, 27,9%
da 66,4%; germaniaSi _ 2,4%,
29,7%, 67,8%; safrangeTSi _
3,8%, 24,3%, 71,8%; avstraliaSi
_ 3,6%, 21,1%, 75,0%; luqsem-
burgSi _ 2,2%, 17,2%, 80,6%;
evrokavSirSi _ 5,6%, 27,7%,
66,7% da a.S.
arasakmaod ganviTarebuli
(axalindustriuli qveynebis)
ekonomikisaTvis arsebobs sxva-
dasxva midgoma, romelTa So-
ris aRsaniSnavia: a) samrewve-
lo ganviTareba da importis
Senacvleba Sida warmoebiT; b)
soflis meurneobis saxelmwifo
mxardaWera da ekonomikis neb-
ismier seqtorSi, saeqsporto
produqciis warmoebis upira-
tesi ganviTarebis safuZvelze
(ucxouri valutis miRebis
mizniT) eqsportis gazrda; g)
qalaqisa da sasoflo raion-
ebis balansirebuli ganviTareba
da a.S. axalindustriul qvey-
nebSi, ganviTarebul qveynebTan
SedarebiT, maRalia agrarul
seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa xvedri-
Ti wona. magaliTad, 2008 wlis
monacemebiT, braziliaSi igi
Seadgenda 20%-s, xolo Tur-
qeTSi _ 29,5%-s (industria-
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis generaluri...
Si _ 24,7, momsaxurebis sfero-
Si _ 45,8%-s).
rac Seexeba ganviTarebad,
`mesame samyaros~ qveynebs, sa-
dac industrializaciis done
dabalia, maTTan mimarTebaSi
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gen-
eraluri strategiisadmi kidev
ufro gansxvavebuli midgomaa.
I msoflio omis Semdgomi peri-
odidan 60-iani wlebis dasawyi-
samde ekonomikur literatu-
raSi gabatonebuli iyo Sexedu-
leba imis Sesaxeb, rom sustad
ganviTarebuli qveynebisTvis
yvelaze misaRebi samrewvelo
warmoebis upiratesi ganviTare-
bis strategiaa. mravalma gan-
viTarebadma qveyanam gaiziara
es Sexeduleba da SeimuSava
kidec Sesabamisi strategia.
zogierT qveyanaSi imedismom-
cemi Sedegebic ki iqna miRweu-
li (gansakuTrebiT im qveyneb-
Si, romlebic upiratesobas
eqsportis ganviTarebas aniWebd-
nen, importSemcvleli warmoe-
bis ganviTarebasTan SedarebiT),
magram qveynebis umravlesobam
savalalo Sedegebi miiRo, rac
ZiriTadad gamowveuli iyo Sem-
degi mizezebiT:
1. investiciebTan dakavSire-
buli sirTuleebi. mrewvelo-
bis prioritetuli ganviTare-
ba sakmaod did investiciebs
moiTxovda, ucxouri inves-
105
ticiebis mozidva arajansaRi
sainvesticio klimatis gamo
TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo, adgi-
lobrivi sainvesticio resurse-
bi ki, jer erTi, mcire odeno-
bis iyo da meorec, maTi gada-
srola mrewvelobaSi xdeboda
soflis meurneobis xarjze da
mis sazianod, rac qveyanaSi
mwvave sasursaTo problemebs
warmoSobda;
2. adgilobrivma mrewvelo-
bam naklebganviTarebuli te-
qnologiebisa da dabalkvali-
ficiuri samuSao Zalis gamo,
ver SeZlo importisadmi konku-
renciis gaweva;
3. Sida bazris siviwrovisa
da dabali moTxovnis gamo, es
qveynebi ver axerxebdnen re-
alizaciasTan dakavSirebuli
problemebis gadaWras.
am obieqturi mizezebidan
gamomdinare, ganviTarebadi qvey-
nebis umravlesobam ver SeZlo
sagadasaxdelo balansis arse-
biTi gaumjobeseba, amasTan, im-
portis struqturac Seicva-
la. mza samomxmareblo saqon-
lis nacvlad masSi metwilad
sWarbobda mowyobilobebi, ned-
leuli, danadgarebis calkeu-
li nawilebi da a.S. amitom am
qveynebis damoukidebloba kidev
ufro SeizRuda, xolo Sida
ekonomikuri problemebi gamwvav-
da. saxeldobr, swrafi tempiT
106 ekonomikuri diskomfortis indeqsi
izrdeboda soflidan qalaqSi
migracia da, Sesabamisad, umu-
Sevroba, rasac mohyva poli-
tikuri procesebis gamwvaveba.
amitom ganviTarebadma qvey-
nebma bolo periodSi Secvales
TavianTi ekonomikuri ganviTare-
bis kursi da upiratesoba sof-
lis meurneobas mianiWes. dRes
msoflioSi igi aRiarebulia
sustad ganviTarebuli qveynebis
ekonomikis dominirebul seqto-
rad. ganviTarebis strategieb-
is umravlesobaSic upiratesoba
swored agrarul seqtors aqvs
miniWebuli. am tendencias ofi-
cialuri statistikac adas-
turebs. magaliTad, 2008 wlis
monacemebiT, nigeriis agrarul
seqtorSi dasaqmebuli iyo mo-
muSaveTa 70,0%, industriaSi
_ 10,0%, xolo momsaxurebis
sferoSi _ 20,0%; mozambikSi,
Sesabamisad, 81,0%, 6,0%, 13,0%;
liberiaSi _ 70,0%, 8,0%,
22,0%; sudanSi 80,0%, 7,0%,
13,0% da a.S.
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos,
2007 wlis oficialuri mo-
nacemebiT, es Tanafardoba ase-
Tia: agrarul seqtorSi dasaqme-
buli iyo momuSaveTa 55,6%,
industriaSi _ 8,9%, xolo
momsaxurebis sferoSi _ 35,5%;
SedarebisTvis, somxeTSi _
46,2%, 15,6%, 38,2%; azer-
baijanSi _ 39,3%, 12,1%, 48,6%.
aseTia dRes msoflio eko-
nomikuri politikis logika, gan-
viTarebis generaluri kursi,
rac samyaros kidev ufro di-
ferencirebulsa da kontras-
tuls xdis. erTi ram ki cxa-
dia: dRes msoflioSi ar arse-
bobs winaaRmdegoba maRalte-
qnologiur momsaxurebasa da
maRalteqnologiur industrias
Soris. winaaRmdegobebs mxolod
moZvelebuli teqnologiebi da
naklebkonkurentunariani pro-
duqcia ganapirobebs, rac sus-
tad ganviTarebuli qveynebis-
Tvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, maTi
xvedria.
ekonomikuri diskomfor-
tis indeqsi _ edi (economic
discomfort index) - makroekonomi-
kuri indikatori, inflaciisa
da umuSevrobis doneTa jami jami,
axasiaTebs qveynis makroekono-
mikur mdgomareobas, makrosta-
bilurobis mdgradobis dones,
romelTanac ukuproporciul da-
mokidebulebaSia: rac ufro ma-
Ralia edi, miT metia qveyanaSi
uaryofiTi tendenciebi da, piri-
qiT. misi gaangariSebisaTvis ga-
moiyeneba rogorc saSualo wli-
uri, ise dekembris mdgomareo-
biT arsebuli wliuri infla-
cia da Sesabamisi periodis
umuSevrobis done. edi ekono-
mikur literaturaSi pirvelad
Semoitana cnobilma ekonomist-
ma artur oukenma (i. i. arCvaZe
arCvaZe.
ekonomikuri Teoria
ekonomikuri diskomfortis in-
deqsi: arsi da gamoyenebiTi Ri-
rebuleba. `axali ekonomisti~,
2012, #1).
ekonomikuri efeqtiano-
ba (economic efficiency) - ekono-
mikuri saqmianobis Sedegiano-
ba, romelic gamoiTvleba re-
sursebis gamoyenebiT miRebu-
li ekonomikuri Sedegis Se-
fardebiT warmoebis danaxar-
jebTan.
ekonomikuri zrda (eco-
nomic growth) - ganixileba vi-
wro da farTo gagebiT. viwro
gagebiT _ ekonomikuri poten-
cialis gaZliereba, potenciuri
mep-is mateba, gamoxatuli Sesa-
dari (mudmivi) fasebiT; qvey-
nis mTliani warmoebisa da mox-
marebis zrda, romelic xasi-
aTdeba iseTi makroekonomikuri
maCveneblebiT, rogoricaa: mSp,
mep, erovnuli Semosavali da
a.S. farTo gagebiT _ social-
ur institutebSi, sakuTrebis
struqturaSi cvlilebebis
procesi, romelic moaswavebs
zrdis erTi stadiidan meore-
Si gadasvlas. am ukanasknels
miekuTvneba, magaliTad, u. ros-
tous cnobili Teoria ekono-
mikuri ganviTarebis stadiebis
Sesaxeb, romelic sazogadoe-
briv--ekonomikuri formaciebis
istoriuli cvlis marqsistu-
li Teoriis anti podia.
ekonomikuri TanamSrom-
107
lobisa da ganviTarebis or-
ganizacia (Organization for Eco-
nomic Cooperation and Develop-
ment- OECD) – saerTaSoriso
organizacia (1961), romelmac
Secvala da gaafarTova evro-
puli ekonomikuri TanamSrom-
lobis organizacia ( OEEC)
parizSi 1960 wels xelmow-
erili konvenciis safuZvelze.
amiT damTavrda misi rogorc
wminda evropuli organos ar-
seboba, vinaidan aSS da kanada
gaxdnen am organizaciis srul-
uflebiani wevrebi, riTac gai-
zarda maTi roli ganviTareba-
di qveynebisadmi daxmarebis gawe-
vaSi.
amJamad OECD sul aerTi-
anebs 34 qveyanas. garda aSS-sa
da kanadisa, masSi Sedis: avs-
tralia, avstria, belgia, Cile,
CexeTi, dania, estoneTi, fineTi,
safrangeTi, germania, saberZne-
Ti, ungreTi, islandia, irland-
ia, israeli, italia, iaponia,
korea, luqsemburgi, meqsika, ni-
derlandi, axali zelandia,
norvegia, poloneTi, portuga-
lia, slovakeTi, slovenia, es-
paneTi, SvedeTi, Sveicaria, Turqe-
Ti, didi britaneTi.
ekonomikuri Teoria (eco-
nomic theory) - ganixileba viw-
ro da farTo gagebiT. viwro ga-
gebiT _ ekonomikuri movlene-
bisa da procesebis kvlevaSi
ama Tu im mimarTulebis amsax-
108
veli Teoria, farTo gagebiT _
ekonomikis ganviTarebis zoga-
di Teoria, mecniereba, romel-
ic Seiswavlis rogorc yvela
ekonomikur mimarTulebas, ise
ekonomikur kanonebsa da kanon-
zomierebebs, ikvlevs arsebiT
mizez--Sedegobriv kavSirebs eko-
nomikur movlenebsa da pro-
cesebs Soris.
ekonomikuri Teoria sazo-
gadoebrivi mecnierebaa, amasTan,
rogorc amerikeli ekonomisti,
nobelis premiis laureati pol
samuelsoni aRniSnavs, igi sa-
zogadoebriv mecnierebaTa mefea.
marTlac, sazogadoebriv mec-
nierebaTa Soris mas wamyvani
adgili uWiravs, vinaidan sa-
zogadoebis anatomias, mis eko-
nomikur ganviTarebas swavlobs.
ekonomikur Teorias mniSvnelo-
vani roli akisria sazogadoe-
bis ekonomikuri struqturis
ganviTarebis kanonzomierebeb-
is aRmoCenasa da SeswavlaSi.
ekonomika nebismieri sa-
zogadoebis arsebobis safuZ-
velia, sazogadoebas ki uamr--
avi biologiuri da social-
uri moTxovnileba aqvs, rom-
lebic sxvadasxva saxis saqon-
lisa da momsaxurebis moxmare-
bas ukavSirdeba. am saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad
aucilebelia rogorc bunebrivi
(miwa, mineraluri simdidre da
a.S.), ise warmoebrivi resurse-
ekonomikuri Teoria
bis (manqana-- danadgarebi, in-
strumentebi, samuSao Zala, sam-
marTvelo unari da sxv.) gamoy-
eneba. sazogadoebis moTxov-
nilebebis erToblioba aRemateba
yvela arsebuli resursis war-
moebriv SesaZleblobebs. moTx-
ovnilebebi win uswrebs war-
moebas, amitom aris, rom abso-
luturi materialuri siuxve
ganuxorcielebeli amocanaa.
resursebi SezRudulia. yvela
mwvave problema _ inflacia,
umuSevroba, biujetis defici-
ti, siRaribe, garemos gaWuWyi-
aneba da sxv. _ organulad ukav-
Sirdeba SezRuduli resursebis
gamoyenebis efeqtianobas. es
udavo faqti safuZvlad udevs
ekonomikuri Teoriis, rogorc
mecnierebis, gansazRvras.
SezRuduli resursebis
gamoyenebis procesSi Camoyal-
ibebuli urTierTobebisa da
kanonzomierebebis Seswavlis
rTuli amocanis Sesruleba
istoriulad ekonomikur Teo-
rias daekisra.
amrigad, ekonomikuri Teo-
ria Seiswavlis sazogadoe-
bis ganusazRvreli materi-
aluri da sulieri moTx-
ovnilebebis maqsimalurad
dakmayofilebis mizniT Sez Sez--
Ruduli resursebis efeq-
tianad gamoyenebis gzebsa
da optimaluri arCevanis
problemas, sxvadasxva eko-
ekonomikuri Teoria
no mik
nomik ur sistemaSi materi-
mikur
aluri da aramaterialuri
dovlaTis warmoebis, ganaw-
ilebis, gacvlisa da mox-
marebisas adamianTa (saba-saba-
zro sistemaSi _ biznesis,
Sinameurneobisa da xelisu-
flebis
flebis) ekonomikur qcevas.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom
ekonomika iyofa mikro--, mezo--,
makro-- da megaekonomikebad,
Teoriuli kvlevac am niSnis
mixedviT mimdinareobs da eko-
nomikuri Teoriac struqtu-
rulad Semdegi ganyofilebeb-
isgan Sedgeba: mikroekonomikuri
Teoria, mezoekonomikuri Teo-
ria, makroekonomikuri Teoria
da megaekonomikuri Teoria.
mikroekonomika Seiswavlis
calkeuli sameurneo erTeule-
bis _ Sinameurneobis, firmebisa
da samTavrobo dawesebulebeb-
is ekonomikur saqmianobas; me-
zoekonomika ikvlevs ekonomikis
gansazRvrul qvesistemebs seq-
toruli ekonomikis saxiT; mak-
roekonomika ekonomikas ganixi-
lavs rogorc erT mTlians da
aanalizebs iseT farTomasS-
tabur ekonomikur problemebs,
rogoricaa umuSevroba, infla-
cia, ekonomikuri zrda da a.S.;
megaekonomika ikvlevs saerTa-
Soriso masStabis iseT glo-
balur problemebs, rogoricaa
saerTaSoriso vaWroba, saerTa-
Soriso savaluto urTierTo-
109
bebi da a.S.
struqturuli Tvalsazri-
siT, ekonomikuri mecnierebis
erT mxares aris Teoriuli eko-
nomikuri mecniereba ekonomi-
kuri Teoriis saxiT, xolo
meore mxares _ ekonomikuri
mecnierebis yvela sxva sfero,
funqcionaluri (finansebi, fu-
lis mimoqceva, statistika da
a.S.) Tu dargobrivi mecnier-
ebebi. am mecnierebebis funda-
menti da meTodologiuri sa-
fuZvelia ekonomikuri Teoria.
ekonomikuri Teoriis, ro-
gorc mecnierebis, warmoSoba
dakavSirebulia sazogadoebis
simdidris SeswavlasTan, rac
dasabuTebulia uiliam petis,
adam smiTis, devid rikardos
da sxva gamoCenil ekonomist-
Ta naSromebiT, Tumca, ekono-
mikuri mecnierebis wanamZRvre-
bis Canasaxi uZvelesi perio-
dis aRmosavleTis moazrovne-
Ta moZRvrebebSia mocemuli (ix.
ekonomika).
XVIII saukunis ukanasknel
mesamedSi, roca inglisSi aR-
mocenda klasikur--liberaluri
mimdinareoba (klasikuri poli-
tikuri ekonomia), mecnierebis
erTian sistemas gamoeyo eko-
nomika, ekonomikuri Teoriis
saxiT, rogorc damoukidebeli
mecniereba. ekonomikur Teor-
ias, rogorc ekonomikuri mec-
nierebis sawyissa da dedaboZs,
110
im periodSi politikuri eko-
nomia ewodeboda. termini `poli-
tikuri ekonomia~ pirvelad
Semoitana samecniero liter-
aturaSi frangma merkantilist-
ma monkretienma, romelmac jer
kidev 1615 wels gamosca wig-
ni `politikuri ekonomiis traq-
tati~. amiT man axali elferi
SesZina qsenofontis mier Semo-
Rebul termins _ `ekonomikas~.
sityva `politikuri~ monkre-
tienma platonisgan `isesxa~ (`po-
litikos~ berZnulia da saxel-
mwifoebrivs niSnavs). aqedan ga-
momdinare, politikuri ekonomi-
is, rogorc mecnierebis, kvle-
vis sfero mTlianad qveynis
meurneobis marTva gaxda.
klasikurma politikurma
ekonomiam siRrmiseulad gaaa-
naliza da sistemuri midgo-
miT mecnierulad daasabuTa,
rom simdidris wyaro unda
veZioT ara vaWrobaSi, an mxo-
lod miwaTmoqmedebaSi, aramed
mTlianad warmoebaSi.
adam smiTis cnobili naSro-
mi _ `gamokvleva xalxTa sim-
didris bunebisa da mizezebis
Sesaxeb~ (1776) aRiarebulia ka-
cobriobis sulieri kulturis
umniSvnelovanes Zeglad, romel-
mac mis avtors `ekonomikis ma-
mamTavris~ saxeli moutana.
klasikuri politikuri eko-
nomiis mTavari kredo ekonomikis
liberalizaciaa, rac ekonomi-
ekonomikuri Teoria
kaSi saxelmwifos minimalur
Carevas, moTxovnisa da miwode-
bis safuZvelze Camoyalibebu-
li Tavisufali fasebiT bazris
TviTregulirebas (`uxilavi
xelis~ Teoria) gulisxmobs.
a. smiTi gansakuTrebul yura-
dRebas aqcevda `Laissez faires~--
is princips, anu bunebrivi Tavi-
suflebis politikas. klasi-
kuri politikuri ekonomiis gan-
viTareba ukavSirdeba devid ri-
kardos saxels, romelmac udi-
desi wvlili Seitana ekonomikis
araerTi sferos kvlevaSi.
klasikuri politikuri eko-
nomia saukunenaxevarze met xans
(XVIII saukunis 70--iani wle-
bidan XX saukunis 30--ian wle-
bamde) safuZvlad edo msof-
lios wamyvani kapitalisturi
qveynebis ekonomikur politikas.
klasikuri politikuri eko-
nomiis bazaze aRmocenda sxva-
dasxva mimdinareoba, erT--erTi
aseTi mimdinareoba marqsistu-
li politikuri ekonomiaa,
romelmac farTod moikida
fexi da saprogramo dokumen-
tad iqca socialisturi sa-
zogadoebis aSenebis msurveli
qveynebisaTvis. marqsistul--
leninuri politikuri ekono-
mia safuZvlad edo sabWoTa
kavSirisa da sxva komunisturi
qveynebis ekonomikur politi-
kas. saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc
mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi, es 70--
ekonomikuri Teoria
wliani eqsperimenti kraxiT
dasrulda da adgili dasav-
lur Teoriebs daeTmo.
marqsistuli politikuri
ekonomiis Taviseburi gamoZax-
ili iyo da savsebiT ewinaaRm-
degeboda mas neoklasikuri eko-
nomikuri mimdinareoba, romel-
ic warmoiSva XIX saukunis
bolos. mis saTaveebTan idgnen
e. marSali, o. bem--baverki, k.
mengeri, f. vizeri, u. jevonsi,
v. pareto, l. valrasi, j. klarki
da a.S., Semdeg igi ganaviTares
m. fridmenma da `Cikagos sko-
lis~ sxva warmomadgenlebma,
xolo Tanamedrove warmomad-
genlebi arian j. hiksi, j. mili,
r. solou, m. brauni da sxvebi.
neoklasikuri ekonomikuri
Teoria ZiriTadad klasikuri
politikuri ekonomiis kurss
agrZelebs. mas seriozuli dar-
tyma keinzianuri mimdinareo-
bis warmoSobam miayena. 1929--
1933 wlebis ekonomikurma kriz-
isma warmoaCina klasikur--lib-
eraluri mimdinareobis naklo-
vanebebi da is winaaRmdegobebi,
romlebic warmoqmna `uxilavi
xelis~ Teoriaze aRmocenebul-
ma ekonomikurma politikam.
msoflios wamyvan kapitalis-
tur qveynebSi dRis wesrigSi
dadga qveynis ekonomikis mar-
TvaSi cvlilebebis Setana. aseT
viTarebaSi Camoyalibda erT--
erTi ZiriTadi mimdinareoba
111
ekonomikur TeoriaSi, romel-
ic keinzianelobis saxeliTaa
cnobili. mas safuZveli Cau-
yara gamoCenilma ingliselma
ekonomistma jon meinard kein-
zma, romlis naazrevi ZiriTadad
aisaxa mis naSromSi `dasaqmeb-
is, procentisa da fulis zog-
adi Teoria~ (1936). am Teori-
is mimdevrebi iyvnen s. harisi,
a. hanseni, r. harodi da sxvebi.
Seiqmna ekonomikis liberal-
izaciis sapirispiro _ sax-
elmwifo regulirebis Teoria,
riTac ekonomikur azrovneba-
Si revoluciuri gadatriale-
ba moxda. keinzma pirvelma
gamoTqva azri krizisuli mov-
lenebis Tavidan acilebisTvis
ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Care-
vis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. misi
varaudiT, saxelmwifos social-
uri xarjebis gazrdiT, an ga-
dasaxadebis SemcirebiT, anda
orive RonisZiebis gatarebiT
SesaZlebelia moTxovnis amaR-
leba, riTac gamococxldeba
bazari, gafarTovdeba warmoeba
da ekonomikas daubrundeba
sruli dasaqmeba.
ekonomikis saxelmwifo re-
gulirebis Teoriis praqtika-
Si damkvidrebiT keinzianelo-
bam udidesi roli Seasrula
msoflios wamyvani qveynebis
ekonomikur politikasa da `ve-
luri~kapitalizmisagan Tvise-
brivad gansxvavebuli axali, sa-
112
bazro sistemis formirebaSi.
aqedan moyolebuli, kerZo kap-
italisturi sakuTrebis ba-
tonobaze dafuZnebuli kapi-
talisturi ekonomikuri siste-
ma sakuTrebis pluralizmze
(sakuTrebis mravalformianoba
misi TiToeuli formis Tana-
bari uflebiT) dafuZnebul
sabazro sistemaSi gadaizar-
da. swored amaSi gamoixateba
`keinzianuri revoluciis~ arsi.
keinzianuri modeli airCies
msoflios wamyvanma kapitalis-
turma qveynebma XX saukunis
30--iani wlebis Rrma ekonomiku-
ri krizisis Semdeg da igi 70--
iani wlebis meore naxevramde
warmatebiT gamoiyeneboda am qvey-
nebis ekonomikur politikaSi.
aseT situaciaSi ekonomi-
kuri Teoriis winaSe axali amo-
canebi dadga. sruliad axali
Sinaarsis matarebeli realuri
ekonomikis funqcionirebis ga-
mokvlevisaTvis axali instru-
mentariumis gamoyenebis auci-
lebloba Seiqmna. momwifda
niadagi ekonomikaSi momxdari
revoluciuri cvlilebebis
asaxvisaTvis. am periodSi eko-
nomikur Teorias gamoeyo misi
erT-- erTi udidesi ganStoeba
ekonomiqsis saxiT. igi axali
ekonomikuri sistemis _ saba-
zro ekonomikis Semswavleli
Teoria, axali saswavlo disci p-
linaa, romelic gajerebulia
ekonomikuri Teoria
sabazro organizaciaze orienti-
rebuli sameurneo praqtikiT.
1948 wels pol samuel-
sonma gamosca `ekonomiqsi~, yve-
laze warmatebuli saxelmZR-
vanelo msoflioSi, romelic
ukve meTeqvsmetejer gamoica da
mis avtors didi popularoba
moutana.
ekonomikuri Teoriis erT--
erTi ZiriTadi mimdinareobaa
agreTve neokeinzianeloba, ro-
melic aRmocenda XX saukunis
50--ian wlebSi keinzianelobis
safuZvelze. neokeinzianelebma
(e. domari, j. robinsoni da
sxvebi) keinzis Teoria gamoiye-
nes meTodologiur safuZvlad
axali procesebis analizisaT-
vis. isini asabuTeben ekonomikis
grZelvadiani dagegmvis auci-
leblobas. maT SemoiRes indika-
turi dagegmva, romelsac saori-
entacio funqcia daekisra.
sabazro ekonomikis saxelm-
wifo regulirebis keinzianur
Teoriasa da politikaSi prin-
ci puli koreqtivebis Setanam,
romelic eyrdnoba rogorc
keinzianuri, ise neoklasikuri
midgomebis mniSvnelovani ele-
mentebis gaTvaliswinebas saxel-
mwifosa da bazris urTierTo-
baSi, axali sityva Tqva ekonomi-
kur TeoriaSi XX saukunis 90--
iani wlebidan. Camoyalibda axa-
li mimarTuleba `neoklasikuri
sinTezis~ saxiT. igi gulisx-
ekonomikuri Teoria
mobs ekonomikuri dacemis piro-
bebSi keinzianuri, xolo eko-
nomikuri aRmavlobisas _ neo-
klasikuri meTodebis gamoy-
enebas. `neoklasikuri sinTezis~
mamamTavrad aRiarebulia pol
samuelsoni.
XX saukunis 70--iani wleb-
is II naxevridan dasavleTis
qveynebSi Tavi iCina saxelmwi-
fos metismeti Carevis uaryo-
fiTma Sedegebma, rasac mohyva
ekonomikuri zrdis Seneleba da
1974--1975 wlebis krizisi, yve-
laze Zlieri 1929--1933 wlebis
krizisis Semdeg. daiwyo kein-
zianuri Teoriis mowinaaRmde-
geTa Taviseburi `renesansi~, xe-
lSemwyobi pirobebi Seiqmna neo-
klasikuri Teoriis aRorZineb-
isaTvis, romelic iTvaliswineb-
da makroekonomikuri regulire-
bis meqanizmis Sesustebis sa-
fuZvelze bazrisTvis meti Ta-
visuflebis miniWebisa da er-
Toblivi miwodebis gazrdas. am
mimarTulebam praqtikuli gamo-
yeneba pova dasavleTis qvey-
nebis ekonomikur politikaSi,
Tumca, ver moxerxda keinzia-
nuri Teoriis sruli diskredi-
tacia. neoklasikuri ekonomi-
kuri politikis gatarebam gamo-
iwvia saxelmwifos socialuri
xarjebis mniSvnelovani Semcir-
eba da seriozuli problemebi
Seqmna socialuri dacvis sfer-
oSi. gamoikveTa axali mimarTu-
113
lebis Seqmnis aucilebloba.
ekonomikaSi warmoqmnili
axali movlenebis gavleniT,
neoklasikosebma nawilobriv
Secvales TavianTi damokide-
buleba saxelmwifos mimarT.
maT aRiares ekonomikaSi sax-
elmwifos Carevis aucilebloba,
Tumca, igi regulirebis fu-
lad--sakredito formiT Semo-
fargles. neoklasikuri Teori-
is ZiriTadi postulatebi
aisaxa aSS--is prezidentis rei-
ganis politikaSi, romelsac
`reiganomika~ ewoda, xolo did
britaneTSi _ tetCeris mTav-
robis politikaSi, romelsac
tetCerizmi ewoda.
XX saukunis bolosa da
XXI saukunis dasawyisidan moy-
olebuli, ganviTarebuli qvey-
nebis da, pirvel rigSi, aSS--is
ekonomikur politikaSi `neo-
klasikuri sinTezis~ adgili Ta-
namedrove monetarizmma daikava.
ekonomikis regulirebis
keinzianuri modelis winaaRm-
deg gansakuTrebiT mwvaved
gailaSqra neoklasikuri mim-
dinareobis am yvelaze gavle-
nianma nairsaxeobam. milTon
fridmenisa da `Cikagos skolis~
sxva warmomadgenlebis Teori-
aze morgebuli ekonomikuri
politika iTvaliswinebda mak-
roekonomikuri regulirebis
Sesustebasa da sabazro Zalebis
gaZlierebas, saxelmwifo so-
114
cialuri xarjebis Semcirebas
socialuri programebis Sekve-
cis, xelfasis minimaluri ga-
nakveTebis `gayinvisa~ da a.S.
gziT. maTi azriT, saxelmwifo
xarjebi, erTi mxriv, zrdis bi-
ujetis deficitsa da infla-
cias, meore mxriv ki, iwvevs
Sromis stimulirebisa da,
aqedan gamomdinare, warmoebis
zrdis dacemas. monetaristeb-
isaTvis bazari TviTregulire-
bis sistemaa, romelzedac zemo-
qmedeba SesaZlebelia ZiriTadad
fuladi masis moculobis regu-
lirebiT. ekonomikis stabili-
zaciisaTvis sakmarisia saxelm-
wifom gaataros aqtiuri fu-
ladi politika da SezRudos
ekonomikaSi Carevis yvela for-
ma, maT Soris, naklebad gamoiy-
enos sabiujeto-- sagadasaxado
berketebi.
`keinzianuri revoluciis~
sapirispiro neoklasikuri mim-
dinareobis am mimarTulebas
dasavleTSi `fridmenis anti-
keinzianur revoluciasac~ ki
uwodeben.
monetarizmis naklovanebeb-
ma msoflio ekonomikur poli-
tikaSi mokle periodSi iCina
Tavi. 2008 wels globaluri
finansuri krizisis warmoSobis
erT--erTi mTavari mizezi swo-
red makroekonomikuri regu-
lirebis mkveTr SezRudvasa da
sabiujeto-- sagadasaxado reg-
ekonomikuri Teoria
ulirebis ukana planze gadaw-
evaSi mdgomareobs. amasTan, qvey-
nis fulad--sakredito poli-
tikaSi sakredito regulireb-
is Sesustebam, TviTdinebaze
miSvebam da wina planze fu-
lis fenomenis wamowevam gza
gauxsna virtualur ekonomi-
kas, ramac msoflios finansuri
krizisisken ubiZga. amaSi frid-
menis monetaruli politikis
farTomasStabianma da upiro-
bo gamoyenebam udidesi roli
Seasrula. krizisi, pirvel yov-
lisa, ekonomikuri zrdis tem-
pebis Semcirebasa da erToblivi
moTxovnis dacemaSi gamoixata.
aseT situaciaSi wina planze
isev keinzianuri Teoriis pos-
tulatebma wamoiwia.
garda zemoaRniSnuli mim-
dinareobebisa, yuradRebas im--
saxurebs ekonomikuri Teori-
is instituciur--sociologiuri
mimdinareoba, romelic warmo-
iSva XIX saukunis bolos da
Camoyalibda XX saukunis 20--
30--ian wlebSi. misi warmomad-
genlebi arian t. vebleni, v.
roSeri, g. Smoleri, v. zombar-
ti, j. gelbreiTi da sxvebi,
romelTa azriT mecnierul--
teqnologiur progress evo-
luciis gziT mivyavarT ukon-
fliqto sazogadoebis Camoy-
alibebisaken. am mimdinareobis
safuZvelze warmoiSva indus-
triuli da postindustriuli
ekonomikuri Teoria
sazogadoebis Teoriebi, konver-
genciis Teoria da a.S.
neoinstitucionalizmi, rom-
lis mTavari warmomadgenlebi
arian r. kouzi, j. biukeneni da
sxvebi, aqcents socialur prob-
lemebze akeTebs. am Teoriis
safuZvelze garkveuli cv-
lilebebi moxda ganviTarebu-
li qveynebis ekonomikur poli-
tikaSi. dRis wesrigSi dadga
socialurad orientirebuli
ekonomikis socialur--sabazro
ekonomikad gardaqmna.
amrigad, ekonomikurma Teo-
riam, romelic Caisaxa merkan-
tilizmis dros, momwifda fizi-
okratizmis periodSi, xolo
aRmocenda inglisuri klasikuri
politikuri ekonomiis Camoy-
alibebis safuZvelze, ganviTare-
bis metad rTuli da sain-
tereso gza ganvlo. misi gamoy-
enebis masStabebis zrdam xeli
Seuwyo da daaCqara kidec in-
dustriuli sazogadoebis tran-
sformacia ufro maRal isto-
riul fazaSi _ dasabami mis-
ca postindustriul eras. yura-
dReba gamaxvilda axali sa-
zogadoebis formirebaze, axal
sociumze, humanizaciis proces-
ebis gaRrmavebaze. dRis wes-
rigSi dadga samoqalaqo sazo-
gadoebis formireba. ekonomi-
kuri Teoria ki, rogorc mecni-
ereba sazogadoebis ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, iseve axa-
115
li amocanebis winaSe dadga.
XX saukunis bolo aTwle-
ulSi elviseburad ganviTare-
bulma movlenebma da proces-
ebma _ msoflio socialisturi
sistemis daSlam, komunisturi
reJimis kraxma, mravali qvey-
nis mier damoukideblobis mop-
ovebam da ganviTarebis axal
gzaze dadgomam sruliad axa-
li problemebis Teoriuli
gaazreba--gaanalizebis aucile-
bloba daayena ekonomikuri
Teoriis winaSe.
ekonomikuri Teoria ar aris
kosmopolituri mecniereba.
ekonomikur TeoriaSi erovnuli
motivis, rogorc madominire-
beli faqtoris, Semotanis auci-
leblobas dRevandeli cxovre-
bac gvikarnaxebs. amasTan, dRes,
rodesac esoden swrafad mim-
dinareobs ekonomikis global-
izaciis procesi, gansakuTre-
bul mniSvnelobas iZens Tan-
amedrove sazogadoebis eko-
nomikuri ganviTarebis analizi,
misi perspeqtivebis ganWvreta
da Sesabamisi strategiis Se-
muSaveba. ekonomikuri Teoria
aRniSnuli da sxva axali prob-
lemebis gaanalizebiTa da gada-
Wris gzebis ZiebiT kvlavac gam-
didrdeba axali ideebiT, mimar-
TulebebiT da iqneba sazoga-
doebrivi progresis damaCqare-
beli da Tanamonawile.
saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri
116
Teoriis, rogorc mecnierebis,
damkvidrebasa da ganviTarebas
saintereso istoria aqvs.
1918 wlis 26 ianvars (Zv.
st.) pirveli qarTuli univer-
sitetis daarsebisTanave mis er-
TaderT sibrZnismetyvelebis
fakultetTan, iv. javaxiSvil-
isa da f. gogiCaiSvilis mier
SemuSavebuli proeqtiT, Seiqm-
na ekonomikuri ganyofileba,
Camoyalibda politikuri eko-
nomiis kaTedra, romlis pirve-
li gamge 1923 wlis noembram-
de Tsu--is erT--erTi damaarse-
beli prof. fili pe gogiCaiS-
vili iyo. politikuri ekonomiis
kurss, f. gogiCaiSvilTan er-
Tad, kiTxulobdnen prof. n.
qoiava, moskovidan mowveuli
prof. a. manuilovi, v. Tevzaia
da sxv. ekonomikuri Teoriis
ganviTarebisaTvis muSaoba far-
Tod gaiSala 1922 wlidan,
rodesac universitetSi poli-
tikuri ekonomiis kaTedris ba-
zaze daarsda socialur--ekono-
mikuri fakulteti ekonomikuri
da iuridiuli ganyofilebebiT,
1931 wels ki calke Camoyal-
ibda ekonomikis fakulteti.
universitetSi, saswavlo--
pedagogiurTan erTad, gansakuT-
rebuli yuradReba daeTmo sa-
mecniero--kvleviT muSaobas, ra-
sac didad Seuwyo xeli 1944
wels saqarTvelos mecniereba-
Ta akademiis ekonomikis insti-
ekonomikuri Teoria
tutis daarsebam da sxva umaR-
les saswavleblebSi politi-
kuri ekonomiis kaTedrebis gax-
snam. am dros saqarTveloSi
moRvaweobdnen iseTi cnobili
mecnierebi, rogorebic iyvnen p.
guguSvili, g. gamyreliZe, b.
ramiSvili, i. bajaZe, i. miqelaZe,
v. CantlaZe, n. iaSvili, a. gok-
ieli, v. melqaZe, v. baxtaZe, g.
gvelesiani, a. gunia, a. fancxa-
va, a. nucubiZe da sxvebi. am
periodSi farTod gaiSala
muSaoba ucxouri ekonomikuri,
maT Soris Teoriuli litera-
turis Targmnisa da gamocemi-
saTvis, ekonomikuri termi-
nologiis SedgenisaTvis da a.S.
f. gogiCaiSvilma Targmna dev-
id rikardos `politikuri
ekonomiisa da dabegvris sa-
fuZvlebi~, adam smiTis `gamokv-
leva xalxTa simdidris buneb-
isa da mizezebis Sesaxeb~, karl
marqsis `kapitalis~ yvela tomi.
p. guguSvilma gamoaqveyna spe-
cialuri gamokvleva `ekonomi-
kuri terminologiis da mecni-
eruli TargmanisaTvis~ da p.
kuWaiZesTan erTad 1947 wels
gamosca `ekonomikis termino-
logia~ (rusul-- qarTuli da
qarTul--rusuli). v. CantlaZem
1959 wels gamosca `sulxan--
saba orbelianis ekonomikuri Se-
xedulebebi~, xolo 1979 wels
_ `finansebis Teoriis sakiTx-
ebi~.
ekonomikuri Teoria
didi wvlili miuZRvis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-
sitetis politikuri ekonomi-
is (Semdgom _ ekonomikuri
Teoriis) kaTedras saqarTvelo-
Si ekonomistTa kadrebis mo-
mzadebaSi. aw gardacvlili
qarTveli mkvlevarebidan, gar-
da zemoT CamoTvlilisa, cno-
bilni arian s. beraZe, g. Wanuy-
vaZe, g. adeiSvili, g. megreliS-
vili, n. tyeSelaSvili, i. kod-
ua, i. qvaCaxia, g. baqraZe, g. mS-
vildaZe, l. xarazi, T. CikvaiZe,
d. qoriZe, g. basilaia, i. krav-
covi, j. CxikvaZe da sxvebi.
ekonomikurma Teoriam axa-
li Sinaarsi SeiZina XX sauku-
nis 90--iani wlebidan. wina plan-
ze wamoiwia sabazro ekonomikis
Teoriam. amasTan, revoluciurma
Zvrebma saqarTveloSi ekono-
mikur Teorias didi sazrunavi
gauCina. qarTvel mecnierTa
ZalisxmeviT arsebiTi cvlile-
bebi moxda saswavlo programeb-
sa da mecnieruli kvlevis me-
TodebSi. Seiqmna axali sax-
elmZRvaneloebi. j. kaxniaSvil-
ma makroekonomikur TeoriaSi
gamosca saxelmZRvanelo or
wignad: `makroekonomika~ (1996)
da `makroekonomika: Teoria da
politika~ (1997); l. Ciqavas
avtorobiT gamovida damxmare
saxelmZRvanelo _ `ekonomiku-
ri Teoriis mokle kursi~
117
(1997); Tsu ekonomikuri Teo-
riis kaTedram, g. adeiSvilisa
da r. asaTianis redaqciiT, 1998
wels gamosca `ekonomikuri
Teoria~ _ saxelmZRvanelo um-
aRlesi saswavleblebis ekono-
mikis fakultetis studenteb-
isaTvis da a.S.
monografiuli gamokvlevebi
gamosces: g. papavam (`sabazro
ekonomikaze saqarTvelos ga-
dasvlis safuZvlebi~, 1991); vl.
papavam (`saqarTvelos sabazro
ekonomikaze gadasvlis koncef-
cia~, 1991); r. asaTianma (`mom-
saxureba da sabazro sistema~,
1993); T. beriZem (`suvereni-
tetis ekonomikuri safuZvle-
bi: ekonomikisa da politikis
urTierTmoqmedebis axali as-
peqtebi~, rusul enaze, 1995);
g. malaSxiam (`metaekonomika~,
1996); vl. papavam (`sabazro
Tanasworobis doqtrina~, 1999);
n. WiTanavam (`gardamavali pe-
riodis socialur--ekonomikuri
problemebi~, sam nawilad, 1997,
1999, 2001); 2001 wels daibe-
Wda T. basilias, a. silagaZis,
T. CikvaiZis monografia _
`postsocialisturi transfor-
macia: saqarTvelos ekonomika
XXI saukunis mijnaze~; 2002
wels gamovida vl. papavas mono-
grafiuli gamokvleva `post-
komunisturi kapitalizmis po-
litikuri ekonomia da saqar-
118
Tvelos ekonomika~, 2005 wels
_ `postkomunisturi gar-
damavali periodis makroeko-
nomika~; 2006 wels gamoica l.
Ciqavas monografia _ `inovaci-
uri ekonomika~, 2007 wels _
e. baraTaSvilis `regionalizmi:
Teoria da praqtika~, 2008 wels
_ n. WiTanavasa da l. Takalan-
Zis `socialuri ekonomika~,
2009 wels _ r. asaTianis `sa-
qarTvelos ekonomika: axali
epoqa~. I nawili, xolo 2010
wels _ `globalizacia, ekono-
mikuri Teoria da saqarTvelo~.
2009 wels gamovida d. iako-
biZis `saqarTvelo da msof-
lio finansuri krizisi~, 2010
wels _ i. mesxias `regionuli
ekonomikuri politika~, 2010
wels _a. silagaZis `ekonomiku-
ri doqtrinebi~, 2011 wels _
vl. papavas `aratradiciuli eko-
nomiksi~, 2011 wels _ a. Tval-
WreliZis, a. silagaZis, g. qeSe-
laSvilisa da g. gegias `saqar-
Tvelos socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis programa~ da a.S.
farTo muSaoba gaiSala ori-
ginaluri ekonomikuri leqsiko-
nebis gamocemis TvalsazrisiT.
am mxriv aRsaniSnavia: j. kax-
niaSvili. `sabazro ekonomikis
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni~, 1992;
r. asaTiani. `ekonomiqsi~. gan-
martebiTi leqsikoni, 1996 (I
gamocema), 2003 (II gamocema),
ekonomikuri informacia
2006 (III gamocema); r. asaTiani.
`Tanamedrove ekonomikis gan-
martebiTi leqsikoni~, 2009;
`ekonomikisa da biznesis leqsi-
koni~, 2010. `ekonomikuri
leqsikoni~. a. silagaZis xel-
mZRvanelobiT, 2001; `ekonomi-
kuri da demografiuli termi-
nologia~ (rusul--qarTuli da
qarTul--rusuli). l. Ciqavas
saerTo redaqciiT, 2001;
`ekonomikis enciklopediuri
leqsikoni~. a. silagaZis saer-
To redaqciiT, 2005 da sxv.
ucxouridan iTargmna cno-
bil avtorTa saxelmZRvaneloe-
bi `ekonomiqsSi~, ramac Sinaar-
sobrivad gaamdidra ekonomiku-
ri Teoriis swavleba umaRles
saswavleblebSi da aamaRla
Teoriuli mimarTulebiT eko-
nomikuri procesebis kvleva.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia
saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis
gamocema am dargSi. esenia: a.
silagaZe, e. meqvabiSvili, j. kax-
niaSvili. `ekonomika~ (X klasi,
2005; XI klasi, 2005); r. asa-
Tiani. `ekonomika _ keTili
jadoqari~ (V klasi, 2000); r.
asaTiani. `ekonomika~ (VI kla-
si, 2004); r. asaTiani. `ekonomi-
ka~ (VII klasi, 2005) da a.S.
ekonomikuri informa-
cia (economic information) - in-
formacia saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis warmoebis, ganawileb-
ekonomikuri saqmianoba gauTvaliswinebeli...
is, gacvlisa da moxmarebis pro-
cesebis Sesaxeb.
ekonomikuri kiberneti-
ka (economic cybernetics) - kiber-
netikis mimarTuleba, romelic
am mecnierebis meTodebsa da
saSualebebs iyenebs ekonomikur
sistemebSi procesebis kvlevi-
sa da organizaciisaTvis.
ekonomikuri krizisi
(economic crisis) - ekonomikuri
ciklis erT-- erTi amosavali
faza, romelic vlindeba mo-
saxleobis msyidvelobiTunar-
ianobasTan SedarebiT saqonlis
WarbwarmoebaSi, warmoebrivi
simZlavreebis dautvirTaobaSi,
warmoebis moculobis mkveTr
dacemasa da umuSevrobis swraf
zrdaSi.
ekonomikuri politi-
ka (economic policy) - ekonomikis
marTvis berketebisa da meTode-
bis erToblioba, ekonomikis mar-
Tvis sferoSi xelisuflebis
mier gatarebul RonisZiebaTa
sistema. moicavs sabiujeto--
sagadasaxado, fulad--sakredi-
to, sainvesticio, mecnierul--
teqnologiur, sagareo--ekono-
mikur politikasa da a.S.
ekonomikuri politikis xa-
siaTs gansazRvravs xelisuf-
lebis qceva qveynis ekonomi-
kasTan mimarTebaSi. es SeiZle-
ba iyos absoluturad Caurev-
loba qveynis ekonomikaSi (lais-
119
sez-faires) an uxeSi Careva masSi
da misi mkacri marTva (ro-
gorc damaxasiaTebelia admin-
istraciul--mbrZanebluri eko-
nomikisaTvis), an kidev, xelisu-
flebis mier Sualeduri pozi-
ciis dakaveba da makroekono-
mikuri regulirebis mkacrad
gansazRvruli funqciebis Ses-
ruleba.
ekonomikuri politika Sei-
Zleba daiyos or ZiriTad saxed:
mikroekonomikur politikad,
romlis amocanaa resursebis
ganawilebis efeqtianobis sru-
lyofa da makroekonomikur
politikad, romlis ZiriTadi
amocanaa fasebis stabiluro-
bis uzrunvelyofa. ekonomikuri
politikis miznebidan gamom-
dinare, isini iyofa ufro mcire
nawilebad. magaliTad, mikro-
ekonomikuri politikis saz-
RvrebSi SeiZleba gamoiyos
regionuli politika, konkuren-
ciis dacvis politika da a.S.,
makroekonomikuri politikis
sazRvrebSi ki _ fiskaluri po-
litika, fulad--sakredito poli-
tika da a.S.
ekonomikuri saqmianoba
gauTvaliswinebeli statis-
tikuri organoebis mier Zi-
riTadi monacemebis Sekre-
bis sistemis naklovanebaTa
Sedegad (economic activity un-
accounted by statistical organs due
120
to the shortcomings of the main
data consolidation system) – dau-
kvirvebadi ekonomikis nawili,
statistikuri sistemis gadauW-
reli problemaa, ris gamoc ar
aisaxeba mSp
mSp-Si. zogjer mas
statistikur Crdilovan war-
moebas uwodeben da ganasxvave-
ben ekonomikur Crdilovan war-
moebisagan, romelic gamowve-
ulia ara ZiriTadi monacemeb-
is Sekrebis sistemis naklova-
nebebiT, aramed ekonomikuri
mizezebiT.
ekonomikuri sistema
(economic system) - sakuTrebi-
Ti da organizaciuli insti-
tutebis safuZvelze war-
moSobili urTierTobebis erT-
maneTTan dakavSirebuli da gan-
sazRvruli wesiT mowesrige-
buli ekonomikuri elementeb-
is erToblioba, mravalferovani
struqturuli elementebis
Serwyma mkafiod gamoxatul
erT mTelad, romlis TiToeul
nawils erTmaneTTan mimarTe-
baSi Tavisi Sesabamisi adgili
ukavia; qveyanaSi moqmedi princ-
i pebis, wesebisa da kanonmde-
blobiT ganmtkicebuli norme-
bis erToblioba, romelic war-
moebis, ganawilebis, gacvlisa da
moxmarebis procesSi warmoqm-
nili ZiriTadi ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis formasa da
Sinaarss gansazRvravs. ekono-
ekonomikuri sistema
mikur sistemaSi arsebuli
mizez-- Sedegobrivi kavSirebi
qvesistemebs qmnian, romlebsac
mTeli sistemis stabilurobasa
da mdgrad ganviTarebaSi gan-
sazRvruli roli akisriaT.
ekonomikuri sistemis realur
bunebasa da arss es kavSirebi
gansazRvraven.
ekonomikuri teritoria
(economic territory) - mocemuli
qveynis xelisuflebis mier
administraciulad marTvadi
teritoria, romelzec vrcelde-
ba am qveynis iurisdiqcia. mis
sazRvrebSi Tavisuflad gada-
adgildebian mocemuli qveynis
moqalaqeebi, agreTve Tavisu-
flad moZraobs saqoneli da
fuli. ekonomikur teritoria-
Si Sedis: sahaero sivrce; ter-
itoriuli anklavebi sazRvarg-
areT (e.i. zonebi, romlebsac
iyeneben mocemuli qveynis
samTavro dawesebulebebi aren-
dis an sakuTrebis uflebis
safuZvelze, saelCoebi, samec-
niero da samxedro bazebi); eqs-
teritoriuli anklavebi anu
qveynis kuTvnili teritoriis
nawili, romelic saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad gam-
oiyeneba sxva qveynis dawese-
bulebebis mier (anklavSi Se-
maval miwaze an nagebobebze
sakuTrebis gadacemasTan dakav-
Sirebuli operaciebis nawil-
ekonomikuri usafrTxo ebis strategia
usafrTxoebis
Si); navTobis, bunebrivi airisa
da a.S. maragebi qveynis gareT
mdebare teritoriul wylebSi,
Tu maTi damuSaveba xdeba qvey-
nis rezidentebis mier.
ekonomikur teritoriaSi ar
Sedis sxva qveynebis terito-
riuli anklavebi _ sakonsu-
loebi, saelCoebi, samecniero da
samxedro bazebi da a.S. agreTve
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi,
ganlagebuli mocemuli qveynis
teritoriaze.
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri
teritoria dReisaTvis gac-
ilebiT naklebia mis saerTa-
Sorisod aRiarebul terito-
riaze, ramdenadac saqarTvelos
iurisdiqcia ar vrceldeba afx-
azeTis, cxinvalis regionis, ax-
algorisa da kodoris xeobis
teritoriebze.
ekonomikuri treningi
(economic training) - kompiuter-
izebuli TamaSi, romelic iZl-
eva mmarTvelobiTi zemoqmede-
bis SefasebiTi gaangariSebis
SesaZleblobas.
ekonomikuri usafrTxo-
ebF (economic security) - ekono-
mikis dacva im Sida da gare
negatiuri faqtorebisagan, rom-
lebic arRveven kvlavwarmoe-
biTi procesebis normalur fun-
qcionirebas, safrTxes uqmnian
qveynis resursul da mecnier-
ul--teqnologiuri potencial-
121
is SenarCunebas, ekonomikis
mdgrad ganviTarebasa da so-
cialur orientirebulobas,
aferxeben ekonomikur zrdasa
da xels uSlian saxelmwifoe-
briobis ganmtkicebas.
ekonomikuri usafrTxo-
ebis kriteriumebi (econom-
ic security criteria) - ekonomikuri
safrTxis ardaSveba zRvruli
sidideebis qvemoT; qveynis
uzrunvelyofa resursebiT;
ekonomikis damangreveli pro-
cesebis Tavidan acileba, dan-
akargebisa da riskis minimiza-
cia; ekonomikuri da social-
uri efeqtianobis amaRleba; cx-
ovrebis donisa da xarisxis
mkveTri gaumjobeseba; konkuren-
tunariani saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis warmoeba da a.S.
ekonomikuri usafrTxo-
ebis strategia (economic se-
curity strategy) - qveynis strate-
gia sakmaod myari da mudmivad
ganviTarebadi ekonomikiT, rome-
lic iTvaliswinebs qveynis
kulturul--istoriuli TviT-
myofadobis, misi tradiciebisa
da wes-- Cveulebebis dacvas,
ekonomikuri mTlianobisa da
ekonomikuri damoukideblobis
SenarCunebas, sazogadoebis so-
cialur--ekonomikuri stabil-
urobisa da pirovnebis ganvi-
TarebisaTvis saTanado pirobe-
bis Seqmnas. misi ZiriTadi mi-
122
marTulebebia: ekonomikis gan-
viTarebisadmi misadagebuli
struqturuli politikis ga-
tareba; ekonomikis prioritet-
uli dargebis gamoyofa da maT-
dami saxelmwifos mxardaWera;
erovnuli valutis simyaris
uzrunvelyofa; sakuTrebis
dacva.
ekonomikuri cikli (busi-
ness cycle) - saqmiani aqtiuro-
bis cikli, erTi krizisis daw-
yebidan meore krizisis dawye-
bamde drois periodi, romelic
iyofa oTx fazad: krizisi, depre-
sia, gacxoveleba, aRmavloba.
ekonomikuri ciklis cno-
bili mkvlevrebi arian: marqsi,
keinzi, hiksi, Sumpeteri, gudvi--
ni da a.S.
ekonomikuri warmoeba
(economic production) - erovnul
angariSTa sistemaSi (eas-- 93)
rogorc sabazro, ise arasaba-
zro saqmianoba: 1. saqonlis
warmoeba; 2. sabazro momsax-
urebis warmoeba; 3. finansuri
saSuamavlo saqmianoba (bankeb-
is, sainvesticio fondebis,
sadazRvevo kompaniebisa da
a.S.); 4. arasabazro momsaxureba
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis or-
ganoebisadmi; 5. arasabazro mom-
saxureba arakomerciuli or-
ganizaciebisa da Sinameurneo-
bisadmi; 6. daqiravebul mosam-
saxureTa (mzareulebis, mZRo-
ekonomikuri cikli
lebis, mebaReebisa da a.S.) mom-
saxureba; 7. garemos dacvis
mizniT gaweuli momsaxureba.
ekonomikuri wesrigis
politika (economic order pol-
icy) – sabazro wesrigis poli-
tika, romelic gulisxmobs sax-
elmwifos mier konkurenciis
dacvis politikis Sexamebas sa-
zogadoebis socialuri dacvis
politikasTan, im CarCo pirobe-
bis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac
ekonomikuri wesrigis poli-
tika adgens. CarCo pirobebSi
Sedis: 1. qveyni s instituci-
qveynis
ur
urii mowyob
mowyobaa da, pirvel yov-
lisa, sakuTrebiT urTierToba-
Ta wesrigi; 2. kon kurencii
konkurencii
kurenciiss
dacvi
dacvis s pirobebi
pirobebi, makroekono-
mikuri regulirebis priori-
tetebi (antimonopoliuri kanon-
mdeblobebis arseboba da misi
ganviTarebis done, gadasaxadeb-
is liberalizaciis done, sakre-
dito ganakveTebis sidide, bizne-
sis Tavisuflebis xarisxi, eko-
nomikur-samarTlebrivi sistemis
sandoobis xarisxi, agreTve mo-
cemul qveyanaSi kerZo seqtori
aris Tu ara politikuri ru-
pori, biznesis warmomadgenlebi
ikaveben Tu ara adgils xelisu-
socialurii
flebaSi da a.S. 3. socialur
dacvi
dacvis s sistem
sistemaa (sazogadoe-
brivi saqonlis warmoebis done
da xarisxi, mosaxleobis dacva
uaryofoTi eqsternaliebisagan,
ekonomiqsi
bunebrivi monopoliebis arsebo-
ba da masStabebi, samomxmareblo
kalaTis struqtura, saarsebo
minimumis Tanafardoba pensiebTan
da minimalur xelfasTan, komu-
naluri gadasaxadebis ganakveT-
ebi, socialuri dazRvevis sa-
marTlebrivi normebi da a.S.
bazari socialuri proble-
mebis mimarT araelastikuri da
daundobelia. Tu igi Tavis neba-
zea miSvebuli, uTuod ganapi-
robebs usamarTlobasa da siRa-
takes qveyanaSi, rac, saboloo an-
gariSiT, bumerangiviT ubrunde-
ba TviT mas (bazars), iwvevs stag-
nacias, romlis multiplikaci-
uri efeqti maRalia. es aisaxe-
ba umuSevrobis zrdaSi, ekono-
mikuri zrdis tempebis dacema-
Si, socialur afeTqebebsa da a.S.
aRniSnuli CarCo pirobebi
aRniSnavs mocemul qveyanaSi
ekonomikuri wesrigis politikis
ganviTarebis dones da upasu-
xebs kiTxvas: realurad arse-
bobs ki igi qveyanaSi Tu si-
namdvileSi aris Tvalis daxu-
Wvisa da misgan gaqcevis poli-
tika.
ekonomikur-maTematiku-
ri meTodebi (economic-math-
ematical methods) - ekonomikis,
maTematikisa da kibernetikis
mijnaze aRmocenebuli mecnier-
uli disci plinebis kompleqs-
Si moqceuli meTodebi.
123
ekonomikur-maTematiku-
maTematiku
ri modelebi (economic-math-
ematical models) - ekonomikuri
obieqtebis, kanonzomierebebis,
kavSirebisa da procesebis aR-
weriloba maTematikuri niSneb-
is meSveobiT da maTi makav-
Sirebeli maTematikuri Tana-
fardobis erToblioba.
ekonomikur-statistiku-
ri meTodebi (economic-statis-
tical methods) - SemoRebul iqna
XVII saukuneSi ingliseli ekono-
mistis uiliam petis mier qvey-
nis meurneobis analizisaTvis.
igi pirveli Seecada Seefase-
bina inglisis, safrangeTisa da
holandiis erovnuli Semosava-
li da gamoekvlia arapirdapi-
ri gadasaxadebis gavlena eko-
nomikaze.
erovnuli angariSianobis
ganviTarebaSi didi roli Sea-
srula frangi ekonomistis Jan
batist seis `warmoebis faq-
torTa Teoriam~. warmoebis sami
faqtoris (miwa, Sroma, kapita-
li) garda, sei mniSvnelovan
rols aniWebda samewarmeo un-
ars. naSromSi `politikuri
ekonomiis sruli kursi~ (1828)
igi ayalibebda Tavis Sexed-
ulebebs amis Sesaxeb.
ekonomiqsi (economics) -
mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis
sabazro sistemaSi, sazogadoe-
bis usasrulo moTxovnilebeb-
124
is maqsimaluri dakmayofileb-
is mizniT, SezRuduli resurse-
biT ra sazogadoebrivi for-
miT, ra gzebiT, rogor da visTvis
iwarmoos. igi sabazro ekonomi-
kis Teoriisa da praqtikis sin-
Tezia, praqtikiT gajerebuli,
masze orientirebuli Teoriaa.
ekonomiqsi ekonomikuri Teo-
riis kvlevis axali sferoa
(iseve rogorc saerTaSoriso
ekonomika, sazogadoebrivi seq-
toris ekonomika). warmoiSva da
ganviTarda sabazro ekonomikis
Camoyalibebisa da ganviTareb-
is kvaldakval, gansakuTrebu-
li ekonomikuri disci plinis
saxiT ki farTod gavrcelda
XX saukunis meore naxevridan.
ekonomiqsi SezRuduli
resursebis marTvis meqanizmis
Semswavleli mecnierebaa (g.
menqiu).
ekonomiqsi, miuxedavad imi-
sa, rom im kanonzomierebebs ey-
rdnoba, romlebsac ekonomikuri
Teoria adgens, misgan garkveul-
wilad gansxvavebul xedvasac
emyareba, paradigmis Secvlas
gulisxmobs. ekonomiqsi ekono-
mikuri procesebisa da movle-
nebis analizisas mxolod SezRu-
duli resursebiT ifargleba.
misi laitmotivia am resurse-
bis sabazro sistemaSi efeqti-
anad gamoyenebis gzebis Zieba
da alternatiuli variante-
ekonomiqsi
bidan optimaluri arCevanis
gakeTeba. ekonomikuri Teoriis
sagani ki gacilebiT farToa.
igi yvela funqcionaluri da
dargobrivi ekonomikuri mec-
nierebis safuZvelTa safuZve-
li da meTodologiuri bazaa.
ekonomikuri Teoria ar aris
moqceuli erTi ekonomikuri
sistemis CarCoebSi. igi sazoga-
doebis ekonomikuri ganviTare-
bis kanonzomierebebsa da Tavi-
seburebebs swavlobs, ikvlevs
sxvadasxva ekonomikur siste-
maSi arsebiT mizez--Sedegobriv
kavSirebs ekonomikur movle-
nebsa da procesebs Soris, ad-
gens zogad kanonzomierebebs,
ris safuZvelzec iZleva sa-
zogadoebis ganviTarebis stra-
tegiul mimarTulebebs, ekono-
mikis funqcionirebis obieqtur
mecnierul dasabuTebas. ekono-
mikuri Teoria yovelive amas
erT sistemaSi aqcevs. ekonomiq-
sis mizani ar aris mTlianad
sazogadoebis ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis kvleva. igi ar aris
erTiani sistema, mxolod am
sistemis nawilia, sabazro eko-
nomikaSi funqcionaluri kav-
Sirebis Semswavleli mecniere-
baa, ekonomikuri Teoria ki
ekonomikuri organizmis gene-
tikur kavSirebs swavlobs.
ekonomiqsi kmayofildeba
ekonomikuri cxovrebis zoga-
ekonomiqsi
di analiziT. igi ar ikvlevs
ekonomikuri movlenebis siRrm-
iseul arss da sazogadoebis
socialuri stratifikaciis
mizezebs, ekonomikuri Teoria
ki ikvlevs yovelive amas.
ekonomiqsSi pragmatuli
miznebi wina planzea wamoweu-
li, ekonomikur TeoriaSi ki _
Teoriul--meTodologiuri. eko-
nomiqsi metwilad raodenobrivi
analizia, ekonomikuri Teoria
ki _ Tvisebrivi. ekonomiqsi
farTod iyenebs ekonometrikul
analizs. magram ekonomikuri
movlenebisa da procesebis ax-
snaSi maTematikuri modelebis
gamoyeneba `wminda~ Teoriisagan
damoukideblad naklebad asax-
avs realobas. ekonomikuri Teo-
ria orientirebulia Semecneba-
ze, ekonomikuri movlenebis siR-
rmiseuli arsis gamovlenaze,
mizez-- Sedegobrivi kavSirebis
dadgenaze, maSin rodesac eko-
nomiqsi mTavar miznad ekono-
mikis marTvisaTvis praqtiku-
li rekomendaciebis SemuSave-
bas isaxavs. `ekonomikuri Teo-
ria ar aris uSualod same-
urneo politikaSi gamosayene-
beli mza rekomendaciebis kre-
buli, is aris inteleqtualuri
instrumenti, azrovnebis teqnika.
vinc mas flobs, yvelas exmareba
swori daskvnebis gamotanaSi~
(jon meinard keinzi).
125
ekonomiqsi ekonomikuri si-
namdvilis calkeuli fragmen-
tebisa da maTi Sesabamisi Te-
oriebis erTobliobaa. igi frag-
mentebidan qmnis ekonomikis
mTlian suraTs, ekonomikurma
Teoriam ki, piriqiT, mTliano-
bis adekvaturi suraTis meS-
veobiT unda asaxos ekonomiku-
ri sinamdvilis esa Tu is frag-
menti.
ekonomiqsi warmoebis gan-
viTarebis sakiTxebs danaxar-
jebisa da Sedegebis aspeqtiT,
sargeblianobis kuTxiT ganix-
ilavs, ekonomikuri Teoria ki
sazogadoebrivi warmoebis is-
toriuli ganviTarebis anal-
izs moicavs. ekonomiqsi gaur-
bis ekonomikuri sistemebis Se-
darebiT analizs da Seiswav-
lis erTi ekonomikuri siste-
mis sameurneo meqanizms. eko-
nomikuri Teoriis kvlevis erT--
erTi mimarTuleba, meTodi ki
ekonomikuri sistemebis Sedar-
ebiTi analizia (kompartivizmi).
am mimarTulebis Sedegia in-
stituciuri Teoriebi (konver-
genciis, industriuli, postin-
dustriuli sazogadoebis)
Teoriebi. ekonomikur Teorias
ar ainteresebs adamianTa same-
urneo saqmianoba misi konkre-
tuli zedapiruli formiT, misi
mizania adamianTa ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis kanonebSi gar-
z
126
kveva, am kanonTa moqmedebis meqa-
nizmis Secnoba.
ekonomiqsi sakuTrebas gani-
xilavs rogorc adamianis damo-
kidebulebas nivTisadmi. ekono-
mikuri Teoria sakuTrebas gani-
xilavs rogorc adamianebs So-
ris urTierTobas, Camoyali-
bebuls resursebisa da misgan
Seqmnili dovlaTis miTvisebis
gamo. ekonomikuri Teoria xidia
warsulsa da momavals Soris.
igi arkvevs ekonomikuri mov-
lenis istoriul winapirobebs,
saidan da ra mizezebiT warmo-
iSva igi da ra Sedegebisaken
mivyavarT mis ganviTarebas. igi
gvexmareba tendenciebis dad-
genaSi da gviCvenebs, saiT da
rogor miemarTeba ekonomikuri
ganviTareba. amitomacaa, rom eko-
nomikuri Teoriisa da eko-
nomiqsis kvlevis sagnebi er-
TmaneTs kveTs da emTxveva
kidec, oRond Seswavlis ku-
Txe aqvT sxvadasxvagvari.
`ekonomiqsis~ pirveli sa-
universiteto saxelmZRvanelo
1948 wels aSS--Si gamosca pol
samuelsonma. es iyo periodi,
rodesac ukve momwifda niada-
gi ekonomikaSi momxdari revo-
luciuri cvlilebebis asaxvi-
saTvis, axali ekonomikuri mov-
lenebis axsnisaTvis. `ekonomiq-
sis~, rogorc gansakuTrebuli
ekonomikuri disci plinis, far-
ekonomiqsi
Tod gavrcelebasa da ganvi-
Tarebas xeli Seuwyo XX sauku-
nis 60--70--iani wlebidan msof-
lio ekonomikaSi mimdinare
ekonomikuri procesebis diver-
sifikaciam, intensivobam da
masStaburobam.
XX saukunis bolo aTwle-
ulSi elviseburad ganviTare-
bulma movlenebma da proces-
ebma _ msoflio socialisturi
sistemis daSlam, komunisturi
reJimis kraxma, mravali qvey-
nis mier damoukideblobis mop-
ovebam da ganviTarebis axal
gzaze dadgomam Zveli da sru-
liad axali problemebis ax-
leburi Teoriuli gaazreba--ga-
analizebis aucilebloba mo-
iTxova. am Tvisebrivad axali
problemebis gadaWra kacobri-
obis wina ekonomikuri ganvi-
Tarebis klasikuri sqemis far-
glebs scildeba.
saqarTvelos sabazro eko-
nomikaze gadasvlis aucile-
blobam savsebiT kanonzomierad
`ekonomiqsis~ saswavlo kur-
sis SemoReba moiTxova umaRles
saswavleblebSi, rasac mohyva
rogorc ucxouri saxelmZRv-
aneloebis qarTulad Targmna,
ise qarTuli Sesabamisi lit-
eraturis gamocema. saxeldo-
br, k. Rurwkaiam Targmna da
gamosca p. samuelsonisa da v.
nordhausis `ekonomiqsi (XV
elastikuroba
gamocema); makkonelisa da brius
`ekonomiqsi~ (XI gamocema); s.
fiSeris, r. dornbuSis, r.
Smalenzis `ekonomiqsi~ (II ga-
mocema). gamoqveynda mravali
saxelmZRvanelo da special-
uri literatura, romelTa
Soris aRsaniSnavia: `ekonomiq-
si~. Semdgeneli p. leiaSvili.
Tb., `mecniereba~, 2003; m. gve-
lesiani. `ekonomiqsi~. leqcie-
bis mokle kursi. Tb., `komen-
tari~, 2000; r. asaTiani. `eko-
nomiqsi~. ganmartebiTi leqsiko-
ni. I, II, III gamocemebi, Tb., ga-
momcemloba `siaxle~, 1996,
2003, 2006; a. silagaZe, j. kax-
niaSvili, e. meqvabiSvili. `mik-
roekonomiqsi~. Tb., `Tbilisis
universitetis gamomcemloba~,
2006; r. asaTiani. `ekonomikuri
Teoria da ekonomiqsi: erTianoba
da gansxvaveba~. Tb., gamomcem-
loba `siaxle~, 2005 da a.S.
elastikuri moTxovna
(elastic demand) - moTxovna,
romelsac aqvs tendencia, Se-
icvalos fasebis umniSvnelo
cvlilebis Sesabamisad.
elastikuroba (elastici-
ty) - procentebSi gamoxatuli
cvlileba erTi cvladisa pro-
centebSi gamoxatuli meore cv-
ladis cvlilebis pasuxad.
maCvenebeli, romelic axasiaTebs
moTxovnis an miwodebis cvale-
badobis xarisxs erTi rome-
127
lime faqtoris, magaliTad, fa-
sis zemoqmedebiT.
moTxovnis fasismieri el-
astikuroba axasiaTebs Sesasy-
idi saqonlis an momsaxurebis
raodenobis cvalebadobis xa-
risxs misi fasis Secvlisas.
moTxovnis elastikuroba ni-
Snavs imas, rom fasis mcire-
odeni Secvla iwvevs im produ-
qciis raodenobis mniSvnelo-
van cvlilebas, romelzec aris
moTxovna. Tuki fasis Secvla
mxolod odnav cvlis saqon-
lis an momsaxurebis real-
izaciis raodenobas, maSin moTx-
ovna araelastikuria.
sabazro ekonomikis Teor-
iaSi gamoyofen `erTeuli ela-
stikurobis~ cnebas. igi gamo-
xatavs situacias, romlis dro-
sac fasis procentuli cvli-
leba saqonelze (momsaxureba-
ze) moTxovnis procentuli cv-
lilebis tolia. zogjer gam-
oiyeneba termini `savsebiT
araelastikuri moTxovna~
moTxovna~,
rac imas niSnavs, rom saqon-
lis fasis cvlileba gavlenas
ar axdens masze moTxovnis mo-
culobaze. moTxovnis elas-
tikurobis koeficienti gam-
oixateba formuliT:
garkveul saqonelze moTxovnis
• moTx. =
procentuli cvlileba
garkveuli saqonlis fasis
procentuli cvlileba
128
moTxovnis elastikurobis
koeficients praqtikuli mniS-
vneloba aqvs xelfasis donis
gansazRvrisas. mag., vinaidan
soflis meurneobis produq-
ciaze moTxovna praqtikulad
araelastikuria, misi warmoeb-
is gadideba erTdroulad am-
cirebs fass erTeul prouq-
ciaze da, aqedan gamomdinare,
fermeris Semosavalsac, romlis
kompensirebac aucilebelia. sa-
kanonmdeblo gziT, wonasworo-
bis donis gauTvaliswineblad
xelfasis minimumis SemoRebam
SeiZleba gamoiwvios umuSevro-
bis zrda, gansakuTrebiT axal-
gazrdobaSi.
miwodebis fasismieri el
el--
astikuroba imgvarad izomeba,
rogorc moTxovnis elastiku-
roba, oRond elastikurobis ko-
eficientis formulaSi garkve-
ul saqonelze moTxovnis pro-
centuli cvlilebis sididis
nacvlad Caismeba gasayidi
saqonlis miwodebis moculo-
bis procentuli cvlileba.
miwodebis elastikurobis
ZiriTadi faqtoria dro, rom-
lis ganmavlobaSic mwarmoebe-
li saTanado reagirebas axdens
misi produqciis fasebis Sem-
cirebasa Tu gadidebaze. gamo-
yofen umokles-, mokle- da
grZelvadian sabazro periods,
romlis ganmavlobaSic mwarmo-
eleqtronuli fuli
ebels SeuZlia reagireba moax-
dinos koniunqturis cvlile-
baze.
eleqtronuli fuli (elec-
tronic money, e-money) - kompiu-
terebis meSveobiT mravali
sagadasaxado da saangariSs-
worebo operaciis Sesruleba,
sxvadasxva informaciis damuSa-
veba da gadacema sakredito
garigebebis, fuladi gadasaxa-
debisa da angariSsworebis Sesa-
xeb. amis Sedegad sul raRac
ramdenime wamSi SeiZleba infor-
maciis miReba im piris sabanko
angariSis Sesaxeb, romelmac
warmoadgina Ceki an eleqtronu-
li sakredito baraTi ama Tu
im saqonlis SesaZenad an ama
Tu im saxis momsaxurebis mis-
aRebad. eleqtronuli fulis
sistemas avsebs sabanko avto-
matebi, romlebic ganlagebulia
qalaqis sxvadasxva adgilas _
miwisqveSa gadasasvlelebSi,
metros sadgurebTan da a.S.
maTi saSualebiT sabanko anga-
riSis mflobels SeuZlia neb-
ismier dros damoukideblad,
sabanko personalis monawile-
obis gareSe, CaerTos sabanko
kompiuterSi da Seasrulos ise-
Ti operaciebi, rogoricaa: fu-
lis Setana, gamotana da gada-
gzavna erTi angariSidan meore-
ze, kreditis miReba da a.S. dad-
genili limitis farglebSi.
emisiuri Semosavali
embargo (embargo) [<esp.
embargo-akrZalva] - saxelm-
- dolaramde.
wifo xelisuflebis mier saqon-
lis, oqros, fasiani qaRaldebi-
sa da a.S. sazRvargareT gatanis
an sazRvargareTidan Semotanis
akrZalva an savaWro urTier-
Tobis mTlianad aRkveTa ama Tu
im qveyanasTan ekonomikuri da
politikuri mosazrebiT.
emisia (emission) [laT. emis-
sio--gamoSveba] - sabanko da saxa-
zino bileTebis, qaRaldis fuli-
sa da fasiani qaRaldebis mimoq-
cevaSi gaSveba. emisiis Sede-
gad miRebuli saxelmwifo Se-
mosavlebi ganisazRvreba am fu-
lis msyidvelobiT unarsa da
mis gamoSvebaze gaweul xar-
jebs Soris sxvaobiT. vTqvaT,
saxelmwifom ganaxorciela 100
mln dolaris emisia. am fu-
lis gamoSvebasTan dakavSire-
bulma xarjebma Seadgina 1 mln
dolari, e.i. erT weliwads
aseTma operaciam saxelmwifos
misca 99 mln dolaris Semo-
savali. Semdgom weliwads emisi-
is xarjebi gaorkecda (xel-
fasisa da a.S. zrdis safuZ-
velze) da fasebi gaizarda
100%-- iT, e.i. orjer. aseT
SemTxvevaSi 100 mln dolaris
msyidvelobiTi unari gautol-
deba wina wlis 50 mln dola-
ris msyidvelobiT unars. Se-
sabamisad, saxelmwifos Semo-
129
savali Semcirdeba 48 mln
fasiani qaRaldebis emisia
SeiZleba iyos rogorc saxel-
mwifo sesxis obligaciebis, ise
kerZo kompaniebis mier aqciebi-
sa da obligaciebis gamoSveba.
emisiuri mogeba (annulmis-
sion profit) – mogeba, romelsac
iReben safinanso-sakredito da-
wesebulebebi (bankebi da a.S.)
fasiani qaRaldebis emitenteb-
sa da maT myidvelebs Soris Sua-
mavali momsaxurebisaTvis.
emisiuri Semosavali (an-
nulmission income) - aqcioneru-
li sazogadoebis Semosavali,
romelic iqmneba aqciis nomina-
lur da sabazro kursebs So-
ris sxvaobiT. aqciis kursi Se-
iZleba iyos nominalze maRali
an dabali. Tu kursi maRalia,
maSin aqcionerTa sazogadoeba
iRebs emisiur Semosavals. am
ukanasknelis gansazRvrisas
iTvaliswineben aqciis damza-
debisa da realizaciis xar-
jebs. mag., 10 aTasi aqciis dam-
zadebaze, roca erTi aqciis no-
minaluri Rirebuleba 1000
frankia, daixarja 100 aTasi
franki, xolo safondo birJaze
gaiyida 1360 frankis kursiT.
sabrokero kantorisaTvis 70
aTasi frankis odenobis kurta-
Jis gadaricxvis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT, emisiuri Semosavali
130
Seadgens 3430000 franks (1360--
-100000-
1000 = 360 X 10000 = 3600000-
70000). emisiuri Semosavali
gadadis aqcionerTa sazogadoe-
bis sarezervo fondSi.
emitenti (emitter) [laT.
emittere - gamoSveba] - iuridi-
uli piri an saxelmwifo or-
gano, romelic axorcielebs
emisias.
emitireba (issue of mon-
ey (securities) [laT. emittere -ga-
moSveba] - fulisa da fasiani
qaRaldebis mimoqcevaSi gaSve-
ba, emisiis ganxorcieleba.
engelis kanoni (Engel’s
law) - moxmarebis empiriuli
kanoni, dadgenili ernst enge-
lis mier. kanonis idea mdgo-
mareobs imaSi, rom erovnuli
Semosavlis nawili, daxarju-
li kvebis produqtebze, keTil-
dReobis kargi indikatoria. rac
ufro mcirea es nawili, miT
ufro maRalia keTildReoba.
engelis koeficienti (En-
gel’s coefficient) - koeficienti,
romelic gviCvenebs, rom rac
ufro izrdeba moTxovna dov-
laTze, Semosavlis zrdasTan
SefardebiT, miT ufro elas-
tikuria es moTxovna. cnobil-
ma germanelma statistikosma,
e. engelma pirvelma gamoikv-
lia kavSiri myidvelTa Semo-
savlebsa da samomxmareblo
xarjebis struqturas Soris.
emitenti
man daadgina Semosavlebis do-
- nis mixedviT sxvadasxva saxis
dovlaTze moTxovnis moculo-
bis funqcionaluri damokide-
bulebis cvalebadoba. engelis
azriT, moTxovna pirveladi
moxmarebis sagnebze, maT Soris,
tradiciuli saxis kvebis pro-
duqtebze (purze, kartofilze
da a.S.), garkveuli momentidan
CamorCeba Semosavlebis zrdas,
xolo kvebis iseT produqteb-
ze, rogoricaa zeTis xili, mce-
nareuli zeTi da a.S., agreTve
fufunebis sagnebi da momsaxu-
rebis mravali saxeoba _ Semo-
savlebis zrdis proporciulad
matulobs. Semosavlis cvli-
lebis erTeulze moTxovnis Se-
fardebiT cvlilebas man moTx-
ovnis elastikuroba uwoda. e.i.
moTxovnis elastikuroba udris
moTxovnis moculobis cvlile-
ba Sefardebuli Semosavlebis
cvlilebasTan.
endogenuri zrda (en-
dogenous growth) - ekonomikuri
zrda warmoebis Sida (mag., mas-
Stabis efeqti, teqnologiis
srulyofa da a.S.) da ara gare,
egzogenuri (mag., mosaxleobis
ricxovnobis gadideba) faq-
torebis zemoqmedebiT.
endogenuri mtp (endoge-
nous scientific technological prog-
ress) [<berZ. endon - SigniT...
genos--gvari, modgma] - endoge-
erToblivi moTxovnis elastikuroba
nuri (Sinagani mizezebiT war-
moqmnili) teqnologiuri pro-
gresis warmoebrivi funqcia. igi
vlindeba Sromasa da kapitals
Soris Tanafardobis cvlile-
bebiT.
energotevadoba (energy
intensity) – indikatori, rome-
lic gamoxatavs pirveladi en-
ergiis gamoyenebis efeqtianobas
mTliani erovnuli produqtis
erTeulis warmoebisas.
erToblivi danaxarjebi
(gross expenses, expenditures) -
mudmivi da cvalebadi danax-
arjebis jami warmoebis yovel
konkretul doneze.
erToblivi dasaqmebuli
mosaxleoba (total employees)
- dasaqmebuli mosaxleoba
plus samxedro mosamsaxureebi.
erToblivi miwodeba (ag-
gregate supply) - qveyanaSi war-
moebuli saqonlisa da momsax-
urebis jamuri Rirebuleba.
erToblivi miwodebis
elastikuroba (elasticity of
aggregate supply) - maCvenebeli,
romelic gamoxatavs ekonomi-
kaSi erToblivi miwodebis moc-
ulobis SemTviseblobas saqon-
lisa da momsaxurebis fasebis
donis cvalebadobasTan. Tu
erToblivi miwodebis moculo-
bis procentuli mateba sWar-
bobs procentebSi gamoxatul
fasebis zrdas, maSin aseTi mi-
131
wodeba elastikuria (Es>1); Tu
erToblivi miwodebis moculo-
bis procentuli gadideba to-
lia procentebSi gamoxatuli
fasebis zrdisa, maSin miwodeb-
is elastikuroba 1--is tolad
iTvleba (Es=1); miwodeba
araelastikuria, rodesac fase-
bis mateba sWarbobs erToblivi
miwodebis moculobis zrdas
(Es<1).
erToblivi miwodebis
mrudi (aggregate supply curve)
- mrudi makroekonomikuri mod-
elis grafikze, romelic asax-
avs ekonomikaSi saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis erToblivi mi-
wodebis dinamikas da gamoxat-
avs damokidebulebas fasebis
zrdasa da warmoebis moculo-
bas Soris. misi yoveli werti-
li gviCvenebs, Tu Sesabamisi
fasiT ra raodenobis wminda
erovnuli produqti SeiZleba
miewodos bazars.
erToblivi moTxovna
(aggregate demand) - qveynis re-
aluri msyidvelobiTi unaris
maCvenebeli; erToblivi danax-
arjebi, romelSic Sedis sax-
elmwifo samomxmareblo xar-
jebi, kerZo seqtoris moxmare-
ba, Sejamebuli investiciebi da
eqsport--importis danaxarje-
bis saldo.
erToblivi moTxovnis
elastikuroba (elasticity of ag-
132 erToblivi moTxovnis mrudi
gregate demand) - maCvenebeli, ro-
melic gamoxatavs ekonomikaSi
erToblivi moTxovnis moculo-
bis SemTviseblobas saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis fasebis do-
nis cvalebadobasTan. asaxavs
mocemul saqonelsa da momsax-
urebaze erToblivi moTxovnis
cvlilebas maTi fasis erTi
procentiT Secvlisas. Tu er-
Toblivi moTxovnis moculo-
bis procentuli zrda aRemate-
ba fasebis Semcirebis procen-
tul dones, maSin moTxovna
elastikuria (Ed>1). roca er-
Toblivi moTxovnisa da faseb-
is cvlilebis maCveneblebi Tana-
baria (gamoxatuli procentu-
lad), moTxovnis elastikuro-
ba iTvleba 1--is tolad (Ed=1);
Tu fasebis Semcirebis procen-
tuli done aRemateba er-
Toblivi moTxovnis zrdas (%--
Si), erToblivi moTxovna
araelastikuria (Ed<1). er-
Toblivi moTxovnis elas-
tikuroba farTod gamoiyeneba
fasebis donis Secvlis Sesax-
eb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas.
erToblivi moTxovnis
mrudi (aggregate demand cur-
-
ve) mrudi makroekonomikuri
modelis grafikze, romelic
gamoxatavs urTierTdamokide-
bulebas wminda erovnuli
produqtis moculobasa da
fasebis saerTo dones Soris.
misi yoveli wertili gviCvenebs,
ra raodenobis wminda erovnu-
li produqti SeiZleba gaiyi-
dos Sesabamisi fasiT. individ-
ualuri moTxovnis mrudisgan
gansxvavebiT, erToblivi moTx-
ovnis mrudi ar gamoxatavs
Canacvlebis efeqts, romlis
drosac mzardi fasi aqveiTebs
moTxovnas. am SemTxvevaSi mzar-
di fasi amcirebs produqciaze
moTxovnis wonasworobis dones
realuri fuladi masis kleb-
is gziT, rac iwvevs saprocen-
to ganakveTis zrdasa da in-
vesticiebis Semcirebas.
erToblivi Semosavali
(aggregate, gross income) - ix. er-
ovnuli Semosavali.
erToblivi (agregatu-
li ) warmoebrivi funqcia
(aggregate production function) -
funqcionaluri damokidebule-
ba mTels ekonomikaSi produ-
qciis nakadsa (Y), warmoebaSi
mTlian faqtobriv Sromis dan-
axarjebsa (L) da kapitals (K)
Soris. Cveulebriv es funqcia
gamoisaxeba ase:
Y=F(K, L).
formulaSi SeiZleba aisax-
os miwac, danaxarjebisa da te-
qnologiebis saxiT.
erToblivi xarjebi (ag-
gregate expenses) - ekonomikaSi
saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze ga-
weuli xarjebis mTliani Tanxa.
erovnul angariSTa sis tema
sistema
erTobliv xarjebSi (Y) Sedis
moxmareba (C), investiciebi (I),
saxelmwifo xarjebi (G) plus
eqsports (X) minus importi
(M). formuliT gamoisaxeba ase:
-M) .
Y = C+I+G+(X-
erToblivi xarjebis mocu-
loba gansazRvravs warmoebisa
da dasaqmebis moculobas. igi
SeiZleba sistematurad meryeo-
bdes fasebis saerTo donis
cvlilebebis gamo.
erTpirovnuli mflobe-
lobis firma (emf) (sole pro-
prietorship firm, one man compa-
ny) - biznesis erT--erTi orga-
nizaciuli forma, erTi piris
sawarmo, erTpirovnuli sakuT-
reba (sole proprietor ship). fir-
mis sxva organizaciul formeb-
Tan SedarebiT, emf-s bevri upi-
ratesoba da naklovaneba aqvs.
upiratesobaTagan SeiZleba gam-
oiyos Semdegi: firmis me-
sakuTres mTlianad ekuTvnis
mogeba da sargeblobs garkveu-
li sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT.
amasTan, warmoebis organizaci-
is xarjebi firmaSi dabalia,
sawarmos simcire mesakuTres
saSualebas aZlevs kontaqti
daamyaros rogorc produqci-
is mwarmoeblebTan, ise gamsaRe-
blebTan da a.S. naklovanebebia:
1. kapitalis gafarToebis Sez-
Ruduli SesaZleblobebi; 2.
133
firmis mesakuTris SeuzRudavi
pasuxismgebloba sawarmos fi-
nansuri mdgomareobisaTvis
(sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT
mTeli misi qoneba SeiZleba
valis dafarvas moxmardes).
amasTan, emf-is mesakuTre TviT
unda erkveodes yvela warmoe-
briv Tu finansur sakiTxSi da
flobdes mewarmeobis Cvevebs,
rac memkvidreobiT ar gadaicema.
erTpirovnuli mflobelobis
firma biznesis yvelaze meryevi
organizaciuli formaa.
erovnul angariSTa sis-
tema (eas) (System of National Ac-
counts) - makroekonomikur maC-
venebelTa sistema, romelic sa-
fuZvlad udevs qveynis ekono-
mikisa da `danarCen msofli-
osTan~ misi ekonomikuri kavSi-
rebis Seswavlas. igi ekonomikis
ganviTarebis maxasiaTebel indi-
katorTa gaangariSebisa da sis-
tematizaciis universaluri
meTodia, romelic gamoiyeneba
msoflios 150--ze met qveyana-
Si. TFC moicavs ara mxolod
ekonomikis konsolidirebul
erovnul angariSebs, aramed
dargobriv, seqtorul da
ekonomikuri saqmianobis mixed-
viT angariSebsac. TFC-is pirve-
li varianti Seiqmna 1953 wels.
praqtikuli gamocdisa da sru-
lyofis Semdeg, 1968 wels
damtkicda misi meore varian-
134
ti, xolo `cisferi wignis~
saxelwodebiT saxelmZRvane-
lod gamovida 1969 wels. es
gamocema msoflioSi aRiarebul
iqna rogorc urTulesi siste-
ma. mis paralelurad evropis
rig qveynebSi moqmedebda Se-
darebiT gamartivebuli da de-
talizebuli evrostatis egid-
iT gamocemuli `integrirebu-
li ekonomikuri angariSebis
evropuli sistema~. 1993 wli-
dan msoflioSi standartul
saxelmZRvanelod dainerga TFC-
is III varianti (eas-93
-93), romel-
ic gaeros statistikuri de-
partamentis, ekonomikuri Tan-
amSromlobisa da ganviTarebis
organizaciis statistikuri di-
reqtoratis, evrostatis, saer-
TaSoriso savaluto fondisa
da msoflio bankis statisti-
kuri samsaxurebis erToblivi
namuSevaria.
TFC- is ZiriTadi princi pe-
bia: mTeli ekonomikis erT mTli-
anobaSi warmodgena; ekonomikis
seqtorebad dayofa; angariSeb-
ze ormagi Cawera; Sida da erov-
nuli ekonomikis gamijvna; Semo-
savlebisa da xarjebis mimdinare
da kapitalurad dayofa, msof-
lios qveynebis makroekonomikur
maCvenebelTa saerTaSoriso
Sesadarisobis uzrunvelyofa.
erovnul angariSTa siste-
ma iyofa erovnuli ekonomi-
erovnuli angariSebi
kis angariSebad da sazRvar-
gareTis seqtoris angariSe-
bad. Tavis mzriv, erovnuli
ekonomikis angariSebSi Sedis:
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis an-
gariSi, warmoebis angariSi, Se-
mosavlebis formirebis angariSi,
Semosavlebis ganawilebis an-
gariSi, Semosavlebis gamoyenebis
angariSi, kapitalis angariSi,
finansuri angariSi. sazRvarg-
areTis seqtoris angariSebSi Se-
dis: saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
angariSi, pirveladi Semosavleb-
isa da mimdinare transferebis
angariSi, finansuri angariSi,
aqtivebis sxva cvlilebebis an-
gariSi, gadafasebis angariSi.
erovnuli angariSebi (na-
tional accounts) - angariSebisa da
sabalanso cxrilebis sistema,
romelic warmoadgens ekono-
mikis ganviTarebis raodenobriv
aRweras garkveul monakveTSi.
makroekonomikur analizSi gam-
oiyeneba krebsiTi erovnuli an-
gariSebi, romlebic gamoxata-
ven mep-is Seqmnis, erovnuli
Semosavlis, kapitalwarmoqmnis
ganawilebisa da gamoyenebis
process, mocemuli qveynis eko-
nomikuri agentebis mier sxva
saxelmwifoebTan ganxorciele-
bul operaciebs.
erovnuli angariSiano-
ba (national accounting) - makro-
ekonomikur maCvenebelTa siste-
erovnuli simdidre
ma, gamoiyeneba qveynis ekonomi-
kur statistikaSi, asaxavs eko-
nomikuri ganviTarebis (erovnu-
li Semosavlis, saboloo pro-
duqtis warmoebis, ganawilebis,
gadanawilebisa da moxmarebis,
agreTve erovnuli simdidris
formirebis) mniSvnelovan aspeq-
tebs. termini SemoiRo holan-
dielma ekonomistma ed. van
klifma XX saukunis 40--50--ian
wlebSi. gaerom erovnuli an-
gariSianoba safuZvlad daudo
erovnul angariSTa standar-
tul sistemas.
erovnuli simdidre (na-
tional wealth) - gansazRvruli pe-
riodisTvis finansuri da ara-
finansuri aqtivebis erToblioba,
romelic moicavs mocemuli
qveynis teritoriaze da mis
farglebs gareT wina Taobebis
mier Seqmnil materialur da
aramaterialur qonebas, agreTve
gamokvleul da ekonomikur
brunvaSi moqceul resursebs.
farTo gagebiT, erovnuli
simdidre aris Taobebis mier
SromiT Seqmnili da dagrovili
materialuri simdidre, warmoe-
bis procesSi CarTuli da aR-
ricxuli bunebrivi resursebi,
agreTve adamianiseuli kapita-
li (inteleqtualuri kapita-
li, dagrovili codna, gamocdi-
leba da a.S.). gamoiTvleba mim-
dinare da Sesadar fasebSi.
135
axasiaTebs qveynis socialur--
ekonomikur mdgomareobas.
saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi
gamoiTvleba erovnuli simdi--
dris rogorc mTliani mocu--
loba, ise misi odenoba qveynis
erT mcxovrebze gaangariSebiT.
msoflio bankisa da gaeros
ganviTarebis programis Sefase-
biT, msoflio erovnuli sim-
didris struqturaSi bunebrivi
resursebi Seadgens 20,0%--s,
dagrovili materialuri sim-
didre _ 16,0%--s, xolo adami-
aniseuli kapitali _ 64,0%--s.
Tanamedrove msoflios erov-
nuli simdidre (msoflio bankis
monacemebze dayrdnobiT), 550
trilion dolars Seadgens.
aqedan, 365 trilioni modis ad-
amianiseul kapitalze, materia-
lur kapitalze _ 95, xolo
bunebriv resursebze _ 90 tri-
lioni dolari.
erovnuli simdidre araTa-
nabaria sxvadasxva qveyanaSi.
misi naxevari modis `did Svi-
deulze~ _ aSS, didi britane-
Ti, safrangeTi, germania, ital-
ia, kanada, iaponia. danarCeni naxe-
vari nawildeba Semdegnairad:
opekis qveynebze modis 95 tri-
lioni dolari, dsT--is qveynebze
80, danarCen qveynebze _ 100
trilioni dolari.
bunebrivi resursebiT msof-
lioSi yvelaze mdidari qveya-
136 erovnuli upiratesobis rombi
na ruseTia. misi resursuli
potenciali, mosaxleobis erT
sulze gaangariSebiT, 2--2,5--jer
aWarbebs aSS--is resursul po-
tencials, 6--jer germaniisas da
18--21--jer _ iaponiisas. aSS--is
erovnuli simdidre, mimdinare
fasebiT, daaxloebiT 24 tril-
ioni dolaris tolia.
erovnuli upiratesobis
rombi (national priority rhomb) –
maikl porteris daimondis mod-
eli, qveynis konkurentuli up-
iratesobis qvakuTxedi, aisaxe-
ba lokaluri konkurentuli
upiratesobis oTx determinan-
tSi, romlebic erTobliobaSi
warmoqmnian im specifikur gare-
mos, romelic xels uwyobs ax-
ali, konkurentunariani kompanie-
bis `aRmocenebas~. saboloo an-
gariSiT yalibdeba is `saTa-
maSo veli~, romelsac konkuren-
tunariani qveyana qmnis saku-
Tari industriis ganviTarebi-
saTvis. es determinantebia:
1. faqtoruli pirobebi.
qveynis pozicia im warmoebis
faqtorebTan (kvalificiuri
samuSao Zala, teqnologiuri,
administraciuli da fizikuri
infrastruqtura, kapitalis
bazrebi, miwodebis pirobebi)
mimarTebaSi, romlebic aucile-
belia mocemuli dargis kon-
kurentunarianobisaTvis. Zalze
mniSvnelovania Tu ra tempiT
da ramdenad efeqtianad qmnis
da ganaaxlebs qveyana am faqto-
rebs konkurentul dargebSi.
magaliTad, kolejdamTavrebuli
muSaxeli ar ganapirobebs kon-
kurentul upiratesobas Tan-
amedrove pirobebSi. amisaTvis
igi specializebuli unda iyos
dargis konkretuli moTxovne-
bis Sesabamisad, rac venCurul
kapitalsa da stabilur inves-
ticiebs moiTxovs. konkuren-
tuli upiratesoba ukavSirde-
ba msoflio klasis moderni-
zebuli institutebis Seqmnasa
da maT mier warmoebuli bren-
dis Sedegia. mag., dania msof-
lio lideria diabetis kvl-
evasa da insulinis eqsportSi,
xolo niderlandi msoflio
lideria yvavilebis kultivi-
rebis, SefuTvisa da trans-
portirebis sferoSi.
2. moTxovnis pirobebi.
qveynis Sida bazarze mocemu-
li dargis produqciaze moTx-
ovnis raodenobrivi, gansakuTre-
biT ki, xarisxobrivi, Tvisebrivi
determinatebi;
3. qveyanaSi erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso
doneze konkurentunariani
dar gebisa da damxmare sfe-
dargebisa
roebis arseboba;
4. kompaniis myari stra-
tegia, struqtura da konku-
rentuli garemo. qveyanaSi
erovnuli Semosavali
arsebuli pirobebi, romlebic
warmarTaven kompaniebis Seqm-
nas, organizebasa da marTvas,
agreTve metoqeobasa da konku-
renciis xasiaTs..
erovnuli konkurentuli
upiratesobis rombi, rogorc
sistema, gavlenas axdens kom-
paniaTa konkurentunarianobis
iseT komponentebze, rogoricaa:
resursebis xelmisawvdomoba, da-
sabuTebuli uaxlesi informa-
ciis mopoveba, unar-Cvevebis aku-
mulireba, romelTa safuZvelze
kompaniebi acnobiereben ra mima-
rTulebiT warmarTon TavianTi
biznesi da miaRwion konkuren-
tul upiratesobas. porteris
azriT, kompaniebze ganxorcie-
lebuli sxvadasxva saxis ze-
wola aiZulebs maT miizidon
investiciebi da ganaxorcielon
inovaciebi. magaliTad, iaponel-
Ta cnobilma gancxadebam `Cven
varT kunZuli-saxelmwifo buneb-
rivi resursebis gareSe~ – kar-
gi samsaxuri gauwia maT qveya-
nas am naklovanebiT gamowveuli
araxelsayreli mdgomareoba kon-
kurentuli inovaciebis ganxor-
cilebiTa da informaciis swra-
fi mopovebis gziT bazris ufro
mdgradi segmentebis moZiebaSi
ucxoeli metoqeebisaTvis das-
wrebiT gadaefaraT.
amrigad, qveyanaSi Camoyali-
bebuli kompaniaTa konkurentu-
137
narianobis amaRlebis garemo
droTa ganmavlobaSi ganamtki-
cebs maT konkurentul upirate-
sobas. rodesac kompaniebi ara-
saxarbielo mdgomareobaSi aR-
moCndebian nedleulis simci-
ris, miwis maRali fasis, muSaxe-
lis deficitis gamo, imisaTvis
rom gauZlon konkurencias, isi-
ni adekvaturad reagireben baz-
ris moTxovnebze, rac gamoixa-
teba imaSi, rom mimarTaven war-
moebis modernizacias, nergaven
axal teqnologiebs, inovaciebs,
afuZneben Tanamedrove stra-
tegiebs da amiT qmnian axal
bazars. am SemTxvevaSi konkuren-
tuli brZolis modeli arafa-
sismier konkurenciaSi aisaxe-
ba, rac maRali xarisxis, teqno-
logiurad srulyofili saqon-
lisa da momsaxurebis bazarze
miwodebaSi gamoixateba.
erovnuli Semosavali (na-
tional income) - erovnuli war-
moebidan miRebuli Semosavali;
ekonomikaSi yvela saxis Semo-
savlis jami; saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis fuladi Sefaseba, ro-
melic iqmneba qveyanaSi ekonomi-
kuri saqmianobis Sedegad. moi-
cavs xelfass, rentul Semo-
savals, korporaciebis Semosav-
lebs, wminda procentsa da sa-
kuTrebidan Semosavlebs. gamo-
iTvleba rogorc sxvaoba VTG-is
sidides, ZiriTadi kapitalis
138 erovnuli Semosavali

moxmarebasa da arapirdapir ga- njkbfv'kbfyb ibuf itvjcfdfkb

dasaxadebze gaweul jamobriv vfhfut,bc ufsdbht,bc uf-
vjmdb'fvlt 60
danaxarjebs Soris.
vbyec vfhfut,bc ufsdbht,f 15
arsebobs sami midgoma erov- njkbfv'kbfyb ibuf ghjlemnb 45
nuli Semosavlis gansazRvri- gkec ovbylf itvjcfdfkb cfpq-
sadmi. pirveli midgomis mi- dfhufht' fhct,ekb mjyt-
xedviT, ekonomikuri saqmiano- ,blfy 5
bisagan miRebuli Semosavlebi njkbfv'kbfyb thjdyekb ghj-
lemnb 50
iyofa mogebisgan Semosavlebad
da dasaqmebisgan Semosavlebad; [fh]t,bc vt'jlb
meore midgoma mdgomareobs
cfvjv[vfht,kj [fh]t,b 35
samomxmareblo da sainvesti-
gkec cfmjytkcf lf vjvcf[eht-
cio xarjebis mTliani Tanxis ,fpt cf[tkvobaj jhufyjt-
dajamebaSi; mesame midgoma ,bc vbvlbyfht [fh]t,b 10
gulisxmobs qveynis ekonomikis gkec v'kbfyb iblf bydtcnbwb-
yvela seqtoris produqciis t,b sbhb'fl rfgbnfkib 10
Tanxis Sekrebas. Semosavleb- gkec vfhfut,bc abpbrehb vj-
wekj,bc uflblt,bc qbht-
is, xarjebisa da gamoSve-
,ekt,f lf lfev'fdht,t-
buli produqciis moculo- kb ofhvjt,f 5
baze dafuZnebuli am sami mid- njkbfth'j,kbdb ibuf [fh]t,b
gomidan gamomdinareobs ekonomi- cf,fphj afct,ib 60
kuri agregatebis aRweris sx- gkec tmcgjhnb lf itvjcfdfkb
vadasxva meTodi, romlebic gam- cfpqdfhufht' fhct,ekb
mjyt,blfy 10
oiyeneba erovnuli Semosavlis
vbyec bvgjhnb lf itvjcfdkt,b
angariSis Sedgenisas. amis Sesa- cfpqdfhufht' fhct,ekb
xeb naTel warmodgenas iZleva mjyt,blfy 15
qvemod moyvanili cxrili (cif- vbyec fhfgbhlfgbhb uflfcf[flt,b 10
rebi pirobiTia). gkec ce,cblbt,b 5
cxrili njkbfv'kbfyb thjdyekb ghj-
lemnb 50
itvjcfdkt,bc vt'jlb
itvjcfdfkb lfcfmvt,blfy
ofhvjt,bc
40
itvjcfdfkb bylbdblefke- vjwekj,f'f vt'jlb
gkec
hb vtofhvtj,blfy 5 cjakbc vtehytj,f lf vhto-
gkec rjvgfybbc v'kbfyb vjut,f 5 dtkj,bc vjgjdt,b'b lfh-
gkec cf[tkvobaj cfofhvjt,bc ut,b 5
v'kbfyb vjut,f 5 gkec vhtodtkj,bc uflfvveif-
gkec htynf 5 dt,tkb lfhut,b 20
erou keneT j. 139
gkec vjvcf[eht,f lf vityt,kj,f 20 xarjebis meTodis gamoye-
njkbf v'kbfyb ibuf ghjlemnb 45 nebisas sabazro fasebiT jam-
gkec ovbylf itvjcfdfkb cfpqdfh- deba samomxmareblo da sain-
ufht' fhct,ekb mjyt,blfy 5
vesticio xarjebi erToblivi
njkbf v'kbfyb thjdyekb ghj-
lemnb Sida xarjebis misaRebad. ikribe-
50
vbyec sbhb'flb rfgbnfkbc fvjh- ba mxolod saboloo dovla-
nbpfwbf Tis Rirebulebebi da gamoiri-
10
njkbf ovbylf thjdyekb ghj- cxeba yvela xarji Sualedur
lemnb 40 dovlaTze. amasTan, vinaidan sab-

erovnuli Semosavlis gan- oloo dovlaTze gavlenas

sazRvra Semosavlebis meTo- axdens gadasaxadebi, subsidie-
diT ar daiyvaneba yvela Se- bi da xarjebi importze, mag-
mosavlis martiv dajamebamde. ram ar icvleba eqsportis Rire-
erovnuli Semosavali aris buleba, amitom am meTodiT
qveynis rezidentebis (korpo- mTliani erovnuli produqtis
raciebi da kerZo pirebi) Se- misaRebad aucilebelia Ses-
mosavlebis erToblioba, romel- worebebis Setana aRniSnuli mo-
sac iReben uSualod mimdinare mentebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
warmoebidan. igi moicavs war- warmoebis moculobaTa
moebis faqtorTa mflobeleb- meTodi ajamebs damatebul Ri-
is Semosavlebs da gamoricx- rebulebas warmoebis yvela sta-
avs yvela im Semosavals, romel- diaze qveynis dargebsa da sa-
ic ar SeiZleba Sefasdes ga- warmoebSi. am damatebul Ri-
dasaxadebad mimdinare warmoe- rebulebaTa jami iZleva mTlian
brivi saqmianobisTvis. yvela Sida produqts, romelic sazR-
faqtoruli Semosavlis jams vargareT arsebuli sakuTre-
warmoadgens mTliani Sida Se- bidan wminda Semosavlis dama-
mosavali, romelic maragebis tebiT gardaiqmneba mTlian erov-
gaZvirebiT gamowveuli cvli- nul produqtad.
lebebis Semdeg iZleva mTlian amrigad, samive meTodiT ga-
Sida produqts. Tu amis Sem- iangariSeba mTliani erovnuli
deg mas daemateba wminda Semo- produqti, romelic, ZiriTadi
savali sazRvargareT arsebuli kapitalis amortizaciis gamo-
sakuTrebidan, maSin sabolood qviTvis Semdeg, iZleva erovnul
miiReba mTliani erovnuli Se- Semosavals, anu ufro zustad,
mosavali, romelic ufro wminda erovnul produqts.
cno bilia rogorc mTli
cnobilia ani
mTliani erou keneT j& (dab. 1921)
erovnuli pproduqti
roduqti
roduqti. (Arrow Kennet J.) - amerikeli
140
ekonomisti, jon hiksTan erTad
ekonomikaSi nobelis premiis
laureati (1972). gansakuTre-
buli wvlili miuZRvis ekono-
metrikis ganviTarebaSi. misi
naSromebi ZiriTadad eZRvneba say-
ovelTao wonasworobis siste-
mis analizs. naSromSi `sazoga-
doebrivi arCevani da individ-
ualuri faseulobebi~ (1951)
ganixila keTildReobis ekono-
mikuri Teoriis dilema, romel-
ic mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mo-
mxmarebelTa suverenitetis
pirobebSi SeuZlebelia gan-
sazRvro individualuri pri-
oritetebis Sesabamisi sazoga-
doebrivi prioritetebi. amit-
om SeuZlebelia sazogadoebrivi
keTildReobis funqciis Se-
muSaveba, romelic pozitiurad
dakavSirebuli iqneba individ-
ualur arCevanTan. sazogadoe-
bas ar SeuZlia SeimuSaos
koleqtiuri Sexeduleba imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra surs mas.
erous ZiriTadi naSrome-
bia: `gamokvleva warmoebisa da
maragebis maTematikur Teoria-
Si~ (1958), `narkvevebi riskis
TeoriaSi~ (1970), `konkurenciis
zogadi analizi~ (1971) (frenk
hanTan erTad) da a.S.
erou - debrios modeli
(Arrow--Debreus model) - nobe-
lis premiis laureatebis k. ero-
usa da J. debrios mier Semu-
erou
erou-- debrios modeli
Savebuli konkurenciuli baz-
ris sayovelTao wonasworobis
ekonomikur-maTematikur Teore-
maze agebuli modeli, romelic
maT cal-calke daamuSaves, xolo
Semdeg erTobliv publikacia-
Si warmoadgines 1954 wels.
erou - pratas koefici-
enti (Arrow-- Pratt coefficient) -
riskisgan gadaxris intensivo-
bis maCvenebeli, romlis sid-
ide ganisazRvreba rogorc sar-
geblianobis meore warmoebu-
li funqciis Tanafardoba zRv-
rul sargeblianobasTan.
etatizmi (etatism) [<frang.
etat saxelmwifo] - politikuri
cneba, romelic gamoxatavs aq-
tiur Carevas sazogadoebis
ekonomikur saqmianobaSi.
efeqtiani moTxovna (ef-
fective demand) - erToblivi
moTxovna saqonelsa da mom-
saxurebaze, uzrunvelyofili
maTi SeZenisTvis saWiro re-
sursebiT. igi gansxvavdeba po-
tenciuri moTxovnisagan, rome-
lic ukavSirdeba saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis SeZenis survils,
magram ar aris uzrunvelyo-
fili maTi SeZenisTvis saWiro
resursebiT da amitom ar Sei-
Zleba fasebis meqanizmis meS-
veobiT dayvanili iqnes momx-
mareblamde.
aseTi dayofa mniSvnelova-
nia imiT rom, vinaidan fasebis
eqsteritoriuli orga nizaciebi da
organizaciebi
da...
meqanizmi ar iZleva signals po-
tenciuri moTxovnis Sesaxeb, ami-
tom sabazro ekonomikaSi SeiZ-
leba warmoiqmnas uwonasworoba.
efeqtianoba (efficiency) -
resursTa gamoyenebis Sefaseb-
is kriteriumi. gamoiTvleba
resursebis gamoyenebiT miRe-
buli Sedegis SefardebiT war-
moebisa da realizaciis dan-
axarjebTan. bazris efeqtianoba
miiRweva maSin, roca resurse-
bi imgvarad nawildeba, rom maTi
gamoyenebiT miiReba maqsimalu-
rad SesaZlebeli wminda ekono-
mikuri mogeba.
eqspatrianti (expatriante)
- farTo gagebiT, am terminSi
igulisxmeba ucxoelebi, magram
ukanasknel periodSi SeimCneva
tendencia misi ufro viwro
gagebiT gamoyenebisa, ganviTare-
buli qveynebidan ganviTarebad
qveynebSi Camosul pirTa mimar-
TebaSi. maTi samuSao, or qveya-
nas Soris xelfasis doneebSi
sxvaobidan gamomdinare, Seda-
rebiT maRalanazRaurebadia.
eqspluatacia (exploitation)
– gamoiyeneba ori mniSvnelo-
biT: pirveli gulisxmobs resur-
sebis gamoyenebas, xolo meore
_ daqiravebuli muSakis mier
daxarjuli Sromis anazRa-
urebaSi damqiraveblis mier
daSvebul Secdomebs. amis ma-
galiTia, rodesac damqiravebeli
gacilebiT naklebs uxdis da-
qiravebuls, vidre misi Sromis
...
141
fasia.
eqspluataciis es meore gan-
marteba ukavSirdeba karl mar-
qsis zedmeti Rirebulebis Teo-
rias. marqsis mixedviT zedme-
ti Rirebulebis norma eqsplu-
ataciis sazomia. aseTma for-
mulirebam Tavi iCina Tanamed-
rove ekonomikur terminebSic
(j. robinsoni) rogorc sxva-
obam daqiravebulis xelfassa
da misi zRvruli produqtis
Rirebulebas Soris.
eqsporti (export) - erT
qveyanaSi warmoebuli saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis gatana sazR-
vargareT sagareo bazrebze re-
alizaciis mizniT. arsebobs xi-
luli da uxilavi eqsporti.
xilulia fizikurad xelSesa-
xebi saqonlis eqsporti, xolo
uxilavi _ momsaxurebisa.
eqstrapolacia (extrapo-
lation) [<laT. polatio] - Secvla,
ganaxleba) _ 1. arsebuli mo-
nacemebis safuZvelze ekonomi-
kur maCvenebelTa mosalodne-
li mniSvnelobebis gansazRvra
warsulSi maTi cvlilebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT; 2. statisti-
kuri kvlevisas movlenis erT
nawilze dakvirvebis safuZvel-
ze miRebuli daskvnebis gavr-
celeba mis meore nawilze.
eqsteritoriuli orga-
nizaciebi da organoebi (ex-
territorial organizations and bodies)
- moicavs iseT saerTaSoriso
organizaciebs, rogoricaa gaer-
142
Tianebuli erebis organizacia
da misi specializebuli dan-
ayofebi, regionuli organoebi
da a.S., evrokavSiri, ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobisa da ganviTare-
bis organizacia, arabuli sax-
elmwifoebis liga, sabaJo Tan-
amSromlobis sabWo, saerTa-
Soriso savaluto fondi, ame-
rikuli saxelmwifoebis orga-
nizacia, afrikuli erTianobis
organizacia da sxv. rac Seex-
eba di plomatiur warmomadgen-
lobebsa da saelCoebs, isini
gaeros s s d k - is mixedviT
klasificirebulia qvejgufSi _
`ucxouri saqmeebi~. es ukanas-
kneli, Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobaSi Sedis.
eqsteritoriuli organi-
zaciebi da organoebi gaeros
ssdk-Si calke ganyofilebad
Sedis.
eqsteritoriuloba (exter-
ritoriality) [<laT. exterritorialis] -
gansakuTrebuli uflebamosile-
bani (sacxovreblis xelSeux-
ebloba, begarisa da gadasaxa-
disagan ganTavisufleba da sxv.),
romlebsac saxelmwifo aniWebs
ucxoeTis di plomatiur war-
momadgenlebs.
eqsternalizacia (exter-
nality) - firmis mier sakuTari
saWiroebisaTvis warmoebuli
momsaxurebis miyidva sxva kompa-
niebisaTvis. Cveulebriv, eqster-
eqsteritoriuloba
nalizacia xorcieldeba fir-
mis SigniT qveganyofilebebis
an filialebis Seqmnis gziT.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu solidur
sabazro warmatebas miaRwevs,
aseT filials SeuZlia Tavad
gaxdes damoukidebeli firma.
mag., inglisis eqvsi wamyvani
firma, romlebic amJamad kom-
piuterul momsaxurebaSia spe-
cializebuli, adre am qveynis
transerovnuli korporaciebis
filialebad iTvleboda.
ejourti frensis isi-
dro (1845_1926) (Edgeworth Fran-
sis Ysidro) – oqsfordis univer-
sitetis profesori 1891_1922
wlebSi, amave wlebSi `ekonomi-
kuri Jurnalis~ gamomcemeli,
marJinalisti da ekonomikur-
maTematikuri skolis warmomad-
geneli. cnobilia agreTve ro-
gorc statistikuri meTodebis
mkvlevari. ejourtis naSrome-
bidan aRsaniSnavia: `maTematikuri
fsiqologia~ (1881), `albaTo-
bisa da sargeblianobis gazomvis
meTodi~ (1888), `monopoliebis
Teoria~ (1897), `ganawilebis Te-
oria~ (1904), `statiebi politi-
kuri ekonomiis Sesaxeb~ (1925)
da a.S. misi gamokvlevebidan gan-
sakuTrebuli yuradReba daimsa-
xura indeqsebisa da sabanko saq-
mis maTematikuri modelirebisa-
dmi miZRvnilma publikaciebma.
valorizacia
v vadiani Tamasuqi (time
vagner
vagnerisis kanoni (Wagner’s
law) - hi poTeza, romelic wamo-
ayena XIX saukunis bolos ger-
manelma ekonomistma adolf vag-
nerma. misi azriT, samrewvelo
ganviTarebas Tan axlavs saxel-
mwifo xarjebis wilis zrda
mTlian erovnul produqtSi.
vagnerma Camoayaliba am movle-
nis sami ZiriTadi mizezi:
1. xarjebis SefardebiTi
zrda saxelmwifo mmarTvelo-
baze, kanonierebis da wesrigis
dacvaze, agreTve sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis kvalobaze ekonomi-
kuri saqmianobis regulirebaze;
2. moTxovnis elastikuroba
saxelmwifos kulturul da
saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobaze.
moTxovna aseTi saxis momsaxu-
rebaze izrdeba ufro swrafad,
vidre Semosavlebi;
3. ekonomikuri ganviTareb-
is kvalobaze samrewvelo mo-
nopoliebis zrda, romelic sax-
elmwifo kontrols moiTxovs.
vagneris winaswarmetyveleba
daadastura Semdgomma movle-
nebma, Tumca, im periodSi igi
gaxda mwvave kritikis obieqti.
vadiani anabari (time de-
posits) - vadiani depoziti, dan-
azogi, romelic Senaxulia bank-
Si gansazRvruli vadiT da am
143
vadis gasvlamde ar gaicema.
bill) - Tamasuqi fiqsirebuli vadiT.
vakufi (wakuf) [arab. wakf]
- uZravi an moZravi qoneba (aR-
mosavleTis zogierT qveyana-
Si), Sewiruli religiuri or-
ganizaciebisa da dawesebu-
lebebis sasargeblod.
valvacia (valuation) [<frang.
evaluation Sefaseba) _ ucxouri
valutis Rirebulebis gansaz-
Rvra ama Tu im saxelmwifos
erovnuli fuladi erTeuliT.
vali (debt) - valdebule-
ba, warmoqmnili fuladi saxs-
rebis, sesxis an saqonlis (mom-
saxurebis) kreditiT miRebis
safuZvelze, anu mogvianebiT
gadaxdis Sesaxeb. valis for-
ma damokidebulia garigebis
pirobebze. misi umetesoba iTva-
liswinebs procentis gadaxdas
garkveul periodSi, Cveulebriv,
dadgenil vadaSi. arsebobs va-
lis sxvadasxva saxe, maT Soris
yvelaze mniSvnelovania saxelm-
wifo vali, romelsac SeiZle-
ba hqondes sabazro forma, anu
SeiZleba misi yidva-- gayidva
gansazRvrul bazarze, magali-
Tad, iseTze, rogoricaa safon-
do birJa.
valorizacia (valorization)
[<frang. valorisition] - saqonlis
fasis, fasiani qaRaldebis kur-
sis aweva saxelmwifo RonisZ-
144
iebebis daxmarebiT.
valrasi leon (1834-1910)
(Walras Leon) – warmoSobiT
frangi, 1870 wels gaxda loza-
nis universitetis politikuri
ekonomiis kaTedris pirveli
xelmZRvaneli. didi warmateba
moutana faseulobis Teoria-
Si zRvruli sargeblianobis
Teoriis damoukideblad Se-
muSavebam (1873), magram misi
uTvalsaCinoesi miRweva ekono-
mikur TeoriaSi iyo yvela baz-
ris momcveli sayovelTao wo-
nasworobis Teoriis Seqmna.
valrasma, maTematikuri aparatis
gamoyenebiT, warmoadgina bazris
idealuri modeli, romelic aer-
Tianebs warmoebis, gacvlis, kapi-
talisa da fulis Teoriebs
(1874-1877).
valuta (currency) [<ital.
valuta--fasi, Rirebuleba] - qvey-
nis fuladi erTeuli, romel-
ic monawileobs saerTaSoriso
ekonomikur gacvlaSi da dakav-
Sirebulia yovelgvar fulad
angariSsworebasTan saerTaSo-
riso urTierTobaSi. valutas
miekuTvneba agreTve saerTaSo-
riso saangariSsworebo fula-
di erTeulebi (mag., evro), rom-
lebic emitirebulia samTavro-
baTaSoriso savaluto--safinan-
so organizaciebis mier.
sxvadasxva qveynis valute-
bi saerTaSoriso angariSswore-
valrasi leon
baSi araTanabari zomiT gamo-
iyeneba, vinaidan am qveynebs msof-
lio safinanso gaerTianebis
mier aRiarebuli da dakanone-
buli konvertirebis sxvadas-
xva reJimi aqvT. amitom qvey-
nebis erTi jgufi (aSS, didi
britaneTi, iaponia, da sxv.) saer-
TaSoriso angariSsworebaSi iy-
enebs rogorc sakuTar erovnul
valutas, ise ucxoursac, ma-
Sin rodesac sxva saxelmwi-
foebi (maT Soris, saqarTvelo
da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris
sxva respublikebi) iZulebulni
arian saerTaSoriso angariSs-
worebaSi mxolod ucxouri
valutebi gamoiyenon.
saerTaSoriso savaluto
brunvaSi upiratesad monawi-
leobs sul ramdenime Tavisu-
flad konvertirebadi valuta,
romlebsac amJamad saerTa-
Soriso savaluto fondi mi-
akuTvnebs aSS--is dolars, evros,
inglisur girvanqa sterlings
da iaponur iens. swored es
valutebi Seadgenen msoflio
savaluto rezervebis ZiriTad
masas. arsebobs agreTve sxva
Tavisuflad konvertirebadi
valutebi _ zogierTi qveynis
(Sveicariis, singapuris da sxv.)
erovnuli fuladi erTeulebi,
magram emisiis masStabis gamo
msoflioSi maTi raodenoba ar
aris sakmarisi saerTaSoriso
valutis bazarze zewolis indeqsi
sagadasaxado brunvis momsax-
urebisaTvis. msoflios mraval
qveyanaSi fuladi erTeulebi
an SezRuduli Seqcevadobisaa,
an mTlianad Seuqcevadi da mx-
olod savaluto kotirebis
meSveobiT ukavSirdeba savalu-
to sferos.
msoflio vaWrobasa da sae--
rTaSoriso investirebaSi Zir-
iTadi (sarezervo) valutis
rols asrulebs aSS--is dola-
ri (agreTve, evro), romlis wi-
ladac modis saerTaSoriso an-
gariSsworebisa da savaluto
rezervebis mniSvnelovani naw-
ili. nedleulis, energomatare--
blebis, umetesi saxis mza na-
warmis msoflio fasebi dola-
rebSia fiqsirebuli.
valutis bazarze zewo-
lis indeqsi (Exchange Market
Pressure Index - EMPI) - mokle-
vadiani saprocento ganakveTis,
saerTaSoriso rezervebisa da
gacvliTi kursis cvlilebis
saSualo Sewonili sidide. igi
mxolod ramdenime makroeko-
nomikur maCvenebels moicavs da
amis gamo, qveyanaSi mimdinare
yvela ekonomikur process
srulad ver aRwers. EMPI in-
deqsi 1996 wels SeimuSaves
eiCengrinma, rouzma da uaiploz-
ma. maRali indeqsi valutis ba-
zarze did zewolaze metyve-
lebs. EMPI gamoiTvleba Semde-
145
gi formuliT:
EMPI  α  e  β  (i  i ) 
it it it i
 Y (  rit   ri ),
sadac e it - erovnuli valutis
nominaluri gacvliTi kursia
dolaris mimarT, i it da rit , Sesa-
bamisad, _ moklevadiani sapro-
cento ganakveTis da wminda
saerTaSoriso rezervebisa da
sarezervo fulis Sefardeba i--
uri qveynisaTvis; i i da  ri aR-
niSnavs i it da rit saSualos, 
gansazRvravs zrdis temps. EMPI
indeqsi sakmaod mgrZnobiarea
globalur finansur bazrebze
mimdinare procesebis mimarT da
naTlad asaxavs krizisebis `ga-
damdeb~ efeqts met-- naklebad
dakavSirebuli finansuri ba-
zrebis mqone qveynebs Soris.
mag., meqsikis krizisi 1994--1995
wlebSi da misi gavlena laTi-
nuri amerikis qveynebze, ruse-
Tis krizisi 1998 wels da misi
gavlena postsabWoTa qveynebze
da a.S.
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi EMPI
indeqsi urTierTdamokidebuleb-
is axsnis martivi meTodia. mag.,
EMPI indeqsis korelaciis koe-
ficienti saqarTvelosa da
TurqeTs Soris (0,555) ufro
maRalia, vidre saqarTvelosa
da ruseTs Soris (0,367). es
niSnavs imas, rom saqarTvelos
ekonomikaze TurqeTis finan-
146
suri krizisi, ruseTTan Sedar-
ebiT, ufro did gavlenas
axdens.
valutis bazari (curren-
cy market) - meqanizmi, romelic
uzrunvelyofs valutebisa da
ucxour valutebSi gamoxatu-
li sagadasaxado dokumente-
bis _ Cekebis, Tamasuqebis, akre-
ditivebis da a.S. yidva--gayid-
vas. es procesi xorcieldeba
valutebis gacvlis formiT da
moTxovna--miwodebis safuZvelze
dadgenili kursis Sesabamisad.
valutis bazari, rogorc insti-
tuciuri meqanizmi, bankebis,
valutis birJebis, savaluto
ganyofilebebis, msxvili, pirv-
el yovlisa, transerovnuli kor-
poraciebis specializebuli sab-
rokero firmebis erTobliobaa.
savaluto operaciebis ZiriTad
nawils, centraluri bankis li-
cenziis safuZvelze, axorciele-
ben savaluto bankebi. rogorc
wesi, es aris Tanamedrove teq-
nikiT aRWurvili umsxvilesi
bankebi, romlebsac mraval qve-
yanaSi aqvT sakuTari ganyofi-
lebebi da valutis yidva--gayid-
vis Sesaxeb garigebebs axor-
cieleben mTeli dRe--Ramis gan-
mavlobaSi.
valutis bazris daniSnule-
baa sxvadasxva valutaSi saerTa-
Soriso angariSsworebis praq-
tikuli realizacia, saxelmwi-
valutis bazari
fos, bankebis, sxvadasxva kor-
poraciebis savaluto rezerve-
bis diversifikacia, moTxovna--
miwodebis safuZvelze valut-
is kursis dadgena, savaluto
riskis dazRvevasTan dakavSire-
buli operaciebis Catareba da
sxv.
valutis bazarze angariS-
sworeba xdeba naRdi (dauyovne-
beli), kombinirebuli da vadi-
ani gadaxdis formiT. savalu-
to operaciebSi naRdi formiT
angariSsworeba cnobilia `spo-
tis~, vadiani garigeba _ `for-
vardis~, xolo kombinirebuli
_ `svopis~ saxelwodebiT. gar-
da amisa, valutis bazarze
sruldeba saarbitraJo opera-
ciebi, romlebic zrdis ten-
denciiT xasiaTdeba.
valutis birJa (currency
stock market) [<laT. bursa - sa-
fule] - bazris instituti, rom-
lis meSveobiTac xdeba ucxo-
uri valutebis kursis (fasis)
kotireba.
rac Seexeba ucxouri valu-
tiT vaWrobasTan dakavSirebul
operaciebs, valutis birJaze ma-
Ti mxolod nawili sruldeba.
valutis birJis gansakuTre-
buli roli imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom am birJaze fiqsirdeba uc-
xouri valutebis oficialuri
kursi (oficialuri fasi), ro-
gorc safinanso da statisti-
valutis blokireba
kuri gaangariSebebis sayovelao
masStabi, romelsac bazad iy-
eneben arasabanko seqtoris kli-
entebTan savaluto angariSs-
worebisas.
valutis birJis funqcion-
irebaSi mniSvnelovan rols as-
rulebs centraluri banki. Tu
romelime valutis kursis ze-
da zRvaris amaRlebis saSiS-
roeba warmoiqmneba, igi zrdis
am valutis miwodebas, magram
Tu, piriqiT, kursis dacemis
tendencia SeimCneva, centra-
luri banki yidulobs valu-
tas misi paritetis SenarCuneb-
isaTvis. centraluri bankis
`intervencia~ SeiZleba ganxor-
cieldes valutis birJis far-
glebs gareTac. es nakarnaxe-
via, pirvel yovlisa, oficialu-
ri kursis dadgenis saWiroebiT.
birJaze savaluto vaWro-
ba nebadarTulia mxolod devi-
zebiT da ara monetebiT an saxa-
zino bileTebiT. vaWrobis dam-
Tavrebisas birJaze cxaddeba
myidvelis, gamyidvelisa da sa-
Sualo kursebi. oficialur
biuletenSi, rogorc wesi, qvey-
ndeba mxolod myidvelisa da
gamyidvelis kursebi, rac klien-
tebTan angariSsworebis safuZ-
velia. Tu klienti valutas
yidulobs, maSin banki Tanxas
gaiangariSebs gamyidvelis kur-
siT, xolo Tu klienti valu-
147
tas mihyidis banks, maSin Tanxa
gamoiTvleba ufro dabali my-
idvelis kursiT. gamyidvelisa
da myidvelis kursebs Soris
sxvaoba daaxloebiT Seesabame-
ba savaluto operaciebze gawe-
ul danaxarjebs.
msoflioSi yvelaze cnobi-
lia germaniis, safrangeTis, bel-
giis, niderlandis valutis
birJebi. zog qveyanaSi aseTi bir-
Ja saerTod ar arsebobs, kurse-
bis kotireba ki sxvadasxvagva-
rad xdeba. mag., SveicariaSi
ucxouri valutebis kursebs
msxvili bankebi adgenen. aseve
xdeba did britaneTSic, sadac
presa aqveynebs cnobebs mxolod
yvelaze dabali da yvelaze
maRali kursebis Sesaxeb. skan-
dinaviis qveynebSi erovnul da
komerciul bankebs Soris winas-
war xdeba SeTanxmeba aSS-- is
dolarisa da britanuli gir-
vanqa sterlingis kursebis
Taobaze. italiaSi moqmedebs
ori sxvadasxva valutis birJa
gansxvavebuli kotirebiT. ita-
liis centraluri banki maTi
monawileobis safuZvelze ad-
gens kursis saSualo sidides,
romlis mixedviTac bankebi anga-
riSsworebas axdenen TavianT
klientebTan.
valutis blokireba (blo-
cked currency) - sabanko angari-
Sebze arsebuli ucxouri valu-
148
tis gamoyenebis akrZalva an Sez-
Rudva saxelmwifo xelisuf-
lebis organoebis mier.
valutis kalaTa (curren-
cy basket) - erovnuli valute-
bis nakrebi, romelsac iyeneben
ucxouri valutebis kotirebi-
sas erovnuli an saerTaSoriso
koleqtiuri valutebis kur-
sis gansazRvrisaTvis, rac va-
lutebis msyidvelobiTi unarisa
da gacvlis saerTo ekonomikuri
pirobebis gavlenis gaTvalis-
winebis saSualebas iZleva.
valutis konvertireba
(convertion of currency) - erTi qvey-
nis valutis gacvla sxva qvey-
nis valutaze moqmedi valut-
is kursis mixedviT, anu kon-
versiis ganxorcieleba.
valutis kursi (gacvli
gacvli
gacvli--
Ti kursi ) (currency exchange
rate) - erovnuli valutis er-
Teulis raodenoba, romelic
SeiZleba gaicvalos ucxouri
valutis erT an ramdenime er-
Teulze da, piriqiT, erTi fu-
ladi erTeulis fasi, romel-
ic gamosaxulia meore erTeu-
liT. sabazro ekonomikaSi gan-
isazRvreba moTxovna--miwodeb-
is zemoqmedebiT da gamoxata-
vs ekonomikis mdgomareobas (maT
Soris, fasebis donesac).
arsebobs alternatiuli
Sexeduleba valutis kursze,
romelic gamomdinareobs mone-
valutis kalaTa
taruli Teoriisagan. igi valu-
tis kurss ganixilavs rogorc
ara fass, romelic aTanabrebs
valutaze moTxovnisa da miwo-
zdebis nakadebs, aramed rogorc
ori valutis SefardebiT fass,
gamomdinare iqidan, rom nebis-
mieri faqtori, romelic gav-
lenas axdens fuladi erTeu-
lis Rirebulebaze, gavlenas
moaxdens mis gacvliT kursze.
rodesac valutis bazarze ar
xorcieldeba samTavrobo inter-
venciebi, kursi Tavisuflad
curavs, maRldeba an ecema,
mocemul valutaze awonas-
worebs moTxovna-- miwodebas.
intervenciebi SeiZleba iyos
sxvadasxva formis _ dawyebu-
li savaluto kontroliT,
damTavrebuli iseTi saqmiano-
biT, romelic uSualod ar Se-
dis sabazro operaciebSi, ma-
gram miznad isaxavs valutis
kursis stabilizacias.
breton-- vudsis sistemis
Sesabamisad XX saukunis 40--
iani wlebis bolodan 70--iani
wlebis dasawyisamde valutis
kursebs stabiluri SeTanxme-
buli paritetebi hqonda, Tum-
ca, SesaZlebeli iyo maTi cvli-
leba revalvaciisa da deval-
vaciis meSveobiT. centraluri
banki valutis yidvis an gay-
idvis gziT mastabilizebel
zemoqmedebas axdenda mis kur-
vaWroba
sze ryevis pirobebSi. 1971
wels aseT maregulirebel sis-
temaSi uaris Tqmis Semdeg va-
lutis kursebi gaxda moqnili
regulirebis obieqti, romlis
drosac centraluri bankebis
Careva ufro aqtiuria arasa-
surveli ryevebis dasaZlevad.
valutis kursebis moqnili regu-
lirebis sistemas zogjer `bin-
Zur~ curvasac ki uwodeben, vi-
naidan sakuTar valutis kursze
saxelmwifos zemoqmedeba xSir-
ad nakarnaxevia angarebiani mo-
tivebiT.
valutis kursis dacema
(currency depreciation) - erTi va-
lutis Rirebulebis Semcire-
ba sxva valutasTan SedarebiT,
anu misi gacvliTi kursis kleba
mcuravi gacvliTi kursis piro-
bebSi. es movlena Tavisi Sede-
gebiT devalvaciis analogiuria.
valutis kursis zrda
(currency appreciation) - erTi
valutis Rirebulebis mateba
sxva valutasTan SedarebiT, anu
misi gacvliTi kursis zrda
mcuravi gacvliTi kursis piro-
bebSi. es movlena Tavisi Sede-
gebiT revalvaciis analogiuria.
varanti (warrant - mindo-
biloba) - 1. notariulad damt-
kicebuli werilobiTi dokumen-
ti, romelsac gascems erTi piri
meore piris saxelze mesame pi-
rTan misi saxeliT samoqmedod.
149
mindobilobis wardgena SeiZle-
ba qonebrivi da sxva sakiTxeb-
is gadasawyvetad bankSi, sasa-
marTloSi, arbitraJSi, birJasa
da a.S.; 2. saqonlis ganma-
wesrigebeli dokumenti, rome-
lic SeiZleba gadavides xel-
idan xelSi indosamentis meS-
veobiT. masSi fiqsirebulia
warmomadgenlis uflebamosile-
ba awarmoos garigeba an eweo-
des sxva samarTlebriv saqmi-
anobas mrwmuneblis saxeliT.
vauCeri (voucher) [<ing.
voucher werilobiTi garantia]
- miznobrivi sagadasaxado sa-
Sualeba; dokumenti, romelic
adasturebs moqalaqis uflebas
saxelmwifo sakuTrebis priva-
tizebuli wilis (fuladi for-
miT), socialur--sayofacxovrebo
momsaxurebis dadgenili mocu-
lobis da a.S. miRebaze.
saprivatizacio vauCeri aris
Ceki, romelic iZleva privatize-
buli saxelmwifo sawarmoebis
aqciebis SeZenis uflebas. ase-
Ti vauCeri misi moqmedebis mTe-
li vadis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba
gaiyidos nebismier kerZo pirze,
komerciul struqturasa Tu
sxva arasaxelmwifoebriv mesa-
kuTreze. gasayidi fasi SeiZleba
vauCeris sawyis, nominalur
fass daemTxves, aRematebodes
an masze naklebi iyos.
vaWroba (trade, merchandise) -
150
saqonlis gacvla individebs an
jgufebs Soris, ganxorciele-
buli barteris meSveobiT an
uSualod fuliT. vaWrobis
upiratesobaa moxmarebisTvis xe-
lmisawvdomi dovlaTisa da
warmoebrivi saqmianobis spe-
cializaciis diapazonis gafar-
Toeba. vaWrobis gareSe indi-
videbma da jgufebma moTxov-
nilebebi unda daikmayofilon
sakuTari resursebiT. Tavisu-
fali vaWroba iwvevs Sromis
danawilebas, romelsac moaqvs
sargebloba misi yvela monawi-
lisaTvis.
vebleni torstein (1857-
1929) (Veblen Thorstein) – amerike-
li ekonomisti da sociologi,
Cikagos skolis profesori da
instituciuri ekonomikuri Teo-
riis TvalsaCino warmomadgene-
li. kapitalisturi sazogadoe-
bis instituciuri struqtur-
is Seswavlas miuZRvna: `saqmiani
sawarmos Teoria~ (1904), `mec-
nierebis adgili Tanamedrove
civilizaciaSi~ (1919), `absen-
teisturi sakuTreba~(1923),
`narkvevebi Cven cvalebad sa-
zogadoebriv wyobaze~ (1934)
da a.S.
veblens ekuTvnis rigi eko-
nomikuri terminis SemoReba da
originaluri ganmarteba. mag.,
demonstraciuli moxmareba,
rogorc STabeWdilebis moxdena
vebleni torstein
sazogadoebaze da ara ubra-
lod moxmareba, rogorc moTx-
ovnilebis dakmayofilebis sa-
Sualeba.
ZiriTad konfliqts vebleni
(marqsisgan gansxvavebiT) xedav-
da ara burJuaziasa da pro-
letariats Soris, aramed TviT-
dasaqmebulebs Soris, kerZod,
vinc `akeTebs~ fuls da vinc
kidev _ saqonels. veblenis
azriT, es konfliqti arsebobs
biznesmenebs Soris, romlebic
dainteresebulni arian warmoe-
bis finansuri mxariTa da moge-
biT, erTi mxriv, da sainJinro
da sxva kadrebs Soris war-
moebis efeqtianobiT (fizikuri
gamoxatulebiT), meore mxriv.
maT Soris konfliqti warmoiSva
am ukanasknelTa mudmivi ganax-
lebisaken miswrafebiT, rac au-
fasurebs biznesmenTa kapitalis
Rirebulebas. vebleni ikvlev-
da `fuladi kulturis~ insti-
tutebs da asabuTebda, rom teq-
nologiebi am institutebis
ngreviT kidev ufro gaamwvavebs
arsebul konfliqts da gamoiw-
vevs sistemis kraxs.
veblenis efeqti (Veblen
effect) – movlena, romelic war-
moiSoba maSin, roca zogierT
saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze fa-
sebis dacemisas momxmarebelTa
mniSvnelovani nawili fiqrobs,
rom es moxda xarisxis gauare-
vitaekonomika
sebis gamo da amitomac amcir-
ebs maT moxmarebas. fasebis
dacemiT erToblivi moTxovnis
Semcireba ewinaaRmdegeba moTx-
ovnis kanons. am movlenis gaan-
alizeba ukavSirdeba amerike-
li ekonomistisa da sociol-
ogis, ekonomikaSi instituci-
uri mimdinareobis erT-erTi
warmomadgenlis, torstein ve-
blenis saxels da cnobilia
veblenis efeqtis saxelwodebiT.
venCuruli kapitali (ven-
ture capital) - kapitali, rome-
lic gamoiyeneba inovaciuri
proeqtebis, mecnierul-- teq-
nologiuri damuSavebebisa da
gamogonebebis dasafinanseblad
da dakavSirebulia did riskTan.
axali teqnologiebis da-
muSavebisa da danergvisas, mo-
salodneli Sedegebis naklebad
stabilurobis gamo, mas xSi-
rad `sarisko kapitals~ uwode-
ben. venCuruli kapitalis da-
bandeba ZiriTadad xdeba mec-
nierebatevad dargebSi.
venCuruli operaciebi
(venture operations) [<ing. venture
riskis gaweva] - ZiriTadad in-
ovaciuri bankebis mier mecnie-
rul--teqnologiuri damuSave-
bebisa da gamogonebebis dafinan-
sebisa da dakreditebis mizniT
gatarebuli operaciebi. xasi-
aTdeba riskis maRali doniT.
venCuruli (sarisko
sarisko) fir-
151
ma (venture firm) - mcire an saSu-
alo sididis komerciuli or-
ganizacia, romelic uSualod
dakavebulia teqnikur siaxle-
Ta ganxilviT, SerCeviTa da
praqtikuli realizaciiT, mec-
nieruli gamokvlevebis da-
muSavebiT, garda amisa, afinan-
sebs da konsultaciebs uwevs
am siaxleTa mflobel kompanie-
bs. venCuruli firmebi Ziri-
Tadad msxvili kompaniebisagan
iReben SekveTebs.
virementi [<frang. vire-
ment - moxveva] - sabanko op-
eracia, romlis drosac xdeba
erTi piris mimdinare anga-
riSidan meore piris angariSze
Tanxis gadatana.
vitaekonomika (vitalecono-
my) – tradiciuli, sicocx-
lisunariani ekonomika, romel-
ic sabazro ekonomikis princi-
pebzea dafuZnebuli. masSi ar
arsebobs nekro- da zombieko-
nomika.
vitaekonomikis struqtura
aseTia: 1. saxelmwifo seqtorSi
arsebuli vitaekonomika; 2. pri-
vatizebuli vitaekonomika; 3. axa-
li investiciebiT Seqmnili vi-
taekonomikis kerZo seqtori.
saxelmwifo seqtorSi arsebu-
li vitaekonomikis naTeli ma-
galiTia energetika da mom-
saxurebis sferos rigi dar-
gebisa (transporti, kavSirgab-
152 viqselis kriteriumi

muloba da a.S.). privatizaci- sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis

is SemTxvevaSi isini da maT- amocanebis gadaWraSi bazris
Tan erTad mrewvelobis upi- SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi
ratesad mcire obieqtebi gar- warmoSobs saxelmwifo saga-
daiqmneba privatizebul vitaeko- dasaxado regulirebis auci-
nomikad. leblobas Semosavlebis gadana-
axali investiciebiT, sabaz- wilebaSi socialuri samarTli-
ro ekonomikis princi pebze da- anobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT.
yrdnobiT, mowinave da ara moZ-
velebuli, meoradi teqnolo-
giebiT Seqmnili vitaekonomika
qveynis ekonomikis yvelaze jan-
saRi nawilia. (v. v. papava
papava. aratra-
diciuli ekonomiksi. Tbilisi,
paata guguSvilis ekonomikis in-
stitutis gamomcemloba, 2011).
viqselis kr kriiter iumi (Vik-
teriumi
sel’s criterion) - saxelmwifos mi-
er gamoyenebuli saSemosavlo
dabegvris iseTi sistema, romel-
ic Tanabar zians ayenebs yve-
la moqalaqis materialur
keTildReobas; msoflio praq-
tikaSi kargad cnobili `saga-
dasaxado tvirTis ganawileb-
is kriteriumi~, romelic Sve-
di ekonomistis k. viqselis sax-
els atarebs. misi arsi mdgo-
mareobs SemdegSi: saxelmwifo
SeZlebulTa Semosavlebs ufro
maRal sagadasaxado ganakveTs
uwesebs, vidre Raribebisas. pro-
gresuli dabegvris aseTi ska-
la, jer erTi, xels uwyobs Se-
mosavlebis samarTlian gadan-
awilebas, xolo meore, zrdis
sabiujeto Senatanebs. amrigad,
zombiekonomika
z da mxolod miaxloebiTia.
zarali (Loss, Losses) -
saxelmwifos, mewarmis, momxmare-
blis an Suamavlis materialuri,
qonebrivi da finansuri dana-
kargi, gamowveuli sameurneo--
finansuri kavSirebis moSliT,
sasaqonlo da fuladi masis ba-
lansirebis darRveviT, stiqi-
uri ubedurebebiT, gaficvebiT,
uyairaTobiT, mflangvelobiT,
wundebuli produqciis gamoS-
vebiT, konfliqtebiT da sxv. sa-
zogadoebisaTvis didi zarali
moaqvs rekets, xelovnuri def-
icitis Seqmnas, momxmarebelTa
motyuebas, spekulacias, farul
ekonomikas da a.S. sawarmoebs
Soris xelSekrulebiT gaTval-
iswinebuli valdebulebis Seus-
ruleblobiT gamowveul za-
rals, rogorc wesi, anazRaurebs
valdebulebis damrRvevi mxare.
zaralis zRvruli Rire-
buleba (marginal damage cost)
– rogorc wesi, garemos gaWuW-
yianebiT miyenebuli damatebi-
Ti zaralis Rirebuleba gamoxa-
tuli fuladi formiT. gare efeq-
tebis (eqsternaliebis) kerZo
SemTxveva. mag., mdinareebis, tbe-
bis, zRvebisa da a.S. navTobiT
gaWuWyianebis Sedegad komer-
ciuli meTevzeobisaTvis miyeneb-
uli damatebiTi zarali, rom-
153
lis zusti Sefaseba rTulia
zaralis Rirebuleba
(damage cost) - fuladi formiT
gamoxatuli zaralis odenoba.
igi ZiriTadad garemos dabin-
ZurebiT miyenebuli zaralis ga-
momxatvelia. ekonomikur Teo-
riaSi garemos dabinZureba gani-
xileba rogorc gare efeqte-
bis (eqsternaliebis) kerZo Sem-
Txveva.
zarafxana (mint) - monete-
bis, ordenebisa da sxva sax-
elmwifo niSnebis damamzadebe-
li saxelmwifo sawarmo.
zednadebi danaxarji (ov-
erhead expense, charge) - sawar-
mos marTvisa da sameurneo mom-
saxurebis danaxarji (adminis-
traciuli personalis Senax-
vis, Senoba--nagebobebisa da in-
ventaris movla--remontis, Sro-
mis usafrTxoebisa da sxv.). ema-
teba saqonlis sawarmoeblad an
momsaxurebis gasawevad saWiro
ZiriTad danaxarjs da masTan er-
Tad Sedis TviTRirebulebaSi.
zenormaluri mogeba (su-
per--normal profit) - `mogebis~ si-
nonimi. Tu firmis mier miRebuli
mogeba aRemateba yvela alter-
natiul danaxarjs, maSin amboben,
rom igi iRebs zenormalur mo-
gebas.
zombiekonomika (zomby-
economy) – Caisaxa XX sauku-
154
nis 90-ian wlebSi iaponiaSi,
arsebobs mxolod sabazro
urTierTobebis pirobebSi. misi
funqcionirebis sferoa zombi-
firmebi, xolo wyaroa dakred-
itebis SeRavaTiani sistema,
romelsac axorcieleben zom-
bibankebi (kreditebs aZleven
firmebs saSualo sabazroze da-
bali saprocento ganakveTiT).
aseTi bankebis ukan, rogorc wesi,
dgas mTavroba (samTavrobo
garantiebi da a.S.), rac, sabo-
loo angariSiT, iwvevs imas, rom
zombibankebi, garkveulwilad,
gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa, e.i.
mosaxleobis xarjze funqcioni-
reben. aqedan gamomdinare, zom-
biekonomika, romelic tvirTad
awveba ekonomikis jansaR naw-
ils, zombifirmebis, zombibanke-
bisa da mTavrobis erToblivi
saqmianobis, maTi arajansaRi
urTierTobebis Sedegia.
zombiekonomikis warmoSoba
ukavSirdeba finansur kriziss,
rodesac sabanko krizisis Tavi-
dan asacileblad, xelsayreli
pirobebi iqmneba sabiujeto da-
finansebis gziT firmebis ga-
darCenisaTvis: finansuri krizi-
sis fonze, umuSevrobis gazr-
da da mosaxleobis cxovrebis
donis dacema mTavrobisagan lo-
gikurad moiTxovs aseT qmede-
bas. saxelmwifos mxridan fi-
nansuri mxardaWeris sistemis
zrdis indeqsi
SenarCunebas zombiekonomikis
struqturebi finansuri krizi-
sis daZlevis Semdegac cdilo-
ben.
zombiekonomika damaxasiaTe-
belia ara mxolod ganviTare-
buli, aramed ganviTarebadi qvey-
nebisTvisac.
zrdis indeqsi (growth in-
dex) - mTel ekonomikaSi saqmia-
nobis saxeobebis mixedviT ga-
angariSebuli wina wlis woniT
Sewonili (laspeiresis) inde-
qsi.
zrdis tempi (growth rate)
- ekonomikur analizSi far-
Tod gamoyenebuli maCvenebeli.
gamoxatavs drois garkveul
periodSi mocemuli sididis
raodenobrivi parametrebis cv-
lilebas procentebiT, gviCvenebs
ramdeni iyo da ramdeni gaxda.
`zusti momarTva~ (fine
tuning) – termini gamoiyeneba im
samTavrobo politikis mimarT,
romelic iTvaliswinebs dabeg-
vrasa an saxelmwifo xarjebSi
mcireodeni cvlilebebis Seta-
nas dasaqmebaze, erovnuli Se-
mosavlisa da fasebis doneze
zemoqmedebis mizniT.
zRvruli antisargebli-
anoba (marginal disutility) - dama-
tebiTi antisargeblianoba, miRe-
buli ama Tu im cvladis mcire
cvlilebidan.
zRvruli sargeblianoba
zRvruli erTeuli (mar-
ginal unit) – raimis (mag., zRvru-
li danaxarji, zRvruli produ-
qti, zRvruli mwarmoebluro-
ba, zRvruli sargeblianoba,
zRvruli Semosavali da a.S.)
damatebiTi erTeuli.
zRvruli (marJinaluri)
danaxarji (marginal cost, mar-
ginal expense - MC) [<laT. mar-
go kide, sazRvari, napiri] - war-
moebis moculobis gansazRvris
erT--erTi ZiriTadi kriteriumi.
saqonlis damatebiTi (zRvruli)
erTeulis warmoebisaTvis saWi-
ro damatebiTi danaxarji.
formuliT ase gamoianga-
riSeba:
C
MC 
X
sadac Δ raime mcire cvlile-
baa, C - mTliani danaxarjebi,
xolo X - gamoSvebuli produ-
qciis moculoba. mewarme zr-
dis warmoebis masStabs, sanam
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis er-
Teulze zRvruli danaxarji
ar gauTanabrdeba sabazro fass.
Tu zRvruli danaxarji am fass
gadascda, mewarme zaraldeba da,
piriqiT, Tu igi sabazro fasze
naklebia, maSin mewarme damate-
biT mogebas iRebs.
zRvruli maqsimaluri
fasi (marginal maximum price)
- moTxovnis fasi, maqsimaluri
155
fasi, romlis zeviTac SeuZle-
belia sabazro fasis aweva.
zRvruli minimaluri
fasi (marginal low price) - miwo-
debis fasi, minimaluri fasi,
romelze dablac SeuZlebelia
sabazro fasis dacema.
zRvruli mwarmoeblu-
roba (marginal productivity) - war-
moebis faqtorebiT (kapitali,
Sroma, miwa) Seqmnili zRvru-
li produqtis moculoba, ro-
melic, warmoebis danarCeni faq-
torebis ucvlelobis pirobebSi,
gamoxatavs mocemuli faqtoris
erTi erTeuliT gazrdis Sed-
egad miRebuli produqciis ma-
tebas.
zRvruli produqti (mar-
ginal product) - damatebiTi pro-
duqti, miRebuli resursebis
damatebiTi erTeulidan.
zRvruli produqtis Ri-
rebuleba (value of marginal) -
zRvruli fizikuri produqti,
gamravlebuli produqciis er-
Teulis fasze.
zRvruli sargebliano-
ba (marginal utility) - damatebiTi
sargeblianoba, miRebuli nebis-
mieri dovlaTis damatebiTi er-
Teulidan. maTematikurad gamo-
isaxeba ase:
U ^
MU 
X
sadac MU zRvruli sarge-
156 zRvruli sargeblianobis Teoria

blianobaa, X - saqonlis raode- atebiTi Semosavali, e.i. zRvru-

noba, Δ - cvlileba. li produqtiT miRebuli Se-
zRvruli sargeblianobis mosavali.
kategoria wina planze wamoswia
da mecnierul brunvaSi Semo-
itana cnobilma ekonomikurma
mimdinareobam _ marJinalizmma.
zRvruli sargeblianobis
Teoria (marginal revenue theory)
- SromiTi Rirebulebis Teori-
isgan gansxvavebiT, faswarmo-
qmnis safuZvlad aRiarebs ara
Rirebulebas, aramed nivTis su-
bieqtur Sefasebas, sargeblia-
nobas, sameurneo kontrahente-
bis subieqtur--fsiqologiur Se-
fasebas. igi asaxavs ekonomikur
kavSirebs, romlebic SeiZleba
CamovayaliboT ase: momxmarebe-
li _ moTxovnileba _ dovla-
Tis sargeblianoba _ fasi.
zRvruli sargeblianobis Teo-
riam farTo popularoba pova
mTel msoflioSi. am Teoriis
warmomadgenlebi (goseni, klarki,
jevonsi, valrasi, mengeri, viz-
eri, bem--baverki, siCeli, edvardsi
da sxv.) uaryofen SromiTi Ri-
rebulebis Teorias da faswar-
moqmnaSi did mniSvnelobas niv-
Tisadmi ekonomikuri subieqtis
damokidebulebas aniWeben.
zRvruli Semosavali
(marginal revenue, income) - sa-
qonlis damatebiTi erTeulis
gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli dam-
Tavisufali bazris niSnebi
T zris meqanizmiT, faswarmoqmnaSi
Tavdapirveli Rirebule-
ba (history cost) - warmoebis faq-
torTa Rirebuleba maTi SeZe-
nis momentSi, avansirebuli Rire-
buleba, romelic ar utolde-
ba aRdgeniT Rirebulebas, anu
warmoebis faqtorebis warmoe-
biT miRebul Rirebulebas.
Tavisufali bazris niS-
– srul-
nebi (signs of free markets)
yofili bazari, romelic arc
erT qveyanaSi ar aris da arc
arasdros yofila. igi abstraq-
ciaa da SeiZleba mxolod misi
idealurad warmodgena.
ekonomikur literaturaSi
formulirebulia Tavisufali
bazris niSnebi, romlebic ganas-
xvaveben mas regulirebadi ba-
zrisagan.
Tavisufali bazris siste-
maSi ar rCeba adgili monopo-
liis nebismieri tipisTvis; gamo-
ricxulia inflacia, umuSev-
roba, krizisebi; misTvis damax-
asiaTebelia sakuTrebis nebis-
mieri forma, garda saxelmwifo
sakuTrebisa; Tavisufali bazris
arc erT monawiles ar Seu-
Zlia gavlena moaxdinos sxva
monawileTa mier miRebul gada-
wyvetilebebze. fasebis realuri
done naklebad aris damokide-
buli ekonomikur subieqtTa
157
neba-survilze da dgindeba ba-
sufevs sruli Tavisufleba.
Tavisufali bazrisTvis damax-
asiaTebelia: konkurenciis mona-
wileTa SeuzRudavi ricxovneba,
maTi Tavisuflad SeRweva baz-
arze da, aseve, Tavisufali ga-
mosvla iqidan; konkurenciis Ti-
Toeuli monawilis absolu-
turad sruli informireba fa-
sebis, moTxovnis, miwodebisa da
a.S. Sesaxeb; yvela saxis resur-
sis, maT Soris, materialuri,
SromiTi da finansuri resurse-
bis absoluturi mobiluroba;
erTsaxeliani produqciis abso-
luturi erTgvarovneba, rac gam-
oixateba, saxeldobr, savaWro
markebisa da produqciis xaris-
xis sxva maxasiaTeblebis uqon-
lobaSi da a.S.
nebismier realur, konku-
rentunarian bazars axasiaTebs
Tavisuflebis elementebi, mag-
ram igi srulyofilebas veras-
dros ver aRwevs. Znelia war-
movidginoT iseTi bazari, sa-
dac daculi iyos Tavisufali
bazrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli yve-
la niSani, Tundac is, rom ar
iyos monopoliuri warmonaq-
mnebi, romlebic aferxeben baz-
arze konkurencias, ar arsebob-
des savaWro markebi, adgili
ar hqondes umuSevrobas. nebis-
mier bazarze xdeba inflaciis
158 Tavisufali (specialuri) ekonomikuri ...

gavleniT sabazro procesebis begvris, amortizaciis normis

damaxinjeba, Tavisufali bazris da a.S. nawilSi) meurneobis
reJimidan gadaxra, Tumca, yove- warmarTvisaTvis.
live es zRvardebulia. miuxe- Tavisufal portsa (aero-
davad aRniSnuli deformacie- portSic) da Tavisufali vaW-
bisa, moqmedebs sabazro meqa- robis zonaSi Setanisas baJs
nizmi da fasebi icvleba moTx- ar axdevineben, sanam saqoneli
ovna-miwodebis zemoqmedebiT. sawyobSia da realizebuli ar
specialu- aris.
Tavisufali (specialu-
ri) ekonomikuri zona (Tez Tez) saeqsporto mrewvelobis
(tree economical area) - qveynis zonaSi ubaJod SeaqvT saqone-
teritoriis is nawili, sadac li, sazRvargareT gasatanad
specialuri samarTlebrivi re- gamosaSvebi produqciisaTvis
Jimis safuZvelze iqmneba xel- saWiro saTadarigo nawilebi,
sayreli pirobebi sxvadasxvag- dasakompleqtebeli masalebi da
vari sagareo--ekonomikuri ope- nakeTobebi.
raciebisaTvis. misTvis damaxa- ganasxvaveben agreTve Tavis-
siaTebeli niSania Tavisufali ufali (erToblivi) mewarmeo-
an SeRavaTiani mewarmeoba, bis zonebs da saeqsporto
romelic iZleva uaxlesi te- ekonomikur zonebs.
qnologiis, nou--haus SesaZenad Tavisufali vaWroba (free
saWiro droisa da danaxarje- trade) – sagareo-ekonomikuri po-
bis mniSvnelovnad Semcirebis litika, romlis mixedviTac sa-
saSualebas, xels uwyobs valu- xelmwifo ar ereva saerTaSo-
tis mozidvas saqonlisa da mom- riso savaWro urTierTobebSi
saxurebis eqsportis xarjze tarifebis, kvotebisa da sxva
da zrdis ucxour kapitalda- saSualebebis gamoyenebis gziT.
bandebebs. Tavisufali vaWrobis
arsebobs Tez-is sami ti pi: zona (free trade area, zone) - qvey-
1. warmoebrivi zonebi; 2. Tavis- nebis jgufi, romelSic gauqme-
ufali portebi da Tavisufali bulia sabaJo da sxva savaWro
vaWrobis zonebi; 3. saeqspor- barierebi, Tumca, masSi Semava-
to mrewvelobis zonebi. li TiToeuli qveyana atarebs
warmoebrivi zona _ Se- Tavis komerciul politikas am
mosazRvruli teritoria qvey- jgufSi arSemaval qveynebTan.
nis SigniT, sadac wesdeba gan- Tavisufali (erToblivi)
sakuTrebuli SeRavaTebi (da- mewarmeobis zona (joint ven-
Tamasuqi
ture zone) - saxelmwifos ter-
itoriis is nawili, sadac iqm-
neba xelsayreli pirobebi er-
Toblivi samewarmeo saqmiano-
bisaTvis. aseT zonebSi SemoRe-
buli aqvT gansakuTrebuli
SeRavaTiani reJimi, rac xel-
sayrel pirobebs qmnis ucxouri
kapitalis investirebisaTvis.
ganaxvaveben mis sam ti ps: pirve-
li ti pi gulisxmobs gansaz-
Rvrul teritoriaze special-
uri kanonmdeblobis SemoRebas,
romelic uzrunvelyofs meur-
neobriobis SeRavaTian reJims
adgilobrivi da ucxoeli eko-
nomikuri subieqtebisaTvis. sa-
gadasaxado sabaJo, savaluto,
sakredito da samarTlebrivi
reJimebi wesdeba subregioneb-
is ganviTarebis konkretuli
pirobebidan da amocanebidan ga-
momdinare. zonas marTavs adg-
ilobrivi xelisufleba; meore
ti pi gulisxmobs mcire teri-
toriebze iseTi infrastruq-
turis Seqmnas, romelic saer-
TaSoriso moTxovnebs daakmay-
ofilebs. samarTlebrivi norme-
bi am zonaSi ganapirobebs ar-
sebiT SeRavaTebs ucxoeli in-
vestorebisaTvis, maTTvis gr-
Zelvadiani arendiT keTilmow-
yobili, informaciuli da sa-
transporto komunikaciebiTa da
aucilebeli servisiT aRWur-
vili teritoriebis gadacemas,
159
ucxouri kapitalis monawile-
obiT sawarmoTa ganlagebi-
saTvis; mesame ti pi gulisx-
mobs naklebad aTvisebuli ter-
itoriebis koncesiis saxiT an
grZelvadiani arendiT gacemas.
am SemTxvevaSi zonas sameur-
neo mizniT iyeneben Sereuli
ti pis specialuri organiza-
ciebi (kompaniebi). meurneobri-
obis samarTlebrivi reJimi
maqsimalurad liberalizebu-
lia. igi umTavresad Semoifar-
gleba ekologiuri kanonmde-
blobiT da saerTaSoriso SeT-
anxmebebiT. saxelmwifo iRebs
mogebas saarendo gadasaxadis
saxiT da kompaniis erovnuli
nawilis Semosavlebidan, arse-
biT xarjebs ki ar gaiRebs. praq-
tikaSi vxvdebiT erTsa da imave
teritoriaze aRniSnuli zo-
nis samive ti pis Sexamebas.
Tamasuqi (bill of exchange,
draft, promissory note) [ger. wech-
sel] - kanoniT dadgenili for-
mis werilobiTi sagadasaxado
valdebuleba, fuladi dokumen-
ti, msesxeblis mier gacemuli
kreditoris saxelze, romli-
Tac am ukanasknels eniWeba
ufleba, mosTxovos msesxebels
TamasuqSi miTiTebuli Tanxis
gadaxda gansazRvrul vadaSi
(ix. agreTve kambio).
saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi
Tamasuqi angariSsworebisa da
160
komerciuli dakreditebis erT--
erTi ZiriTadi saSualebaa.
Tamasuqi ori saxisaa: marti-
vi (ix.) da gadasapirebeli (ix.).
Tamasuqis diskonti (bill
discounting) - Tamasuqis ganaRde-
ba bankebis an kerZo pirebis
mier misi vadis gasvlamde pro-
centis gamoqviTviT.
TamaSTa Teoria (theory
of games) - individualur ra-
cionalur gadawyvetilebaTa
Teoria, miRebuli am gadawyve-
tilebaTa Sedegebis Sesaxeb ara-
sakmarisi informaciis pirobeb-
Si. Tanamedrove TamaSTa Teo-
ria iwyeba f. neimanisa da o. mor-
genSternis naSromiT _ `TamaS-
Ta Teoria da ekonomikuri qce-
va~ (1944). igi ikvlevs indivi-
dualur gadawyvetilebaTa urTi-
erTgavlenas iseT daSvebisas,
romelic ukavSirdeba gadawyve-
tilebis miRebas riskis pirobebSi.
maSin, rodesac tradiciu-
li mikroekonomikuri Teoria
gvTavazobs gadawyvetilebaTa
miRebas gansazRvrulobis piro-
bebSi, TamaSTa Teoriis mixed-
viT racionalur individs gada-
wyvetilebis miReba uxdeba ga-
nusazRvrelobis, gaurkvevlo-
bis pirobebSi. Tu erTi indi-
vidis mogeba ganapirobebs me-
ore individis wagebas, maSin
amboben, rom es TamaSi aris nu-
lovani Tanxis. TamaSi SeiZle-
Tamasuqis diskonti
ba iyos kooperatiuli, roca
SesaZlebelia SeTanxmeba da
arakooperatiuli, roca War-
bobs antagonizmi.
TamaSTa Teoriam daamtki-
ca Tavisi sargeblianoba ekono-
mikuri qcevis iseTi aspeqteb-
is analizisas, rogoricaa bune-
brivi resursebisa da sazoga-
doebrivi saqonlis amowurva.
Targetireba (targeting) –
centraluri bankis mizanmimar-
Tuli moqmedeba aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi, mag., maRali infla-
ciis dros moaxdinos mimoqceva-
Si arsebuli fulis masis zr-
dis koreqtireba.
`TeTrsayeloianebi~ (whi-
te--collar workers) - arafizikuri
SromiT dasaqmebuli muSakebi,
romelTa naxevarze meti Cab-
mulia informaciul momsaxure-
baSi. maT miakuTvneben ZiriTadad
gonebrivi SromiT dakavebul
muSakebs. `TeTrsayeloianebi~,
rogorc absoluturad, ise Se-
fardebiT, Warboben momsaxure-
bis sferoSi. amasTan, maTi wili
swrafi tempiT izrdeba maRal-
teqnologiur dargebSi _ eleq-
tronikaSi, Cqarosnul trans-
portSi, axali masalebis, samec-
niero mowyobilobebis warmoe-
baSi da a.S.
TviTdafinanseba (self--fi-
nance) - warmoebis gafarToebis
dafinanseba mogebis an axali
`TiTqmis fuli~ 161
aqciebis gamoSvebis xarjze.
`TiTqmis fuli~ (“almost
money”) - aqtivebis erT--erTi
saxeoba, romelSic Sedis vadi-
ani anabrebis mTliani Tanxa,
arasaCeko Semnaxveli angariSebi
da im saxelmwifo fasiani
qaRaldebis mTliani moculo-
ba, romelic Ria bazarze Sei-
Zleba gaicvalos naRd fulze.
`TiTqmis fuli~ likviduri
aqtivia, vinaidan advilia misi
gacvla naRd fulze. Tumca
gacvlamde igi ver asrulebs mi-
moqcevis saSualebis funqcias
da amitom mas kvazifulsac
uwodeben.
162
i importi (import) - sxva qve-
iardi (yard) - sigrZis er-
Teuli sazomTa inglisur sis-
temaSi, udris 3 futs, anu
97,44 sm--s.
`iafi fuli~ (cheap mon-
ey) - sakredito sistemis ise-
Ti mdgomareoba, roca advilia
aiRo sesxad kapitali. es Se--
saZlebelia dabali saproce--
nto ganakveTis, sabanko sis--
temis likvidurobis zrdis,
dakreditebis sferoSi SezRud-
vebis Sesustebisa da a.S. poli-
tikis ganxorcielebis pirobeb-
Si. `iafi fuli~ mosaxleobi-
saTvis kreditis xelmisawvdo-
mobis amsaxveli terminia.
imiji (image) - saqonlis,
momsaxurebis, sawarmos da a.S.
reputacia. is saqoneli (mom-
saxureba, sawarmo da a.S.), rom-
lis `saxemac~ momxmarebelTa
aRiareba moi pova, SemdgomSi
uzrunvelyofs momxmarebelTa
erTgulebas Sesabamisi safir-
mo da savaWro markebisadmi da
maT mtkice, myar mdgomareobas
bazarze.
importze gadasaxadi (sa-
importo baJi) (import duties) -
sazRvargareTidan Semotanil
saqonelze dawesebuli arapir-
dapiri gadasaxadis saxe; gamoi-
yeneba importis moculobisa da
iardi
struqturis regulirebisaTvis.
yanaSi warmoebuli saqonlis an
momsaxurebis Semotana da mox-
mareba mocemul qveyanaSi.
saqoneli xiluli importia,
momsaxureba ki _ uxilavi.
importis Senacvleba Si
Si--
da warmoebiT (import substitu-
tion) - erT--erTi mTavari ganvi-
Tarebis strategia ganviTare-
badi qveynebisaTvis. omis Sem-
dgom pirvel wlebSi mravali
ekonomisti da ganviTarebadi
qveynebis mTavrobebi industri-
alizaciis politikas miiCnevd-
nen ekonomikuri progresis
saukeTeso strategiad. am Tval-
sazrisiT yvelaze marTebuli
gza iyo importis Senacvleba
Sida warmoebiT, rac gulisx-
mobs sakuTari mrewvelobis
Seqmnas importuli kvotebiTa
da tarifebiT dacvis safuZ-
velze. iTvleboda, rom es pro-
cesi unda dawyebuliyo mrew-
velobis im dargebis ganviTare-
biT, romlebic awarmoeben sa-
momxmareblo saqonels. Semdeg
aqcenti gadatanil iqna kapi-
taluri saqonlis warmoebaze.
igulisxmeboda, rom am gziT
SesaZlebeli iqneboda impor-
tis Senacvleba Sida warmoe-
biT, rac xels Seuwyobda eko-
nomikur zrdas. ar gamoiricxe-
boda is varaudic, rom am
indeqsacia
strategiis realizaciis Ziri-
Tadi xarjebi Tavis Tavze ganvi-
Tarebul qveynebs unda aeRoT.
am strategiis gamoyenebam mra-
val ganviTarebad qveyanas ara-
saxarbielo Sedegebi moutana.
sagadasaxdelo balansis mdgo-
mareoba aRniSnul qveynebSi
naklebad gaumjobesda, xolo
maTi damokidebuleba ganviTare-
bul saxelmwifoebze ar Sem-
cirebula. importis struq-
turaSi mza samomxmareblo
saqonlis wili Semcirda, man-
qana--mowyobilobebisa da saTa-
darigo nawilebis ki gaizar-
da. warmoiqmna barierebi eqspor-
tisaTvis, vinaidan saeqsporto
saqonlis mwarmoebeli firmebi
iZulebulni gaxdnen adgilo-
brivi firmebisagan, romlebic
proteqcionistur pirobebSi
muSaobdnen, SeeZinaT nedleu-
li da masalebi msoflio done-
ze maRal fasebSi. am politi-
kam ganapiroba valutis kur-
sis gazrda, ramac Seamcira maTi
eqsportis efeqtianoba.
importirebisadmi mid-
rekileba (propensity to import)
- importze gaweuli xarjebis
wilis zrda SemosavalSi.
inglisur-amerikuli sko-
lis Teoria (the theory of english--
american school) - Rirebulebis
alternatiuli Teoria, romel-
ic wamoayena inglisur--ameri-
163
kulma skolam. es skola Camoy-
alibda XIX saukunis bolos da
XX saukunis dasawyisSi. misi
fuZemdebelia cnobili inglise-
li ekonomisti alfred marSa-
li. am Teorias iziarebs pol
samuelsonic.
inglisur--amerikulma sko-
lam Rirebulebis Teoriebis -
SromiTi Rirebulebis Teoria
(ix.), zRvruli sargeblianobis
Teoria (ix.), warmoebis danax-
arjebis Teoria (ix.), moTxov-
na-- miwodebis Teoria (ix.) _
SeerTebiT Seqmna Rirebulebis
axali Teoria, romelSic amo-
savalia moTxovna--miwodebis ka-
noni. am `axali Teoriis~ mixed-
viT saqonlis miwodebas gan-
sazRvravs warmoebis danaxar-
jebi, xolo moTxovnas _ saqon-
lis zRvruli sargeblianoba.
inglisur-- amerikuli sko-
lis Teoria yvelaze optima-
luria, igi obieqturi da subi-
eqturi faqtorebiT gansazRvris
Taviseburi sinTezia.
indemniteti (indemnity) -
zaralis anazRaureba, kompensa-
cia (rogorc wesi, saerTa-
Soriso samarTalSi).
indeqsacia (index--linking,
indexation) - fasebis indeqsis
cvlilebis mixedviT kontraqte-
bis nominaluri Rirebulebis
periodulad gadasinjvis meqa-
nizmi, xelfasisa da sxva Semo-
164
savlebis koreqtireba ekonomi-
kaSi fasebis saSualo donis
cvalebadobis Sesabamisad.
indeqsi (index) [<laT. in-
dex maCvenebeli] - cifrobrivi
maCvenebeli, romelic procen-
tobiT gamoxatavs warmoebis
moculobis, fasebis, sagareo
vaWrobisa da a.S. cvlilebebs&
individualuri mewar-
meoba (sole ownership) - same-
warmeo saqmianobis individu-
aluri gaZRola, mewarmeobis
umartivesi forma. individu-
aluri mewarmis qoneba ganuyo-
felia misi piradi qonebisagan,
xolo individualuri sawar-
mo ar aris iuridiuli piri.
indikaturi dagegmva (in-
dicative planning) - erovnuli
ekonomikis saorientacio dageg-
mva saxelmwifo doneze, rome-
lic ar zRudavs erovnuli kapi-
talis uflebebs. masSi gan-
sazRvrulia qveynis socialur--
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis pri-
oritetebis sistema da maTi
realizaciis gzebi. indikaturi
dagegmva koordinacias uwevs
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
yvela organos Sesabamis ko-
mpleqsur da urTierTdakavSi-
rebul RonisZiebebs.
indikaturi gegma moicavs:
1. qveynis socialur-- ekono-
mikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTad
strategiul miznebsa da amoca-
indeqsi
nebs; 2. prognozul--analiti-
kur nawils; 3. sagegmo--maregu-
lirebel nawils.
indikatur gegmaSi asaxulia
is konkretuli RonisZiebebi,
romlebmac unda uzrunvelyos
dasaxuli prognozuli parame-
trebis miRweva.
indosamenti (endorsement)
[<frang. endossement <laT. in-
dorsum zurgi]--gadacemis war-
wera, _ warwera Tamasuqis, Cekis,
konosamentis da sxva fasiani
qaRaldebis meore mxareze, rom-
liTac dasturdeba am doku-
mentiT gansazRvruli ufleb-
is gadacema sxva pirisaTvis
(sxvagvarad _ Jiro).
indosanti (endorsee) [<germ.
indossant]--piri, romelic fasi-
ani qaRaldebis ukana mxareze
akeTebs gadacemis aRmniSvnel
warweras (sxvagvarad _ Jiran-
ti).
indosati (endorser) [<germ.
indossant]--piri, romlis sasarge-
blodac fasian qaRaldze ga-
keTebulia gadacemis warwera.
industria (industry) - ga-
eros saerTaSoriso standartu-
li dargobrivi klasifikaciisa
da erovnul angariSTa siste-
mis mixedviT ekonomikis meo-
reuli seqtori (agraruli seq-
toris Semdeg), romelSic Se-
dis mrewveloba (Tavisi mom-
povebeli da gadammuSavebeli
investiciis bazari
dargebiT) da mSenebloba.
industriuli sazogado-
eba (industrial society) - sazo-
gadoebis ganviTarebis stadia,
samrewvelo sazogadoeba, ro-
melmac Secvala agraruli sazo-
gadoeba, xolo XX saukunis
60-- iani wlebidan gadaizarda
postindustriul sazogadoeba-
Si.
inercia (inertia) - ekono-
mikuri maCveneblebis dinamika
mimdinare periodSi, dafuZne-
buli wina periodis tenden-
ciaze.
investirebisadmi mid-
rekileba (propensity to invest)
-erovnuli Semosavlis im wi-
lis zrda, romelic xmardeba
kapitaldabandebebs.
investicia (investment)
[<laT. investire Semosvla]--ker-
Zo seqtoris an saxelmwifos
grZelvadiani kapitaldabande-
ba qveynis SigniT an sazRvarg-
areT: 1. dabandeba realur Zir-
iTad kapitalsa da materialur--
sasaqonlo maragSi warmoebis
ganviTarebisaTvis; 2. dabande-
ba finansur aqtivebSi (de-
pozitSi, fasian qaRaldebSi) Se-
mosavlis miRebis mizniT.
investiciebi materialuri,
teqnikuri, finansuri da inte-
leqtualuri faseulobebis
grZelvadiani dabandebaa ekono-
mikuri saqmianobis sxvadasxva
165
sferoSi mogebis an social-
uri efeqtis miRebis mizniT.
Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi inves-
ticiebis didi nawili fasiani
qaRaldebiTaa warmodgenili.
portfelis investiciebi
fasian qaRaldebSi gaTval-
iswinebulia mxolod Semosav-
lis misaRebad, pirdapiri _
kompaniis mmarTvelobaSi monawi-
leobisaTvis. investiciebi Zvir-
fas liTonebSi, miwaze an sxva
uZrav qonebaSi xorcieldeba in-
flaciisa da fuladi reform-
isagan fuladi saxsrebis dac-
vis mizniT.
investiciebis sidide gan-
isazRvreba im proeqtebiT, rom-
lebic uzrunvelyofen dadeb-
iT wminda diskontirebul Rire-
bulebas an Semosavlebis Sida
ganakveTs. pirvel maCvenebels
ewodeba wminda diskontire-
buli Rirebulebis kriteriu-
mi,, xolo meores _ kapital
mi kapital--
dabandebis zRvruli efeq-
tianobis kriteriumi.
investiciis bazari (Inves-
tment market) - sainvesticio re-
sursebze moTxovna-- miwodebis
formirebisa da sainvesticio
saqonlis yidva--gayidvis sfe-
ro. investiciis bazari emsax-
ureba sainvesticio potencia-
lis mobilizeba--organizebas, sa-
investicio saqonlis finansur,
materialur da inteleqtu-
166
alur uzrunvelyofas.
investori (investor) [<ing.
investor meanabre]--iuridiuli an
fizikuri piri, romelic axor-
cielebs investiciebs, abandebs
sakuTar, nasesx, an mozidul sax-
srebs investiciur proeqteb-
Si. investori Tavisi saxeliT
iZens fasian qaRaldebs.
sainvesticio kapitalis
formirebis mixedviT investori
SeiZleba iyos ori saxis: indi
indi--
vidualuri da instituciuri.
individualuri investori fa-
sian qaRaldebs iZens sakuTari
kapitaliT. mas bolo kredi-
tors uwodeben. instituciuri
investori fasian qaRaldebs
yidulobs ara imdenad sakuTa-
ri, ramdenadac moziduli fu-
liT, anu mis mier mobilizebu-
li bolo kreditorebis kapi-
taliT. igi Sualeduri rgolia
kapitalis mobilizaciasa da in-
vestirebaSi.
saxsrebis dabandeba fasian
qaRaldebSi SeiZleba iyos in-
stituciuri investoris, mag., ko-
merciuli bankis, sadazRvevo
organizaciis, sapensio fonde-
bis da a.S. Tavisufali saxsre-
bis droebiTi moTavseba, SeiZ-
leba iyos kapitalis mobili-
zaciis ZiriTadi mizani, mag., sa-
investicio kompaniebis, sainves-
ticio fondebis Seqmna.
investoris kategorias ar
investori
miekuTvnebian brokerebi, rom-
lebic operaciebs awarmoeben
klientis xarjze.
dilerebi, romlebic saku-
Tari xarjiT awarmoeben opera-
ciebs, iyofian or kategoriad:
pirvelad da meorad dilere-
bad. pirveladi dilerebi baz-
arze avrceleben axal fasian
qaRaldebs da amiT emitenti-
saTvis qmnian damatebiT kapi-
tals, xolo meoradi dilere-
bi yiduloben da xelaxla yid-
ian mimoqcevaSi arsebul fasi-
an qaRaldebs da emitentisaTvis
ar axdenen axali kapitalis
mobilizacias. maTi meSveobiT
kapitali investorebs Soris
moZraobs.
inkasacia (collection) [ital.
incassare yuTSi Cawyoba]-- bank-
Si naRdi fulis miReba fasi-
ani qaRaldebiT; inkasos oper-
aciebis ganxorcieleba.
inkaso (encashment, collec-
tion of payments) [ital. incas-
so]--sabanko operaciis saxeoba,
romliTac banki saangariSswo-
rebo dokumentebis (Tamasuqis,
Cekis, da a.S.) safuZvelze kli-
entis davalebiT da mis an-
gariSze iRebs kuTvnil fulad
Tanxas mesame pirisagan. sain-
kaso operaciebis CatarebisaT-
vis banks sakomisio ekuTvnis.
saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi
sasaqonlo dokumentebis inkaso
inovaciuri banki
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom eqspor-
tiori avalebs Tavis banks, mi-
iRos gansazRvruli raodeno-
bis valuta importiorisagan,
am ukanasknelisaTvis sasaqon-
lo dokumentebis gadagzavnis
safuZvelze.
sainkaso operacia Sedgeba
oTxi etapisagan: 1. eqsportio-
ri gadascems Tavis banks sain-
kaso davalebas da sasaqonlo
dokumentebis danarTs, rasac
safuZvlad udevs eqsportio-
rsa da importiors Soris da-
debuli xelSekruleba; 2. eqs-
portioris banki sainkaso dava-
lebas sasaqonlo dokumenteb-
Tan erTad gadagzavnis impor-
tioris bankSi; 3. importioris
banki maT gadascems importio-
rs; 4. importioris banki im-
portiorisagan valutis miRe-
bis Semdeg gadagzavnis mas
eqsportioris bankis angariSze,
es ukanaskneli ki am Tanxas
Caricxavs eqsportioris an-
gariSze. sainkaso operaciebis
CatarebisaTvis banki iRebs sa-
komisios.
inovacia (innovtion) - axa-
li teqnologiebis, Sromis or-
ganizaciisa da marTvis pro-
gresuli formebis danergva
warmoebaSi, produqciis axal
saxeobaTa aTviseba. es termini
xSirad gamoiyeneba sityva `ga-
mogonebis~ sinonimad da dakav-
167
Sirebulia warmoebrivi proces-
ebis teqnologiur srulyo-
fasTan, Tumca, inovacia ufro
farTo cnebaa, vidre gamogone-
ba. igi gamogonebis komerciul
gamoyenebas gulisxmobs.
inovacia ar aris erTjera-
di aqti, aramed igi saqmianobis
nebismier sferoSi ganviTareb-
is uwyveti procesia. amiT aix-
sneba TUV-ebis, robotebis, ko-
mpiuterebis, mobiluri tele-
fonebisa da a.S. ramdenime Tao-
bis arseboba.
`inovacia~ pirvelad mec-
nierul brunvaSi Semoitana
iozef Sumpeterma. naSromSi
`ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Teo-
ria~ (1911) pirvelma gaaSuqa
inovaciuri procesebi da maTi
roli mogebis gadidebaSi.
inovaciuri banki (innova-
tion bank) - komerciuli banki,
specializebuli inovaciuri
proeqtebis, e.i. sxvadasxva mec-
nierul--teqnologiuri siaxlis
(dawyebuli sacdeli nimuSeb-
is daproeqtebidan da Seqmnidan,
damTavrebuli maTi masobrivad
danergviT) dafinansebasa da
dakreditebaze, romelTa vade-
bi, wesebi da pirobebi dgindeba
dasafinansebeli samuSaoebis
masStabis, stadiebisa da xasi-
aTis mixedviT. gamoiyeneba ro-
gorc moklevadiani, ise grZel-
vadiani dakrediteba. SesaZle-
168
belia investiciuri dafinanse-
bac im kompaniebis aqciebis
SeZenis gziT, romlebic amuSave-
ben da nergaven raime mecnie-
rul--teqnologiur ideas, ag-
reTve dakavebuli arian obli-
gaciebis xangrZlivi vadiT gavr-
celebiT, dasafinansebeli proeq-
tis ganxorcielebiT dainter-
esebul pirebs Soris.
inovaciuri banki sxva banke-
bisagan gamoirCeva Semdegi Ta-
viseburebebiT: sakredito da-
bandebis ukan dabrunebis maRa-
li riskiT; arsebiTi gansxvave-
biT ara mxolod vadebSi, aramed
sesxebis moculobaSi; meanabris
saxsrebis dacvis uzrunvel-
yofisaTvis damatebiTi garan-
tiebis aucileblobiT. ekonomi-
kis stabilizacia, kerZo seq-
torSi investiciuri aqtiuro-
bis amaRleba, privatizaciisa da
mewarmeobis ganviTareba gana-
pirobebs inovaciuri miznebi-
saTvis kreditze moTxovnis
gazrdas. Tavis mxriv, es proce-
si stimuls aZlevs ZiriTadi
kapitalis ganaxlebas da xels
uwyobs msoflio donesTan Se-
darebiT teqnologiebSi arse-
buli CamorCenis daZlevas.
inovaciuri ekonomika
(inovation economy) - axali ti-
pis civilizacia, codnaze da-
fuZnebuli ekonomika. emyareba
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis axal
inovaciuri ekonomika
paradigmas, sadac inteleqtu-
aluri kapitali da informa-
cia warmoebis ganmsazRvreli
faqtorebia. inovaciuri ekono-
mika gulisxmobs warmoebaSi
Tvisebrivad axali teqnolo-
giebis (warmoebis kompiuter-
izacia, robotuli da lazer-
uli teqnika, bioteqnologia, nan-
oteqnologia, mikroprocesoru-
li teqnologia da a.S.) dan-
ergvas, ukidegano informaciis
velSi mudmivad yofnas.
inovaciuri ekonomika mo-
mavlis ekonomikaa. XXI sauku-
nis dasawyisSi igi mxolod
formirebis procesSia. misi
konturebi gamoikveTa maRal-
ganviTarebul qveynebSi.
inJineringi (engineering)
- saqmiani (warmoebrivi daniS-
nulebis) momsaxurebis erT--
erTi saxeoba, inteleqtualuri
saqmianobis erToblioba, romel-
ic gulisxmobs komerciul sa-
fuZvelze ama Tu im sainJinro--
sakonsultacio momsaxurebis
gawevas. inJinerings ewevian ro-
gorc specializebuli sainJin-
ro--sakonsultacio firmebi, ise
samrewvelo, samSeneblo da sxva
kompaniebi.
inJineringis tipis momsaxu-
rebis mTel erTobliobas yofen
or jgufad: 1. produqciis war-
moebis procesis momzadebasTan
dakavSirebuli momsaxureba; 2.
inJineringi
produqciis warmoebisa da re-
alizaciis procesis normaluri
msvlelobis uzrunvelyofasTan
dakavSirebuli momsaxureba.
pirvel jgufs miekuTvneba:
a) winasaproeqto momsaxure-
ba. masSi Sedis: socialur--
ekonomikuri gamokvlevebi, to-
pografiuli gadaRebebi da adg-
ilmdebareobis dagegmareba;
niadagis gamokvleva; wiaRiseu-
lis Zieba, regionebis ganaSe-
nianebis, satransporto qselis
ganviTarebis gegmebis SemuSave-
ba; proeqtis teqnikur--ekono-
mikuri dasabuTebulobis momza-
debisaTvis gamokvlevebis Cata-
reba da sxv., b) saproeqto mom-
saxureba, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
iyofa bazisur da detalur
(dawvrilebiT) inJineringad. ba-
zisur inJineringSi Sedis: wi-
naswari sainJineringo gamokv-
levebisa da proeqtebis, gener-
aluri gegmisa da Tanmxlebi
sqemebis, rekomendaciebis momza-
deba, proeqtebis Rirebulebis,
misi eqspluataciisa da Seqm-
nisaTvis saWiro xarjebis winas-
wari Sefaseba. detalur in-
JineringSi Sedis: a) proeqtis
detaluri gamokvleva, Semajame-
beli saarqiteqturo proeqtis
SemuSaveba, teqnikuri special-
istebis, mxazvelebisa da a.S.
momzadeba. igi moicavs obieq-
tis mSeneblobasTan dakavSire-
169
biT kontraqtis dadebisaTvis
gaweul samuSaoebs, romelSic
Sedis: sakontraqto dokument-
aciis momzadeba; auqcionis or-
ganizacia; winadadebebis Sefase-
ba; rekomendaciebis Sedgena;
kontraqtis dadeba; proeqtis
gaZRola--zedamxedveloba; mSe-
neblobis marTva; samuSaos dam-
Tavrebis Sesaxeb sertifikatis
Sedgena da gacema, mSeneblobis
Sesaxeb teqnikuri daskvnis
gakeTeba; teqnikuri personalis
momzadeba; produqciis gasaRe-
bisaTvis xelsayreli pirobeb-
is Seqmna; b) specialuri mom-
saxureba, ganpirobebuli moce-
muli obieqtis Seqmnis konkre-
tuli problemebiT (narCenebis
utilizaciasTan dakavSirebu-
li sakiTxebis kvleva, iuridi-
uli procedurebi da a.S.).
sainJineringo momsaxureb-
is meore jgufs miekuTvneba:
warmoebis procesis marTvasa
da organizaciasTan dakavSire-
buli momsaxureba; mowyobi-
lobebis gamocdasTan dakavSire-
buli momsaxureba; obieqtis eqs-
pluataciasTan dakavSirebuli
momsaxureba (kadrebis SerCeva
da momzadeba, materialur--te-
qnikuri momaragebis organiza-
cia, xelfasisa da samuSaoTa
struqturis dadgena, eqsploat-
aciis meTvalyureoba da sxv.);
kvalificiuri daxmareba dafi-
170
nansebis sakiTxSi (konsulta-
ciebi dafinansebis organiza-
ciaSi, Semosavlebisa da danax-
arjebis Sefaseba da rekomen-
daciebi maTi optimizaciis miz-
niT, konsultaciebi finansuri
politikis sakiTxSi da a.S.);
produqciis realizaciasTan da-
kavSirebuli momsaxureba (ba-
zrebis koniunqturis gamokvle-
va, reklamis organizaciaSi dax-
marebis gaweva, konsultaciebi
gasaRebis sferoSi da a.S.);
sainformacio uzrunvelyofis
sistemis, eleqtronul--gamomTv-
leli teqnikis danergvasTan
dakavSirebuli momsaxureba.
sainJineringo momsaxureba
kvlavwarmoebadia. amiT igi gan-
sxvavdeba `nou--haus~, licenzi-
ebisa da teqnologiis sfero-
Si codnis sxva formebisagan.
institucionalizmi (in-
stitutionalism) - mimdinareoba
ekonomikur TeoriaSi, romlis
warmomadgenlebi gansakuTre-
bul mniSvnelobas aniWeben in-
stitutebis rols ekonomikur
gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi. in-
stitucionalizmi warmoiSva
XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da
XX saukunis dasawyisSi da
aisaxa amerikeli ekonomisteb-
is T. veblenis, j. komonsis, u.
mitCelisa da sxvaTa naSromebSi.
institucionalistebi akri-
tikeben sabazro ekonomikis av-
institucionalizmi
tomaturad regulirebis kon-
cefcias. maT ukana planze gadas-
wies ekonomikur urTierToba-
Ta subieqtebis kerZo intere-
sebis kvleva da upiratesobas
adamianTa qcevaSi sazogadoe-
briv motivebs aniWeben. dasav-
leT evropis qveynebSi insti-
tucionalizmi gavrcelda me-
ore msoflio omis Semdeg, ra-
Sic mniSvnelovani roli ekono-
mikis saxelmwifo regulireb-
is gaZlierebam Seasrula.
`instituciuri mibmis~
koncefcia (“institutional bind-
ing” principle) - am koncefcias
Tanamedrove pirobebSi eyrdnoba
qveynis instituciuri ganvi-
Tareba, rogorc demokratizaci-
isa da ekonomikuri wesrigis
Camoyalibebis gamoxatuleba.
igi aqcents stabiluri da
qmediTi institutebis modelze
akeTebs. am procesis orienti-
rad saqarTvelom evrokavSiris
kanonmdebloba airCia, rac 1996
wels dafiqsirda partnioro-
bisa da TanamSromlobis xe-
lSekrulebaSi da sabolood
dadasturda 2004 wels evro-
pis samezoblo politikasTan
saqarTvelos mierTebiT. jer
kidev, 1997 wlis seqtemberSi
saqarTvelos parlamentma mi-
iRo dadgenileba, romlis
Tanaxmadac `saqarTvelos par-
lamentis mier 1998 wlis pir-
inflacia
veli seqtembridan miRebuli
yvela kanoni da normatiuli
aqti unda Seesabamebodes evro-
kavSiris mier dawesebul stan-
dartebsa da wesebs.~ am dad-
genilebis amoqmedeba SeiZleba
CaiTvalos saqarTvelos saka-
nonmdeblo sistemis evrokav-
Siris sakanonmdeblo sistemas-
Tan daaxloebis mimarTulebiT
gadadgmul mniSvnelovan nabi-
jad.
dRes saqarTvelos insti-
tuciuri ganviTarebis garkveul
CarCoebSi moqcevis procesi
axlosaa gerSenkronis konver
konver--
genciis TeoriasTan. evrokav-
Siri qveynebis erT-erTi yve-
laze ganviTarebuli nakrebia
msoflioSi, romelsac maRali
ekonomikuri da socialuri mwar-
moebluroba axasiaTebs.
instituciuri ganviTareba,
rogorc ekonomikuri qcevis we-
sebisa da normebis erToblio-
ba, urTulesi procesia, romel-
sac iseTi specialuri sakomu-
nikacio arxebis mobilizeba
sWirdeba, rogoric arasamTav-
robo organizaciebia. axali in-
stitutebi uzrunvelyofen sa-
bazro urTierTobebisa da bi-
znesis ganviTarebisTvis jan-
saRi samarTlebrivi da mareg-
ulirebeli garemos Seqmnas,
globalizaciis negatiuri ten-
denciebis aRmofxvras.
171
instituciuri umuSev-
roba (institutional unemployment)
– qveyanaSi arsebuli susti in-
stitutebisa da Sromis bazris
mouqneli funqcionirebidan
gamomdinare vakanturi samuSao
adgilebis auTviseblobiT (maTi
arsebobis Sesaxeb mosaxleo-
bisaTvis informaciis miuwode-
blobis gamo) gamowveuli umu-
Sevroba.
inteleqtualuri sakuT-
reba (intellectual property) - so-
cialur--ekonomikuri da same-
urneo--samarTlebrivi urTier-
Toba inteleqtualuri Sromis
produqtebis mflobelobas, gan-
kargvasa da gamoyenebaSi. in-
teleqtualuri sakuTrebis sa-
fuZvels Seadgens codna, in-
teleqti, gamocdileba da a.S.
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis
obieqtebia: dapatentebuli cod-
na, aratrivialuri idea, teqni-
kuri siaxle, menejeris nova-
toruli gadawyvetileba da
sxv. inteleqtualuri sakuTre-
bis ekonomikuri realizaciis
formebia: kapitali, mogeba, Se-
mosavali, procenti da renta.
inflacia (inflation) [<laT.
inflatio gaberva] - mimoqcevis arx-
ebSi Warbi qaRaldis fulisa
da dauxurdavebeli banknote-
bis dagroveba, rac iwvevs maT
gaufasurebasa (msyidvelobiTi
unaris dacemas) da fasebis
172
saerTo donis zrdas. am pro-
cess Tan axlavs ucxouri va-
lutis kursis zrda da im qvey-
nis valutis kursis dacema, sa-
dac inflaciaa. inflaciis Zir-
iTadi ganmapirobebeli faqtore-
bia: 1. disproporciis warmoSoba
fulad da saqonlur masas So-
ris, fuladi masis dausaqon-
leba; 2. moxmarebis sagnebis
warmoebis CamorCena mosaxle-
obis moTxovnasTan SedarebiT.
Tu moTxovna win uswrebs mi-
wodebas, maSin warmoiqmneba
fuladi saxsrebis siWarbe,
saqonlis deficiti, rac xels
uwyobs fasebis zrdas; 3. baz-
arze iseTi saqonlis miwodeba,
romelzec moTxovna ar aris.
es garemoeba farulad gana-
pirobebs fulis gaufasurebas.
inflaciis dinamikaze did
gavlenas axdens iseTi faqtore-
bi, rogoricaa inflaciuri
molodini, sainvesticio nakadebi,
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis cvli-
leba, ekonomikis monetizaciis
done, gacvliTi kursis mosa-
lodneli dinamika, mSp-
mSp-is zrdis
tempi da a.S. Tavis mxriv, am
faqtorebze garkveul zemo-
qmedebas axorcielebs centra-
luri banki Tavisi monetaru-
li instrumentebiT. am mizniT
igi iyenebs iseT arapirdapir
instrumentebs, rogoricaa bank-
TaSorisi kreditis ganakveTi,
inflacia
savaldebulo rezervebis nor-
ma, fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze
saxelmwifo sagadasaxado val--
debulebaTa yidva-- gayidvasTan
dakavSirebuli operaciebi da,
agreTve iyenebs iseT pirdapir
(administraciul) instrumen-
tebs, rogoricaa miznobrivi
dakrediteba, `sakredito Weri~,
sargeblis ganakveTis donisadmi
pirdapiri kontroli da a.S.
inflaciuri procesebis da-
CqarebaSi mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs savaluto, energeti-
kuli da sanedleulo krizi-
sebi, sasursaTo problemis mkveT-
rad gamwvaveba da a.S.
arsebobs zomieri, WenebiTi
(halopirebuli) da hiperinfla-
cia.
zomieria inflacia, ro-
desac gaufasureba SedarebiT
SeumCnevlad mimdinareobs. am
dros fasebis zrdis tempi
dabalia _ weliwadSi 10%--ze
naklebi.
WenebiTia inflacia
inflacia, ro-
ca qaRaldis fuli swrafad
ufasurdeba. am dros fasebi qa-
osuria da izrdeba weliwadSi
200%--mde. warmoeba dezorga-
nizebulia. yvela cdilobs,
moimaragos saqoneli da Tavidan
moiSoros uvargisi qaRaldis
fuli. amis gamo iwyeba fulis
daCqarebuli materializacia
saqonelSi.
inflaciis kritikuli wertili
hi perinflacia inflaciis
perinflacia
Zalze maRali donea. misi zr-
dis tempi Cveulebriv 200%--
ze metia, zogjer ki weliwad-
Si ramdenime aseul procent-
sac aRwevs. hi perinflaciis
dros mimoqcevaSi gaSvebuli
fulis raodenoba da fasebi
astronomiuli tempebiT izr-
deba, fasebi da xelfasi katas-
trofulad scildeba erTma-
neTs. aseT pirobebSi cxovreb-
is donis dacemas yvelaze uz-
runvelyofili fenebic ki
grZnoben. hi perinflacia Zalian
iSviaTia, rac ar SeiZleba iTq-
vas Wenebadi inflaciis Sesax-
eb. es ukanaskneli arsebobs gan-
viTarebul qveynebSic ki, Tum-
ca, maTTvis metwilad damaxasi-
aTebelia zomieri inflacia.
zomier inflacias mZime eko-
nomikuri Sedegebi ar mosdevs,
maSin rodesac WenebiTi, gan-
sakuTrebiT ki, hi perinflacia
mTeli erovnuli meurneobis
qaoss iwvevs, ukiduresad am-
wvavebs sazogadoebaSi winaaRm-
degobebs, aferxebs kvlavwar-
moebis process, uaryofiT gav-
lenas axdens rogorc warmoe-
bis saerTo moculobaze (mak-
roekonomikuri efeqti), ise
resursebis ganawilebasa da
ekonomikur efeqtianobaze (mik-
roekonomikuri efeqti). gan-
sakuTrebiT mZimea inflaciis
173
socialuri Sedegebi. am dros
mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani naw-
ilis cxovrebis done mkveTrad
ecema, matulobs Semosavlebis
usamarTlo ganawileba, rac aaq-
tiurebs sazogadoebis socia-
lur--politikur cxovrebas.
saqarTveloSi hi perinfla-
cia iyo 1993--1994 wlebSi, ro-
ca Tviuri inflacia 50--70%--s
da mets Seadgenda.
inflaciis done (rate of
inflation) - fasebis donis zr-
dis procentuli cvlileba
sabaziso periodTan SedarebiT.
inflaciis kritikuli
wertili (critical point of in-
flation) - axasiaTebs inflaci-
uri procesebisaTvis niSan-
dobliv moments, rodesac xde-
ba gadasvla erTi rigis mov-
lenebidan Tvisebrivad gansx-
vavebul meore rigis movle-
nebze. inflaciis kritikul
wertils SeiZleba hqondes ga-
moxatvis sxvadasxva forma. es
aris momenti, rodesac mimoqce-
vaSi arsebuli fulis msyidve-
lobiTi unari iwyebs dacemas,
e.i. raRac garkveuli momentidan,
miuxedavad fuladi Tanxis
zrdisa, mosaxleobas sul ufro
naklebi saqonlisa da momsax-
urebis SeZena SeuZlia. amrigad,
kritikuli wertili axasiaTebs
inflaciis gansazRvrul etaps,
rodesac iwyeba misi ukuSede-
174
gebis gamovlena. es momenti ar
aris erTdrouli aqti sxva-
dasxva sociauri jgufebisa da
saxelmwifosaTvis. muSebisa da
mosamsaxureebisaTvis igi infla-
ciis dawyebisTanave dgeba. male
maT wvrili mwarmoeblebi mih-
yvebian da SedarebiT gvian imave
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian
msxvili sawarmoebis mflobel-
ni; kritikul wertilamde mi-
dis saxelmwifoc. garkveul mo-
mentSi saxelmwifo biujetis
xarji iwyebs swraf zrdas,
xolo Semosavlebi _ Semcir-
ebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi saxelm-
wifo mimarTavs fulis axal
emisias. amrigad, inflacia, rode-
sac kritikul wertils miaR-
wevs, saxelmwifosTvis mZime
tvirTia. igi angrevs qveynis
ekonomikas da ekonomikuri cxov-
rebis dezorganizacias iwvevs.
amitom adre Tu gvian warmoiqm-
neba fuladi mimoqcevis sta-
bilizaciis aucilebloba.
inflaciis norma (infla-
tion rate) - gamoxatavs drois
gansazRvrul periodSi faseb-
is saerTo donis matebis temps.
inflaciis norma udris nomi-
naluri fuladi masis matebis
temps minus fulze realuri
moTxovnis matebis tempi (ix.
inflaciis done).
inflaciis Targetire-
ba (inflation targeting) – moneta-
inflaciis norma
ruli politikis gatareba, ro-
gorc mokle-, ise saSualova-
dian periodSi inflaciis sa-
mizne, dasaxuli donis misaRwe-
vad.
inflaciis tempi (rate
of inflation) – fasebis donis
zrdis tempi. ganixilaven fase-
bis donis or sazoms: 1. mTliani
Sida produqtis deflators,
romelic gviCvenebs ekonomika-
Si warmoebuli saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis saSualo fass; 2.
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqss,
romelic gviCvenebs ekonomika-
Si moxmarebuli saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis saSualo fass.
inflaciuri gadasaxa-
di (inflation tax) - momxmareb-
lis mier faruli formiT gada-
xdili gadasaxadi iseT ekono-
mikur situaciaSi, rodesac
saxelmwifo inflaciis gamom-
wvev politikas atarebs: mimo-
qcevaSi uSvebs fulis damate-
biT raodenobas, ris safuZ-
velzec arapirdapiri gziT mo-
saxleobaSi krefs maTi Semo-
savlis garkveul nawils. aseT
xerxs mTavroba mimarTavs im
mizniT, rom mosaxleobis ndo-
ba ar dakargos, vinaidan in-
flaciuri gadasaxadi nakle-
bad sagrZnobia, vidre pirda-
pir gazrdili sagadasaxado ga-
nakveTi. xarjebis gadidebisa da
maTi dafarvisaTvis saxelmwi-
inflaciuri molodini
fom SeiZleba gazardos saga-
dasaxado ganakveTebi an dam-
atebiTi fuladi emisia ganax-
orcielos. emisiis Sedegad
fulis msyidvelobiTi unari
qveiTdeba, rac arsebiTad saga-
dasaxado ganakveTis gadidebis
tolfasia.
inflaciuri gadasaxadi in-
flaciis tempisa da realuri
fuladi maragebis namravlia.
inflaciuri ekonomika
(inflationary economy) - ekonomi-
kas ewodeba inflaciuri, Tuki
adgili aqvs fasebis saerTo
donis permanentul zrdas. amas-
Tan, Tu fasebis zrda gamowve-
ulia ZiriTadi makroekonomi-
kuri Tanafardobebis (erTob-
livi moTxovna _ erToblivi
miwodeba, dagroveba--moxmareba
da a.S.) disproporciiT, maSin
inflacias aqvs TviTgamaZlier-
ebeli xasiaTi.
inflaciuri molodini
(inflationary expectations) - ekono-
mikuri subieqtis mier inflaci-
is SesaZlo tempebis Sefaseba
momavali droisaTvis. inflaci-
uri molodini garkveulwilad
firmebis, warmoebis muSakebis,
mTlianad mosaxleobis qcevis
erT--erTi ganmsazRvreli faq-
toria. maRali inflaciuri
molodini aCqarebs inflaciur
process, dabali ki ramdenadme
anelebs inflaciis tempebs. Tu,
175
magaliTad, muSebi Semdegi
wlisTvis (an TvisTvis) faseb-
is momatebas elian, isini ze-
wolas axdenen mewarmeebze da
moiTxoven xelfasis momatebas
ise, rom igi ar CamorCebodes
Tundac inflaciis tempebs. Tu
mewarmeebi fasebis zrdis ten-
denciis SenarCunebas elian,
isini cdiloben moumaton fase-
bi warmoebul produqcias ise,
rom uzrunvelyon inflacia-
sTan SedarebiT mogebis win-
gamswrebi tempiT zrda da ar
ewinaaRmdegebian xelfasis ga-
didebas im imediT, rom mis ko-
mpensacias fasebis matebiT moax-
denen.
ekonomikur TeoriaSi ganas-
xvaveben inflaciuri molodi-
nis sam ti ps: eqstrapolaci-
urs, adaptiurs da racionalurs.
eqstrapolaciur-infla-
ciur molodinTan saqme gva-
qvs im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
ekonomikuri subieqtebi varau-
doben, rom inflaciis tempebi
momavalSi adrindelis toli
iqneba.
adaptiuri inflaciuri
molodini niSnavs imas, rom
ekonomikuri subieqtebi perspeq-
tivaSi inflaciis Sefasebisas
axdenen wina periodis inflaci-
is tempebis koreqtirebas da
aanalizeben daSvebul Secdo-
mebs. mag., ekonomikuri subieq-
176
ti, Tu maisSi inflaciis tem-
pebis Sefasebisas Secda da ver
Seafasa igi 5 procentuli pun-
qtiT, ivnisSi inflaciis maisis
faqtobriv tempebs gamoiyenebs.
Tu inflacia, vTqvaT, 25%--s Sead-
gens, ekonomikuri subieqti mis
koreqtirebas moaxdens daSve-
buli Secdomis safuZvelze, e.i.
25%--s daumatebs 5%--s. amrigad,
inflaciuri molodini ivnisSi
30% iqneba.
racionalur inflaciur
molodins adgili aqvs im Sem-
TxvevaSi, rodesac ekonomikuri
subieqtebi maTTvis xelmisawv-
domi inflaciis safuZvelze
zustad gansazRvraven inflaci-
is tempebs momavali periodis-
aTvis da Sesabamis gadawyve-
tilebebs iReben.
inflaciuri molodinis pir-
veli ori tipi realuri xasiaTi-
saa, mesame ki garkveulwilad
Teoriuli abstraqciaa.
informaciis asimetria
(asymetric information) - poten-
ciur kontrahentebs Soris
SeTanxmebis dadebisaTvis auci-
lebeli informaciis uTanabro
ganawileba.
infrastruqtura (infra-
structure) [<laT. intra--qveS, struk-
tura--Sedgeniloba] - ama Tu im
sistemis Semadgeneli nawili,
romelsac daqvemdebarebuli,
damxmare xasiaTi aqvs, magram
informaciis asimetria
mTeli sistemis normalur fu--
nqcionirebas ganapirobebs. in-
frastruqtura, farTo gagebiT,
uzrunvelyofs kvlavwarmoebis
procesis garegani pirobebis
Seqmnas. igi meurneobis gansa-
kuTrebuli sferoa, romelic
momsaxurebas uwevs rogorc
warmoebas, ise mimoqcevas.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi in-
frastruqtura iyofa oTx dar-
gobriv jgufad: 1. warmoebrivi
infrastuqtura; 2. socialuri
infrastruqtura; 3. instituci-
uri infrastruqtura; 4. eko-
logiuri infrastruqtura.
sabazro urTierTobis rTu-
li sistema moiTxovs Sesabam-
is infrastruqturas, romlis
gareSec civilizebuli bazre-
bis funqcionireba SeuZlebe-
lia. sabazro infrastruqtur-
aSi Sedis calkeuli bazrebis
farglebSi moqmedi speciali-
zebuli organizaciebi (saqon-
lisa da safondo birJebi, sak-
redito dawesebulebebi, sadaz-
Rvevo kompaniebi, brokerTa in-
stitutebi, marketinguli mom-
saxurebiT dakavebuli firmebi
da sxv.), romlebic mravalf-
erovnebiT gamoirCevian. maTi
meSveobiT bazrebi efeqtianad
arTmeven Tavs saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis ukmarisobas da, rac
mTavaria, xels uwyoben udefi-
cito ekonomikis Seqmnas.
iuridiuli piri
i poTeka (mortgage) - sesxi,
gacemuli uZravi qonebis gi-
raoTi. dagiravebuli qoneba,
romelic uzrunvelyofs am
sesxs, mevalis xelSi rCeba.
i poTekur
poTekuri i banki (mortgage
bank) - sakredito dawesebuleba,
romelic gascems ipoTekur kre-
dits da uSvebs uZravi qone-
bis dagiravebiT uzrunvelyo-
fil giravnobis sigels.
i poTekur
poTekuri i kr edi
kredi ti (mor-
editi
tgage credit) - kreditis erT--
erTi yvelaze adreuli forma,
sesxi, romelsac gascems i p-
oTekuri banki xangrZlivi va-
diT (10--dan 15 wlamde) uZravi
qonebis (miwa, Senoba--nagebobe-
bi) giraod datovebis safuZ-
velze.
iracionaluri moTxov-
na (irrational demand) - proble-
muri viTareba, rodesac arse-
bobs moTxovna iseT saqonelze
(Tambaqos nawarmze, alkohol-
ur sasmelze, narkotikul niv-
Tierebebze da a.S.), romelic
mavne gavlenas axdens rogorc
uSualod momxmarebelze, ise
mTel sazogadoebaze.
istoriuli modelebi (his-
torical models) – modelebi, rom-
lebiTac, wonasworobis Teori-
uli modelebisgan gansxvave-
biT, SesaZlebelia realur si-
namdvileSi situaciebisa da
cvlilebebis gaanalizeba.
177
`istoriuli skola~ (@his-
torical school#) - XIX saukunis
germanel ekonomistTa jgufi,
romelTa gamokvlevebma, gan-
sakuTrebiT ki meTodologiam
Zlieri gavlena moaxdina ekono-
mikur mecnierebaze germanule-
novan qveynebSi. am skolis fu-
Zemdeblebi v. roSeri, b. hilde-
brandi, k. knisi da sxvebi aq-
cents istoriul aspeqtebze
akeTebdnen da Tvlidnen, rom
istoriul gamokvlevebs gada-
mwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs ama
Tu im movlenis ekonomikur
analizSi. isini akritikebdnen
klasikur skolas im Tvalsaz-
risiT, rom igi ekonomikur anal-
izSi aqcents ekonomikur kanon-
ebze akeTebda. istoriuli sk-
olis TvalsaCino warmomadgen-
lis g. Smoleris azriT, a. smiT-
ma da d. rikardom ekonomikuri
saqmianobis sfero Semofargles
mxolod kerZo interesebisa da
piradi sargeblobis poziciiT.
istoriuli skola sazoga-
doebis ganviTarebis ekonomikur
istorias ekonomikuri movle-
nebis mravalmxrivi aspeqtebis
kvlevis safuZvlad miiCnevda.
iuridiuli piri (juridical,
legal person) - firma, organiza-
cia, gaerTianeba da a.S., romelic
kanoniT iTvleba samoqalaqo sa-
marTlisa da valdebulebis
subieqtad, e.i. SeuZlia damo-
178 ijara

ukideblad moi povos qonebrivi

ufleba, aiRos valdebulebebi
da iyos pasuxismgebeli sasamar-
Tlosa da arbitraJis winaSe.
yovel iuridiul pirs Tavisi
saxelwodeba aqvs. es statusi
SeiZleba hqondes sxvadasxva
saqvelmoqmedo, sazogadoebriv
da a.S. organizaciasac, romelTa
mizanic mogebis miReba ar aris.
ijara (lease) [arab. ijara-
Tun _ gasamrjelo samuSao-
saTvis] - xelSekruleba, rom-
lis mixedviTac erTi mxare (me-
ijare) aZlevs Tavis qonebas
(miwas, Senoba--nagebobebs, manqa-
na--danadgarebsa da a.S.) meore
mxares (moijares) droebiT ufaso
sargeblobisaTvis. Sesrulebu-
li samuSaos Sedegad miRebu-
li Semosavali, arendisagan gan-
sxvavebiT, gadadis meijaris
(qonebis mesakuTris) sakuTreba-
Si, xolo es ukanaskneli samu-
Saos SesrulebisaTvis moijares
uxdis saijaro xelSekrulebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli odenobis
safasurs, gasamrjelos.
kapitalis bazari
k zrdis Sesaxeb~ (1973). kanis
kadastri (cadastre) [<berZn.
katastichon furceli, reestri,
nusxa] - 1. im pirTa sia, rom-
lebzec vrceldeba suladobri-
vi dabegvra; 2. cnobebis sistema-
tizebuli krebuli, romelic
dgeba Sesabamis obieqtze peri-
oduli an ganuwyveteli dak-
virvebis safuZvelze (mag., mi-
wis kadastri, wylis kadastri
da a.S.). sinon. reestri.
kalkulacia (calculation) [<laT.
calculatio angariSi] - produqciis
erTeulis TviTRirebulebis
gaangariSeba danaxarjebis sax-
eebis (kalkulaciis statieb-
is) mixedviT.
kambi
kambio o (debtor’s bill) [<ital.
cambio daxurdaveba] - sesxis
baraTi, Tamasuqi.
kani riCard (1905-1989)
(Kahn Richard) – ingliseli
ekonomisti, 30-70-ian wlebSi
moRvaweobda kembrijis univer-
sitetSi, didi Rvawli miuZRvis
ekonomikuri mecnierebis ganvi-
TarebaSi. 1931 wels kanma eko-
nomikur TeoriaSi pirvelma
Semoitana `multi plikatoris~
cneba, daadgina sazogadoebrivi
optimumis pirobebi keTildRe-
obis ekonomikur TeoriaSi. misi
naSromebidan gansakuTrebiT aR-
saniSnavia `rCeuli narkvevebi
179
dasaqmebisa da ekonomikuri
ideebi farTod aisaxa j. kein-
zis, p. samuelsonis, a. hansenisa
da sxvaTa naSromebSi.
kapitali (capital) - farTo
gagebiT _ saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis warmoebisaTvis gamoye-
nebuli resursebi, warmoebis
faqtorebi. viwro gagebiT _
warmoebis faqtorebis erT--erTi
Semadgeneli nawili, warmoebis
saSualebis saxiT. kapitali
Sedgeba rogorc xangrZlivi
moxmarebis (ZiriTadi kapita-
li), ise warmoebis erTi cik-
lis manZilze moxmarebul (sa-
brunavi kapitali) warmoebrivi
saqonlisagan. es sityva gam-
oiyeneba agreTve finansuri
aqtivebis gamosaxatavad.
kapitalis bazari (capi-
tal market) - finansuri resurse-
biT (fuli, aqciebi, obligacie-
bi) vaWrobis, kapitalze moTx-
ovnisa da miwodebis formire-
bis sfero, romelic uzrunve-
lyofs fuladi saxsrebis aku-
mulaciasa da gadanawilebas,
ZiriTadi kapitalis moZraobas,
xels uwyobs mogebis maqsimi-
zaciasa da ekonomikaSi pro-
porciebis SenarCunebas.
kapitalis bazarze Tavs iy-
ris saxelmwifo da kerZo fir-
mebis fuladi danazogebi, rom-
lebic sakredito saSualebeb-
180 kapitalis gadacemaze ga dasaxadi
is saxiT warimarTeba kvlavwar-
moebis ganviTarebisaTvis. erT-
droulad kapitali Tavmoyril-
ia kreditoris xelSi fasiani
qaRaldebis saxiT.
kapitalis bazari moicavs
fasiani qaRaldebis bazars, sa-
Sualo da grZelvadiani kredi-
tis bazars, valutis bazris
gansazRvrul nawils da inves-
ticiis (maT Soris, ucxour-
is) bazars. kapitalis bazarze
operaciebis ZiriTadi saxeebia:
fasiani qaRaldebis yidva--gay-
idva, sabanko sesxis, komerciu-
li da i poTekuri kreditis mi-
Reba--gacema. kapitalis bazarze
garigebis ZiriTadi instrumen-
tebia: depozituri serti-
fikatebi, sabanko aqceptebi da
a.S., xolo garigebis kontra-
hentebi _ safondo birJebi, sa-
dazRvevo, sabrokero da sadi-
lero kompaniebi, auditoruli
firmebi, komerciuli da sain-
vesticio bankebi, sapensio da
sainvesticio fondebi da sxv.,
romlebic safinanso--sakredito
dawesebulebebis ganStoebul
qsels qmnian.
kapitalis bazari scilde-
ba calkeuli qveynebis saz-
Rvrebs da msoflio meurneo-
bis mniSvnelovan Semadgenel
nawils warmoadgens. igi did
rols asrulebs axali region-
uli ekonomikuri kompleqseb-
gadasaxadi
is SeqmnaSi, sagareo vaWrobasa
da saerTaSoriso angariSswore-
baSi. kapitalis msoflio baz-
arze kreditorisa da sesxis
amRebis rolSi ZiriTadad gamo-
dian msxvili transerovnuli
firmebi da bankebi, samTavrobo
da munici paluri organoebi,
saerTaSoriso savaluto da
safinanso organizaciebi (saer-
TaSoriso savaluto fondi,
msoflio banki, rekonstruqci-
isa da ganviTarebis erovnuli
banki).
kapitalis bazarze ZiriTadi
maCvenebelia procentis ganakve-
Ti. am ukanasknelis struqtu-
ra moicavs diskonts, kreditze
procentul ganakveTs, xazinis
Tamasuqs da sxv.
kapitalis gadacemaze ga-
dasaxadi (capital transfer tax) -
simdidris gadacemaze gadasax-
adi, romelic SemoiRes did bri-
taneTSi 1974 wels qonebaze
gadasaxadis nacvlad, xolo
1986 wels Seicvala memkvid-
reobaze gadasaxadiT.
kapitalis gadacemaze ga-
dasaxadi Sedgeba naCuqrobisa
da memkvidreobaze gadasaxade-
bisgan.
kapitalis dagroveba
(capital accumulation) - ZiriTa-
di kapitalis dagroveba wmin-
da investiciebis xarjze.
kapitaltevadoba (capital
kaf-i
coefficients) - kapitalis mocu-
lobis Sefardeba am kapital-
is gamoyenebiT gamoSvebuli
produqciis moculobasTan.
kapitalukugeba (capital-
return) – kapitalis gamoyenebis
efeqtianobis, kapitaltevadobis
ukuproporciuli maCvenebeli.
gaiangariSeba gamoSvebuli mTli-
ani produqciis SefardebiT mis
sawarmoeblad gamoyenebuli ka-
pitalis saSualo wliur Rire-
bulebasTan.
kapitaluri aqtivebi (ca-
pitals assets) - aqtivebi, romle-
bic yoveldRiuri saqmiani ope-
raciebisas ar iyideba da ar
yiduloben, magaliTad, Senoba--
nagebobebi, mowyobilobebi, miwa
da fasiani qaRaldebi.
kapitalSeiaraRebis ko
ko--
eficienti
eficienti (capital--output ratio)
- ekonomikuri zrdis TeoriaSi
_ saerTo kapitaluri maragis
Sefardeba wliur mTlian Sida
produqtTan.
karati (carat) – 1. Zvirfasi
Tvlebis masis sazomi (mag., in-
glisuri karati udris 205 mg-s.
parizis saerTaSoriso konvenci-
is gansazRvriT (1907) karati
udris 200 mg-s; 2. Zvirfasi
liTonebis sinjis sazomi erTe-
uli. mag., oqros inglisuri ka-
rati udris Senadnobis masis
1/24-s. Tavdapirvelad karati
Zveli berZnuli wonis erTeuls
181
warmoadgenda (udrida 0,189
grams), Sua saukuneebSi gavrce-
lebuli iyo axlo da Sua aRmo-
savleTis qveynebSic.
saqarTveloSi XI-XVIIss.-
Si cnobilia keratis (0,212 g),
xolo XVII-XVIII ss.-Si yira-
Tis (0,192 g) saxelwodebiT.
kerati Sedioda dramis woniT
sistemaSi da misi 1/12 anu
0,212g iyo. yiraTi Seadgenda
misxlis 1/24 anu 0,192 grams.
kargo (cargo) [<esp. cargo
datvirTva] - sagareo--savaWro
operaciebSi _ xomaldis tvir-
Ti; kargo-- gegma — xomaldze
tvirTis ganlagebis gegma; xom-
aldis tvirTis dazRveva.
karteli (cartel--kartell) [<ital.
cartello] - monopoliis erT--erTi
ZiriTadi forma; mewarmeTa ga-
erTianeba, romlis monawilen-
ic erTmaneTs uTanxmdebian war-
moebis moculobaze, gasaRebis
bazrebze, gayidvis pirobebze,
fasebze, gadaxdis vadebze da
a.S. komerciuli (fasebis da-
weseba, produqciis gasaReba da
a.S.) da warmoebrivi damouki-
deblobis SenarCunebiT.
kasko (transport insurance)
[<ital. casco] - gadasazidi sa-
Sualebebis (gemebis, TviTmfri-
navebis, avtomobilebis, vagonebis,
cisternebisa da sxv.) dazRveva.
kaf-i (cost and freight - CAF)
- Rirebuleba da fraxti _
182 keTildReobis ekonomi kuri Teoria
ekonomikuri
saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi sazR-
vao gadazidvisas gayidvis sa-
baziso piroba, romelic iTval-
iswinebs eqsportioris valde-
bulebas, gadaitanos saqoneli
kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebul
navsadguramde, dafraxtos gemi
da dafaros masTan dakavSire-
buli xarjebi. importiori val-
debulia miiRos saqoneli SeT-
anxmebiT gaTvaliswinebul por-
tSi da dafaros mis gadmot-
virTvasTan dakavSirebuli xar-
jebi.
keTildReobis ekonomi-
kuri Teoria (welfare econo-
mics) - ikvlevs qveynis ekonomi-
kuri mowyobis zemoqmedebas sa-
zogadoebis wevrTa keTildRe-
obaze. normatiuli aspeqtis
zogadi saxelwodeba. keTil-
dReobis ekonomikuri Teoria
iZleva politikur rekomenda-
ciebs. igi ZiriTadad eyrdnoba
paretos Teorias, romelsac
zogjer keTildReobis axal
ekonomikur Teoriasac ki uwo-
deben. misTvis, pigus Teoriisa-
gan gansxvavebiT, niSandobliv-
ia sargeblianobis raodenobrivi
gazomvis ideis uaryofa. zogi-
erTma ekonomistma wamoayena
winadadeba bergsonis sazogado-
ebrivi keTildReobis funqci-
is gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. igi as-
abuTebs sargeblianobis raode-
nobrivad gazomvis SesaZleblo-
bas. am funqciis formulireba
ukavSirdeba sazogadoebis miz-
nebs, romelSic sazogadoebrivi
keTildReobis done warmodge-
nilia rogorc resursebis alo-
kaciis funqcia.
keTildReobis makontro-
lebeli programebi (welfare
control programs) - farTod gav-
rcelebulia ganviTarebul qvey-
nebSi da Sedgeba siRaribis
daZlevisaken mimarTul da
sadazRvevo ti pis saxelmwi-
fo programebisagan
programebisagan.
siRaribesTan brZolis pro-
grama iTvaliswinebs mimdinare
saWiroebebs. daxmarebis miReb-
is ufleba damokidebulia Se-
mosavlebisa da danazogis si-
dideze.
sadazRvevo ti pis pro-
gramebi gaTvaliswinebulia imi-
saTvis, rom ojaxebma da calke-
ulma pirebma gansazRvrul piro-
bebSi SeinarCunon garkveuli
cxovrebis done. garda amisa,
arsebobs sakmaod farTo mas-
Stabis kerZo programebi _ ker-
Zo sapensio sistemebi, romlebic
finansdeba daqiravebulTa sax-
srebis xarjze.
siRaribesTan brZolisaTvis
gamoiyeneba kvebis talonebi. es
aris universaluri programa,
romelSic monawileobis ufle-
ba aqvs yvelas maT, romelTa
Semosavali dabalia siRaribis
`keT ildReobis saxel
`keTildReobis mwifos~ Teoria
saxelmwifos~
oficialur monacemebze, siR-
aribis zRvarze.
aSS--Si 1960--iani wlebidan
cnobilia samedicino daxmare-
bis saxelmwifo socialuri
programa _ `medikeri~ (`medi-
care~) da mosaxleobis nakle-
buzrunvelyofili fenebis dac-
vis socialuri programa _ `me-
dikeidi~ (`medicade~). amJamad
aSS--Si socialur programebze
ixarjeba mTliani Sida produq-
tis 11%.
`keT ildReobis saxel
`keTildReobis m-
saxelm-
wifos~ Teoria (“welfare sta-
te” theory) - moicavs rogorc
ekonomikur, ise politikur, so-
cialur da a.S. aspeqtebs, ey-
rdnoba saxelmwifo seqtoris
im ZiriTad amocanebs, romlebic
man unda Seasrulos Tanamed-
rove ekonomikaSi. es aris sa-
zogadoebrivi saqonlis warmoe-
ba, sazogadoebis dacva uaryo-
fiTi gare efeqtebisagan (eqs-
ternaliebisagan), bunebrivi
monopoliebis CarTva makro-
ekonomikur regulirebaSi, sa-
bazro ekonomikis Tanmxlebi
uaryofiTi socialuri Sede-
gebis koreqtireba anu pare-
tos mixedviT gaumjobesebis
miRweva resursebis gadanaw-
ilebis gziT, rodesac erTi
individis (an individTa jgu-
fis) mdgomareoba umjobesde-
ba meore individis (an indi-
183
vidTa jgufis) mdgomareobis
gauaresebis gareSe.
`keTildReobis saxelmwi-
fos~ cneba SemoRebul iqna 1941
wels, rogorc faSisturi ger-
maniis militaristuli poli-
tikis alternativa. Tanamed-
rove `keTildReobis saxelm-
wifos~ sakanonmdeblo aqtebi
eyrdnoba t. h. marSalis `so-
cialuri moqalaqeobis~ koncef-
cias. am koncefciis mixedviT
saxelmwifom unda uzrunvely-
os Semosavlebis minimaluri
done, amasTan, socialuri dov-
laTi unda miawodos TiToeul
moqalaqes _ rogorc misi
politikuri uflebis ganxor-
cieleba da qvelmoqmedeba.
`keTildReobis saxelmwi-
fos~ Teoriis kvlevis centr-
Si dgas sazogadoebrivi xar-
jebisa da transferebis ganaw-
ilebisa da gadanawilebis meqa-
nizmi. sazogadoebrivi xarje-
bi iyofa sam ZiriTad jgufad:
pirveli, socialuri daxmareb-
is gaweva mosaxleobis im naw-
ilisaTvis, romelsac ar Seu-
Zlia damoukideblad Tavis rCe-
na; meore, avadmyofobisa da umu-
Sevrobis SemTxvevaSi savalde-
bulo dazRveva; mesame, socialu-
rad daucveli fenebis arsebo-
bisaTvis aucilebeli saqonl-
iTa da momsaxurebiT dakmay-
ofilebaze saxelmwifos mier
184
pasuxismgeblobis aReba.
rodesac qveyanas udgas
saukeTeso periodi, zogierTi
adamiani ver axerxebs samuSaos
Sovnas, an sakmarisi fulis ga-
momuSavebas aucilebeli moTx-
ovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad
da moxucebulobisaTvis dasa-
zogad. nebismier droSi arian
moxucebi, invalidebi, avadmyo-
febi da sxva mizezebiT Sromis-
uunaroni. zogierTs ar gaumar-
Tlda dabadebidan da isini ver
floben verc fizikur da verc
gonebriv unars. cud droSi
bevri muSaki, romelsac Cveuleb-
riv Seswevs unari uzrunvel-
yos Tavisi Tavi da ojaxi, kar-
gavs samuSaos. uares droSi,
iseTSi, rogoric ekonomikuri
dacemis periodia, milionobiT
adamiani Ratakdeba zemoT Ca-
moTvlili an sxva mizezebiT.
ganviTarebuli qveynebi cdi-
loben ar dauSvan TavianTi mo-
saxleobis mniSvnelovani nawi-
lis gaRatakeba da miT umetes
maTi SimSiliT daxocva.
saxelmwifos aqtiuri mona-
wileoba socialur sferoSi
aucilebelia rogorc poli-
tikuri sicocxlisunarianobi-
saTvis, ise sabazro ekonomikis
funqcionirebisTvisac. am miz-
niT SemuSavebulia sxvadasxva
saxis socialuri dacvis pro-
gramebi, romelTac ZiriTadad
keinzi jon meinard
saxelmwifo afinansebs, Tumca,
zogierTi programa SeiZleba
dafinansdes kerZo wyaroebidan-
ac (ix. keTildReobis makon-
trolebeli programebi).
keinzi jon meinard (1883--
1946) (Keynes John Maynard) -
XX saukunis gamoCenili ing-
liseli ekonomisti, Tanamed-
rove makroekonomikuri Teoriis
fuZemdebeli. praqtikuli saqmi-
anoba daiwyo 1906 wels kembr-
ijis universitetis damTavre-
bis Semdeg, rogorc saxelmwifo
moxelem. 1913--1914 wlebSi iyo
samefo komisiis wevri indoeT-
is fulis mimoqcevisa da fin-
ansebis sferoSi, muSaobda xazi-
naSi, iyo misi mTavari warmo-
madgeneli parizis samSvidobo
konferenciaze. keinzi akritike-
bda omis Semdgomi reparaciis
(zaralis anazRaureba) maRal
dones germaniis mimarT. naS-
romSi `versalis xelSekruleb-
is ekonomikuri Sedegebi~ (1919)
igi amtkicebda, rom reparaci-
is dadgenilma donem SeiZleba
daangrios germaniis ekonomika.
keinzma datova xazina da dai-
wyo pedagogiuri moRvaweoba kem-
brijis universitetSi, parale-
lurad agrZelebda sabirJo saq-
mianobas xitSi, TamaSobda lon-
donis birJaze, riTac didi sim-
didre daagrova. 1911 wlidan
keinzi iyo Jurnal `Economic
keinzianeloba
Jornal~--is gamomcemeli. mis ad-
reul naSromebs ZiriTadad praq-
tikuli xasiaTi aqvT. isini
exeba didi britaneTis oqros
standartze dabrunebas (`mis-
ter CerCilis politikis ekono-
mikuri Sedegebi~, 1925), fulad
reformas did britaneTSi (`traq-
tati fuladi reformis Sesax-
eb~, 1923) da a.S.
keinzi makmilanis komisiis
wevri iyo da did gavlenas ax-
denda qveynis ekonomikur poli-
tikaze. man udidesi wvlili
Seitana breton--vudsis konfer-
enciis muSaobaSi (1944) da
saerTaSoriso savaluto fon-
dis daarsebaSi. 1942 wels, `in-
glisis bankis~ erT--erTma di-
reqtorma, lord keinz til-
tonskis tituli miiRo.
keinzis fundamenturi naS-
romi `dasaqmebis, procentisa da
fulis zogadi Teoria~ (1936)
axal etapad aris aRiarebuli
ekonomikuri azris istoriaSi.
ekonomikis saxelmwifo regu-
lirebis Teoriis SeqmniT kein-
zma revoluciuri gadatriale-
ba moaxdina ekonomikur azrov-
nebaSi. keinzianelebis saxiT
ekonomikur TeoriaSi gaCnda
axali mimdinareoba, ramac udi-
desi roli Seasrula msoflios
wamyvani qveynebis ekonomikur
politikaSi da sabazro regu-
lirebadi ekonomikis formire-
185
baSi.
savsebiT samarTlianad adam
smiTi iTvleba XVIII saukunis
udides ekonomistad, karl mar-
qsi _ XIX saukunisa, xolo jon
meinard keinzs ekuTvnis XX
saukunis palma.
keinzianeloba (Keyne-
sianism) - erT--erTi ZiriTadi
mimarTuleba ekonomikur Teo-
riaSi, romelic aRmocenda mak-
roekonomikuri wonasworobis
keinzianuri Teoriidan da didi
roli Seasrula ekonomikuri
zrdis Tanamedrove Teoriebis
CamoyalibebaSi. am mimarTule-
bas safuZveli Cauyara XX sa-
ukunis gamoCenilma inglisel-
ma ekonomistma jon meinard
keinzma, romlis Teoria Ziri-
Tadad aisaxa mis cnobil naS-
romSi `dasaqmebis, procentisa
da fulis zogadi Teoria~.
keinzianeloba warmoiSva
rogorc reaqcia 1929--1933 wle-
bis msoflio ekonomikur kri-
zissa da misi Semdgomi perio-
dis depresiaze, rodesac ar
arsebobda stimulebi ara mar-
to axali investiciebisaTvis,
aramed kapitalis ganaxlebis-
Tvisac. keinzma Tavisi argu-
mentebi da daskvnebi daupir-
ispira klasikuri Teoriis ar-
gumentebsa da daskvnebs, rom-
lis postulatebi, misi azriT,
gamoiyeneba mxolod gansakuT-
186
rebul SemTxvevaSi _ rodesac
ekonomikuri situacia gamox-
atavs SesaZlo wonasworobis
saukeTeso SemTxvevas, keinzis
Teoria ki, ZiriTadad ekonomikis
krizisuli procesebis anal-
izs eZRvneba. igi umTavresad
ikvlevs sawarmoTa qronikuli
dautvirTaobis, masobrivi umu-
Sevrobisa da ekonomikuri zrdis
dabali tempebis gamomwvev mize-
zebs. amitom mas xSirad `depre-
siuli~ an `stagnaciuri~ ekono-
mikis Teorias uwodeben.
keinzis Teoriis centralu-
ri idea kvlevis makroekono-
mikuri meTodia, maSin rodesac
keinzianamdel ekonomikur Teo-
riaSi gabatonebuli iyo mik-
roekonomikuri midgoma. aqedan
gamomdinare, kvlevis centrSi
idga calkeuli firma, misi
danaxarjebis minimizaciisa da
mogebis, rogorc kapitalis da-
grovebis wyaros, maqsimizaciis
problema.
keinzianuri makroekonomi-
kuri TvalTaxedviT, erTi rome-
lime firmis ayvavebis pirobe-
bi SeiZleba ar emTxveodes mTe-
li ekonomikis ganviTarebis pi-
robebs. maT Soris warmoSobili
winaaRmdegobebis daZleva Sesa-
Zlebelia ara calkeuli firme-
bis mogebis maqsimizaciiT, ara-
med erovnuli ekonomikuri
proporciebis aRdgeniTa da
keinzianeloba
kvlavwarmoebis saerTo pirobe-
bis srulyofiT. keinzis azriT,
sazogadoebis yvela sasicocx-
lo problemis gadaWris gza
unda moiZebnos ara resurseb-
is miwodebaSi, aramed moTxov-
nis gazrdaSi, rac uzrunvely-
ofs am resursebis realiza-
cias. man wina planze daayena
`efeqtiani moTxovna~ da, aqedan
gamomdinare, realizaciis piro-
bebis regulirebis problema.
keinzma pirvelma ganixila
umuSevroba, rogorc `efeqtiani
moTxovnis~ arasakmao donis Se-
degi. ekonomikur mecnierebaSi
man pirvelma gamoTqva azri, rom
`efeqtiani moTxovnis~ Seqmni-
saTvis aucilebelia ekonomikis
saxelmwifo regulireba, rom
saxelmwifom unda ikisros mak-
roproporciebis dacva, bazris
`Secdomebis gamosworebisaT-
vis~ man Tavis Tavze unda aiRos
mTeli ekonomikis masStabiT
danazogebsa da investiciebs
Soris balansirebis uzrunve-
lyofa. keinzis varaudiT, sax-
elmwifo, danaxarjebis gazrdiT
an gadasaxadebis SemcirebiT, an
orive am RonisZiebis SerwymiT,
SeZlebda gadaxdisunariani mo-
Txovnilebis amaRlebas da amiT
gaafarToebda warmoebas, romel-
ic ekonomikas daubrunebda srul
dasaqmebas. es iyo `keinzianuri
revoluciis~ mTavari idea. kein-
`kembrijis skola~
zis makroekonomikuri wonas-
worobis Teoriam xeli Seuw-
yo ekonomikuri zrdis neokein-
zianuri koncefciis warmoSobas,
romelic ar aris misi identu-
ri.
omis Semdgom wlebSi, vi-
dre 70--iani wlebis Sua xane-
bamde, ganviTarebuli qveynebis
ekonomikur politikaSi warma-
tebiT gamoiyeneboda ekonomikis
saxelmwifo regulirebis kein-
zianuri modeli. misi realuri
gansaxierebaa Sereuli, social-
urad orientirebuli sabazro
ekonomikis Seqmna germaniis fe-
deraciul respublikaSi, skan-
dinaviisa da dasavleTis sxva
ganviTarebul qveynebSi.
keinzianuri modeli (Ke-
ynesian model) - jon meinard
keinzis mier XX saukunis 30--
ian wlebSi SemuSavebuli mod-
eli, miZRvnili am periodSi
ekonomikuri depresiisa da
umuSevrobis mizezebis axsni-
sadmi. mis mixedviT umuSevro-
bis mizezs warmoadgens arasak-
mao erToblivi moTxovna, rom-
lis daZleva SesaZlebelia sax-
elmwifo socialuri xarjebis
gazrdiT, gamouyenebeli da na-
klebad datvirTuli simZlav-
reebis amoqmedebis safuZvelze
axali samuSao adgilebis Se-
qmniT.
keinzis efeqti (Keynes
187
effect) - saqonelze moTxovnis
cvlileba fasebis saerTo do-
nis cvlilebis Sedegad. mag.,
fasebis saerTo donis Semcir-
eba zrdis fuladi naSTis re-
alur sidides, rac meti fu-
lis gamoyenebis SesaZleblo-
bas qmnis spekulaciuri oper-
aciebisaTvis. amis Sedegad ob-
ligaciebis Rirebuleba gaiz-
rdeba, xolo sargeblis ganakve-
Ti Semcirdeba, rac, Tavis mxriv,
investiciebis zrdis stimu-
lirebasa da saqonelze moTx-
ovnis gadidebas gamoiwvevs.
`kembrijis skola~ (@Cam-
bridge School#) - cnobili ing-
liseli ekonomistis a. marSa-
lis naSromebis gavlenis ar-
ealSi myofi ekonomistTa jgu-
fi. Tavdapirvelad am skolis
warmomadgenlebi iyvnen a. pigu,
d. robertsoni da j.m. keinzi.
amasTan, keinzis mecnierulma
miRwevebma safuZveli Cauyara
kembrijis Tanamedrove skolas,
romelic kritikulad aris gan-
wyobili neoklasikuri Teori-
is, kerZod, p. samuelsonisa da
r. solous naSromebis mimarT
(es skola p. samuelsonsa da
r. solous dRes miiCnevs
neoklasikuri mimdinareobis
mTavar warmomadgenlebad). am
winaaRmdegobam warmoqmna dis-
kusia XX saukunis 30--ian wleb-
Si da grZeldeba dResac.
188
Tanamedrove kembrijis sko-
las miaCnia, rom ekonomikur
modelSi gasaTvaliswinebelia
ara mxolod wminda ekonomikuri,
aramed istoriuli, sociolo-
giuri da fsiqologiuri faq-
torebi. am skolis TvalsaCino
warmomadgenlebi arian j. robin-
soni, n. kalori, l. kani, p. srafa
da sxvebi. amasTan, maT mimdevrebi
hyavT aSS--Si, kanadaSi, itali-
asa da avstraliaSi.
kene fransua (1694--1774)
(Quesnay Francois) - mTavari
figura XVIII saukunis frang
ekonomistTa Soris, cnobili
fiziokrati. kene specialobiT
eqimi iyo. misi ekonomikuri
Sexedulebebi ZiriTadad gan-
zogadebulia naSromSi `sami-
waTmoqmedo saxelmwifos eko--
nomikuri politikis zogadi
princi pebi~ (1753), sadac kvle-
vis obieqtad aRiarebulia mi-
waTmoqmedeba, xolo erTaderT
nayofier sferod _ soflis
meurneoba. f. kenes gansakuTre-
biT gauTqva saxeli misma `eko--
nomikurma tabulam~ (1758), ro--
melic qveynis ekonomikis gan-
viTarebisaTvis aucilebeli Zir-
iTadi ekonomikuri proporcie-
bis gamovlenis pirveli makro-
ekonomikuri modelia. rogorc
merkantilistebis oponentma, man
erT-- erTma pirvelma miuTiTa
soflis meurneobaSi Tavisufa-
kene fransua
li konkurenciis upirateso-
bis Sesaxeb. misi `ekonomikuri
tabula~ warmoadgens gacvlis
sqemas miwaTmoqmedebs, sxva sa-
soflo--sameurneo muSakebsa da
e.w. `unayofo~ klasebs Soris.
kenes azriT, mxolod soflis
meurneobas SeuZlia awarmoos
produqcia moxmarebisTvis auci-
lebeli donis zeviT, amitomac
mxolod soflis meurneobaa
ekonomikis mamoZravebeli Zala.
`ekonomikur tabulaSi~ naCve-
nebia Tu rogor nawildeba
`wminda produqti~ sam klass
Soris.
kenes `tabula~ arsebiTad
k. marqsis kvlavwarmoebis sqe-
misa da v. leontievis gaci-
lebiT rTuli modelis wina-
morbedia. kenes azriT, vinaidan
soflis meurneoba simdidris
erTaderTi wyaroa, SesaZlebe-
lia saxelmwifo finansebis gam-
artiveba mxolod sasoflo-
sameurneo gadasaxadis Semo-
RebiT. kenes moZRvrebam didi
gavlena moaxdina adam smiTis
Semoqmedebaze.
kerZo birJa (private stock
exchange) - aqcionerTa kompa-
nia an Caketili korporacia,
romlebSic garigebebis dadeba
mxolod maT wevr aqcionerebs
SeuZliaT. kerZo birJis wevrebi
Cveulebriv kapitalis dabandeb-
iT dividends ar iReben. maTi
klani
mogeba warmoiqmneba im gasamr-
jelos xarjze, romelsac iRe-
ben klientebisagan garigebebis
dadebisaTvis, e.i. birJis wevrebi
brokeris rolSi gamodian.
kerZo danazogi (private sa-
ve) – danazogi, romelsac qmni-
an momxmareblebi da maTi gan-
kargvadi Semosavlisa da sa-
momxmareblo xarjebis sxvao-
bis tolia. ufro konkretulad,
kerZo danazogi aris Semosavals
minus gadasaxadebi da minus mox-
mareba.
kerZo saqoneli (private
property, commodity) - yvela sa-
qoneli Tu momsaxureba, romel-
ic moeqceva sabazro meqaniz-
mis orbitaSi. moxmarebis xas-
iaTidan gamomdinare, `kerZo
saqoneli~, iseve rogorc `sa-
zogadoebrivi saqoneli~, iyo-
fa individualuri da koleq-
tiuri moxmarebis saqonlad.
individualuri moxmarebis `ker-
Zo saqonels~ miekuTvneba: kveb-
is produqtebi, tansacmeli, say-
ofacxovrebo saqoneli da sxv.,
xolo koleqtiuri moxmarebi-
sas _ sazogadoebrivi kvebis
kerZo firmebis momsaxureba,
kerZo sahaero da saavtomobi-
lo gadazidva, kerZo Teatreb-
is, kinoTeatrebis, abanoebis mom-
saxureba da sxv.
kvazifuli (quasimoney)
[<laT. quasi TiTqos, viTom]-- fu-
189
ladi saxsrebi unaRdo for-
miT, romelic iricxeba komer-
ciul bankebSi vadian da Sem-
naxvel anabrebze.
kvota (quota) [<laT. quotu
wili] - 1. nawili, wili, norma,
pai; sagadasaxado kvota _ da-
begvris gansazRvruli erTeul-
idan akrefili gadasaxadis si-
dide; 2. warmoebasa da gasaRe-
baSi _ wili, dadgenili sakar-
telo SeTanxmebis farglebSi
misi TiToeuli monawilisaTvis.
importuli kvotebi gamoiy-
eneba saqonlis sazRvargareT
SeZenis SesazRudad, xolo sae-
qsporto kvotebi _ nedleu-
lis mwarmoebeli qveynebis saeqs-
porto Semosavlis stabili-
zaciisa da miwodebis SezRud-
visaTvis fasebis SenarCunebis
mizniT.
kvotireba (quotation) - war-
moebis, eqsportisa da impor-
tis SezRudva saxelmwifo or-
ganoebis mier. safuZvlad udevs
mocemuli qveynis valdebule-
bebi saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebeb-
Si, agreTve, erovnuli intere-
sebis dacvis aucilebloba.
qveynis SigniT makroekonomikur
regulirebaSi kvotireba gamo-
iyeneba moTxovnisa da miwode-
bis balansirebisaTvis.
klani (clan) [<kelt. clann]
- viwro gagebiT _ Sotlandiel-
Ta da irlandielTa gvarovnu-
190
li Temi; farTo gagebiT _ jgu-
fi an gvari naTesavebisa, rom-
lebic gaerTianebuli arian sa-
meurneo an sazogadoebrivi ur-
TierTobebiT. aqedan warmodgeba
sityva klanizmi, romelic gamo-
xatavs mimarTulebas sazoga-
doebaSi.
klasikuri dihotomia
(classical dichotomy) - ekonomiku-
ri cvladebis Teoriuli day-
ofa nominalur da realur si-
dideebad. ekonomikuri maxasi-
aTeblebi iyofa or jgufad (d.
iumi): pirvel jgufs Seadgens
nominaluri cvladebi, anu is
sidideebi, romlebic izomeba fu-
ladi erTeuliT, xolo meore
jgufs _ realuri cvladebi _
sidideebi, romlebic izomeba
fizikuri erTeulebiT. mag.,
xorblis fasi nominaluri cv-
ladia, vinaidan fuladi erTeu-
liT gamoixateba, maSin rode-
sac xorblis mosavali _ re-
aluri cvladia, vinaidan cent-
nerebiTa da tonebiT izomeba.
analogiurad nominaluri mTli-
ani Sida produqti nominaluri
sididea, vinaidan zomavs ekonomi-
kaSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis Rirebulebas fu-
ladi erTeuliT, xolo realuri
mTliani Sida produqti re-
aluri sididea, vinaidan gamoxa-
tavs warmoebuli saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis mTlian raode-
klasikuri dihotomia
nobas.
d. iumis azriT, klasikuri
dihotomia sasargebloa ekono-
mikis analizisaTvis, vinaidan
masSi moqmedi Zalebis erTi na-
wili zegavlenas axdens nomina-
lur, xolo meore nawili _
realur cvladebze. saxeldobr,
igi amtkicebda, rom nominaluri
sidideebi fulad-- sakredito
sistemis cvlilebebis uSualo
zemoqmedebis qveSaa, xolo re-
aluri sidideebi _ ara. mag.,
fulis miwodebis cvlileba
uSualo zegavlenas axdens no-
minalur, magram ararealur eko-
nomikur sidideebze. Tu, vTq-
vaT, centraluri banki gaaor-
magebs ekonomikaSi fulis mi-
wodebas, amiT gaormagdeba fase-
bis done, aseve fuliT ga-
moxatuli xelfasi (nominalu-
ri xelfasi), agreTve sxva nomi-
naluri cvladebi, romelTac
aqvT RirebulebiTi gamoxatu-
leba, magram realuri cvlade-
bi, iseTebi, rogoricaa warmoe-
bis, realuri xelfasis done
da sargeblis realuri ganakve-
Ti _ darCeba ucvleli.
klasikuri politikuri
ekonomia (classical political econo-
my) - liberaluri ekonomikuri
Teoria, romelic aRmocenda
XVIII saukunis 70--ian wlebSi
da XX saukunis 30--ian wle-
bamde safuZvlad edo wamyvani
klasikuri politikuri ekonomia
kapitalisturi qveynebis ekono-
mikur politikas. misi fuZem-
deblebi iyvnen ingliseli mec-
nierebi adam smiTi da devid
rikardo, Tumca, klasikuri eko-
nomikuri Teoria saTaves iRebs
uiliam petis Sexedulebebidan.
mis warmoSobas didad Seuwyves
xeli ingliselma filosofos-
ebma jon lokma (1632--1704) da
devid iumma (1711--1776), agreTve
ekonomistma delei norsma
(1641--1691), xolo ganviTarebas
_ Jan--batist seim (1767--1832).
ekonomikuri Teoriis am fu-
Zemdebluri mimarTulebis la-
itmotivia _ ekonomikis lib-
eralizaciis, moTxovna--miwode-
bis Sesabamisad Camoyalibebu-
li Tavisufali fasebis safuZ-
velze sabazro TviTregulire-
bis idea. es idea eyrdnoba a.
smiTis `uxilavi xelis~ Teo-
rias. am ideis mixedviT saxel-
mwifo ganixileba rogorc `Ra-
mis daraji~, saxelmwifo saqmi-
anoba ki _ rogorc aramwarmo-
ebluri Sroma. klasikur ekono-
mikur Teorias wiTel zolad
gasdevs kerZo interesebis pri-
oriteti sazogadoebrivTan Se-
darebiT. misi yuradRebis centr-
Sia calkeuli firma, maTi dan-
axarjebis minimizaciisa da mo-
gebis maqsimizaciis problema.
klasikuri politikuri eko-
nomia or saukuneze met xans
191
edo safuZvlad msoflios wamy-
vani qveynebis ekonomikur poli-
tikas. es iyo mikroekonomikuri
paradigmebisa da sazogadoe-
brivi keTildReobis individu-
aluri koncefciis batonobis
epoqa. misi ideologia adami-
ans ganixilavs, rogorc ekono-
mikur fenomens, rogorc war-
moebis saSualebas da ara ro-
gorc sazogadoebrivi warmoe-
bis mizans.
klasikuri politikuri eko-
nomia ZiriTadad ikvlevs eko-
nomikuri zrdisa da ganviTare-
bis problemebs, agreTve swav-
lobs simdidris bunebasa da
wyaroebs, erovnuli produqtis
ganawilebas warmoebis faqto-
rebis mesakuTreebs Soris Sez-
Ruduli resursebisa da Tavi-
sufali konkurenciis pirobeb-
Si. igi aqcents akeTebs kapi-
talis dagrovebaze, bazrebis
gafarToebasa da Sromis dan-
awilebaze.
klasikuri politikuri eko-
nomiis kvlevis sagania mikro-
ekonomikuri problemebic. d. ri-
kardom safuZveli Cauyara Sro-
miTi Rirebulebis Teorias. Ri-
rebulebis (faseulobis) kla-
sikuri Teoria aqcents Sro-
miT danaxarjebze akeTebs da
eyrdnoba SromiTi Rirebuleb-
is Teorias, maSin rodesac neo-
klasikuri ekonomikuri Teoria
192 klasifikacia (ekonomikuri saqmianobis)
xazs usvams faseulobis subi-
eqtur aspeqtebs.
meTodologiis sakiTxebSi
klasikur--liberaluri skola
or banakad gaiyo. erT banakSi
gaerTiandnen isini, vinc mxars
uWerda induqciur meTods, ma-
galiTad, a. smiTi, romelmac em-
piriuli wanamZRvrebis formu-
lirebiT gamoavlina empiriu-
li kanonebi. meore banakis yve-
laze TvalsaCino warmomadgene-
li iyo d. rikardo, romelic
mxars uWerda deduqciur me-
Tods. man hi poTezuri wan-
amZRvrebis safuZvelze gaake-
Ta Sesabamisi daskvnebi.
klasifikacia (ekonomi-
kuri saqmianobis ) (Activity
clasification) [<laT. classis jgu-
fi; facere keTeba]-- warmoebrivi
ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxee-
bis dayofa saerTo niSnebis
mqone jgufebad, mag., gaeros
yvela saxis ekonomikuri saqmi-
anobis saerTaSoriso stan-
dartuli samrewvelo klas-
ifikacia (ISIC), evropuli kav-
Siris ekonomikuri saqmianobis
mTavari samrewvelo klasifika-
cia (NACE) da a.S.
klasteri (cluster) - urTi-
erTdamokidebuli kompaniebis
jgufi (mwarmoeblebi, mimwode-
blebi da sxv.) da masTan dakav-
Sirebuli organizaciebi (sax-
elmwifo marTvis organoebi, sa-
ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebe-
bi, infrastruqturis kompanie-
bi da a.S.), romlebic marTa-
lia funqcionireben sxvadasx-
va sferoSi, magram simbiozur
gavlenas axdenen erTmaneTze.
klasterebi maRalteqnolo-
giuri parkebia (maT teqno-
parkebsac uwodeben), rom-
lebic udides rols asrule-
ben qveynis ekonomikur ganvi-
Tarebasa da konkurentuli up-
iratesobis mopovebaSi. amJamad
msoflioSi maRalteqnolo-
giuri warmoebiT pirvel aTeul-
Si Sedian: fineTi, aSS, SvedeTi,
iaponia, samxreTi korea, nider-
landi, didi britaneTi, kanada,
avstralia da singapuri. maT
mohyveba CineTi da indoeTi. rac
Seexeba ruseTs, samecniero po-
tencialis sakmaod maRali
donis miuxedavad, mas maRali
teqnologiebis msoflio baz-
arze mxolod 1%--mde uWiravs.
teqnikur miRwevaTa indeq-
sis mixedviT saqarTveloSi ar-
sebuli mdgomareoba veraviTar
kritikas ver uZlebs. am maC-
veneblis mixedviT, msoflios
qveynebi dayofilia xuT jgu-
fad: liderebi (sul 18 qveya-
na), potenciuri liderebi (sul
19 qveyana), teqnologiebis di-
namikurad damnergavi qveynebi
(sul 26 qveyana), marginaluri
anu zRvarTan misuli qveynebi
kliringi
sul (9 qveyana) da danarCeni
qveynebi. am yvelaze CamorCe-
nil jgufSia saqarTveloc, an-
golasTan, bangladeSTan, gvine-
asTan, ugandasTan da am donis
sxva qveynebTan erTad.
klebadi ukugebis kano-
ni (decreasing returns law of) -
kanoni, romelic gamoxatavs
urTierTdamokidebulebas cva-
lebad danaxarjebsa da war-
moebis moculobas Soris. war-
moebis moculobis garkveuli
mijnis iqiT cvalebadi danax-
arjebi ufro swrafad izrde-
ba, vidre produqciis moculoba,
e.i. produqciis damatebiTi er-
Teulis warmoebaze cvalebadi
danaxarjebis yoveli damatebiTi
erTeuli nakleb produqcias iZ-
leva. warmoebis danaxarjebsa
da Sedegebs Soris es urTierT-
damokidebuleba gamoixateba
klebadi ukugebis kanoniT.
kleitonis kanoni (Claiton
Act) - miRebul iqna aSS--Si 1914
wels, miznad isaxavda, Sromis
kanonidan gamomdinare, anti-
trestul kanonmdeblobaSi ar-
sebuli darRvevebis konkret-
ul gansazRvras da maT aR-
mofxvras. kerZod, kanoni krZa-
lavda: 1. fasismier diskrimi-
nacias, romelic aferxebda kon-
kurencias da aZlierebda mo-
nopoliebs; 2. erTi kompaniis
mier meore kompaniis aqciebis
193
SeZenas, romelic mniSvnelovnad
amcirebda konkurencias da erT-
droulad ganapirobebda konku-
rent--kompaniebSi erTi da igive
pirebis mier xelmZRvaneli
postebis dakavebas. igi gamor-
icxavda Sromis bazars anti-
trestuli kanonmdeblobis moq-
medebis sferodan.
klerki (clerk) [frang. clerc
<laT. clericus sasuliero piri]--
saqmis mwarmoebeli parlamen-
tSi, sasamarTloSi, notariat-
Si, savaWro--samrewvelo sawar-
moSi da a.S.
kliometria (cliometrics) -
`axali ekonomikuri Teoriis~
saxelwodeba, gamoyenebuli eko-
nometrikaSi ekonomikuri isto-
riis problemebis SeswavlisaT-
vis.
kliringi (clearing) [<ingl.
gawmenda] - unaRdo angariSs-
worebis sistema saSinao da
saerTaSoriso savaWro da sxva
operaciebisaTvis, dafuZnebuli
moTxovnisa da valdebulebis
urTierTCaTvlaze. ganasxvave-
ben sabanko da savaluto kli kli--
rings
rings. sabanko kliringi gam-
oiyeneba qveynis SigniT (am for-
mas pirvelad inglisma mimar-
Ta XVIII saukuneSi) da war-
moadgens bankebs Soris unaR-
do angariSsworebis sistemas,
xorcieldeba saangariSswore-
bo palatebis meSveobiT. saban-
194
ko kliringi didad uwyobs
xels saCeko brunvis zrdas.
savaluto kliringi xorcield-
eba saxelmwifoebs Soris sak-
liringo SeTanxmebis formiT
da iTvaliswinebs urTierT-
davalianebis dafarvas.
komandituri amxanagoba
(limited partnership) - Sereuli am-
xanagobis saxeoba, romlis wev-
rebidan erT nawils aqvs Se-
uzRudavi pasuxismgebloba mTe-
li Tavisi qonebiT (komplemen-
tarebi), xolo meore nawils
_ SezRuduli pasuxismgebloba
Tavisi wvlilis farglebSi (ko-
manditebi).
komercia (commerce) [<laT.
commercium] - 1. vaWroba; 2.
saqmianoba, romelic mimarTu-
lia mogebis miRebisaken.
komercializacia (com-
mercialization) - msxvili saxel-
mwifo monopoliebis gardaqmna
saxelmwifo-- aqcionerul sa-
zogadoebebad _ holdingebad.
igi, sakuTrebis formis Seucv-
lelad, sawarmoTa gansaxelm-
wifoebrivebis erT--erTi gzaa.
komercializebuli sawarmoeb-
is aqciebis sakontrolo pake-
ti saxelmwifos xelSia. am sa-
warmoebSi dasaqmebulebs ufle-
ba aqvT SeRavaTian pirobebSi
SeiZinon maT mier gamoSvebu-
li aqciebis nawili. komercial-
izaciis process amerikelebi
komandituri amxanagoba
korporatizacias uwodeben.
kombinireba (combine) –
vertikaluri integrireba, erT
korporaciaSi sxvadasxva dar-
gis iseTi sameurneo obieqteb-
is gaerTianeba, romelSic urT-
ierTdakavSirebuli sawarmoo
procesebi xorcieldeba. amis Se-
degad korporaciaSi yalibde-
ba iseTi sawarmoo struqtura,
romelic ganapirobebs warmoe-
bis Tanmimdevrobas da uwyveto-
bas nedleulis mopovebidan da
gadamuSavebidan mza produqciis
gamoSvebamde.
komerciuli bankebis sa-
valdebulo rezervebi (com-
mercial banks obligatory reserves)
- komerciuli bankebis fula-
di Tanxa, romlis sesxad gace-
mis uflebac maT ara aqvT da
valdebulni arian iqonion Tavi-
anT angariSze centralur bankSi.
komerciuli banki (com-
mercial bank) - univelsaluri
xasiaTis sakredito dawese-
buleba, finansuri Suamavali,
romelsac licenziiT gadacemu-
li aqvs sabanko operaciebis
ganxorcielebis ufleba. misi
ZiriTadi funqciebia depozite-
bis miReba, kreditebis gacema
da klientebis saangariSswore-
bo momsaxureba. Tumca komer-
ciuli bankebi didi xania aRar
ifarglebian zemoaRniSnuli
funqciebiT da sxva operacie-
komerciuli saqmianoba
bsac asruleben. isini dakave-
bulni arian agreTve fasiani
qaRaldebis yidva--gayidviT, sain-
formacio--sakonsultacio mom-
saxurebiTa da a.S.
komerciuli bankebis siste-
maSi farTod gavrcelda mom-
saxurebis iseTi saxeobebi, ro-
goricaa lizingi da faqtor-
ingi.
komerciuli krediti
(commercial credit) - krediti, ro-
melsac gamyidveli aZlevs my-
idvels im pirobiT, rom igi
nayidi saqonlis safasurs gan-
vadebiT gadaixdis. komerciu-
li krediti gaicema mimdinare
xarjebisaTvis erT wlamde va-
diT saTamasuqo kreditis an
Ria angariSis formiT.
saTamasuqo kreditis arsi
mdgomareobs SemdegSi: gamyid-
veli, saqonlis gayidvis Taobaze
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, afor-
mebs gadasapirebel Tamasuqs da
warudgens myidvels, es ukanas-
kneli ki axdens mis aqceptire-
bas, anu iZleva werilobiT Tan-
xmobas, rom fuls gadaixdis
TamasuqSi miTiTebul vadebSi.
krediti Ria angariSiT
gulisxmobs SeTanxmebis safuZ-
velze gamyidvelis mier gay-
iduli saqonlis Rirebulebis
valis saxiT Caweras myidve-
lis angariSze, es ukanaskneli
ki kisrulobs valdebulebas,
195
dadgenil vadaSi dafaros kred-
iti. kreditis es forma far-
Tod gamoiyeneba saqonlis reg-
ularulad miwodebisas.
komerciuli saqmianoba
(commercial activity) - gaeros
CCLR-is erT--erTi ganyofile-
bis Semadgeneli nawili; moi-
cavs kompiuterebTan dakavSire-
bul sxvadasxva saxis samuSa-
oebs (konsultaciebi teqnikuri
da programuli uzrunvelyofis
sakiTxebze, safinanso, statis-
tikuri da teqnikuri monace-
mebis damuSaveba da Senaxva, sa-
kancelario, sabuRaltro da
TUV-is teqnikuri momsaxureba
da SekeTeba, kompiuterul te-
qnikasTan dakavSirebuli sxva
saqmianoba), gamokvlevebsa da
damuSavebebs (fundamenturi da
gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebi, eqs-
perimentuli damuSavebebi), sx-
vadasxva komerciul saqmianobas
(samuSaoebi samarTlis, angari-
Sebis Sedgenis, sabuRaltro aR-
ricxvisa da reviziis sferoSi,
konsultaciebi dabegvris sak-
iTxebze, bazris koniunqturis
gamokvleva da sazogadoebrivi
azris Seswavla, konsultacie-
bi komerciisa da marTvis sak-
iTxebze), saqmianobas arqiteq-
turisa da samoqalaqo mSeneb-
lobis sferoSi da masTan da-
kavSirebul teqnikur konsul-
taciebs (saproeqto--sakonstru-
196
qtoro, markSaideruli, geolo-
giur-- saZiebo, sainJinro sam-
uSaoebi da a.S.), yvela saxis
masalisa da produqtis teqni-
kur Semowmebasa da analizs,
im komerciul saqmianobas, ro-
melic ar Sedis sxva kategorie-
bSi (samuSao Zalis daqiraveba
da personaliT uzrunvelyofa,
gamoZiebasa da calkeuli pi-
rovnebis an qonebis dacvasTan
dakavSirebuli saqmianoba, Se-
nobis dasufTaveba--dalagebasTan
dakavSirebuli momsaxureba, fo-
tografiuli samuSaoebi, sabro-
kero--sakomisio operaciebi, inka-
sireba, gamofenebis organiza-
ciasTan dakavSirebuli momsax-
ureba, aqcioneruli saqmianoba,
saredaqcio saqmianoba da sxv.).
komivoiaJori (commercial
traveller) [<frang. commis voy-
ageur] - 1. moxetiale vaWari;
2. savaWro firmis mogzauri ag-
enti, romelic myidvelebs ad-
gilze sTavazobs saqonels ni-
muSebisa da katalogebis mixe-
dviT.
kompanioni (partner) [frang.
compagnon] - 1. firmis Tanam-
flobeli; 2. firmaSi Seamx-
anagebuli piri.
kompensacia (compensation)
[<laT. compensation - anazRau-
reba] - zaralis, danakargebis,
damatebiTi xarjebis anazRau-
reba.
komivoiaJori
komparativizmi (compara-
tivism) [comparativus SedarebiTi]
- ekonomikuri sistemebis Se-
darebiTi analizi, ekonomikuri
Teoriis kvlevis erT--erTi mi-
marTuleba, romelsac safuZve-
li Cauyares l. reineldma, d.
holdma, p. knirSma da a.S. far-
Tod damkvidrda XX saukunis
30--iani wlebSi aSS--Si, germa-
niaSi, avstriaSi, norvegiasa da
sxva qveynebSi. am mimarTuleb-
is Sedegia instituciuri (kon-
vergenciis, industriuli, post-
industriuli sazogadoebisa da
a.S.) Teoriebi.
komplementari (limited
partner) - amxanagobis sruli wev-
ri, romelic mis valdebulebe-
bze mTeli Tavisi mdgomareo-
biT, piradi qonebiT agebs pa-
suxs da SeuzRudav pasuxismge-
blobas atarebs.
konglomerati (conglom-
erate) [<laT. conglomeratus Tav-
moyrili, Segrovili] - ekonomi-
kuri gaerTianebis erT-- erTi
forma, romelic warmoiSva XX
saukunis 50--ian wlebSi; gaer-
Tianeba ekonomikis sxvadasxva
dargis sawarmoebisa, romlebic
erTmaneTTan pirdapiri warmoe-
brivi kooperaciiT ar arian da-
kavSirebulni, awarmoeben da yi-
dian farTo asortimentis saqo-
nels.
konglomeracia (conglo-
koniunqtura
meration) [<laT. conglomerstio
SequCeba] - calkeuli sagnebis
SekavSireba erT mTlianobad,
rodesac isini inarCuneben Ta-
vianT Tvisebebsa da niSnebs.
kondicia (condition) [<laT.
conditio] - norma, standarti, ro-
melsac, saxelSekrulebo piro-
bebis Tanaxmad, unda Seesabame-
bodes esa Tu is saqoneli.
konvencia (convention) [<laT.
conventio xelSekruleba, SeT-
anxmeba] - saerTaSoriso xe-
lSekruleba ama Tu im spe-
cialur sakiTxze, mag., konven-
cia saavtoro uflebis Senar-
Cunebis Sesaxeb; sarkinigzo,
safosto--satelegrafo konven-
cia da a.S.
konversia (conversion) [<laT.
conversio gardaqmna, Secvla] -
samxedro warmoebis gardaqmna
samoqalaqo produqciis war-
moebad. arsebobs ekonomikuri
konversiis ufro farTo gage-
ba: mTeli sazogadoebrivi war-
moebis gardaqmna; samrewvelo
konversia _ mrewvelobis gar-
daqmna, profesiuli konversia--
kadrebis momzadebis profil-
is Secvla; valutis konversia
_ erTi valutis gacvla meo-
reze moqmedi valutis kursis
mixedviT; sesxis konversia _
adre gamoSvebuli sesxis Secv-
la axliT da a.S.
konvertirebadi obli-
197
gacia (convertible bond) - obli-
gacia, romlis mflobelsac
SeuZlia Seuferxeblad gacva-
los igi sxva aqciaze.
konvertirebadoba (conver-
tibility) [<laT. convertere gada-
qceva] - erovnuli valutis una-
ri, Tavisuflad gaicvalos ucx-
our valutaze yvela saxis ope-
raciis dros da nebismieri
formiT. valutis konvertire-
badobis xarisxi pirdapir damo-
kidebulia qveynis ekonomikur
potencialze, misi sagareo--ek-
onomikuri saqmianobis masStab-
ze, Sida fuladi mimoqcevis
mdgradobaze, erovnuli bazris
ganviTarebis doneze da sxv.
valuta SeiZleba iyos sru-
lad konvertirebadi (Seqce-
vadi) _ rodesac mocemuli qvey-
nis valuta icvleba nebismier
ucxourze, nawilobriv kon-
vertirebadi (nawilobriv Se-
qcevadi) _ rodesac mocemu-
li qveynis valuta icvleba mxo-
lod zogierT ucxour valu-
taze da arakonvertirebadi
(Seuqcevadi) _ rodesac ama Tu
im qveynis fulad erTeuls
mTlianad SenarCunebuli aqvs
savaluto SezRudvebi da ar
icvleba sxva ucxour valutaze.
qarTuli fuladi erTeu-
li _ lari nawilobriv kon--
vertirebadi valutaa.
koniunqtura (conjuncture)
198
[<laT. conjyngere Sekvra, dakav-
Sireba, SeerTeba] - 1. niSnebis
erToblioba, romelic damaxa-
siaTebelia garkveul period-
Si ekonomikis mdgomareobi-
saTvis; 2. urTierTdakavSire-
buli pirobebis erToblioba,
Camoyalibebuli viTareba.
bazris koniunqtura _
drois garkveul periodSi
konkretul adgilze Camoyali-
bebuli saqonlis realizaciis
socialur--ekonomikuri, savaWro--
organizaciuli da sxva pirobe-
bi. damokidebulia mraval faq-
torze, romelTagan ZiriTadia:
momxmarebelTa fuladi Semo-
savlebi, saqonlis fasebi, sasa-
qonlo resursebis, maT Soris,
sasaqonlo maragis moculoba
da struqtura.
konkretuli bazris koniun-
qturis daxasiaTebisas yurad-
Reba, pirvel yovlisa, eqceva
moTxovnisa da miwodebis bal-
ansirebis xarisxs (dones). ko-
niunqturis Seswavla gulisx-
mobs sistematur dakvirvebas
bazarze moTxovna-- miwodebis
arsebul da SesaZlo gadaxre-
bze. moTxovnisa da miwodebis
mdgomareobidan gamomdinare,
ganasxvaveben xelsayrel da
araxelsayrel koniunqturas.
konkurenti (competitor)
[<laT. concurreins gajibreba
<concurrere Sejaxeba] - zogadi
konkurenti
cneba, romelic gamoiyeneba neb-
ismier dargSi: ekonomikaSi, xe-
lovnebaSi da a.S. konkurente-
bi SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc cal-
keuli pirebi, ise garkveuli
jgufebi, firmebi, romlebsac
aqvT TavianTi interesebi saqmi-
anobis nebismier sferoSi, mag-
ram erTdroulad dainterese-
buli arian saerTo miznis miR-
weviT. sityva `konkurenti~ xSi-
rad ixmareba sameurneo saqmia-
nobaSi metoqeobis gamosaxatavad.
konkurentuli upirate-
soba (competitive advantage) -
upiratesoba, romelsac kompa-
niebi inovaciebis danergvis gziT
aRweven. zogierT qveyanaSi yal-
ibdeba iseTi biznes--garemo, ro-
melic SesaZleblobas aZlevs
kompaniebs swrafad danergon
siaxleebi da ufro ganviTard-
nen, vidre sxva qveynis kompanie-
bi. dRes qveynis ganviTarebis
strategiaSi yuradRebis cen-
trSia konkurenciis global-
izaciis, konkurenciisadmi glo-
baluri midgomis sakiTxi. kon-
kurenciis globalizacia kom-
paniebisagan moiTxovs axlebur
azrovnebas, informaciis yvela
doneze gafiltvras.
msoflio bazarze qveynis
konkurentul upiratesobas ga-
napirobebs mecnierebatevadi da
maRalteqnologiuri dargebi,
mowinave informaciuli da
konkurentunarianoba
telekomunikaciuri teqnolo-
giebi.
konkurentuli upirate-
sobis Teoria (theory of com-
petitive advantage) - Tanamedrove
sagareo vaWrobaSi qveynis
konkurentunarianobis ganm-
sazRvreli Teoria, romelsac
TandaTan adgils uTmobs Se-
fardebiTi upiratesobis Teo-
ria. es axali Teoria gascda
warmoebis xarjebis analizs da
aqcents iseT faseulobebze ake-
Tebs, rogoricaa xarisxi, nou--
hau, bazrisadmi axleburi mid-
goma, axali dizaini, axali sa-
xeobebis produqciis Seqmna da
a.S. msoflio ekonomikis ganvi-
Tarebis praqtika aCvenebs, rom
dRes yvelaze momgebiani is
dargebia, romlebic awarmoeben
informaciul teqnologiebs,
kavSirgabmulobis saSualebeb-
isa da telekomunikaciebis
mTel sistemas. maT warmatebas
msoflio bazarze, upirveles
yovlisa, ganapirobebs inovacie-
bis danergva da ara warmoebrivi
SesaZleblobebis zrda, inten-
siuri da araeqstensiuri war-
moeba. ganviTarebuli qveynebis
warmoebis matebis 75%-- dan
100%--mde swored inovaciebis
gamoyenebiT miiRweva.
qveynis konkurentuli up--
iratesobis misaRwevad XXI
saukune msoflios sTavazobs
199
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis axal
models. es modeli efuZneba
inovaciur ekonomikas, romel-
Sic `pirveli violinos~ rols
inteleqtualuri kapitali as-
rulebs. konkurenciaSi upi-
ratesobas dRes aRwevs ara is,
vinc reagirebs bazris moTx-
ovnebze, aramed is, vinc qmnis
bazars, e.i. vinc bazars sTava-
zobs inovaciebs.
konkurentunarianoba
(competitiveness) - 1. sabazro
urTierTobebis subieqtebis,
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Tvi-
seba konkurencia gauwios baz-
arze analogiuri Tvisebebis
mqone sabazro urTierTobebis
subieqtebs, saqonelsa da mom-
saxurebas. am Tvisebis Sefase-
ba maRali, saSualo da dabali
konkurentunarianobis gansxvave-
bis saSualebas iZleva;
2. qveynis umniSvnelovane-
si indikatori, romelic gansaz-
Rvravs TiToeuli qveynis adg-
ilsa da rols msoflio eko-
nomikaSi. miuxedavad konkuren-
tunarianobis bevri saerTo niS-
nisa, didi sxvaobaa qveyanaTa
konkurentunarianobis modelebs
Soris. mag., aSS--ma msoflioSi
miaRwia konkurentunarianobis
zrdis yvelaze maRal tempebs
energetikaSi, telekomunikacie-
bSi, TviTmfrinavebis warmoeba-
Si da a.S. dRes msoflioSi
200
erT--erT Zlier konkurentuna-
rian qveynad warmodgenilia
iaponia ekonomikis iseTi darge-
biT, rogoricaa teqnika da manqa-
naTmSenebloba.
is garemoeba, rom XXI sauku-
ne aRiarebulia codnisa da in-
teleqtualuri kapitalis sa-
ukuned, mniSvnelovnad cvlis
qveynis konkurentunarianobis
safuZvlebs. imisaTvis, rom ko-
mpaniebi konkurentunarianebi
iyvnen, maT TavianTi produqcia
unda gayidon saerTaSoriso
sabazro qselis meSveobiT msof-
lios masStabiT. es aris didi
saTamaSo veli, romelsac kon-
kurentunariani qveyana ayali-
bebs Tavisi industriisTvis.
uaxloes warsulSi qvey-
nis konkurentunarianobas gan-
sazRvravdnen iseTi parametre-
biT, rogoricaa biujetis defi-
citi, procentis ganakveTi, va-
lutis kursis simyare, bune-
brivi simdidreebi, iafi samuSao
Zala, menejmentis gansxvavebu-
li praqtika da a.S. magram saer-
TaSoriso praqtika ar adas-
turebs am mosazrebaTa WeS-
maritebas. mag., riT SeiZleba
aixsnas iseTi qveynebis (iaponia,
samxreTi korea...) warmateba,
romlebic bunebrivi resurseb-
is mwvave deficits ganicdian,
an bunebrivi resursebiT mdi-
dari afrikis umetesi qveyneb-
konkurencia
is warumatebloba.
konkurentunarianoba iqmneba
ara gare, aramed Sida bazre-
bze. dRes konkurentunariano-
bis asamaRleblad kompaniebi
nergaven axal teqnologiebs,
afuZneben axal strategiebs, in-
vesticiebs deben axali unar--
Cvevebis aTvisebasa da codnis
ganaxlebaSi. imisTvis, rom qvey-
ana konkurentunariani partnio-
ri gaxdes, man unda Seqmnas
axali inovaciuri sistema. dRes
msoflioSi Zalze popularu-
lia Semdegi mowodeba: `dRevan-
deli inovaciebiT moaZveleT
Tqveni guSindeli produqcia~.
konkurencia (competition)
[concurrere Sejaxeba, Setakeba]
- 1. metoqeoba saukeTeso Sede-
gebis miRwevisaTvis; 2. brZo-
la kontrahentebs Soris saqon-
lis (momsaxurebis) warmoebi-
sa da realizaciis xelsayre-
li pirobebisaTvis; 3. sabazro
situacia, rodesac bazarze aris
mravali mwarmoebeli (gamyid-
veli) da mravali momxmarebe-
li (myidveli).
konkurencia qveynis ekono-
mikis ganviTarebisa da efeqti-
anobis amaRlebis umniSvnelo-
vanesi faqtoria.
konkurenciuli bazari
(competitive market) - bazari, sa-
dac mravali wvrili gamyidve-
li da myidvelia. isini axor-
konsolidirebuli vali
cieleben TavianT operaciebs
erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad
da ar SeuZliaT arsebiTi gav-
lena moaxdinon fasze.
konosamenti (bill of lading)
[frang. connaissement] - xelw-
erili, romelsac gascems ge-
mis kapitani (an sazRvao sa-
transporto sawarmos agenti)
tvirTis zRviT gagzavnisa da
miRebis dasadastureblad.
konsaltingi (consulting)
[<ingl. consulting - sakonsulta-
cio] - sammarTvelo konsul-
tireba, ganxorcielebuli spe-
cializebuli komerciuli
firmebis mier warmoebis mar-
Tvis organizaciisa da sru-
lyofis sferoSi axalSeqmni-
li sawarmoebis saqmianobis da-
fuZnebis, marketinguli kvle-
vis mizniT. sakonsaltingo fir-
mebi msxvili kompaniebis dakve-
TiT aanalizeben am kompaniebis
warmoebis organizaciisa da
marTvis Sesabamisobas, maTi
saqmianobis Sedegebs, SeimuSave-
ben rekomendaciebs maTi rent-
abelobis amaRlebisaTvis, konku-
rentunarianobis uzrunvelyo-
fisaTvis, adgenen maTi ganvi-
Tarebis grZelvadian koncef-
cias da biznes--gegmas, amzade-
ben teqnikur--ekonomikur das-
abuTebas Svilobili kompanie-
bis Sesaqmnelad da a.S. kon-
sultantebi Cveulebriv iseTi
201
specialistebi arian, romleb-
sac, Teoriul codnasTan er-
Tad, aqvT didi praqtikuli
gamocdileba menejmentis, mar-
ketingis da a.S. sferoSi. sa-
konsaltingo firmebTan erTad,
sammarTvelo konsultirebis
sferoSi momsaxurebas ewevian
sxvadasxva samecniero--kvlevi-
Ti organizaciebi, romlebsac
am mizniT Camoyalibebuli aqvT
specialuri ganyofilebebi da
samsaxurebi. sakonsaltingo fir-
mebi momsaxurebas ewevian fas-
warmoqmnis sferoSi. fasebis
proeqtis SedgeniT isini monaw-
ileoben resursebis mimwodeb-
lebsa da produqciis damamza-
deblebs Soris, agreTve maT Sem-
kveTebTan xelSekrulebis dade-
baSi. sakonsaltingo firmebis
momsaxureba mniSvnelovnad am-
cirebs maRalkvalificiuri sa-
konsultacio daxmarebis miRe-
basTan dakavSirebul xarjebs.
konsaltingi, inJineringTan da
auditTan erTad, sabazro in-
frastruqturis aucilebeli
elementia.
konsignanti (consignor)
[<laT. consignatio dokumenti] -
saqonlis mflobeli, romelic
sazRvargareT yidis saqonels
konsignatoris (komisioneris)
meSveobiT.
konsolidirebuli vali
(consolidated duty) - tradiciu-
202
lad es termini gamoiyeneba
saxelmwifo valis im nawilis
gamosaxatavad, romelsac ara
aqvs dafarvis vadebi. amasTan,
ukanasknel periodSi misi gamoy-
eneba daiwyo ufro farTo mniS-
vnelobiT, saxeldobr, moicavs
vals saSualo da grZelvadi-
ani fasiani qaRaldebis for-
miT, anu mTel vals mimdinare
davalianebis garda.
konsorciumi (consortium)
[<laT. consortium Tanamonawile-
oba]-- kompaniebis an bankebis
droebiTi SeTanxmeba, gaerTiane-
ba sesxis erToblivi gavrceleb-
isaTvis, farTo masStabis fin-
ansuri an komerciuli opera-
ciebis CatarebisaTvis, msxvili
samrewvelo mSeneblobis ganx-
orcielebisaTvis da a.S.
kontrahenti (counterpart)
[<laT. contrahens momrigebeli]
- 1. xelSekrulebis monawile
erTi mxare meoris mimarT; 2.
fizikuri an iuridiuli piri,
romelsac aRebuli aqvs xel-
Sekrulebidan gamomdinare esa
Tu is valdebuleba.
konfiskacia (confiscation)
[<laT. confiscatio] - qonebis,
fulisa da sxva faseulobebis
iZulebiTi, usasyidlod CamorT-
meva da sasamarTlos gadawy-
vetilebiT an administraciu-
li aqtiT saxelmwifos sakuT-
rebaSi gadacema.
konsorciumi
konfrontacia (confronta-
tion) [laT. con winaaRmdeg + frons
(frontis) jiqur, fronti] - wina-
aRmdegoba, dapirispireba, Seja-
xeba (socialuri sistemebis, kla-
sTa interesebis, ideur--poli-
tikuri princi pebis da a.S.).
koncentracia (concen-
tration) [laT. concentratio <laT.
cone + centrum centri, Suagu-
li] - Tavmoyra; warmoebis kon-
centracia _ mocemuli warmo-
ebis moculobis zrda masSi
warmoebis faqtorebis zrdis
kvalobaze.
koncentraciis agrega-
tuli maCvenebeli (aggregate
concentration) - ekonomikis mo-
cemul seqtorSi an mTel eko-
nomikaSi warmoebis ramdenime
umsxviles korporaciad kon-
centrirebis xarisxi.
koncerni (concern) - im sam-
rewvelo, safinanso da savaWro
sawarmoebis gaerTianeba, rom-
lebic, samecniero-- teqnolo-
giuri, sainvesticio, safinanso,
sagareo-- ekonomikuri da sxva
funqciebis nebayoflobiTi cen-
tralizaciis safuZvelze, er-
Tobliv saqmianobas ewevian.
koncernis saqmianobis organi-
zaciisaTvis iqmneba mmarTve-
lobis sistema, romelsac kon-
cernis wevrebi nebayoflobiT
gadascemen TavianTi uflebamo-
silebisa da funqciebis naw-
korporacia
ils. koncernis wevrebi ar
SeiZleba erTdroulad Sediod-
nen sxva koncernebis Semadgen-
lobaSi.
koncesia (concession) [<laT.
concessio nebarTva, daTmoba] - 1.
xelSekruleba, romlis safuZ-
velzec saxelmwifo saeqsplu-
ataciod gadascems kerZo me-
warmeebs, ucxour firmebs gan-
sazRvruli vadiT samrewvelo
sawarmoebs an miwis nakveTebs
sxvadasxva nagebobaTa mSeneb-
lobis, sasargeblo wiaRiseu-
lis mopovebisa da a.S. uflebiT;
2. sazRauri, romelsac bankebi
axlad gamoSvebuli fasiani
qaRaldebis gayidvis organize-
bisaTvis iReben.
koncesioneri (concessio-
naire) - koncesiis mflobeli,
iuridiuli piri, romelmac mi-
iRo koncesia.
kooperacia (cooperation)
[<laT. cooperatio TanamSromlo-
ba] - Sromis organizaciis for-
ma, romlis drosac adamianTa
didi jgufi erToblivad mona-
wileobs erTsa da imave an gan-
sxvavebul, magram erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebul Sromis proces-
ebSi.
koordinirebuli poli-
tika (coordination policy) – mone-
taruli fiskaluri politika.
praqtikaSi monetaruli da fis-
kaluri politika xSirad erT-
203
droulad gamoiyeneba. maTi kom-
binacia cnobilia, rogorc mone-
tarul-fiskaluri koordi
koordi--
nirebuli politika, an, ubra-
lod, koordinirebuli poli-
tika.
koreqtirebadi gadasaxa-
di (correcting tax) – gadasaxa-
di, dawesebuli uaryofiTi gare
efeqtebis mqone saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis warmoebisa da mis-
gan miRebuli zaralisaTvis. igi
ganapirobebs zRvruli kerZo
xarjis gazrdas zRvruli sa-
zogadoebrivi xarjis donemde.
Tumca praqtikaSi Zalze Zne-
lia zRvruli xarjis zusti
gaangariSeba. amitom koreqtire-
badi gadasaxadi yovelTvis ver
aRwevs mizans.
koreqtirebadi subsidia
(correcting subsidy) – subsidia, ga-
cemuli dadebiTi gare efeqte-
bis mqone ekonomikuri dovla-
Tis mwarmoeblebisa da momxma-
reblebisTvis. misi mizania zRvru-
li kerZo xelsayrelobis mi-
axloeba sazogadoebriv zRvrul
xelsayrelobasTan.
korporacia (corporation,
public company) [<saS. laT. cor-
poratio gaerTianeba, sazogadoe-
ba] - Tanamedrove mewarmeobis,
biznesis erT--erTi organiza-
ciuli forma. misi Tanamesa-
kuTrea aqciis mflobelTa mra-
valricxovani armia, romelsac
204 korporatiuli obliga cia
akisria SezRuduli pasuxismge-
bloba korporaciis aqcionerul
kapitalSi Tavisi wilis ode-
nobis mixedviT. korporaciis
mTeli mogeba, romelic mis aq-
cionerebs ekuTvniT, iyofa or
nawilad. erTi nawildeba aqci-
is mflobelebs Soris dividen-
dis saxiT, meore ki xmardeba
reinvestirebas. am formis Ziri-
Tadi upiratesobaa fasiani qa-
Raldebis gamoSvebis gziT dam-
atebiTi kapitalis mobilizaci-
is SesaZlebloba. Tavis saqmi-
anobas korporacia warmarTavs
marTvis mecnierul meTodebsa
da profesiul menejerebze
dayrdnobiT. mas aqvs SesaZle-
bloba swrafad gadavides saqmi-
anobis erTi saxeobidan meo-
reze. korporacia inarCunebs
memkvidreobiTobas da misi ar-
seboba ar aris damokidebuli
aqciebis gayidvis gamo Tanam-
flobelTa Secvlaze. naklov-
anebebidan SeiZleba aRiniSnos
is, rom korporacia erTeul mo-
gebaze ixdis ufro maRal ga-
dasaxadebs, vidre firmis sxva
organizaciuli formebi. ibeg-
reba rogorc korporaciis mo-
geba, ise aqcionerTa dividendi.
korporaciis likvidaciis
SemTxvevaSi aqciis mflobeli
iRebs wils, romelic man Sei-
tana firmis aqcionerul kapi-
talSi.
obligacia
korporatiuli obliga-
cia (corporate bond) – firmebis,
korporaciebis mier gamoSvebu-
li obligacia.
korufcia (corruption) [laT.
corruptio] - meqrTameoba; Tanam-
debobis pirebis, sazogadoebrivi
da politikuri moRvaweebis mo-
syidva. Tanamdebobis pirebis
mier TavianTi uflebebis boro-
tad gamoyeneba piradi gamdi-
drebis mizniT.
kotireba (quotation) [<frang.
secoter] - ucxouri valutebis,
fasiani qaRaldebis kursis an
saqonlis fasebis dadgena bir-
Jaze moqmedi sakanonmdeblo
normebisa da Camoyalibebuli
praqtikis Sesabamisad.
kouzi ro ronnald (dab. 1910)
(Coase Ronald) – warmoSobiT
ingliseli, jer londonis sko-
lis, Semdeg ki Cikagos univer-
sitetis profesori, neokla-
sikuri mimdinareobis Tvalsa-
Cino warmomadgeneli, ekonomikis
dargSi nobelis premiis lau-
reati (1991) firmis Teoriasa
(`firmis buneba~, 1937) da gare
efeqtebis kvlevaSi Setanili
wvlilisaTvis. didia misi dam-
saxureba transaqciuli xarje-
bis Teoriis Seqmnasa da maTi
Semcirebis gzebis gamokvleva-
Si. statiaSi `socialuri xar-
jebis problema~ (1960) kouzma
gaakeTa daskvnebi, romlebic
kreditis uzrunvelyofa
dRemde cnobilia kouzis Teo-
remis saxelwodebiT.
kouzis Teo
Teor rema (Coase’s
theorem) – Teorema, romelic
efuZneba mtkicebas imis Sesaxeb,
rom gare efeqtebi (eqsterna-
liebi) im SemTxvevaSi ar gamo-
iwveven resursebis araraciona-
lur alokacias, Tu ar arsebobs
transaqciuli xarjebi.
krediti (credit, loan) [<laT.
creditum sesxi, vali <credere
ndoba] - 1. droebiT Tavisufa-
li fuladi saxsrebis an saqon-
lis gacema valad gansazRvru-
li vadiT fiqsirebuli pro-
centis safasurad. kreditis
ZiriTadi formebia: aqcepturi,
aqceptur-- rambusnuli, i poTe-
kuri, komerciuli, reloveru-
li, sabanko, saerTaSoriso, sa-
eqsporto, savaluto, samomxmare-
blo. ganasxvaveben mokle- da
grZelvadian kredits. mokle-
vadiani krediti, rogorc wesi,
gaicema erT wlamde vadiT,
xolo grZelvadiani _ erT
welze meti vadiT da ZiriTa-
dad sainvesticio kapitalis sa-
xiT gamoiyeneba; 2. sabuRaltro
angariSis marjvena mxare. aq-
tiur angariSSi kreditSi Canaw-
eri niSnavs Semcirebas, anu
gasavals, xolo debetSi Canaw-
eri _ zrdas, anu Semosavals.
pasiur angariSSi ki, piriqiT,
kreditSi Canaweri niSnavs zr-
205
das, anu Semosavals, xolo de-
betSi Canaweri _ Semcirebas,
anu gasavals; 3. ndoba, ndobiT
sargebloba.
kreditis dafarvis piro-
bebi (credit terms) - 1. periodu-
lad: Tvis, kvartlis, naxevari
an erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi; 2.
Tanabar nawilebad gadaxda:
ZiriTadi Tanxisa da daricxu-
li procentebis gadaxda Tana-
bari odenobiT daTqmuli va-
dis ganmavlobaSi; 3. mzardi
jamiT gadaxda: valis dafarvi-
saTvis daTqmul periodSi yov-
el momdevno wels gadasaxadi
Tanxis wilis gazrda; 4. naS-
Tis erTjeradi dafarva. fulis
saboloo gadaxda vadis dad-
gomisas. Cveulebriv gadasaxde-
li Tanxa valis saerTo raode-
nobis 15--25%--s ar aRemateba.
kreditis racionireba
(credit rationing) - ekonomikuri
politikis instrumenti, romel-
ic gulisxmobs sabanko kredi-
tis normirebul ganawilebas.
kreditis sididis Sez-
Rudva (credit ceiling) - fula-
di politikis instrumenti,
romelsac iyenebs centraluri
banki komerciul bankebze gasa-
cemi kreditis sididis SezRud-
vis oficialurad dawesebis
safuZvelze.
kreditis uzrunvelyo-
fa (collateral security) - ix. girao.
206
kreditori (creditor) [laT.
-
creditor] sesxis gamcemi iuri-
diuli an fizikuri piri, rome-
lic valad iZleva raime Tanxas.
kukis koeficienti (Cooke
ratio) – komerciuli bankebisa
da sxva sakredito dawesebule-
bebis gadaxdisunarianobis koe-
ficienti, romelic moiTxovs
8%-iani donis Tanafardobas
sakuTar kapitalsa da aqtivebs
Soris.
kumulacia (cumulation) [<laT.
cumulatio gadideba, dagroveba,
Tavmoyra] - dasazRvevi an daz-
Rveuli obieqtebis Tavmoyra
gansazRvrul, Semofarglul
sivrceSi, teritoriaze, erT
sawarmoSi, sadazRvevo kompa-
niaSi, portSi, gemze, sawyobSi
da a.S.
kumulaciuri zrdis in-
deqsi (cumulative index of growth)
- ekonomikuri saqmianobis re-
aluri zrdis maCvenebeli saan-
gariSo wlis dasawyisidan
kvartalebis mixedviT wina
wlis Sesabamis periodTan Se-
darebiT.
kumulaciuri kenWisyra
(cumulative voting) - kenWisyra aq-
cionerTa saerTo krebaze, rome-
lic nebas rTavs aqcioners, zo-
gierTi sakiTxis gadawyvetas mxa-
ri dauWiros ara erTi, aramed
ramdenime xmiT, im pirobiT, rom
kreditori
sxva sakiTxebze kenWisyraSi mo-
nawileobas ar miiRebs.
kupiura (denomination) - no-
minaluri Rirebuleba, romel-
ic aRniSnulia qaRaldis ful-
ze, banknotebze, obligaciebze
da sxva fasian qaRaldebze,
agreTve TviT es qaRaldis fuli,
banknoti, obligacia da sxv.
kuponi (coupon) - 1. fulis
Semcvleli surogati; 2. fasi-
ani qaRaldis nawili, mosaWre-
li taloni, romelic xelwe-
rilis nacvlad banks waredg-
ineba sargeblis an dividendis
misaRebad.
kuponiani obligacia (cou-
pon bond) – obligacia, romel-
ic eqvemdebareba mravaljerad
gadaxdas dafarvamde da erT
gadaxdas ganaRdebis dros.
kurtaJi (courtage) [frang.
courtage komerciuli gasamrje-
lo] - gasamrjelo, romelsac
iRebs makleri birJis wevrebi-
sagan _ brokerebisagan, dile-
rebisagan, maT Soris garigebe-
bis dafiqsirebisaTvis. kurtaJi
gaicema operaciis ganxorciele-
bis Semdeg, rogorc wesi, ori-
ve mxridan Tanabari odenobiT.
mag., Tu kurtaJi 0,4%--s Sead-
gens, maSin TiToeuli mxare
0,2%--s ixdis.
laferis efeqti
l sabirJo (sabazro) kursis ama-
lagi (lag) - drois garkve-
uli monakveTi mizez--Sedego-
briv kavSirSi myof movleneb-
sa da procesebs Soris. gamoxa-
tavs problemis arsebobis aRi-
arebasa da ama Tu im maregu-
lirebeli meqanizmis amoqmede-
bis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis
miRebas Soris drois Sualeds.
“LAISSEZ--FAIRE” (`dae, wavi-
des Tavisi gziT~) _ Tavisufa-
li bazris ideologia, ekonomika
saxelmwifos Caurevlobis
gareSe; ekonomist--klasikosTa
Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxma-
dac saxelmwifo rac SeiZleba
naklebad unda ereodes ekono-
mikis funqcionirebis proces-
Si da gadawyvetilebebis miRe-
ba bazars ekisrebodes. adam smi-
Tis azriT, saxelmwifos roli
unda Semoifarglos mxolod
kanonierebisa da wesrigis dac-
viT (1), erovnuli Tavdacvis
uzrunvelyofiT (2) da sazoga-
doebrivi saqonlis warmoebiT
(3), riTac naklebad aris dain-
teresebuli kerZo biznesi. igi
saxelmwifos prerogativaa.
laJi (agio) [<ital. laggio]--
1. qaRaldis fulSi gamoxatu-
li oqros sabazro fasis zrda
qaRaldis fulis raodenobas-
Tan SedarebiT; 2. fasiani qa-
207
Raldebisa da fulis niSnebis
Rleba maT nominalur Rire-
bulebasTan SedarebiT. angari-
Soben procentobiT (igivea, rac
aJio).
latarea (Lottery) - mosax-
leobis fuladi saxsrebis neba-
yoflobiTi mozidva saxelmwi-
fos, Sesabamisi organizaciebis,
an saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoe-
bebis mier latariis bileTeb-
is gayidvis gziT, ris Sedega-
dac Semosuli saxsrebis nawi-
lis gaTamaSeba xdeba fuladi
an nivTobrivi mogebis saxiT
da eZleva `bednieri bileTis~
mflobelebs.
laferis efeqti (Laffer
curve effects) - gamoiyeneba imis
dasamtkiceblad, rom sagadasax-
ado ganakveTis Semcireba, sab-
oloo angariSiT, iwvevs saer-
To sagadasaxado Senatanebis
ara Sekvecas, aramed gadide-
bas. aqedan gamomdinareobs das-
kvna: sagadasaxado tvirTis ra-
dikaluri Semsubuqeba ekono-
mikuri zrdis stimulirebasTan
erTad saxelmwifo Semosavleb-
is problemebsac wyvets. es
princi pi safuZvlad daedo
mravali qveynis ekonomikur
politikas. igi warmatebiT gam-
oiyeneba dResac. postindus-
triul qveynebSi sagadasaxado
politika ekonomikuri ganvi-
208
Tarebis saxelmwifo stimu-
lirebis mTavari instrumenti
gaxda. misi damaxasiaTebeli Tvi-
sebaa dabegvris ganakveTis dife-
rencirebuli Semcireba (pirv-
el yovlisa, mogebidan). sax-
elmwifoebi cdiloben, ise aagon
sagadasaxado politika, rom
waaxalison korporaciebi dan-
azogebis warmoebaSi dabandeb-
isTvis, rac, Tavis mxriv, er-
Toblivi investiciebis zrdas
ganapirobebs. marTalia, dabeg-
vris liberalizacia Tavdapir-
velad amcirebs saxelmwifo bi-
ujetis Semosavlebs, magram
grZelvadiani Sedegebi sruli-
ad gansxvavebulia _ igi zrdis
biujetSi Senatanebs da, maSasa-
dame, amuxruWebs inflacias, am-
cirebs deficits. es movlena
aRmoaCina amerikelma ekonomis-
tma a. laferma da ekonomikur
literaturaSi cnobilia la-
feris efeqtis saxelwodebiT.
laferis mrudi (Laffer
curve) - mrudi, romelic gamox-
atavs kavSirs sagadasaxado ga-
nakveTebsa da sagadasaxado Se-
natanebis moculobas Soris,
asaxavs iseT sagadasaxado ga-
nakveTs (nulidan 100%--mde),
romlis drosac sagadasaxado
Senatanebi maqsimums aRwevs.
atarebs cnobili ekonomistis,
miwodebis Teoriis mimdevris
a. laferis saxels. ZiriTadi
laferis mrudi
idea mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sa-
gadasaxado ganakveTis nulidan
100%--mde zrdis kvalobaze sa-
gadasaxado Senatanebi gaizrde-
ba nulidan raRac maqsimalur
(M) donemde, Semdeg ki iwyebs
dacemas nulame, vinaidan gada-
saxadebis ufro maRali ganakve-
Ti aferxebs ekonomikur aqti-
urobas da, maSasadame, iwvevs
sagadasaxado bazis Sekvecas.
leveriji (leverage) - mik-
roekonomikuri maCvenebeli, ro-
melic gamoxatavs Tanafardobas
nasesx da sakuTar saxsrebs So-
ris da adgens firmis mTel sa-
investicio kapitalSi (fasiani
qaRaldebis CaTvliT fiqsire-
buli procentiT) grZelvadiani
davalianebis wils. am maCveneb-
liT aqcenti keTdeba sainves-
ticio kapitalis struqtura-
Si grZelvadiani davalianebis
wilze, rogorc erT--erT mniS-
vnelovan parametrze. rac ufro
maRalia misi wili, miT ufro
maRalia firmis levereji da,
aqedan gamomdinare, masTan dakav-
Sirebuli sainvesticio riski;
2. kreditis gamoyeneba piradi
spekulaciuri SesaZleblobeb-
is gasafarToeblad.
liberalizacia (liberal-
ization) - ekonomikis ganTavisu-
fleba mbrZaneblur-- adminis-
traciuli mmarTvelobisagan da
misi marTva `uxilavi xeliT~,
likviduri saxsrebi
rac, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs
ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos uxe-
Si Carevis aRkveTasa da ekonomi-
kur saqmianobaze SezRudvebis
moxsnas, Tavisufali faswarmo-
qmnis damkvidrebas, mewarmeobi-
saTvis farTo damoukideblo-
bis miniWebasa da a.S.
fasebis liberalizacias
uwodeben fasebis ganTavisu-
flebas saxelmwifos `marwux-
ebisagan~ da maT Tavisufal sa-
bazro fasebze gadasvlas.
liga (league) - kavSiri,
gaerTianeba (saxelmwifoebis,
organizaciebis, pirebis).
lizingi (lease) - komerci-
uli saqmianobis forma, saaren-
do operaciebis nairsaxeoba,
romelic gulisxmobs manqaneb-
is, mowyobilobebis, satranspor-
to saSualebebis, warmoebiTi
daniSnulebis nagebobebis grZel-
vadian arendas 3--dan 9 wlam-
de an zogjer ufro xangr-
Zlivi vadiT (10--dan 15 wlam-
de). firma--arendatori Tanda-
TanobiT faravs davalianebas
am mowyobilobaTa gamoyenebis
mixedviT. salizingo kontraq-
tis vadis gasvlis Semdeg aren-
dators SeuZlia SeiZinos mow-
yobilobebi narCeni Rirebuleb-
is gadaxdis kvalobaze, dados
axali SeTanxmeba an materia-
luri faseulobebi daubrunos
salizingo kompanias.
209
liTonis fuli (coinage)
_ fulis liTonur-- Weduri
forma, liTonis monetebisgan
Semdgari naRdi fulis nawili,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, iyofa
srulfasovan oqrosa da ver-
cxlis monetebad da arasrul-
fasovan (bilonur) xurda li-
Tonis monetebad. es ukanaskne-
li qaRaldis fulis nair-
saxeobaa, romlis nominaluri
Rirebuleba aRemateba mis Si-
nagan Rirebulebas (TviT liTo-
nis Rirebulebasa da misi moW-
ris xarjebs). nominalur Rire-
bulebasTan erTad masze aRbe-
Wdilia uflebrivi statusis
damadasturebeli warwerebi.
stabiluri politikuri siste-
mis mqone qveynebSi, rogorc wesi,
liTonis fulis gamoSvebas ar-
egulirebs saxelmwifo.
likviduri aqtivebi (liqu-
id assets) - advilad realize-
badi saxsrebi _ moklevadiani
saxelmwifo fasiani qaRalde-
bi, mimdinare angariSebi, naRdi
fuli, romelsac ar moaqvs Se-
mosavali sargeblis saxiT.
likviduri bazari (liqu-
idity market) - bazari, sadac ga-
rigebebi yidva-- gayidvis Sesa-
xeb yovelgvari SezRudvebis
gareSe xorcieldeba.
likviduri saxsrebi (me-
ans of liquidity) _ naRdi fula-
di saxsrebi, bankSi mimdinare
210
angariSze arsebuli naSTi, ad-
vilad realizebadi fasiani
qaRaldebi, sabrunavi kapital-
is elementebi da sxv., romel-
Ta gamoyenebac SeiZleba sesx-
is aRebisas nakisri valdebule-
bebis Sesasruleblad.
likviduri `xafangi~ (li-
quidity trap) - ekonomikis mdgo-
mareoba, rodesac nominaluri
saprocento ganakveTi nulis
tolia da romlisTvisac dama-
xasiaTebelia metismetad daba-
li sainvesticio aqtiuroba. am-
gvari mdgomareoba iqmneba ma-
Sin, rodesac mosaxleoba upi-
ratesobas aniWebs likviduri
saxsrebis dagrovebas, rac kre-
ditze procentis ganakveTis
Semcirebis saSualebas iZleva.
likviduroba (liquidity) -
1. ekonomikuri maCvenebeli,
romelic gamoxatavs sxvadasxva
aqtivis fulad gardaqmnis Sesa-
Zleblobas. aqtivebis gadaxdis
saSualebad gamoyenebis unari
maTi nominaluri Rirebulebis
Seucvlelad; 2. firmis (ko-
mpaniis, bankis da a.S.) unari,
droulad Seasrulos Tavisi
valdebulebebi. likvidurobis
dones gansazRvravs advilad
realizebadi aqtivebis xvedri-
Ti wona, kreditebis operatiu-
li mobilizebis SesaZleblobebi,
davalianebis odenobisa da
konkretul momentSi firmis
likviduri `xafangi~
gankargulebaSi arsebuli lik-
viduri saxsrebis Tanafardo-
ba da sxv. firmis uunaroba
gadasaxadebis droulad gada-
xdisa da savalo valdebule-
bebis dafarvaSi warmoebrivi
ciklis darRvevaze metyvelebs.
gasaRebis siZneleebi da war-
moebis dautvirTaoba firmas
aiZulebs aiRos metismetad di-
di kreditebi, rac auaresebs
mis likvidurobas.
likvidurobis koefici-
enti (coefficient of liquidity) -
Tanafardoba kompaniebis fu--
ladi saxsrebisa da swrafad
realizebadi aqtivebis (aqcie-
bis, obligaciebis da a.S.) ode-
nobasa da maTi moklevadiani
valdebulebebis Tanxas Soris.
gviCvenebs firmebis faqtobriv
SesaZleblobas, daTqmul vadebSi
Seuferxeblad Seasrulon (ga-
daixadon) yvela valdebule-
ba.
likvidurobis norma (liqu-
idity rate) - naRdi fulis, debi-
toruli davalianebisa da ad-
vilad realizebadi fasiani
qaRaldebis dajamebuli sid-
ide, gayofili moklevadian val-
debulebebze.
limiti (limit) - zRvruli
odenoba, dadgenili raodeno-
brivi SezRudva yidvis, gayid--
vis, kreditis gacemis, garigeb-
is moculobis gansazRvris,
licenzia
saqonlis eqsport--importis,
savaluto operaciebisa da a.S.
Sesaxeb.
listingi (listing) - safon-
do birJis kotirebis siaSi fa-
siani qaRaldebis Setanis pro-
cedura da maTi emitentis
sameurneo da safinanso mdgo-
mareobis kontroli safondo
birJis moTxovnaTa Sesabamiso-
bis gaTvaliswinebiT. listing-
is meSveobiT sabirJo vaWroba-
ze daiSveba mxolod is fasi-
ani qaRaldi, romelic gaivlis
eqspertizas xarisxsa da saime-
doobaze.
licenzia (license) [<laT.
licentia ufleba, nebarTva] - 1.
oficialuri nebarTva, gacemu-
li saxelmwifos mier zogier-
Ti saxis sameurneo saqmiano-
bis warmoebisaTvis, sagareo--
savaWro operaciebis CaTvliT.
licenzia saqonlis ama Tu im
jgufis gansazRvruli raode-
nobis eqsportze an importze
saxelmwifo kontrolis erT--
erTi formaa; 2. patentiT da-
culi gamogonebis, teqnologi-
is gamoyenebis uflebis gacema
gansazRvruli vadiT _ sapat-
ento licenzia.
salicenzio SeTanxmebis moq-
medebis vada damokidebulia mra-
val faqtorze. aqedan aRsa-
niSnavia: patentebis moqmedebis
vadebi da am patentebis raode-
211
noba, licenziis asaTviseblad
saWiro dro, salicenzio obieq-
tis moralurad cveTis vadebi,
sagadasaxado pirobebi, analogi-
ur an msgavs produqciaze sxva
SeTanxmebaTa pirobebi da a.S.
saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi
gamoiyeneba salicenzio SeTan-
xmebis sami ZiriTadi saxe: mar-
tivi, gansakuTrebuli da sru-
li.
martivi saxis salicenzio
SeTanxmebisas licenziari gas-
cems da, amave dros, TviTonac
itovebs gamogonebis an `nou--
haus~ gamoyenebis uflebas. am-
asTan, mas SeuZlia es ufleba
sxva dainteresebul pirebsac
gadasces analogiuri pirobebiT.
gansakuTrebuli saxis sal-
icenzio SeTanxmebisas licen-
ziats eZleva gamogonebis gamoy-
enebis gansakuTrebuli ufle-
ba da licenziars ukve aRar
SeuZlia sxva pirebs an firmebs
misces igi analogiuri pirobe-
biT. sruli saxis salicenzio
SeTanxmebisas licenziari mTli-
anad licenziats uTmobs ga-
momgoneblis yvela uflebas xe-
lSekrulebis moqmedebis mTe-
li vadis ganmavlobaSi.
salicenzio obieqti Sei-
Zleba iyos teqnologiuri xa-
siaTis nebismieri damuSaveba,
masala Tu Senadnobi, nivTiereba,
mkurnalobis meTodi, sasargeb-
212
lo wiaRiseulis mopovebis wesi,
organizaciuli, finansuri, mmar-
TvelobiTi xasiaTis cnobebi da
a.S. licenziis gayidvis nebar-
Tvis misaRebad aucilebelia
Sesabamisi dokumentebis momza-
deba, romelTagan ZiriTadia
salicenzio pasporti, gayidvis
mizanSewonilobis teqnikur--
ekonomikuri dasabuTeba da sa-
reklamo teqnikuri aRweris
proeqti.
licenziari (licensor) -
gamogonebis, teqnologiuri
codnis da a.S. mesakuTre iu-
ridiuli piri, romelic li-
cenziatze gascems licenzias
gansazRvrul farglebSi Tavi-
si uflebebis gamoyenebisaTvis.
licenziati (licensee) [<laT.
licentiatus daSvebuli] - iurid-
iuli piri, romelic licen-
ziarisgan SeiZens licenzias
misi gansazRvrul farglebSi
gamoyenebis uflebisaTvis.
lozanis skola (Lousanne
School) – SveicariaSi lozanis
universitetSi arsebuli ekono-
mikuri azris skola, romel-
sac didi Rvawli miuZRvis
maTematikuri meTodebis gamoye-
nebiT sabazro ekonomikaSi ba-
zris ekonomikur agentTa ur-
TierTdamokidebulebis axsnaSi.
j. hiksi, k. erou da f. hani
didad arian davalebulni sayo-
velTao wonasworobis Teori-
licenziari
iT TavianTi winamorbedebis, lo-
zanis skolis TvalsaCino war-
momadgenlebis l. valrasisa da
v. paretos Semoqmedebisadmi.
lombardi (pawnshop) -
sakredito dawesebuleba, ro-
melic gascems sesxs moZravi
qonebis dagiravebis safuZvelze.
es qoneba inaxeba lombardSi. pir-
velad daarsda safrangeTSi
XV saukuneSi.
lorencis mrudi (Lorents
curve) - grafiki, romelic gviC-
venebs Semosavlebis ganawile-
baSi uTanabrobis xarisxs mo-
saxleobis jgufebis mixedviT
da realuri Semosavlebis mru-
dis gadaxris sidides absolu-
turi Tanasworobis mrudisgan.
ix. agreTve jinis koeficienti.
loti (lot) [holand. lood
partia, seria] - 1. sazomi er-
Teuli sabirJo garigebisas. ro-
gorc wesi, gamoiyeneba masSta-
bur garigebebSi. safondo bir-
Jebze ganasxvaveben srul da
arasrul lots. sruli loti
Seicavs sarealizacio fasiani
qaRaldebis yoveli birJisTvis
mkacrad gansazRvrul raode-
nobas (mag., niu--iorkis safon-
do birJaze 100 cali fasiani
qaRaldi Seadgens erT partias,
romelic miRebulia am birJaze
garigebis erTeulad). arasru-
li loti fasiani qaRaldebis
is partiaa, romelic ar fiq-
luis
luis-- feis
feis-- reinisis mo deli
modeli 213
sirdeba da Cveulebriv mcire da mas mTlianad STanTqavs
garigebebSi gamoiyeneba; 2. mrewveloba. am modelma mniS-
saqonlis partia, misi mTliani vnelovani wvlili Seitana qa-
raodenobis nawili, romelic laqisa da soflis urTierTo-
iyideba xelSekrulebiT. bis problemebis garkvevaSi, amas-
luis-feis-reinisis mo
mo-- Tan, empiriulma gamoTvlebma uar-
deli (Levis--Fei--Ranis model) - yo misi ori ZiriTadi debule-
umuSevrobis ekonomikuri mod- ba: pirveli, rogorc wesi, sa-
eli ganviTarebad qveynebSi, soflo-- sameurneo raionebSi
romelic Seqmna luisma 1954-- ar aris maRali umuSevroba sam-
1958 wlebSi da ganaviTares rewvelo raionebTan SedarebiT;
feim da reinisma 1964 wels. meore, mrewvelobaSi xelfasi
modelSi dasabuTebulia ekono- ar aris mudmivi sidide da ganu-
mikis samrewvelo da sasof- wyvetliv izrdeba, rac mniS-
lo--sameurneo seqtorebad day- vnelovnad gansxvavdeba xelfasis
ofis aucilebloba da ganxi- donisagan soflis meurneoba-
lulia maT Soris samuSao Za- Si.
lis moZraobis problemebi. sa-
soflo-- sameurneo seqtorSi,
romelic awarmoebs arsebobi-
saTvis aucilebel saSualebebs,
aris Warbi samuSao Zala, rome-
lic TandaTanobiT gadaadgild-
eba samrewvelo seqtorSi. am
ukanasknelis mier samuSao Za-
lis STanTqma damokidebulia
kapitalis dagrovebis tempze
da, Sesabamisad, mogebis don-
eze. luisi ganixilavda xel-
fasis dones mrewvelobaSi mud-
miv sidided, romelic dakav-
Sirebulia saarsebo minimumTan
sasoflo--sameurneo seqtorSi,
sruli dasaqmeba ki miiRweva
maSin, rodesac Warbi samuSao
Zala gadava sasoflo--sameur-
neodan samrewvelo raionebSi
214
m Zeli, didi]-- 1. qveynis mTliani
maastrixtis xelSekrule-
ba (Maastricht treaty) –1993 wlis
1 noembris xelSekruleba, rom-
lis safuZvelze evropuli ga-
erTianebis (EC) bazaze Seiqmna
evrokavSiri.
makler
maklerii (broker, jobber) [<germ.
makler] - Suamavali, rwmunebu-
li garigebebis dadebisas safon-
do, saqonlis da valutis bir-
Jebze. safondo birJaze fasi-
ani qaRaldebis makleri vaWro-
bis monawilea, romelic afiq-
sirebs garigebebs safondo bir-
Jis wevrebs _ brokerebsa da
dilerebs Soris. vaWrobaze
makleris daSveba ganisazRvre-
ba Sesabamis birJaze miRebuli
konkretuli meqanizmiT. amitom
maklerebi yvela safondo birJa-
ze ar arian. makleris Semosa-
vals _ kurtaJs Seadgens bir-
Jis im wevrebis mier gadaxdili
Tanxa, romelTa garigebebsac igi
afiqsirebs. birJaze makleri
moqmedebs rogorc rwmunebuli
da ar SeiZleba uSualod monawi-
leobdes garigebaSi Tavisi sax-
eliTa da Tavisi xarjiT. sa-
birJo maklerad muSaobisaTvis
saWiroa specialuri kursebis
gavla, praqtikuli gamocdileba
da saxelmwifo licenzia.
makroekonomika (macro-
maastrixtis xelSekrule
xelSekruleba
ba
economics) [<berZn. macros gr-
meurneoba; gamoxatavs ekonomi-
kis zogad mdgomareobas, gan-
icdis sabiujeto-- safinanso,
sakredito-- fuladi da sxva
samTavrobo politikis gavlenas;
2. ekonomikuri Teoriis ganyo-
fileba ekonomikis, rogorc
erTiani mTlianis, warmarTvis
Sesaxeb. swavlobs ekonomikis
cikluri meryeobis mizezebs,
urTierTdamokidebulebas sa-
warmoebisa da dasaqmebis di-
namikas Soris, inflacias, umu-
Sevrobas, ekonomikur zrdasa da
sxva makroekonomikur proble-
mebs. sapirispiroa _ mikroeko-
nomika.
makroekonomikuri igi
igi--
veoba
veoba (income identity) - makro-
ekonomikuri damokidebuleba,
romelic axasiaTebs warmoebu-
li erToblivi Semosavlebis
igiveobas moxmarebulTan.
makroekonomikuri maC-
veneblebi (macroeconomic in-
dicators) - maCvenebelTa (indika-
torTa) sistema, romelic gam-
oiyeneba qveynis mTeli ekono-
mikis, msxvilmasStaburi ekonomi-
kuri movlenebisa da procese-
bis Sesaswavlad. masSi Sedis:
1. ekonomikuri zrdis indika-
torebi (mTliani Sida produ-
qti, mTliani erovnuli produ-
qti, erovnuli Semosavali,
makroekonomikuri sta bilizacia
stabilizacia
ekonomikis mTliani mogeba, eko-
nomikis wminda mogeba, mTliani
erovnul danazogi, wminda erov-
nuli danazogi da a.S.); 2. qvey-
nis bunebriv-- resursuli da
mecnierul--teqnologiuri po-
tencialis indikatorebi (re-
sursebiT qveynis uzrunvely-
ofis done da xarisxi, ara-
kvlavwarmoebadi bunebrivi re-
sursebis upirates gamoyeneba-
ze gadasvlis teqnologiuri
uzrunvelyofis done da xaris-
xi da a.S.); 3. erovnuli ekonomi-
kis mdgradi ganviTarebis don-
eze damokidebuli indikator-
ebi (inflaciis done da tempi,
umuSevrobis norma, erovnuli
valutis stabilurobis done,
savaluto rezervis odenoba,
jinis koeficienti (anu Semo-
savlebis ganawilebaSi uTanab-
robis xarisxi), sakuTrebis
pluralizmis xarisxi, faru-
li ekonomikis masStabebi, sax-
elmwifo valis odenoba da
a.S.).
makroekonomikuri poli-
poli-
tika (macroeconomic policy) -
ekonomikis saxelmwifo regu-
lirebis RonisZiebaTa erTob-
lioba, mimarTuli qveynis mdgra-
di ganviTarebis miRwevisa da
SenarCunebisaken ekonomikis
cikluri meryeobis Senelebis,
inflaciuri da deflaciuri
procesebis aRmofxvris, Semo-
215
savlebis ganawilebaSi mkveTri
uTanabrobis daZlevis, sazoga-
doebrivi saqonlis warmoebis,
urayofiTi gare efeqtebis nive-
lirebis, umuSevrobis Semcir-
ebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis
safuZvelze. am mizniT saxelm-
wifos ekisreba alokaciuri,
gadamanawilebeli da stabili-
zaciis funqciebis Sesruleba.
makroekonomikuri stabi-
lizacia (macroeconomic stabi-
lisation) - ekonomikis normaluri
funqcionirebis Semadgeneli
nawili, romlis gareSe insti-
tuciuri, mikro--, mezo-, makro--
da megaekonomikuri procesebi
deformirebul xasiaTs iRebs.
ganmsazRvreli adgili uWiravs
ekonomikis sistemuri gardaqm-
nebis struqturaSi. ekonomikis
konversiis procesSi masze mniS-
vnelovnad aris damokidebuli
qveynis instituciuri gardaqm-
nebi (sakuTrebis gansaxelmwi-
foebriveba, sabazro infrastru-
qturis Camoyalibeba, resurse-
bis, saqonlisa da momsaxure-
bis bazrebis formireba, axali
sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna da
sxv.), mikroekonomikuri gardaqm-
nebi (fasebis liberalizacia,
ekonomikis demonopolizacia, an-
timonopoliuri regulireba da
sxv.) da megaekonomikuri gar-
daqmnebi (sagareo--ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis liberalizacia,
216 makroekonomikuri stabi lizacia
stabilizacia

Caketili ekonomikidan Ria ujetis deficitis Semcireba-

ekonomikaze gadasvla da sxv.). ze rogorc saxelmwifo xar-
mag., makroekonomikuri arasta- jebis (saxelmwifo mmarTvelo-
bilurobis pirobebSi sabazro bis, Tavdacvis, socialuri
infrastruqturis institute- dacvis xarjebis, saxelmwifo
bi aSkara, daufarav spekulaci- transferebis, subsidiebis, kapi-
ur orientacias iRebs, fasebis taldabandebebisa da a.S.) Sem-
liberalizacia SeiZleba hi per- cirebis gziT, ise saSemosavlo
inflaciaSi gadaizardos da a.S. bazis gadidebiT. es ukanaskne-
Tavis mxriv, makroekonomikuri li miiRweva sagadasaxado poli-
stabilizacia SeuZlebelia in- tikis gamkacrebiT, sagadasaxa-
stituciuri, mikro-, mezo- da do SeRavaTebis SemcirebiTa da
megaekonomikuri gardaqmnebis gadasaxadebis gadidebis gziT,
gareSe ganxorcieldes. Caketi- privatizaciidan miRebuli Se-
li ekonomikis pirobebSi, saba- mosavlebis gazrdiTa da a.S.
zro urTierTobebisa da Sesa- mkacr sabiujeto politi-
bamisi institutebis gareSe, igi kas Tan axlavs fulad--sakredi-
direqtiul-- centralizebul to politikis gamkacrebac, rac
formas iRebs. `Zviri fulis~ politikaSi
makroekonomikuri stabili- aisaxeba. igi gamoixateba fu-
zacia didad aris damokidebu- lis miwodebis SezRudviT an
li im modelis prioritetze, SewyvetiT (risi erTaderTi
romelic qveyanam airCia gar- gzac fulis emisiasTan erTad,
damaval ekonomikaSi, sistemuri komerciuli bankebis rezerve-
gardaqmnebis sawyis etapze. bis Semcirebaa), centraluri
msoflio ekonomikam am Tval- bankis kreditebis SemcirebiT,
sazrisiT Tanamedrove pirobeb- saprocento ganakveTis amaRle-
Si wina planze e.w. `Sokuri biT (rac amcirebs komerciu-
Terapiisa~ da gradualisturi li bankebis dainteresebas, gaz-
modelebi wamowia. ardon TavianTi rezervebi cen-
cnobilia makroekonomikuri traluri bankisgan sesxis aReb-
stabilizaciis Semdegi Ziri- is meSveobiT), bankTaSorisi
Tadi ti pebi: orTodoqsuli, sarezervo normis gadidebiT
heterodoqsuli da struq- (rac avtomaturad amcirebs ko-
turul-warmoebrivi. merciuli bankebis rezervebs),
orTodoqsul midgomaSi aq- safondo bazarze saxelmwifo
centi keTdeba saxelmwifo bi- fasiani qaRaldebis gayidviTa
makroekonomikuri stabi lizacia
stabilizacia
da a.S.
makroekonomikuri stabili-
zaciis orTodoqsuli ti pis-
Tvis damaxasiaTebelia ekonomi-
kuri stabilizatorebis (e.w.
`Ruzis~) arCevis ori gza. pirv-
el SemTxvevaSi aqcenti keTde-
ba mimoqcevaSi erovnuli fu-
fulad
lis SezRudvaze, e.i. `fulad
Ruzaze
Ruzaze~, romelsac safuZvlad
monetaruli meTodebi udevs.
igi emyareba mkacr sabiujeto,
sagadasaxado, fulad--sakredi-
to politikas `mcuravi~ gacv-
liTi savaluto kursis piro-
bebSi, rodesac antiinflaciuri
RonisZiebebi dayvanilia er-
Toblivi moTxovnis Semcirebasa
da fuladi masis SezRudvaze.
meore SemTxvevaSi aqcenti keT-
deba savaluto kursis stabi-
lizaciaze fiqsirebuli kur-
sis da savaluto `derefnis~
savalu-
dadgenis gziT, e.i. `savalu-
to Ruzaze
Ruzaze~. es RonisZiebebi
xels uwyobs inflaciuri mo-
lodinis Semcirebas, bazris sub-
ieqtebis ekonomikuri qcevis
winaswar ganWvretasa da a.S.
am SemTxvevaSi aqcenti keTde-
ba ucxour valutaze, pirvel
yovlisa, aSS--is dolarze da
gacvliTi valutis kursis sta-
bilur SenarCunebaze.
amrigad, makroekonomikuri
stabilizaciis orTodoqsuli
ti pi, erTi mxriv, monetaruli
217
(`fuladi Ruza~) politikis,
xolo, meore mxriv, fiqsirebu-
li savaluto kursis (`savalu-
to Ruza~) gamomxatvelia. igi
warmoSobs iseT mniSvnelovan
problemebs, rogoricaa: dabali
sainvesticio da saqmiani aqti-
uroba, mecnierul-- teqnolo-
giuri potencialis Sesusteba,
saSinao bazarze samamulo war-
moebis produqciis wilis dace-
ma, sagadasaxado bazis Sekveca,
qveynis ekonomikuri usafrTxo-
ebis Sesusteba, saxelmwifo
biujetis saSemosavlo nawilis
Semcireba da a.S.
heterodoqsuli midgo-
ma aqcents akeTebs Semosav-
lebisa da fasebis `gayinvaze~,
rac ekonomikur Teoriasa da
praqtikaSi finansuri stabili-
zaciis `mesame Ruzis~ saxel-
wodebiTaa cnobili. es midgo-
ma, gansakuTrebiT `Sokis~ for-
miT, iZleva antiinflaciur
efeqts, magram warmoqmnis nega-
tiur Sedegebsac: qreba war-
moebis ganviTarebis stimule-
bi, Cndeba sasaqonlo defici-
tis warmoqmnis saSiSroeba,
xdeba fasismieri impulsebis de-
formacia da a.S.
makroekonomikuri stabili-
zaciis mesame varianti _ struq-
turul -warmoebrivi stabili-
turul-warmoebrivi
zacia aris gradualizmis vari-
anti, romelic `Sokisagan~ gan-
218 makroekonomikuri stabi lizacia
sxvavebiT xorcieldeba Tanda-
TanobiT, evoluciurad. misi
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia: sax-
elmwifos mxardaWera ara mxo-
lod regulirebis aprobirebu-
li meTodebis gamoyenebiT, ara-
med sainvesticio da progre-
suli struqturuli politikis
gatarebiT, saxelmwifos mier
ekonomikis sakvanZo sferoebis
marTvis SenarCunebiT, warmoeb-
is modernizaciiT, adgilobriv
mwarmoebelTa dacviT, mecnier-
uli gamokvlevebis waxalise-
biTa da a.S.
struqturul-- warmoebrivi
stabilizacia finansuri sta-
bilizaciis mizniT iTvaliswi-
nebs ara erToblivi moTxovnis
SezRudvas, aramed mis stimu-
lirebas, rogorc Sinameur-
neobebis, ise firmebis mimarT.
es varianti ekonomikis konver-
siis TvalsazrisiT, `Sokuri Te-
rapiis~ anti podia, xolo makro-
ekonomikuri stabilizaciis
TvalsazrisiT, orTodoqsuli
da geterodoqsuli stabili-
zaciis anti podi.
makrostabilizaciis am mo-
delSi garkveulwilad gaer-
Tianebulia rogorc keinzianuri,
ise neoklasikuri Teoriebis
ZiriTadi postulatebi da igi
amiTac imsaxurebs yuradRebas.
struqturul-- warmoebrivi
stabilizaciis nimuSia iaponia,
stabilizacia
romelmac ukanasknel period-
Si aqtiuri mizanmimarTuli
politika gaatara ekonomikis
struqturuli gardaqmnebis
TvalsazrisiT. amis magaliTad
Tanamedrove CineTic gamodge-
ba, romelic sabazro sawyiseb-
ze axorcielebs warmoebriv--eko-
nomikuri potencialis mZlavr
modernizacias.
aqtiuri struqturuli,
warmoebrivi da sainvesticio
politika ganapirobebs, ekonomi-
kuri potencialis ganaxlebi-
sa da datvirTvis mizniT, war-
moebis xarjebis Semcirebisa da
produqciis xarisxis amaRlebis
safuZvelze samamulo warmoe-
bis produqciis konkurentunar-
ianobis amaRlebas, erToblivi
miwodebis zrdas, rac iwvevs
antiinflaciur efeqts. paral-
erulad xorcieldeba erTob-
livi moTxovnis zrda, rac
erTdroulad socialuri prob-
lemebis gadaWris sawindaria.
aRniSnuli efeqtis Sedegad
struqturul--warmoebrivi sta-
bilizaciis programebi iwvevs
sakredito SezRudvebis Ser-
bilebas, damatebiTi fuladi
emisiis SesaZleblobas. es in-
flaciis zrdis saSiSroebas
warmoqmnis, Tumca, misi Sekave-
ba SesaZlebelia inflaciis kon-
trolis gaZlierebiT, rac gam-
oixateba bunebrivi monopolie-
` mankieri wre~
bis produqciaze fasebis kon-
troliT, unaRdo angariSswore-
bis formebis ganviTarebiT da,
saerTod, makroekonomikuri di-
namikisadmi mudmivi yuradRebiT.
amasTan, aseTi gziT warmoSo-
bili inflacia moklevadiania.
igi mxolod sawyis etapze vlin-
deba, xolo Semdeg, warmoebis
gamococxlebisa da aRmavlobis
safuZvelze, TandaTan qreba.
amrigad, amgvari gziT miR-
weuli finansuri stabiliza-
cia arsebiTad gansxvavdeba li-
beralur--monetaristuli poli-
tikisagan. rac mTavaria, igi
iZleva samamulo produqciiT
bazris gajerebis SesaZleblo-
bas, amasTan, qveynis ekonomikuri
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa
da erovnuli ekonomikis `saned-
leulo danamatad~ gardaqmnis
ardaSvebis garantias.
saqarTveloSi ekonomikis
konversiis makroekonomikuri
politika orientirebulia mak-
roekonomikuri stabilizaciis
orTodoqsul ti pze. es aris
liberalur-- monetaristuli
politika, romelic `Zviri fu-
lis~ politikaSi aisaxa. mas
win uZRoda sabazro ekonomi-
kaze gadasvlis `Sokuri~ gza, ro-
melic Semdgom TviT postva-
Singtonis konsensusmac ki uary-
ofiTad Seafasa. makroekono-
mikuri stabilizaciis gradu-
219
alisturi gziT ganxorcieleb-
is SesaZleblobebi saqarTvelom
xelidan gauSva.
mandel-flemingis mode-
li (Mundell--Fleming model) - 1. Ria
ekonomikaSi saqonlisa da finan-
suri bazrebis erTdrouli wo-
nasworobis modeli; 2. erTma-
neTisgan damoukideblad ori
ekonomistis mier SemuSavebu-
li modeli, romelic gviCvenebs,
rom rogorc fiskaluri, ise
fulad--sakredito politikis-
agan miRebuli efeqti damok-
idebulia savaluto kursebis
reJimze. kapitalis absolu-
turi mobilurobis daSvebisas,
modeli gviCvenebs fulad--sak-
redito politikis araefeqti-
anobas valutis fiqsirebuli
kursis pirobebSi da fiskaluri
politikisa _ valutis gacv-
liTi kursis pirobebSi.
` mankieri wre~ (“vicious
circles”) - termini, romelic
Cveulebriv axasiaTebs ganvi-
Tarebadi qveynebis ekonomikur
mdgomareobas. iTvleba, rom am
qveynebis ekonomika, sadac iwar-
moeba mxolod arsebobisaTvis
aucilebeli saSualebebi, ar
eqvemdebareba gardaqmnas, vinaid-
an dabalia warmoebis mTliani
moculoba da sarezervo ma-
ragebi umniSvneloa an, saer-
Tod, ar iqmneba. aqedan gamom-
dinare, moxmarebis Semdeg ar
220
arsebobs nameti kapitalis
dagrovebisaTvis, romlis gare-
Sec naklebad SesaZlebelia
warmoebis gadideba. am `manki-
eri wris~ gasaRebi kapitalis
dagrovebaa. Tu qveyana SeZlebs
Tavi daaRwios am wres, maSin
warmoiqmneba sawinaaRmdego
procesi. rogorc ki daiwyeba
kapitalis dagroveba, warmoeb-
is moculoba izrdeba, xolo
Semdeg iwyebs zrdas Semosav-
lebic, romelic qmnis namets
investirebisa da dagrovebi-
saTvis.
ma nqanaTmSenebloba (mecha-
manqanaTmSenebloba
nical enjeneering) - gadammuSave-
beli mrewvelobis dargTa ko-
mpleqsi. moicavs: zogad man-
qanaTmSeneblobas, satranspor-
to manqanaTmSeneblobas, radi-
oeleqtronul, eleqtroteqni-
kur, xelsawyoTmSenebel mrewve-
lobas, sasoflo--sameurneo man-
qanaTmSeneblobas, dazgaTmSe-
neblobas, energetikul manqanaT-
mSeneblobasa da a.S.
manqanuri warmoeba (me-
chanized production) - industri-
uli warmoebis materialuri
safuZvlis Seqmnis mniSvnelo-
vani stadia, ris safuZvelzec
manufaqtura (xeliT Sromaze
dafuZnebuli warmoeba) Seicv-
ala fabrikiT. warmoiSva sam-
rewvelo gadatrialebis Sede-
gad XVIII saukunis II naxevar-
ma nqanaTmSenebloba
manqanaTmSenebloba
Si. manqanuri warmoebis Semdgo-
mi safexuri ukavSirdeba mec-
nierul--teqnikur revolucias,
romelic saTaves iRebs XX
saukunis II naxevridan.
maragebSi investicia (in-
ventory investment) - maragebis
dagroveba im SemTxvevaSi, rode-
sac warmoeba aRemateba gayid-
vaTa faqtobriv moculobas. Tu
warmoebis moculoba gayidvis
moculobaze dabalia, maragebi
mcirdeba. xSirad aseTi inves-
ticiebi gauTvaliswinebelia da
buferis rols asrulebs ga-
moSvebis moculobasa da gay-
idvis ganusazRvrel moculo-
bas Soris.
maragi (stock) – mocemuli
TariRisaTvis ekonomikur brun-
vaSi CarTuli aqtivi da valde-
buleba.
maregulirebeli saxel-
mwifo komisia (regulatory state
commission) - iqmneba im dargeb-
sa da sferoebSi, sadac arse-
bobs monopoliis gansakuTrebu-
li saxeoba _ bunebrivi mono-
polia. sadReisod igi bunebrivi
monopoliebis saxelmwifo reg-
ulirebis nacadi institutia.
maregulirebeli komisieb-
is samSobloa aSS. Semdeg maT
iwyes gavrceleba sxva qveyneb-
Si, Tumca, bevr qveyanaSi (did
britaneTSi, argentinaSi, nor-
vegiaSi, SvedeTSi da a.S.) isi-
marketingi
ni gvian Seiqmna. dRes aseTi
komisiebi postkomunisturi qve-
ynebis did nawilSic (ungreTi,
poloneTi, makedonia, rumineTi,
slovakeTi, CexeTi, ruseTi, bal-
tiispira qveynebi, yazaxeTi da
a.S.) aris Seqmnili.
saqarTveloSi pirveli ma-
regulirebeli komisia Seiqmna
energetikaSi 1996 wels ekono-
mikis saministrosTan, xolo 1997
wlidan igi dRemde damoukide-
blad funqcionirebs. romelic
funqcionirebs. 1997 wels Se-
iqmna transportisa da fasi-
ani qaRaldebis maregulirebeli
erovnuli komisiebi, romlebic
gauqmda 2007 wels. amJamad gar-
da energetikisa, aseTi komisia
moqmedebs komunikaciebis sfero-
Si, romelic Seiqmna 2000 wels.
`marTvadi~ kapitalizmi
(“managerial” kapitalism) – Tana-
medrove kapitalizmSi iseTi
tendenciebis ganviTareba, eko-
nomikis iseTi organizacia, ro-
melSic arsebiT rolsa da sak-
vanZo funqciebs umsxvilesi ko-
rporaciebi asruleben, xolo
resursebis gamoyeneba xorci-
eldeba menejerTa jgufis mier
resursebis mesakuTreTagan gan-
calkevebiT da mniSvnelovan-
wilad maTi kontrolis gareSe.
aseTi situacia ar aris niSan-
doblivi korporatiuli kapi-
talizmisTvis, vinaidan mene-
221
jerebs SeiZleba saxelmwifosa
da sazogadoebis miznebisagan
gansxvavebuli miznebi hqondeT.
am tendenciebis gamovlenaSi
mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZR-
viT j. gelbreits, a. berlisa
da sxva cnobil ekonomistebs.
marketingi (marketing) [<mar-
ket bazari, gasaReba]--komerciu-
li saqmianobis RonisZiebaTa
sistema, romelic bazris Ses-
wavliTa da samomxmareblo
moTxovnaze aqtiuri zemoqme-
debiT, fasis sworad dadgeniT,
saqonlis moraluri cveTis
prognoziT, sareklamo strate-
giiTa da a.S. ganapirobebs war-
moebuli saqonlisa da momsax-
urebis Seuferxebel gasaRebas.
igi moicavs: 1. saqonelsa da
momsaxurebaze rogorc arse-
buli, ise potenciuri moTxov-
nis yovelmxriv Seswavlas ba-
zris kompleqsuri gamokvlev-
iTa da misi ganviTarebis prog-
nozirebiT; 2. samecniero--kvlev-
iTi saqmianobisa da sacdel--
sakonstruqtoro damuSavebis
organizacias; 3. produqciis
(momsaxurebis) gasaRebis siste-
misa da meTodebis organizaci-
asa da srulyofas; 4. firmis
saqmianobis regulirebas, dafi-
nansebis koordinirebas, warmoe-
bis dagegmvas, produqciis Se-
fuTvas, mis transportirebas,
teqnikur momsaxurebas (saga-
222
rantios, gayidvis Semdgoms,
servisuls), yvela donis muSak-
Ta momzadebasa da kvalifikaci-
is amaRlebas, sareklamo stra-
tegias da a.S.
gamoyenebis arealis mixed-
viT gamoyofen marketingis Sem-
deg saxeebs: Sida marketingi;
pirdapiri investiciebis mar-
ketingi; eqsportuli da impor-
tuli marketingi; marketingi
saqonlis (momsaxurebis) saxeo-
baTa mixedviT; arakomerciuli
saqmianobis marketingi; saerTa-
Soriso marketingi.
marketingis garemo (mar-
keting environment) - gamoyofen
xuT ZiriTad komponents, rom-
lebic marketingis sistemaze
axdenen rogorc dadebiT, ise
uaryofiT gavlenas. es kompo-
nentebia: ekonomika, politika, de-
mografia, samarTali, kultura.
markireba (labeling) – sai-
dentifikacio pirobiTi aRniS-
vna, romelic keTdeba tvirTze
(yuTze, tomaraze) da moicavs
informacias, romelic aucile-
belia tvirTis gadatanisa da
myidvelisaTvis Casabareblad.
saTanado markirebis ararse-
bobam SesaZlebelia damzRvevs
CamoarTvas dazRvevis anazRau-
rebis miRebis ufleba.
markovici hari (1927) (Mar-
kovitz Harry) – amerikeli ekono-
mist-finansisti, finansuri mar-
marketingis garemo
Tvis Teoriisa da praqtikis
erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, ekono-
mikis dargSi nobelis premiis
laureati (1990) m. milerTan
(Miller) da u. SarpTan (Sharpe)
erTad, finansuri riskebis mar-
TvaSi Setanili novatoruli
wvlilisaTvis.
XX saukunis 50-ian wleb-
Si markovicis naSromebma safuZ-
veli Cauyara portfelis (port-
folio) Tanamedrove Teorias. Tav-
dapirvelad man SeimuSava port-
felis arCevis Teoria, romel-
Sic warmodgenilia korpora-
ciebis mier sainvesticio fasi-
ani qaRaldebis SerCevis Ziri-
Tadi princi pebi. es Teoria sa-
investicio sferoSi menejer-
Ta normatiuli modeli gaxda.
markovicis ZiriTadi naS-
romebia: `portfelis arCeva:
investirebis efeqtiani diver-
sifikacia~(1959) (“Portfolio se-
lection: Efficient Diversification of
Investment”) da `portfelis
arCevisas saSualosa da dis-
persiis (saSualosgan gadaxris
_ r.a.) analizi da kapitalis
bazrebi~(1987)(“Mean-Variance
Analysis in Portfolio Choice and
Capital Markets”).
marJa (margin, spread) [<frang.
marge kide, are]--sxvadasxva maC-
venebels (fasebs, procentul
ganakveTebs, fasiani qaRaldeb-
is kursebs da a.S.) Soris sxva-
marqsi karl
obis gamomxatveli sidide. mag.,
safondo birJaze fasiani qaRal-
debis gayidvisas marJa aris
sxvaoba myidvelis fassa da gam-
yidvelis fass Soris. gamoiye-
neba savaWro, sabirJo, sadazRve-
vo da sabanko praqtikaSi.
marJinalizmi (marginal-
ism) [<frang. margina ukidure-
si, zRvruli]-- erT--erTi mim-
dinareoba, meTodologiuri prin-
ci pi, romlis ZiriTadi meTo-
debi da instrumentebi gamoiy-
eneba neoklasikur ekonomikur
TeoriaSi. igi iTvaliswinebs
ekonomikuri movlenebisa da
procesebis kvlevaSi zRvruli
sidideebis gamoyenebas, efuZne-
ba raodenobriv analizs da
iyenebs ekonomikur--maTematikur
meTodebs. marJinalizmi saqon-
lis Rirebulebas (faseulobas)
gansazRvravs im sasargeblo
efeqtiT, romelic mas moaqvs
momxmareblisaTvis. aqedan ga-
momdinare, igi upirispirdeba
klasikuri skolis SromiTi
Rirebulebis Teorias. marJi-
nalizmi moicavs zRvruli sar-
geblianobis, zRvruli mwarmoe-
blurobis, zRvruli xarjebi-
sa da a.S. Teoriebs. ZiriTadi
marJinalisturi koncefciebi
gamoiyeneba moTxovnis, fasis,
sabazro wonasworobisa da a.S.
TeoriebSi.
marJinalizmma farTo gan-
223
viTareba pova XIX saukunis
meore naxevarSi h. klarkis, f.
ejuorTis, i. fiSeris, a, marSa-
lis, v. paretos, l. valrasis,
k. viqselisa da sxvaTa naS-
romebSi. am Teoriam TvalsaCi-
no roli Seasrula ekonomikuri
azris ganviTarebaSi da `mar-mar-
Jinalisturi revoluciis
revoluciis~
saxeliTaa cnobili.
martivi Tamasuqi (promis-
sory note) - valdebuleba gan-
sazRvruli Tanxis gadaxdis
Sesaxeb garkveuli drois gan-
mavlobaSi. martivi Tamasuqi
moicavs: 1. dasaxelebas _
`Tamasuqi~, romelic CarTulia
teqstSi im enaze, romelzec
es dokumentia Sedgenili; 2.
martiv dapirebas gansazRvru-
li Tanxis gadaxdis Sesaxeb,
rac arafriT ar aris Sepirobe-
buli; 3. gadaxdis vadis mi-
TiTebas; 4. im adgilis aRniS-
vnas, sadac Tanxa unda gadaix-
adon; 5. im piris dasaxelebas,
visTvis an visi brZanebiTac unda
gadaixadon; 6. Tamasuqis Sedge-
nis TariRisa da adgilis mi-
TiTebas; 7. Tamasuqis gamcemi
piris xelmoweras.
gadasapirebeli Tamasuqis-
agan gansxvavebiT, martiv Tama-
suqSi ar aris miTiTebuli gad-
amxdeli. martiv Tamasuqs ga-
mowers da xels awers mevale.
marqsi karl (1818-- 1883)
224
(Marx Karl) _ germaneli filo-
sofosi, ekonomisti, sociolo-
gi, istorikosi da politolo-
gi. swavlobda bonis, berlinisa
da ienis universitetebSi. ien-
is universitetis filosofiis
doqtori aqtiurad Caeba poli-
tikur brZolaSi. misi pirveli
statiebi gamoqveynda `reinis
gazeTSi~, sadac igi politikur
ganyofilebas xelmZRvanelob-
da.
marqsma Tavisi cxovrebis
udidesi nawili ukidures siR-
aribeSi gaatara. 1849 wlidan
cxovrobda inglisSi da Tavisi
megobrisa da kolegis engel-
sis finansuri daxmarebiT mra-
valricxovan ojaxs inaxavda.
marqsma uaryo hegelis ko--
nservatuli politikuri filo-
sofia da ganaviTara misi di-
aleqtikuri meTodi. kapitaliz-
mis ganviTarebis kanonebi ax-
sna naSromSi `kapitali~ (I t. _
1867, II t. _ 1885 da III t. _
1894). meore da mesame tomebi
gamovida engelsis redaqciiT.
ekonomikis sferoSi marqsis
sxva mniSvnelovani naSromebia
`zedmeti Rirebulebis Teorie-
bi~ (sam nawilad, 1905--1910)
da `politikuri ekonomiis kri-
tikisaTvis~ (1859).
ekonomikis dargSi mecnier-
uli miRwevebiT marqsi aRiare-
bulia msoflios udides moaz-
marqsi karl
rovned, miuxedavad imisa, rom
misma zogierTma daskvnam ver
pova praqtikuli aRiareba.
marqsistuli ekonomikuri
moZRvrebis RerZia Rirebulebisa
da zedmeti Rirebulebis Teo-
riebi. marqsma gacvlis proce-
sis ganviTarebis safexurebi,
rogorc istoriulisa da lo-
gikuris asaxva, detalurad ga-
aanaliza `kapitalis~ pirvel
tomSi.
engelsTan erTad, marqsma
dawera `komunisturi partiis
manifesti~ (1848), sadac ganx-
ilulia komunisturi sazoga-
doebis princi pebi. es naSromi
gaxda saprogramo dokumenti
im saxelmwifoebisTvis, rom-
lebic Seecadnen aeSenebinaT so-
cialisturi sazogadoeba. mar-
qsis saxelTan aris dakavSire-
buli miwasa da sxva warmoeb-
is saSualebebze kerZo sakuTre-
bis gauqmeba da sazogadoebis
TiToeuli wevris Tanabari uf-
lebiT sazogadoebrivi sakuT-
rebis centralizebuli marTvis
safuZvelze saxelmwifo ti pis
ekonomikis Seqmna. sakuTrebiT
urTierTobebs marqsi aniWebda
pirvelxarisxovan mniSvnelobas
da miiCnevda warmoebiTi urT-
ierTobebis dedaarsad. k. marq-
sis mixedviT, antagonizmi war-
moiqmneba sakuTrebiTi urTier-
Tobebis wiaRSi, amitom kerZo
marSali alfred
kapitalistur sakuTrebaze da,
aqedan gamomdinare, eqsploat-
aciaze dafuZnebuli kapital-
izmis kraxi gardauvalia. k.
marqsma Rrmad Seiswavla adre-
uli kapitalizmis buneba, ma-
gram ver SeZlo ganeWvrita misi
momavali bedi da aRmoCnda ko-
munisturi sazogadoebis Sesa-
xeb cru warmodgenebis tyveo-
baSi.
maSin, rodesac fulis wa--
rmoSobis racionaluri konce--
fcia fuls Zveli kanonmdebleb-
is genialuri Canafiqrisa da,
aqedan gamomdinare, Zveli kanon-
mdeblobis nayofad Tvlis (fu-
lis warmoSobisadmi subieq-
tur--fsiqologiuri midgoma _
idea, romelic fulis wa--
rmoSobas ukavSirebs adamianebs
Soris SeTanxmebis Sedegs),
pirvelad aristotelesTan gvx-
vdeba (Àðèñòîòåëü. Íèêîìà-
õîâà ýòèêà. Ñî÷. Ò. 4. Ì., 1983,
ñ. 156-157) da ganuyoflad
batonobda XVIII saukunis bo-
lomde. evoluciuri koncef-
cia fulis warmoSobas ekono-
mikur urTierTobaTa ganviTare-
bis obieqtur procesad miiC-
nevs. marTalia, evoluciuri
koncefcia saTaves a. smiTisa
da d. rikardosgan iRebs, ma-
gram am mimarTulebis fuZem-
deblad aRiareben k. marqss, ro-
melsac mxars uWeren p. samu-
225
elsoni, v. nordhausi, r. bari
da sxva cnobili mecnierebi.
marSali alfred (1842--
1924) (Marshall Alfred) _ ing-
liseli ekonomisti (ganaTlebiT
maTematikosi), kembrijis uni-
versitetis profesori (1885--
1908). miuxedavad imisa, rom
zRvruli analizis fuZemdebe-
li iyo, arasdros ar uaryof-
da Tavis kavSirs inglisur
klasikur ekonomikur skolas-
Tan. man daarsa inglisur--ame-
rikuli skola da XX sauku-
nis dasawyisSi wamoayena al-
ternatiuli Rirebulebis (fa-
seulobis) Teoria, romelic in-
glisur--amerikuli skolis Te-
oriis saxeliTaa cnobili.
marSalma Rirebulebis sxva
Teoriebis (SromiTi Rirebuleb-
is Teoria, warmoebis danaxar-
jebis Teoria, moTxovna--miwode-
bis Teoria) SeerTebiT Seqmna
Rirebulebis axali Teoria,
romelSic amosavali postula-
tia moTxovna--miwodebis kano-
ni. am Teoriis mixedviT saqon-
lis miwodebas gansazRvravs
warmoebis danaxarjebi, xolo
moTxovnas _ saqonlis zRvru-
li sargeblianoba. amrigad,
aRniSnul TeoriaSi gaTval-
iswinebulia rogorc imaTi
Tvalsazrisi, vinc Rirebule-
bas obieqturi faqtorebiT gan-
sazRvravs, ise imaTic, vinc maT
226 marSal_lerneris piro ba
piroba

subieqturi faqtorebiT gan- neoklasikur (subieqtur) Te-

sazRvravs. maSasadame, Rire- oriebs Soris. misi ZiriTadi
bulebis marSaliseuli Teo- naSromebia: `ekonomiqsis princi-
ria obieqturi da subieqtu
subieqtu-- pebi~ (1890), `industria da
ri faqtorebiT Rirebuleb- vaWroba~ (1919), `fuli, kredi-
is gansazRvris Taviseburi ti da komercia~ (1923) da sxv.
sinTezia. igi asabuTebs Rire- marSalis naSromebma udidesi
bulebasa da sargeblianobas roli Seasrules ara mxolod
Soris funqcionalur kavSirs qveynis ekonomikuri politikis
da fass, rogorc saqonlis sa- marTvaSi, aramed Tanamedrove
yidlad gadaxdil fulis rao- mikroekonomikis formirebaSic.
denobas, ganixilavs Rirebuleb- marSal_lerneris piro-
isa da sargeblianobis er- ba (Marshall-Lerner condition) –
Tobliobad. piroba, romelic ori ekono-
a. marSalis naSromebis fun- mistis _ alfred marSalisa da
damenturi idea mdgomareobs aba lerneris saxels atarebs,
imaSi, rom moTxovna da miwodeba gulisxmobs gaufasurebis Sem-
gansazRvraven wonasworobis sa- deg savaWro balansis gaum-
bazro fasebs. igi akritikebda jobesebisaTvis eqsportis gazr-
rogorc klasikur, ise avstri- dasa da importis Semcirebas,
ul skolebs da asabuTebda, rom raTa moxdes importis fasis
isini calmxrivad ganixilavd- zrdis kompensireba. aqedan
nen faswarmoqmnas. marSali daskvna: realuri gaufasureba,
amtkicebda, rom rogorc moTx- saboloo angariSiT, wminda
ovna, ise warmoebis danaxarje- eqsportis zrdas iwvevs.
bi mniSvnelovan rols asrule- masStabiT ganpirobebu-
ben wonasworobis fasebis for- li ekonomia (economies of
mirebaSi. scale) - ekonomia, romelic mi-
alfred marSalma SemoiRo iRweva grZelvadian periodSi
moTxovnisa da miwodebis elas- warmoebis moculobis gadide-
tikurobis cnebebi, leon val- bis pirobebSi saSualo mTliani
rasTan erTad Seqmna moTxov- danaxarjebis SemcirebiT.
na--miwodebis martivi modeli, masStabis efeqti (returns
romelmac didi roli Seasru- to scale) - warmoebis moculo-
la bazris funqcionirebis me- bis cvlilebis koeficienti yve-
qanizmis garkvevaSi. man xidi la gamoyenebuli resursis ra-
aago klasikur (obieqtur) da odenobis cvlilebisas. Tuki,
materialuri momsaxureba
magaliTad, rogorc resursebi
orkecdeba, imave odenobiT iz-
rdeba warmoebis moculoba, ma-
Sin amboben, rom masStabis ef-
eqts ar hqonia adgili, Tuki
warmoebis moculoba izrdeba
orjer ufro naklebad, maSin
uaryofiTi masStabis efeqts aqvs
adgili, xolo Tu igi izrdeba
orjer ufro metad, maSin _
dadebiTi masStabis efeqts. es
movlena unda ganvasxvaoT mx-
olod erTi resursis cvlileb-
is SemTxvevisgan, romelic, sab-
oloo angariSiT, gamoxatavs
klebadi ukugebis kanons. mzar-
di masStabis efeqts (increas-
ing returns to scale) adgili aqvs
im SemTxvevaSi, roca firmis gr-
Zelvadiani saSualo danaxar-
jebi ecema gamoSvebuli produ-
qciis zrdis paralelurad.
matebis tempi (rate of growth)
- gviCvenebs mocemuli sidide
procentuli gamoxatulebiT
ramdeniT gaizarda saanalizo
periodSi. matebis tempi aris
zrdis temps minus 100%.
materialuri momsaxu-
reba (material service) - Sro-
mis specifikuri ekonomikuri
forma, romlis sasargeblo
efeqtic materializebul mom-
saxurebaSi vlindeba. saerTa-
Soriso dargobrivi klasifika-
toris mixedviT, materialuri
momsaxureba or jgufad iyo-
227
fa: pirveli jgufi ukavSirde-
ba produqtebis moZraobas uSu-
alod materialuri dovlaTis
warmoebis procesSi, xolo me-
ore _ sakuTriv warmoebis ga-
reT materialuri dovlaTis
moZraobas. pirvel jgufSi Se-
dis: satvirTo transporti, war-
moebrivi daniSnulebis kavSir-
gabmuloba, sabiTumo vaWroba,
sasawyobo meurneoba, eleqtro--,
gaz-- da wyalmomarageba, war-
moebrivi daniSnulebis remon-
ti, saqmiani da sainformacio--
sakonsultacio momsaxureba,
safinanso--sakredito momsaxure-
ba. meore jgufs miekuTvneba:
sacalo vaWroba, sazogadoe-
brivi kveba, sayofacxovrebo
saqonlisa da piradi moxmare-
bis sagnebis SekeTeba, teqnikuri
momsaxureba, sabinao-- komu-
naluri momsaxureba, kavSirgab-
muloba mosaxleobis momsax-
urebis nawilSi, samgzavro
transporti. aseTi dayofa ram-
denadme pirobiTia, vinaidan
arsebobs momsaxurebis saxeebi,
romlebic SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT
rogorc erT, ise meore jgufs.
mag., saqmiani da sainformacio--
sakonsultacio momsaxureba ar
SeiZleba mTlianad ekuTvnodes
materialuri momsaxurebis pir-
vel jgufs, vinaidan masSi Se-
dis momsaxurebis iseTi saxee-
bic, romlebic logikurad ma-
228 materialuri stimuli reba
terialuri momsaxurebis meore
jgufSi unda Sediodes, ker-
Zod, samomxmareblo saqonlis
arendasTan dakavSirebuli sal-
izingo momsaxureba da a.S.
materialuri stimuli-
reba (material stimulation) - war-
moebis muSakTa Sromisadmi waxa-
lisebis ekonomikuri formebisa
da meTodebis sistema, maTi
SromiTi aqtiurobisa da dain-
teresebulobis amaRleba war-
moebis saboloo Sedegebis gaum-
jobesebisaTvis.
materialur
materialur-- nivTobri-
vi warmoebis sfero (mate-
rial production area, tangible assets)
- erovnuli ekonomikis im darg-
Ta erToblioba, romlebic awar-
moeben materialur dovlaTs
nivTobrivi produqtisa da en-
ergiis formiT. gaeros ssdk-
is struqturaSi, romelic war-
modgenilia sami seqtoris saxiT,
pirveli ori seqtori Seadgens
materialur--nivTobrivi warmoe-
bis sferos, xolo mesame _
momsaxurebis sferos.
materialur--nivTobrivi war-
moebis sfero oTx ganyofile-
bas moicavs. aqedan pirvel se-
qtorSi Sedis erTi ga--nyofile-
ba: 1. soflis meurneoba, sa-
tyeo meurneoba, nadiroba da
meTevzeoba. meore seqtori mo-
icavs danarCen sam ganyofile-
bas: 2. samTomopovebiTi mre--
stimulireba
wveloba; 3. gadammuSavebeli
mrewveloba; 4. mSenebloba.
mdare saqoneli (inferior
good) - saqoneli, romelzec, sxva
Tanabar pirobebSi, moTxovna
mcirdeba Semosavlis zrdasTan
erTad.
mdgradi ganviTareba (sus-
tainable development) – ekonomi-
kis iseTi mdgomareoba, roca
gamoSveba, kapitali da efeq-
tiani Sroma (Sroma gamravle-
buli teqnologiis doneze)
erTnairi tempiT anu dabalan-
sebulad izrdeba. am SemTxveva-
Si gamoSveba kapitaliTa da ef-
eqtiani SromiT warmoebuli sa-
qoneli an momsaxurebaa. mdgrad
mdgomareobaSi erT muSakze ga-
moSvebisa da erT muSakze kap-
italis zrdis tempi teqnolo-
giuri progresis zrdis tem-
pis tolia, anu gamoSveba da
kapitali imave tempiT izrde-
ba, rogoriTac efeqtiani samu-
Sao Zala.
mdgrad mdgomareobaSi ga-
moSvebis zrdis tempi dazogvis
normaze damokidebuli ar aris,
Tumca, dazogvis normis zrda
mdgrad mdgomareobaSi efeqtian
muSakze zrdis gamoSvebis moc-
ulobas.
rodesac ekonomika mdgrad
mdgomareobaSia, mas axasiaTe-
ben rogorc dabalansebuli
zrdis traeqtoriaze myof eko-
melqaZe valeriani
nomikas.
mdgradi zrda (steady growth)
- ekonomikis dinamikuri mdgo-
mareoba, rodesac ganviTareba
xdeba mudmivi proporciuli tem-
pebiT. ekonomikuri zrdis Teo-
ria ikvlevs mdgradi ekonomi-
kuri ganviTarebis SesaZleblo-
bebs.
megaekonomika (megaeco-
nomics) - saerTaSoriso ekono-
mikuri urTierTobebi da maTi
Semswavleli saerTaSoriso eko-
nomika. ikvlevs saerTaSoriso
masStabiT iseT globalur
problemebs, rogoricaa saer-
TaSoriso vaWroba, saerTa-
Soriso savaluto urTierTo-
bebi, saerTaSoriso sakredito
urTierTobebi da a.S.
mezoekonomika (mesoeco-
nomics) - qveynis ekonomikis qve-
sistemebis (infrastruqturis,
saTbob--energetikis, momsaxure-
bis sferos da a.S.) ekonomika.
Seiswavlis ekonomikis qvesiste-
mebs seqtoruli ekonomikis sa-
xiT.
melqaZe valeriani (1912--
1981) (Melkadze Valerian) _ sa-
qarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademi-
is wevr--korespondenti (1979),
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doq-
tori (1972), profesori (1977),
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo premi-
is laureati mecnierebisa da
teqnikis dargSi (1975). daam-
229
Tavra Tsu ekonomikis fakul-
teti (1937). 1946--1948 wleb-
Si muSaobda saqarTvelos mec-
nierebaTa akademiis ekonomikis
institutSi, paralelurad Tbi-
lisis saxelmwifo universite-
tSi kiTxulobda leqciebs.
1948--1963 wlebSi imyofeboda
partiul da xelmZRvanel sam-
uSaoebze. iyo saqarTvelos cen-
traluri statistikuri sam-
marTvelos ufrosi (1958--1960),
Tsu--is ekonomikis fakultetis
dekani (1960--1963), saqarTve-
los saxelmwifo sagegmo ko-
mitetTan arsebuli saxalxo
meurneobis, dagegmvisa da mar-
Tvis samecniero kvleviTi in-
stitutis damaarsebeli da
direqtori (1963--1981). v. mel-
qaZem saqarTveloSi safuZveli
Cauyara ekonomikuri mecniere-
bis axal dargs _ regionalur
ekonomikas; SeimuSava Sidares-
publikuri teritoriuli erTe-
ulebis mixedviT erovnuli
Semosavlis analizuri kvle-
vis meTodi; originaluri naS-
romebi Seqmna ekonomikis mar-
Tvis, prognozirebis, warmoebis
specializaciisa da kompleq-
suri ganviTarebis probleme-
bze. ZiriTadi Sromebia: `kanon-
zomierebebi saqarTvelos erov-
nuli Semosavlis warmoebaSi.~
Tb., 1974 (rusul enaze); `saqar-
Tvelos ekonomikis ganviTare-
230 mengeri karli

bis kompleqsuri programa~. Tb., menejeri (manager) [ingl.

1975; `saqarTvelos sazogadoe- manager<manage marTva] - war-
brivi produqtisa da erovnu- moebis marTvis specialisti,
li Semosavlis regionaluri mmarTveli, romelsac qiraobs
struqtura~. Tb., 1978. saxelmwifo, kompania an kerZo
mengeri karl
karlii (1840-1921) mewarme.
(Menger Carl) – avstrieli eko- menejerizmi (managerial-
nomisti, avstriuli ekonomi- ism) - Tanamedrove ekonomikuri
kuri skolis fuZemdebeli. Teoria, romlis mixedviTac war-
zRvruli sargeblianobaze age- moebis kontroli kerZo me-
buli faseulobis Teoriis erT- sakuTreebisagan gadadis da-
erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgene- qiravebuli mmarTvelebis _ me-
li (misgan damoukideblad es nejerebis xelSi.
Teoria Seqmnes agreTve jevon- menejmenti (management)
sma da valrasma). saqonlis fa- [<ingl. management marTva,
seulobas gansazRvravs misi sar- gamgebloba] - warmoebis marTva,
geblianoba da ara warmoebis warmoebis princi pebis, meTode-
danaxarjebi – es Teza safuZ- bis, saSualebebisa da formeb-
vlad daedo mengeris Semoqmede- is erToblioba, gamoyenebuli
bas, riTac igi (iseve rogorc warmoebis efeqtianobis amaR-
bevr sxva ekonomists) daupir- lebisa da mogebis gadidebis
ispirda inglisuri klasikuri mizniT. menejmenti oTxi fun-
skolis warmomadgenlebs. qciisgan Sedgeba: dagegmva, or-
dovlaTis zRvruli sar- ganizacia, motivacia da kon-
geblianobis SefasebaSi menge- troli. ganasxvaveben saerTo
ri did mniSvnelobas aniWebda da funqciur menejments. saer-
mis iSviaTobas. rodesac dov- To menejmenti gulisxmobs
laTis raodenoba izrdeba, mTlianad firmis marTvas, fun-
zRvruli sargeblianoba mcir- qciuri menejmenti ki dakavSire-
deba. mengeris mier damtkice- bulia firmis calkeuli qve-
bulma am damokidebulebam sistemebis marTvasTan. am qve-
klebadi zRvruli sargebli- sistemebis (SromiTi resurse-
anobis kanonis saxelwodeba bi, finansebi, uSualod warmoe-
miiRo. bis procesi da sxv.) urTierT-
mengers ekuTvnis agreTve dakavSirebuli funqcionireba
faqtoruli Semosavlebis gana- funqciuri menejmentis prerog-
wilebis Teoria. ativaa.
merkantilizmi
menejmenti, rogorc saba-
zro meurneobis gaZRolis ax-
ali mimarTuleba, warmoebis
marTvis xelovnebisa da mec-
nierebis sinTezia. igi efuZne-
ba mmarTvelobiT saqmianobaSi
Tanamedrove formebis, meTode-
bis, princi pebisa da saSuale-
bebis gamoyenebas. menejmenti,
rogorc codnis specialuri
dargi, damoukidebel mecnier-
ul disci plinad Camoyalibda
XX saukunis 40--ian wlebSi.
menejmentis areali Semoi-
fargleba mxolod biznes--saqmi-
anobiT, amitom igi gansxvavde-
ba marTvisagan, romelSic sax-
elmwifoebrivi marTva igulis-
xmeba.
meoradi resursebi (secon-
dary resources) - erTjeradad
gamoyenebuli materialuri re--
sursebi an warmoebis narCene-
bi, romlebic gamoiyeneba sxva
warmoebaSi.
meoreuli bazari (sec-
ondary market) - mimoqcevaSi
gaSvebuli fasiani qaRaldebis
yidva--gayidva dilerebis an bro-
kerebis mier.
meoreuli Sromis bazari
(secondary labor market) – Sro-
mis bazari, sadac xelfasebi
dabalia, Sromis pirobebi cudi,
droebiTi daTxovnebi ki maRa-
li. igi pirveladi Sromis ba-
zris sapirispiroa.
231
merkantilizmi (mercan-
tilism) [<ital. mercante vaWari,
movaWre] - pirveli ekonomikuri
mimarTuleba, mimdinareoba,
romelic savaWro burJuaziis
interesebs gamoxatavda XV--
XVII saukuneebSi. am moZRvreb-
is princi pi aseTi iyo: mogeba
warmoiqmneba mimoqcevis sfer-
oSi. fulis sazRvargareT ga-
tana amcirebs qveynis simdi-
dres, Semotana ki _ amdidrebs.
am princi pidan gamomdinare,
adrindeli merkantilizmis
(aRmocenda XV saukunis uka-
nasknel mesamedSi, arsebobda
XVI saukunis Sua periodamde)
warmomadgenlebs (u. stafor-
di, g. skarufi, d. santisi da
sxv.) qveynis simdidris zrdis
aucilebel pirobad miaCndaT
aqtiuri fuladi balansi, gvi-
andeli merkantilizmis (gan-
viTarda XVI saukunis Sua peri-
odidan, ayvavebas miaRwia XVII
saukuneSi, daSla daiwyo XVIII
saukunidan, XVIII saukunis me-
ore naxevarSi Seicvala fizi-
okratizmiT) warmomadgenlebs
(T. meni, a. sera, a. monkretieni
da sxv.) ki _ aqtiuri savaWro
balansi. XVIII saukunis Sua
xanebSi ekonomistTa yuradRebam
mimoqcevis sferodan warmoeb-
is sferoSi gadainacvla. mer-
kantilizmi Seicvala fiziokra-
tizmiT.
232
merkantiluri (mercan-
tile) [<ital. mercante vaWari,
movaWre] - 1. savaWro, komerci-
uli; 2. vaWruli, mewvrilma-
nuri.
meryevi fasi (sliding price)
- xelSekrulebis moqmedebis
ganmavlobaSi cvalebadi fasi.
aseT SemTxvevaSi xelSek-
rulebiT saboloo fass ar
adgenen, mxareebi Tanxmdebian
mxolod misi dadgenis wesze.
meryevi fasis saxesxvaobaa fasi
Semdgomi fiqsaciiT.
metraJi (metric area) (frang.
metrage) - 1. raimes sigrZe, ga-
moxatuli metrebSi; 2. raimes
farTobi, gamoxatuli kvadrat-
ul metrebSi.
mewarme (entrepreneur) - pi-
ri, romelic samewarmeo saqmi-
anobas eweva. ekonomikur analiz-
Si mewarmis saqmianoba ganix-
ileba rogorc warmoebis damo-
ukidebeli faqtori. mewarmeebs
eniWebaT pasuxismgebloba eko-
nomikuri gadawyvetilebisaTvis:
ra awarmoon, ra raodenobiT,
warmoebis ra meTodiT. vinaid-
an gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da
warmoebuli saqonlis realiza-
cias Soris arsebobs garkveu-
li dro, mewarme valdebulia
gaakeTos moTxovnis progonozi.
es moTxovna gamomdinareobs
iqidan, rom mewarmeobas axlavs
riski, romelic dakavSirebulia
merkantiluri
am periodSi moTxovnis ryevebT-
an. individualur firmebSi me-
warme erTdroulad iRebs Tavis
Tavze sawarmos finansur risks
da mtkice pasuxismgeblobas
firmis marTvis TvalsazrisiT.
aqcionerul kompaniebSi es ori
funqcia dayofilia aqcionereb-
sa, e.i. mesakuTreebsa (romlebic
ewevian finansur risks) da
direqtorTa sabWos (romlebic
faqtobrivad marTaven firmas)
Soris.
mewarmeoba (entrepreneur-
ship) - Semosavlis, mogebis miRe-
bisaTvis gamiznuli fizikuri
an iuridiuli pirebis damouki-
debeli, kanoniT nebadarTuli
samewarmeo (sameurneo) saqmi-
anoba, romelic xorcieldeba
sakuTari saxeliT, finansuri
riskiTa da qonebrivi pasux-
ismgeblobiT.
mTliani gamoSveba (gross
output) - drois garkveul pe-
riodSi qveyanaSi warmoebuli
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis er-
Toblioba sabazro fasSi.
mTliani damatebiTi Ri-
rebuleba (gross value added)
- sxvaoba mTlian gamoSvebasa
da Sualedur moxmarebas Soris.
mTliani danazogi (gross
savings) - mTliani gankargvadi
Semosavlis nawili. miiReba
danazogisgan ZiriTadi kapita-
lis moxmarebis gamoklebiT.
mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep)
mTliani danaxarji (total
- -
cost TC) firmis mier pro-
duqciis warmoebaze gaweuli
danaxarjebis erToblioba, gamo-
xatuli fuladi formiT. fir-
mam Tavisi SesaZleblobebi ba-
zris moTxovnas unda Seufar-
dos, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
miaqcios warmoebis danaxarje-
bis Semcirebas. amitom man unda
gansazRvros ra unda awarmoos,
ramdenad konkurentunariani iq-
neba misi produqcia, ra fasad
SeiZens warmoebriv resursebs,
ra daujdeba kvalificiuri
samuSao Zalis daqiraveba da
a.S. minimaluri danaxarjebiT
maqsimaluri Sedegis miRweva
firmis saqmianobis laitmotivia,
romelSic erT-- erTi ganmsaz-
Rvreli roli mTlian danaxar-
jebs ekuTvnis.
mTliani erovnuli dana-
zogi (gross national savings) -
gankargulebaSi darCenili mTli-
ani erovnuli Semosavlis nawi-
li, romelic ar Sedis saboloo
moxmarebaSi.
mTliani erovnuli pro-
mep) (gross national prod-
duqti (mep
uct - GNP) - makroekonomikuri
maCvenebeli, romelic gamoxat-
avs erovnuli ekonomikis fun-
qcionirebis saboloo Sedegebs
gansazRvrul periodSi (Tve,
kvartali, weli) da warmoad-
gens sabazro fasebiT pirve-
233
ladi Semosavlebis (Sromis
anazRaureba, mogeba, warmoeba-
ze gadasaxadebi, sakuTrebidan
miRebuli Semosavlebi _ sarge-
beli, dividendi, renta da a.S.)
jams, miRebuls mocemuli qvey-
nis rezidentebis mier maTi
pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri
monawileobiT Tavisi qveynis
mep- isa da sxva qveynebis mep-
is warmoebaSi. mep, rogorc wesi,
metia mSp-ze im pirveladi Se-
mosavlebis jamiT, romelic
miRebulia mocemuli qveynis
rezidentebis mier sazRvarga-
reT. amasTan, igi ar moicavs
ararezidentebis Semosavlebs
mocemuli qveynis ekonomikur
teritoriaze.
mep udris sabazro faseb-
Si mSp-s plus Sromis anazRa-
urebis jami, sakuTrebidan Se-
mosavlebi, samewarmeo Semosava-
li miRebuli `danarCeni msof-
liodan~, minus maTi Sesabamisi
nakadebi gadaxdili `danarCeni
msofliosaTvis~.
1968 wlamde VTG-s mTli-
ani erovnuli Semosavali ewo-
deboda. raodenobrivi Tanafar-
dobis TvalsazrisiT, VTG-sa da
mSp-s Soris gansxvaveba didi
ar aris. rogorc wesi, ganvi-
Tarebuli qveynebisaTvis igi
1%--s ar aRemateba. VTG SeiZ-
leba gaizomos erovnuli war-
moebiT, SemosavlebiTa da sab-
234 mep
mep-- is gamoucxadebeli deflatoris ...
oloo moxmarebiT.
warmoebiT gazomili VTG
udris gansazRvrul periodSi
qveynis seqtor-- rezidentebis
mier warmoebuli saqonlisa da
gaweuli momsaxurebis erTob-
liv sabazro Rirebulebas Sua-
leduri moxmarebis gamoklebiT.
SemosavlebiT gazomili
VTG aris faqtoruli Semosav-
lebis jami, miRebuli Sida war-
moebidan xelfasis, procenti-
sa da firmis mogebis saxiT,
agreTve sazRvargareTis seq-
tor--rezidentebis wminda faq-
toruli Semosavlebi.
saboloo moxmarebiT ga-
zomili VTG im saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis erToblivi saba-
zro Rirebulebaa, romelsac
iZenen Sinameurneobebi (haus-
holdebi), firmebi da mTavrobebi
ZiriTadi kapitaldabandebebisa
da ararealizebuli produqciis
naSTis CaTvliT.
VTG- is gazomvis samive me-
Todi erTsa da imave raodeno-
briv Sedegs iZleva.
mep- is gamoucxadebeli
deflatoris fasebis indeq-
si (GNP implicit price deflator) -
maCvenebeli, romelic gamoxa-
tavs mimdinare fasebSi VTG-is
Sefardebas Sesadar fasebSi
VTG-Tan, anu Tanafardobas nomi-
nalur da realur VTG-ebs So-
ris.
VTG
VTG--is doneTa daSori-
Sor sxvadasxvaoba) (GNP
eba (sxvadasxvaoba
Soreba sxvadasxvaoba
gap) - potenciuri da realuri
mTliani erovnuli produqtis
doneebis erTmaneTisagan mow-
yveta.
mep-is indeqsi - defla-
torebi (GNP deflators) - inde-
qsTa jgufi, romelsac iyeneben
VTG- is maCvenebelTa agebisaTvis
Sesadar fasebSi. masSi Sedis:
fasebis agregatuli indeqsi,
VTG- is gamoucxadebeli defla-
toris fasebis indeqsi, fasebis
jaWvuri indeqsi, samomxmareb-
lo fasebis indeqsi, mwarmoe-
belTa fasebis indeqsi, agreTve,
specialurad agebuli indeqsebi.
mTliani investicia (gross
investment) - ekonomikaSi inves-
ticiebis mTliani moculoba
drois garkveul monakveTSi. igi
Sedgeba wminda investiciebisa
da im investiciebisagan, rom-
lebic gamoiyeneba mwyobridan
gamosuli ZiriTadi kapitalis
Sesacvlelad.
mTliani mogeba (gross pro-
fit) - sawarmos mogebis mTliani
Tanxa daqviTvasa da gadaricx-
vamde. igi damatebuli Rire-
bulebis is nawilia, romelic
rCeba mewarmeebs daqiravebuli
muSakebis Sromis anazRaureb-
is, warmoebasa da importze
wminda gadasaxadebTan dakav-
Sirebuli xarjebis gamoqviTvis
mTliani Si
Sidd a produq ti
produqti
tiss deflatori
Semdeg. mTliani mogeba wminda
mogebisa da ZiriTadi kapitalis
moxmarebis jamia.
mTliani Semosavali (gross
income) - ekonomikuri maCvene-
beli, romelic mogebasTan er-
Tad gamoxatavs sawarmos war-
moebrivi da safinanso--sameur-
neo saqmianobis saboloo Sede-
gebs. ganisazRvreba, rogorc
sxvaoba saqonlis gayidvidan
miRebul fulad amonagebsa da
am saqonlis warmoebaze gaweul
materialur danaxarjebs Soris.
mTliani Sida produq-
ti (VSp) (gross
VSp domestic product
- GDP) - makroekonomikuri indi-
katori, qveynis Sida ekonomikis,
erovnuli Semosavlebis anga-
riSSi erToblivi gamoSvebis
yvelaze ganzogadebuli maCve-
nebeli, ekonomikuri aqtiuro-
bis sazomi, romelic gamoxat-
avs gansazRvruli drois gan-
mavlobaSi, rogorc wesi, erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi mocemuli
qveynis ekonomikur teritori-
aze (ix.) rezidentebisa da ara-
rezidentebis mier warmoebu-
li saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
erTobliv sabazro Rirebule-
bas. VTG amosaval makroekono-
mikur maCveneblad iTvleba gae-
ros erovnuli angariSebis sis-
temaSi. masze orientirebulia
axali erovnuli angariSebis
sistema.
235
1990-ian wlebamde qveynebis
umravlesoba erToblivi aqtive-
bis mTavar sazomad iyenebda mTli-
an erovnul produqts. 1990-iani
wlebidan am ukanasknelis adgils
ikavebs mTliani Sida produqti.
mSp-is gaanalizeba xdeba ro-
gorc warmoebis, ise Semosav-
lebis mxridan.
mSp-Si warmoebis mxridan
Sedis: piradi samomxmareblo
xarjebi; grZelvadiani da mok-
levadiani saqoneli, momsaxureba,
mTliani kerZo Sida investicie-
bi ZiriTad kapitalSi, arasabi-
nao investiciebi, Senoba-nage-
bobebi, mowyobilobebi da pro-
gramuli uzrunvelyofa, binaT-
mSenebloba, saxelmwifo Sesy-
idvebi, erovnuli Tavdacva, eqs-
porti, importi, wminda eqspor-
ti, biznesis sasaqonlo-materi-
aluri maragebis cvlileba.
Semosavlebis mxridan mSp-
Si aisaxeba danarCeni msofli-
odan faqtoruli Semosavali da
gamoakldeba danarCeni msofli-
osTvis faqtoruli Semosavali,
ris Sedegadac miiReba mTli-
ani erovnuli produqti.
mTliani Si
Sidd a produq
produq--
ti
tiss deflatori (gross dome-
stic product deflator) - Tanafar-
doba VIG-is nominalur zrda-
sa da realur zrdas Soris. gar-
kveuli drois ganmavlobaSi
warmoebuli saboloo produq-
236 mTliani Sida produq tis struqtura
produqtis
tis (saqonlisa da momsaxure-
bis) fasebis cvlilebis sazomi.
mTliani Sida produq-
tis struqtura (structure of
gross domestic production) – mox-
marebis, fiqsirebuli investi-
ciebis, saxelmwifo xarjebis, ma-
ragebSi investiciebisa da wmin-
da eqsportis jami. aqedan, mox-
mareba mSp -is yvelaze didi
komponentia. igi moicavs yve-
la im saqonelsa da momsax-
urebas, romelsac momxmareblebi,
vTqvaT, 1 wlis manZilze Sei-
Zenen. fiqsirebuli inves-
ticiebi arasabinao investicie-
bisa da binaTmSeneblobaSi in-
vesticiebis jamia; saxelm-
wifo xarjebi gulisxmobs
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sax-
elmwifo Sesyidvebs; marageb-
Si investiciebi warmoebasa
da gayidvebs Soris sxvaobaa.
Tu warmoeba aWarbebs gayidvas,
maSin maragebSi investiciebi
dadebiTia, xolo Tu warmoeba
gayidvebze naklebia, maSin mara-
gebSi investiciebi uaryofiTia.
wminda eqsporti eqsportsa
da imports Soris sxvaobaa. Tu
eqsporti aWarbebs imports, ma-
Sin qveyanas aqvs dadebiTi sava-
Wro saldo, xolo Tu eqsporti
importze naklebia, maSin adgi-
li aqvs savaWro deficits.
midrekileba danazogi-
sadmi (propensity to the savings)
- Semosavlis gadidebis kvalo-
baze danazogis wilis gadide-
ba. ix. universaluri fsiqolo-
giuri kanoni ekonomikaSi.
midrekileba importi-
rebisadmi (propensity to im-
port) - importze gaweuli xarje-
bis wilis zrda SemosavalSi.
midrekileba investire-
bisadmi (propensity to invest) -
erovnuli Semosavlis is wili,
romelic xmardeba kapitalda-
bandebebs.
midrekileba moxmarebi-
sadmi (propensity to consume) -
samomxmareblo xarjebis wilis
zrda SemosavalSi.
miznobrivi (saorienta-
cio) fasi (quide price) - gamo-
iyeneba evrokavSiris qveynebSi
ama Tu im produqciaze gada-
saxadis sididis gansazRvri-
saTvis erTiani sasoflo--same-
urneo politikis gatarebis miz-
niT.
mikroekonomika (micro-
economics) [<berZn. mikros pat-
ara] - 1. erovnuli meurneobis
nawilis (seqtoris, dargis,
sawarmos) ekonomika; 2. ekono-
mikuri Teoriis ganyofileba,
romelic Seiswavlis calkeu-
li sameurneo erTeulebis _
Sinameurneobis (hausholdis
blokis), biznesis blokis, sam-
Tavrobo dawesebulebebis saqmi-
anobas.
miqelaZe irakli
mimdinare angariSi (cur-
rent account) – 1. bankis angariSi,
romelic emsaxureba fuladi
saxsrebis Senaxvasa da angariS-
sworebas (ZiriTadad Cekebis
meSveobiT. mimdinare angariSe-
bia, aseve, sawarmoebisa da fil-
ialebis samewarmeo saqmianobis
mimdinare operaciebis gansax-
orcieleblad bankSi gaxsnili
angariSi; 2. angariSi, romel-
sac uxsnis banki Tavis mudmiv
klientebs, maT Soris urTierT-
angariSsworebisaTvis.
mimdinare angariSis sal-
do (current account balance) –
wminda gadaxdebis jami danar-
Ceni msofliosTvis da danar-
Ceni msofliosgan. Tu wminda
gadaxdebi danarCeni msoflios-
gan dadebiTia, qveyanas mimdinare
angariSis proficiti aqvs, xolo
Tu is uaryofiTia, qveyanas mim-
dinare angariSis deficiti aqvs.
mimoqcevaSi arsebuli
fuli (money in circulation) -
saxelmwifos mier mimoqcevaSi
gaSvebuli qaRaldisa da liTo-
nis uprocento fulis niSnebi.
mindobiloba (warrant) -
ix. varanti.
minimaluri mogeba (mini-
mal profit) – mogebis qveda zRva-
ri, romelic aucilebelia fir-
mis funqcionirebisa da Senar-
CunebisaTvis, gakotrebis Tavidan
acilebis mizniT.
237
minimaluri samomxmareb-
lo biujeti (minimum consumers
budget) - ZiriTadi fiziolo-
giuri da socialur--kultu-
ruli moTxovnilebebis dakmay-
ofilebisaTvis aucilebeli
kvebis produqtebis, arasasur-
saTo saqonlis, momsaxurebis Se-
jamebuli Rirebuleba erT
sulze gaangariSebiT weliwadSi
(an TveSi). gamoiTvleba samomx-
mareblo kalaTis safuZvelze
da sacalo fasebisa da tarife-
bis donis gaTvaliswinebiT. ro-
gorc wesi, minimaluri samomx-
mareblo biujeti weliwadSi
erTxel unda gadaisinjos sa-
momxmareblo fasebis indeqsis
gaTvaliswinebiT, xolo biuje-
tis struqturisa da Rire-
bulebis Sesaxeb monacemebi _
regularulad unda qveynde-
bodes. minimaluri samomxmare-
blo biujeti SeiZleba ganxi-
lul iqnes rogorc adamianis
normaluri cxovrebis qveda
zRvari, anu SefardebiTi (da
ara absoluturi) siRatakis
done.
minimaluri xelfasi (qua-
ranteed (minimum) wage) - kano-
niT dadgenili yvelaze daba-
li Sromis anazRaureba.
miqelaZe irakli ( 1902--
1986) (Mikeladze Irakli) - saqar-
Tvelos mecnierebaTa akademi-
is akademikosi (1969), ekonomi-
238
kur mecnierebaTa doqtori (1961),
profesori (1963), saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo premiis laureati
mecnierebisa da teqnikis dargSi
(1972), saqarTvelos mecniere-
bis damsaxurebuli moRvawe
(1962). 1925 wels daamTavra
Tsu socialur-- ekonomikuri
fakulteti. iyo Tsu saxalxo
meurneobis dagegmvis, Semdgom-
Si, mrewvelobisa da soflis
meurneobis ekonomikis kaTedris
gamge (1937--1977), ekonomikis
fakultetis dekani (1954--1956),
saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa
sabWosTan arsebuli saxelm-
wifo sagegmo komitetis Tavmj-
domaris moadgile (1956--1968),
1960 wlidan moadgile minis-
tris statusiT.
i. miqelaZis kvlevis Ziri-
Tadi sfero moicavda mrewvelo-
bis ekonomikas. misi naSromebi
exeba qveynis meurneobis dageg-
mvis Teoriul da praqtikul
sakiTxebs, ekonomikis special-
izaciisa da kompleqsuri gan-
viTarebis, tempebis, proporcie-
bisa da struqturis, eleqtro-
energetikis funqcionirebis,
Sromis teritoriuli da dar-
gobrivi danawilebis proble-
mebs. ZiriTadi naSromebia: `sa-
qarTvelos saxalxo meurneo-
bis specializacia da kompleq-
suri ganviTareba~. moskovi, 1964
(rusul enaze); `saqarTvelos
miwa
mrewvelobis ekonomikis sakiTx-
ebi~. Tb., 1977; `teritoriuli
dagegmvis problemebi~. Tb., 1980.
miwa (land) - es termini ga-
moiyeneba ekonomikaSi ara mxo-
lod dedamiwis zedapiris im
nawilis aRsaniSnavad, romel-
ic ar aris dafaruli wyliT,
aramed rogorc bunebrivi re-
sursi, romlis gamoyeneba Sesa-
Zlebelia warmoebaSi. amitom
miwa, Cveulebriv, ganisazRvreba
rogorc warmoebis faqtori.
miwis gadasaxadi (land
tax) - gadasaxadi, romelic am-
oiReba fizikuri an iuridiu-
li pirebis sakuTrebaSi arse-
bul miwis farTobze.
miwis renta (land rent) -
miwis mesakuTris Semosavali,
romelic uSualod ar ukav-
Sirdeba mis warmoebriv saqmi-
anobas da mas igi miwis gamoye-
nebis uflebis gacemisaTvis
iRebs. miwis renta miwis, ro-
gorc bunebrivi resursis, gamoye-
nebisgan miRebuli mogebis naw-
ilia.
miwodeba (supply) - eko-
nomikuri kategoria da bazris
mniSvnelovani elementi _
saqonlis, momsaxurebis, samuSao
Zalis, fulisa da a.S. is er-
Toblioba, romelic bazarzea
mocemul momentSi. moicavs or
elements: 1. ama Tu im saqon-
lis gasxvisebisaTvis mzadyof-
miwodebis mrudi
nas; 2. pirobebs, romliTac mwar-
moebeli Tanaxmaa gayidos Tavisi
saqoneli. miwodebis ZiriTadi
wyaroebia saqonlis warmoeba,
misi importi, sasaqonlo mara-
gi da a.S. miwodeba piradi da
sazogadoebrivi interesebis
dakmayofilebis materialuri
safuZvelia.
miwodebis ekonomikuri
Teoria (supply--side economics)
- doqtrina, romelSic aqcen-
ti keTdeba imaze, rom erovnu-
li warmoebis zrdis mTavari
ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi,
rogorc grZelvadian, ise mok-
levadian periodebSi, ekonomi-
kaSi Sromisa da kapitalis
alokacia da efeqtiani gamoy-
enebaa. amis Sesabamisad yura-
dRebaa gamaxvilebuli im wina-
aRmdegobebze, romlebic xels
uSlis warmoebis faqtorebis
miwodebasa da maT efeqtian
gamoyenebas. praqtikaSi es niS-
navs imas, rom gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba eqceva erToblivi
miwodebis mrudis mdgomareobas,
nawilobrivi umuSevrobis bune-
brivi donis ganmsazRvrel faq-
torebs da ara efeqtiani moTx-
ovnis moklevadian dones, ro-
gorc es miRebulia keinzianuri
moTxovnis TeoriaSi. miwodeb-
is Teoriis mixedviT, ekonomi-
kuri zrdis mTavari Semaferx-
ebeli faqtorebia Sromisa da
239
investirebisadmi stimulireb-
is ararseboba, romlebic, Tavis
mxriv, ukavSirdeba gadasaxade-
bis araadekvatur struqturas,
agreTve im instituciur bari-
erebs, romlebic aferxeben
resursebis efeqtian alokacias.
am Teoriidan gamomdinare, re-
komendaciebi mdgomareobs ga-
dasaxadebis Semcirebasa da
konkurenciis gaZlierebaSi.
miwodebis ekonomikuri Teo-
ria safuZvlad daedo aSS--is
ekonomikur politikas gasuli
saukunis 80--iani wlebis dasa-
wyisSi, konservatoruli admin-
istraciis arCevis Semdeg, reiga-
nis prezidentobis periodSi.
igi ekonomikur politikaSi or-
Todoqsuli klasikuri ekonomi-
kuri Teoriis dabrunebis naTe-
li magaliTia da Tanamedrove
Teoriis _ `axali klasikuri
makroekonomikis~ Semadgeneli
nawili.
miwodebis inflacia (sup-
ply--push inflation) - warmoebis
xarjebis zrdiT gamowveuli
inflacia, rac fasebis saerTo
donis zrdaSi vlindeba.
miwodebis mrudi (sup-
ply curve) - mrudi, romelic
gamoxatavs damokidebulebas mi-
wodebis fassa da miwodebis
moculobas Soris. igi asaxavs
gamyidvelTa sabazro qcevas. mi-
wodebis mrudis yoveli werti-
240
li gviCvenebs mocemuli saqon-
lis im raodenobas, romlis
warmoebazec mwarmoeblebi Ta-
naxma arian Sesabamisi fasiT.
miwodebis fasi (supply
price) - minimaluri (zRvruli)
fasi, romelze dablac ar Sei--
Zleba sabazro fasi daeces. es
warmoebas ararentabelurs gax-
dis, rac ewinaaRmdegeba mimwode-
belTa ekonomikur interesebs.
mwarmoeblebi jer kidev Tanaxma
arian am fasad gayidon saqoneli.
miwodebis Soki (supply
shock) - makroekonomikaSi war-
moebis danaxarjebis an mwar-
moeblurobis moulodneli
cvlileba, romelic mniSvnelo-
van da Sokisebur gavlenas ax-
dens erTobliv miwodebaze. mi-
wodebis Sokis Sedegad xdeba
realuri VIG-isa da fasebis
donis uecari cvlileba.
mogeba (profit) - sxvaoba fir-
mis erTobliv Semosavlebsa da
danaxarjebs Soris (rodesac
erToblivi Semosavali sWar-
bobs danaxarjebs). makroeko-
nomikaSi mogebis gaangariSebi-
sas masSi SeaqvT mogeba saku-
Tari kapitalidan, xolo sases-
xo kapitalze sargeblis sid-
ide danaxarjebSi Sedis.
mogebis (Semosavlis)
norma (rate of return) – fizikuri
an finansuri kapitalis (aseve,
adamianiseuli kapitalisac)
miwodebis fasi
warmoebaSi (metwilad biznes-
Si) dagrovebidan miRebuli Se-
mosavali, wili kapitaldaban-
debidan. mogebis norma, rogorc
wesi, ganisazRvreba wminda moge-
bis SefardebiT sainvesticio
kapitalTan.
modeli (model) – ekonomi-
kuri analizis amsaxveli sqe-
ma, (formaluri an araforma-
luri), romelic realuri sam-
yaros sirTuleebisgan abstra-
hirebis mcdelobaa. modeli, gan-
saxilveli ekonomikuri sis-
temis maxasiaTeblebis gaT-
valiswinebiT, qveyanaSi arsebu-
li organizaciuli, teqnikuri
da a.S. urTierTkavSirebis ax-
snis saSualebas iZleva, rac
xels uwyobs ekonomikuri mov-
lenebisa da procesebis gaana-
lizebasa da mis safuZvelze
ekonomikuri prognozebis Se-
muSavebas.
moTxovna (demand) - ga-
daxdisunariani moTxovnileba,
fuliT uzrunvelyofili moTx-
ovnileba. moTxovna aris bazar-
ze arsebuli moTxovnilebis
gamovlenis forma da misi ganm-
sazRvreli. igi Seicavs or
elements: 1. moTxovnilebas anu
ama Tu im saqonlis SeZenis
survils; 2. fulad saxsrebs,
rac individs aqvs mocemuli
saqonlis SesaZenad.
moTxovna-miwodebis Te-
momsaxurebis bazari
oria (the theory of demand and
supply) - am Teoriis warmo--
madgenlebi (g. makleodi, d.
lodlerdeli da sxvebi) Rire-
bulebas aigiveben fasTan da
mas gansazRvraven moTxovna--mi-
wodebis TanafardobiT. maTi
azriT, Rirebulebis regula-
tori sabazro pirobebia.
moTxovnis inflacia (de-
mand--push inflation) - erToblivi
moTxovnis zrdiT gamowveuli
inflacia, rac fasebis saerTo
donis zrdaSi vlindeba.
moTxovnis mrudi (demand
curve) - moTxovnis funqciis
grafikuli ilustracia. mru-
di, romelic gamoxatavs damok-
idebulebas moTxovnis fassa
(sabazro fassa) da moTxovnis
moculobas (gansazRvruli saqon-
lis raodenoba, romelzec aris
moTxovna) Soris. igi momxmare-
belTa sabazro qcevis gamomx-
atvelia. moTxovnis mrudis
yoveli wertili gviCvenebs
garkveuli saqonlis im raode-
nobas, romlis yidvac surT mo-
mxmareblebs Sesabamisi fasiT.
moTxovnis regulireba
(regulation of demand) - erTobli-
vi moTxovnis regulireba fu-
lad--sakredito da fiskaluri
politikis meSveobiT.
moTxovnis fasi (cost of de-
mand) - ukiduresad maRali
(zRvruli) fasi, romlis zevi-
241
Tac sabazro fasi veRar aiw-
evs. momxmareblebi jer kidev
Tanaxma arian am fasad SeiZ-
inon erTeuli saqoneli. igi
ganisazRvreba momxmarebelTa
SemosavlebiT da arsebiTad
gamoxatavs SesaZeni dovlaTis
zRvrul sargeblianobas.
moklevadiani obligacia
(short-term bond) – obligacia,
romlis dafarvis vada maqsi-
mum erTi welia.
momsaxureba (service, main-
tenance) - Sromis ekonomikuri
forma, ekonomikuri kategoria,
romelic gamoxatavs urTier-
Tobas Sromis sargeblianobis
safuZvelze. momsaxurebis sa-
sargeblo efeqti vlindeba ma-
terialuri da aramaterialuri
momsaxurebis saxiT. gamoyofen
momsaxurebis Semdeg jgufebs:
a). warmoebaze orientirebuli
(am jgufSi Sedis saqmiani mom-
saxurebisa da materialuri
dovlaTis warmoebis momsaxure
sxva dargebi); b). savaWro; g).
piradi da d). socialuri mom-
saxureba.
yvela saxis ekonomikuri
saqmianobis saerTaSoriso stan-
dartuli samrewvelo klas-
ifikaciis mixedviT, momsaxurebis
mkveTrad gansxvavebuli dargebi
qmnian momsaxurebis sferos.
momsaxurebis bazari (ser-
vices market) - materialuri da
242
aramaterialuri momsaxurebis
yidva--gayidvis aqtebis erTob-
lioba.
ekonomikur urTierTobebSi
momsaxurebis mravali saxe gam-
oiyeneba. ukanasknel periodSi
mniSvnelovnad ganviTarda misi
iseTi saxeebi, rogoricaa `nou--
hau~ da salicenzio momsaxu-
reba, inJineringi, lizingi, faq-
toringi, forfeitingi, satrans-
porto, turistuli, sadazRve-
vo momsaxureba da a.S. saba-
zro urTierTobebi sul ufro
ikidebs fexs ganaTlebaSi, jan-
mrTelobis dacvaSi, fizkul-
turasa da sportSi. amitom
momsaxurebiT vaWroba, Sesabam-
isad, calkeul, ufro viwro
bazrebad iyofa.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi mec-
nierul--teqnologiuri progre-
sis swrafma tempma kolosa-
lurad gazarda moTxovna ro-
gorc materialur, ise arama-
terialur momsaxurebaze, daaC-
qara specializebuli servisuli
firmebis Camoyalibeba. maT
ikisres is funqciebi, romleb-
sac winaT TviT samrewvelo
kompaniebi asrulebdnen. servi-
seuli biznesis masStabebis ga-
farToebam da momsaxurebis
speqtris ganuwyvetelma ganax-
lebam mkveTrad gazarda mom-
saxurebis moxmareba. momsaxu-
rebis iseTma seqtorebma, rogori-
momsaxurebis bazari
caa sabanko saqme, dazRveva,
ganaTleba, reklama, sasastum-
ro da sarestorno biznesi,
bazrebis gamokvleva, sainfor-
macio servisi, konsultaciebi
marTvis sakiTxebSi, msxvili kor-
poraciebis Stab--binebis mowy-
oba da maTi momsaxureba, tur-
izmi da a.S., ekonomikisaTvis
strategiuli mniSvneloba SeiZ-
ina. gaizarda momsaxurebis
wili piradi moxmarebis stru-
qturaSi. ukanasknel periodSi
aSS--Si igi Seadgens saSualod
31%--s, inglisSi _ 37%--s, Sve-
deTSi _ 41%--s da a.S. msof-
lioSi es maCvenebeli yvelaze
maRalia iaponiaSi _ 52,7%.
servisuli saqmianobis gan-
viTarebis mTavar wyarod teqno-
logiuri siaxleni iqca. amJa-
mad yvelaze dinamikuri is
dargebia, romlebic bazars mow-
inave sainformacio teqnologi-
iT warmoebul momsaxurebas awv-
dian da TviTon informaciiT
vaWroben. teqnikurma siaxleebma,
sainformacio momsaxurebaze mo-
Txovnis naxtomiseburma zrdam,
kerZo korporaciebis sasarge-
blod ekonomikis saxelmwifo
regulirebis cvlilebebma ga-
napiroba eleqtronuli infor-
maciis giganturi bazris Seqm-
na. informaciuli servisi eko-
nomikis mesameuli seqtoris yve-
laze dinamikuri nawili gax-
momsaxurebis sfero 243
da. kompiuterul avtomatiza- ri aRiarebs momsaxurebis mar-
cias informaciis damuSave- ketingis marTvisaTvis damate-
basTan dakavSirebuli saqmiano- biTi strategiebis (Sida da in-
bis moculobisa da, Sesabamis- teraqtiuli marketingebis)
ad, am dargSi dasaqmebulTa gamoyenebis aucileblobas.
(`TeTrsayeloianebis~) ricxvis miuxedavad momsaxurebis
zrda mohyva. Zalze gaizarda marketingis saerTaSoriso mod-
sainformacio produqciis `sa- elebis simravlisa, Teoriuli
qonluroba~, Camoyalibda didi sakiTxebi dRemde diskusiis
moculobis damoukidebeli ba- sagania da dasrulebuli Teo-
zrebi, xolo firmebma daiwyes ria dRemde ar arsebobs. amis
farTomasStaburi `eqsternal- erT-erTi mTavari mizezi Tan-
izacia~. amedrove msoflioSi momsax-
marketin- urebis farTo diversifikaciaa.
momsaxurebis marketin -
gis saerTaSoriso modelebi momsaxurebis sfero (ser-
(International models of marketing vices sphere, sector) - erovnuli
services) – Teoriuli modele- ekonomikis im dargTa da ekono-
bi, koncefciebi. saTaves iRebs mikuri saqmianobis im saxeoba-
XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan Ta erToblioba, romlebic awar-
da im movlenis gamoZaxilia, moeben materialur da arama-
romelic `momsaxurebis seq- terialur momsaxurebas. mom-
toris revoluciis~ saxel- saxurebis sfero gaeros ssdk-
wodebiTaa cnobili. am perio- is mixedviT, ekonomikis mesa-
didan moyolebuli ganviTare- meuli seqtoria. pirvelad se-
bul qveynebSi farTod gavr- qtorad aRiarebulia soflis
celda jer ratmelis modeli meurneoba (masTan erTad: nad-
(1974), Semdeg meigliesa da lan- iroba, satyeo meurneoba da
greardis modeli (1976), gren- meTevzeoba), xolo meoreulad
roosis modeli, bitneris mode- _ industria (samTomopovebi-
li, kotleris modeli da a.S. Ti da gadammuSavebeli mrew-
sxvadasxva princi pze agebul veloba, mSenebloba). amasTan, me-
modelebSi naCvenebia, realur sameul seqtorSi gaTval-
da momsaxurebis seqtorebs So- iswinebulia momsaxurebis mx-
ris arsebul funqcionalur olod `xiluli~ saxeebi, rom-
gansxvavebebTan erTad, saerTo lebic ekonomikis ganviTarebis
struqturuli da konceptua- kvalobaze calke, damoukidebel
luri niSnebi. TiToeuli avto- dargebad da qvedargebad Camoy-
244
alibda. masSi ar Sedis mom-
saxurebis is `uxilavi~ saxee-
bi, romlebic Serwymulia meur-
neobis pirveladi da meoreu-
li seqtorebis uSualo ekono-
mikur saqmianobasTan. esenia: sam-
marTvelo samsaxuris, firmeb-
is, sakonstruqtoro, saproeq-
to ganyofilebebis momsaxureba,
saqarxno mecniereba, muSakTa
Sidawarmoebrivi swavleba da
a.S.
ekonomikis mesameuli seq-
toris mkveTrad gansxvavebul
dargTa erT sferoSi gaer-
Tianebas ganapirobebs is gare-
moeba, rom maTSi dasaqmebulTa
Sromis sasargeblo efeqti mom-
saxurebis saxiT vlindeba.
gaeros erovnuli angariSe-
bis sistemis klasifikaciaSi,
saxeldobr, `ekonomikuri sax-
eebis produqciis klasifika-
ciaSi~ momsaxurebis sfero day-
ofilia sabazro da arasaba-
zro momsaxurebad, romlebic,
Tavis mxriv, iyofa oTx jgu-
fad: 1. sabazro momsaxurebis
mwarmoebeli dargebi, anu saba-
zro dargebi; 2. arasabazro
momsaxurebis mwarmoebeli sax-
elmwifo mmarTvelobis orga-
noebis dargebi; 3. arasabazro
momsaxurebis kerZo arakomer-
ciuli organizaciebis darge-
bi; 4. dargebi, romlebic Sedgeba
saojaxo meurneobis mier war-
monetarizmi
moebuli sxvadasxva saxis ara-
sabazro momsaxurebisagan.
momsaxurebis sferos ase-
Ti dayofa saSualebas aZlevs
statistikur organoebs, am niS-
nis mixedviT awarmoon gaan-
gariSebebi. mag., XXI saukunis
dasawyisSi sabazro momsaxure-
bis xvedriTi wona evropuli
gaerTianebis eqvsi wamyvani qvey-
nis (didi britaneTis, safrange-
Tis, italiis, gfr--is, holandi-
is) erTobliv damatebul Rire-
bulebaSi Seadgenda 50%--s, ma-
Sin rodesac gadammuSavebeli
mrewvelobis xvedriTi wona
mxolod 30%--s udrida.
monetarizmi (monetarism) -
erT--erTi ZiriTadi makroeko-
nomikuri Teoria, romelic ikv-
levs fulis mravalwaxnagovan
aspeqtebs da mis gavlenas erov-
nul ekonomikaze. monetaruli
Teoriis warmomadgenlebi (m.
fridmeni, f. keigani, a. melt-
ceri, f. haieki da sxv.) icaven
debulebas ekonomikuri siste-
mis TviTregulirebis Sesaxeb,
xolo ekonomikis arastabil-
urobas fuladi sistemis mer-
yeobiT xsnian.
termini monetarizmi Semo-
iRo karl brunerma 1968 wels
da Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba im
Sexedulebis gamosaxatavad,
romlis momxreebic Tvlian, rom
erToblivi fuladi Semosavlis
monetarizmi
donis cvlilebas ZiriTadad
ganapirobebs fuladi masis mocu-
lobis cvlileba.
monetarizmis fuZemdeblad
aRiarebulia milTon fridmeni,
romelmac Tavis naSromebSi _
`fulis raodenobrivi Teoria.
axali formulireba~, `fulis
mimoqcevis istoria amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi 1867--1960
wlebSi~ (a. SvarcTan erTad)
_ daasabuTa fulis axali ro-
li Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi, fu-
lad-- sakredito regulirebis
prioriteti ekonomikis stabi-
lizaciaSi.
monetarizmi fulis raode-
nobrivi Teoriis saxeSecvlili
variantia. misi arsi gamoix-
ateba SemdegSi: fuli sabazro
meurneobis mTavari mamoZrave-
beli Zalaa. mimoqcevaSi arse-
buli fulis raodenoba ganm-
sazRvrel zemoqmedebas axdens
warmoebis dinamikasa da faseb-
is doneze. amitom ekonomikis
stabilizaciisaTvis sakmarisia
saxelmwifom gaataros aqti-
uri fuladi politika da ar
gamoiyenos sabiujeto--sagada-
saxado berketebi. centralurma
bankma zemoqmedeba unda moax-
dinos fulad miwodebaze. fu--
ladi masis matebis tempi we-
liwadSi ar unda aRematebodes
3--5%--s. winaaRmdeg SemTxveva-
Si kerZo mewarmeobis meqanizmi
245
daingreva da inflacia gaizrde-
ba. ekonomikaze saxelmwifos
zemoqmedeba Semoifargleba fu-
ladi masis mudmivi zrdis tem-
pebis SenarCunebiT.
monetarizmi daupirispir-
da keinzianelobas da igi `an-
tikeinzianur revoluciad~ aris
aRiarebuli. fridmeni da `Cik-
agos skolis~ sxva warmomad-
genlebi, keinzisagan gansxvave-
biT, ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos
Carevis winaaRmdegni arian. maTi
azriT, saxelmwifos social-
uri danaxarjebi, erTi mxriv,
zrdis biujetis deficitsa da
inflacias, meore mxriv, Sro-
mis stimulebis dacemiT aqvei-
Tebs warmoebis efeqtianobas.
monetaristebisaTvis ekonomika,
pirvel yovlisa, aris bazari,
xolo bazari _ TviTregulire-
badi sistema, romelzedac ze-
moqmedeba SesaZlebelia upi-
ratesad fuladi masis mocu-
lobis regulirebiT.
XX saukunis 90--iani wle--
bis II naxevridan monetarizmi
safuZvlad daedo aSS--isa da
msoflios mravali qveynis
ekonomikur politikas. bolo
periodSi monetaruli Teori-
is naklovanebebma Tavi iCina
msoflio ekonomikur politika-
Si. globaluri finansuri
krizisis warmoSobis erT--erT
mTavar mizezs swored m. frid-
246
menis monetarul Teorias ukav-
Sireben. qveynis fulad--sakredi-
to politikaSi sakredito
regulirebis Sesustebam, sabi-
ujeto--sagadasaxado reguli-
rebis ignorirebam, wina planze
fulis fenomenis wamowevam gza
gauxsna virtualur ekonomikas
da msoflios finansuri krizi-
sisken ubiZga, rasac mohyva eko-
nomikuri zrdis tempebis Sene-
leba da erToblivi moTxovnis
dacema.
monetarizmis `inteleqtu-
alurma kolafsma~ kiTxvis qveS
daayena neoliberaluri ekono-
mikuri politika. aseT situa-
ciaSi wina planze isev kein-
zianuri Teoriis postulatebma
wamoiwia.
monopolia (monopoly) [berZ.
monos erTi, pole vyidi] - 1. war-
moebis, vaWrobis, rewvis da a.S.
gansakuTrebuli ufleba, romel-
ic ekuTvnis erT pirs, pirTa
gansazRvrul jgufs an sax-
elmwifos; 2. msxvil mewarme-
Ta gaerTianeba, romelic war-
moiqmneba warmoebisa da kapi-
talis koncentraciisa da cen-
tralizaciis safuZvelze. mo-
nopoliis ZiriTadi saxeebia:
karteli, sindikati, tresti,
koncerni, konsorciumi, kon-
glomerati; 3. sabazro situa-
cia, rodesac bazarze aris erT-
saxovani produqciis erTi mwar-
monopolia
moebeli (gamyidveli, mimwode-
beli) da mravali momxmarebe-
li, myidveli. (sapirispiroa _
monopsonia). Tu bazarze erTi
gamyidveli da erTi myidvelia,
maSin saqme gvaqvs ormxriv mo-
nopoliasTan. aseT situacias
absolutur monopolias uwo-
deben, Tumca, rogorc srulyo-
fili konkurencia, aseve, abso-
luturi monopolia ar gvx-
vdeba realur cxovrebaSi.
monopolizacia (monop-
olization) - monopoliis damyare-
bis procesi.
monopolisti (monopo-
list) - 1. monopoliis mflobe-
li; 2. monopolisturi kapi-
talis warmomadgeneli.
monopoliuri konkuren-
cia (monopolistic competition) -
arasrulyofili konkurenciis
forma. monopoliuri konkuren-
ciis Teoria Seqmnes e. Cember-
linma (`monopoliuri konkuren-
ciis Teoria~, 1933) da j. ro-
binsonma (`arasrulyofili kon-
kurenciis ekonomikuri Teor-
ia~, 1933).
bazris faqtobrivi stru-
qtura ar Seesabameba mis uki-
dures situaciebs _ monopo-
lias an srulyofil konkuren-
cias. firmebi, romlebic awar-
moeben msgavs, magram araiden-
tur produqcias, muSaoben mo-
nopoliuri konkurenciis piro-
mosalodneli mimdinare diskontirebuli ......
bebSi. produqciis diferenci-
acia firmebs aniWebs monopo-
liuri Zalauflebis element-
ebs _ yoveli maTganisaTvis
moTxovnis mruds aqvs uary-
ofiTi daxriloba, amitomac
firmas SeuZlia gavlena moax-
dinos sabazro fasze. magram
zemogebis xangrZlivad miReb-
is SesaZlebloba gamoricxulia
dargSi Tavisuflad SeRwevis
gamo, vinaidan axal firmebs Seu-
ZliaT SeimuSaon da awarmoon
erTi da imave produqciis sx-
vadasxva marka analogiuri war-
moebis danaxarjebis pirobeb-
Si. aqedan gamomdinare, nebis-
mieri moklevadiani mogeba qreba
grZelvadian periodSi axali
konkurentebis warmoqmniT.
monopoliuri konkuren-
ciis Teoria (theory of mono-
polistic competition) - sabazro
qcevis modeli, Seqmnili e. Cem-
berlinisa da j. robinsonis
mier 1933 wels. mis mixedviT,
bazris faqtobrivi struqtu-
ra ar Seesabameba Tavisufali
konkurenciis an monopoliebis
ukidures situaciebs. msgavsi,
magram araidenturi produqci-
is mwarmoebeli firmebi muSa-
oben monopoliuri konkurenciis
pirobebSi da SeuZliaT saba-
zro fasebze aqtiuri zemo-
qmedeba. magram zemogebis xan-
grZlivad miRebis SesaZlebloba
247
gamoricxulia dargSi Tavisu-
fali SeRwevis gamo. aqedan ga-
momdinare, nebismieri mokleva-
diani mogeba qreba grZelvadi-
an periodSi axali konkurenciis
warmoqmniT.
monopsonia (monopsony) -
sabazro situaciis erT--erTi
saxeoba, rodesac bazarze aris
mravali gamyidveli da erTi
myidveli. sapirispiroa _ mono-
polia. Tu bazarze aris ramde-
nime gamyidveli da erTi myidve-
li, maSin monopsonia SezRu-
dulia.
moraluri cveTa (ob-
solescence) - ZiriTadi kapitalis
Rirebulebis Semcireba: a). teq-
nikuri progresis safuZvelze
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zr-
dis Sedegad; b). ufro sru-
lyofili, ekonomikurad gaum-
jobesebuli manqana--danadgare-
bis warmoebiT moqmedi manqana--
danadgarebis daZveleba da maTi
fizikurad gacveTamde warmoe-
bidan gandevna.
mosalodneli inflaci-
is done (expected rate of inflati-
on) - inflaciis done, romel-
ic momavali periodisTvis aris
mosalodneli arsebuli so-
cialur-- ekonomikuri infor-
maciis safuZvelze.
mosalodneli mimdinare
diskontirebuli Rirebule-
ba (net present value) – momaval-
248 mosaxleobis socialuri dacva
Si gansaxorcielebeli opera-
ciebis dRevandeli Rirebule-
ba. am SemTxvevaSi momavalSi
gadaxdis fasi dRevandeli fu-
ladi erTeuliT ganisazRvre-
ba, sityva `diskontirebuli~ ki
aRniSnavs im faqts, rom mo-
mavali wlis Rirebuleba dis-
kontirebulia.
mosaxleobis socialuri
dacva (social security, welfare) -
kanonmdeblobiT ganmtkicebuli
ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi da
socialuri garantiebis mizno-
brivi sistema, romelic mo-
qmedebs destabilizaciis faq-
torebis, pirvel yovlisa, umu-
Sevrobis, inflaciis, siRatakis
winaaRmdeg. igi ise unda aigos,
rom Sromis demotivizacia ar
gamoiwvios.
moqmedebis lagi (action
lag) - drois Sualedi politi-
kur gadawyvetilebasa (gansa-
kuTrebiT makroekonomikaSi) da
mis ganxorcielebas Soris. Cve-
ulebriv moqmedebis lags win
uZRvis gadawyvetilebis lagi.
es ukanaskneli politikuri
lagis Semadgeneli nawilia.
moqnili valutis kur-
si (flexible exchange rate) - sx-
vadasxva qveynis valutebis
gacvliTi kursis gansazRvris
sistema, romlis drosac valu-
tis kursi yalibdeba umTavre-
sad sabazro Zalebis zemo-
qmedebiT, e.i. moTxovna--miwode-
bis safuZvelze da ara saxel-
mwifos mier. zogjer mas mcu-
ravi valutis kursis sistema-
sac uwodeben. rodesac saxel-
mwifo uars ambobs valutis
kursis funqcionirebaSi ama Tu
im saxiT Carevaze, am sistemas
mcuravi valutis kursis wminda
sistemas uwodeben.
moqnili fasi (flexible pri-
ces) - fasi, romelic advilad
icvleba ekonomikaSi erToblivi
moTxovnis cvlilebisas.
moxalise eqspertTa sa-
eqspert
er TaSoriso korpusi (mesk)
erTaSoriso
(International Corps of Volunteers
Experts) - arakomerciuli da
arasaxelmwifoebrivi organiza-
cia, romelic mowodebulia
mravalmxrivi daxmareba gauwios
sustad ganviTarebul qveynebs
socialur--ekonomikur sfero-
Si. mesk Seiqmna 1969 wels da
amJamad 12 aTasze met eqspert--
specialists iTvlis. mas afi-
nanseben aSS--is saerTaSoriso
ganviTarebis saagento, sxvadas-
xva qveynis mTavrobebi, 200--ze
meti umsxvilesi korporacia
da sxv. mesk exmareba kerZo
da saxelmwifo struqturebs,
gansakuTrebiT janmrTelobis
dacvis, kulturis, ganaTlebis
dawesebulebebs sabazro urT-
ierTobebze gadasvlaSi. igi afi-
nansebs ekonomikis ganmsazRvrel
msoflio ekonomikuri forumi
dargebSi progresis daCqareb-
is proeqtebs. mniSvnelovania
mesk-is saqmianoba marketing-
is sferoSi. igi investiciebiT
didad uwyobs xels mcire da
saSualo biznesis ganviTare-
bas. mesk- ma saqarTvelosTan
TanamSromloba daiwyo 1993
wlis ivlisidan.
moxmareba (consumption) -
kvlavwarmoebis ciklis bolo
stadia, saqonlisa da momsax-
urebis gamoyenebis procesi
warmoebrivi da arawarmoebrivi
(saboloo) moxmarebis saxiT.
moxmareba damokidebulia
rogorc simdidreze, ise mim-
dinare Semosavalze (mosalod-
neli SromiTi Semosavlidan ga-
dasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg
darCenili Rirebuleba).
mrewveloba (industry) -
gaeros saerTaSoriso stan-
dartuli dargobrivi klas-
ifikaciisa da erovnul angariS-
Ta sistemis mixedviT, ekonomikis
meoreuli seqtoris _ indus-
triis umsxvilesi Semadgene--
li nawili, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
iyofa mopovebiT da dammuSave-
bel mrewvelobad.
msofli
msoflio o bazar
bazari i (World
market) - saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis saerTaSoriso gacv-
lis sfero, romelic efuZneba
Sromis saerTaSoriso danaw-
ilebas. im qveynebis bazrebis
249
erToblioba, romlebic erT-
maneTTan arian dakavSirebulni
sasaqonlo-- ekonomikuri urT-
ierTobebiT. msoflio bazarma
wanamZRvrebi Seqmna msoflio
meurneobis warmoSobisaTvis.
msoflio bazris ganviTarebis
done gamoxatavs warmoebis in-
ternacionalizaciis dones.
msofli
msoflio o banki (World
Bank) - aerTianebs gaeros sis-
temaSi Semaval saerTaSoriso
finansuri organizaciis xuT
jgufs. esenia: rekonstruqci-
isa da ganviTarebis saerTa-
Soriso banki (aerTianebs 185
qveyanas), ganviTarebis saerTa-
Soriso asociacia (aerTianebs
166 qveyanas), saerTaSoriso fi-
nansuri korporacia (aerTianebs
179 qveyanas), mravalmxrivi in-
vestirebis garantiis saagento
(aerTianebs 172 qveyanas) da
sainvesticio davebis gadaWris
saerTaSoriso centri (aer-
Tianebs 143 qveyanas). am xuT
jgufs hyavs saerTo xelmZRva-
neloba da aqvs saerTo mizani
_ ganviTarebadi qveynebis fin-
ansuri daxmareba da cxovreb-
is donis amaRleba. saqarTve-
lo xuTive jgufis wevria.
msoflio ekonomikuri
forumi
forumi (World Economic Forum
- WEF) – Camoyalibda 1971 wels
evropuli menejmentis foru-
mis saxiT, romlis ZiriTadi mi-
250
zani iyo amerikuli menejmen-
tis meTodebis damkvidreba ev-
ropul kompaniebSi. 1987 wels,
funqciebis gafarToebasTan
dakavSirebiT Seecvala saxel-
wodeba da msoflio ekono-
mikuri forumi ewoda.
msoflio meurneoba -
(world economy) - msoflios yve-
la qveynis erovnul meurneo-
baTa erToblioba, maTi ekonomi-
kuri urTierTkavSiri, romel-
ic moicavs sagareo vaWrobas,
kapitalis gatanas, samuSao Za-
lis (SromiTi resursebis) mig-
racias, saerTaSoriso ekonomi-
kuri organizaciebis Seqmnas,
samecniero--teqnologiuri in-
formaciis gacvlas, ekonomikuri
xelSekrulebebis dadebasa da
a.S. Tanamedrove pirobebSi glo-
baluri problemebis gamwvave-
bam gaaZliera msofliomeurneo-
brivi kavSirebi.
msoflio savaluto sis-
tema (world monetary system) -
saerTaSoriso savaluto urT-
ierTobis organizaciis for-
maTa erToblioba, romelic
moicavs fulad--sakredito mi-
moqcevas qveynis SigniT da
saerTaSoriso angariSsworeb-
is sferos. man Tavis ganviTare-
baSi ganvlo oTxi etapi. pirve-
li etapi iwyeba XIX saukuni
70--iani wlebidan da grZelde-
ba pirvel msoflio omamde. igi
msoflio meurneoba
cnobilia oqros standartis
Tavdapirveli formis _ oqro-
moneturi standartis saxiT.
es ukanaskneli gulisxmobda: 1.
oqros monetebis Tavisufal
moWras; 2. Rirebulebis niSne-
bis Tavisufal gadaxurdavebas
oqros monetebze; 3. oqros Ta-
visufal eqsport--imports. va-
lutis Seqcevadobis srulyo-
fili xasiaTi, rac gamoixate-
boda erTi qveynis valutis fiq-
sirebuli paritetis mixedviT
gacvlaSi ara mxolod sxva va-
lutaze, aramed oqrozec, oq--
romoneturi standartis krax-
amde SemorCa.
pirveli msoflio omis Sem-
deg ekonomikis swrafma aRmav-
lobam bevr qveyanaSi (inglisi,
safrangeTi, germania da a.S.)
aRadgina valutis srulyofili
Seqcevadoba ara oqros mon-
etebSi, aramed oqros zodebSi.
Camoyalibda oqros standart-
is meore forma _ oqrozodu-
ri standarti
standarti, romelic moq-
medebda XX saukunis 30-- ian
wlebamde. es periodi msoflio
savaluto sistemis ganviTare-
bis meore etapia
etapia, romlisTvi-
sac damaxasiaTebelia Rirebu-
lebis niSnebis gadaxurdaveba
oqros zodebze. zogierT qvey-
anaSi (metwilad koloniur qvey-
nebSi), oqros fondis simciris
gamo, SemoiRes oqrodevizuri
msoflio savaluto sis tema
sistema
standarti
standarti, romelic Ziri-
Tadad iTvaliswinebda banknote-
bis ucxour valutaze gadax-
urdavebas. rogorc oqrozo-
duri, ise oqrodevizuri stan-
dartis dros nebadarTuli iyo
Tavisufali eqsport--importi.
msoflio savaluto sistemis
organizaciis es axali ti pi iu-
ridiulad gaformda 1922 wels
genuis saerTaSoriso konfer-
enciaze. mis safuZvels oqros
zodebi da devizebi Seadgenda.
valutis srulyofili Se-
qcevadoba (e.i. oqros stan-
dartuli sistema) gagrZelda
1929-- 1933 wlebis msoflio
ekonomikur krizisamde. `didi
depresiis~ wlebma mZlavri dar-
tyma miayena oqros standarts
da sabolood dausva wertili
mis arsebobas. daiwyo msof-
lio savaluto sistemis kriz-
isi, rac gamoixata savaluto
SezRudvebis SemoRebiT, oqros
Tavisufali gatana-- Semotanis
akrZalviT, sxvadasxva qveynis
valutebis gaufasurebiT da a.S.
meore msoflio omma kidev uf-
ro gaaRrmava genuis savalu-
to sistemis krizisi.
msoflio savaluto siste-
mis mesame etapi ukavSirdeba
breton-vudsis savaluto
sistemis Seqmnas. igi iuridi-
ulad gaformda breton-- vud-
sis (aSS--is kurorti) cnobil
251
konferenciaze, romelmac gan-
sazRvra axali msoflio sava-
luto sistemis Semdegi Ziri-
Tadi funqciebi: 1) oqrosavalu-
to standartis SemoReba; 2)
fiqsirebuli savaluto kurse-
bis daweseba; 3) msoflio sa-
valuto-- sakredito sistemis
Seqmna. breton--vudsis savalu-
to sistemis SeqmniT safuZve-
li Caeyara sxvadasxva qveynis
savaluto kavSirebis saxelmwi-
foTaSoris regulirebas. Seiqm-
na erovnuli valutebis urT-
ierTgacvlis anu urTierTkon-
vertirebis samarTlebrivi me-
qanizmi. savaluto rezervs oq-
rosTan erTad wamyvani valute-
bic Seadgenda. msoflio sava-
luto meqanizmis ganmsazRvre-
li ZiriTadad amerikuli dola-
ri gaxda. mas daekisra mTa-
vari sarezervo valutis roli.
amasTan, 60--ian wlebSi stabi-
luri kursi daimkvidra gfr--is
markam da iaponurma ienma.
breton--vudsis konferenci-
is gadawyvetilebiT Seiqmna
saerTaSoriso savaluto fon-
di da rekonstruqciisa da gan-
viTarebis saerTaSoriso banki.
70--iani wlebis dasawyisSi
transnacionaluri kapitalis
Camoyalibebam gaaZliera msof-
lio kapitalisturi meurneo-
bis internacionalizacia. aSS--
ma Sewyvita dolaris oqroze
252 msoflio savaWro or ganizacia
gacvla oficialuri fasebiT,
ris gamoc saerTaSoriso sava-
luto meqanizmis ZiriTadi rgo-
lebi mwyobridan gamovida. dai-
wyo msoflio savaluto siste-
mis krizisi, ramac dRis wes-
rigSi daayena misi reformis
aucilebloba. breton-- vudsis
savaluto sistemam arseboba
Sewyvita.
1976 wlidan msoflio sa-
valuto sistemis ganviTareba-
Si daiwyo meoTxe etapi. ia-
maikis qalaq kingstonSi gani-
sazRvra axali msoflio sava-
luto sistemis konturebi. sa-
erTaSoriso savaluto fondis
gadawyvetilebiT 1978 wels
gauqmda oqros pariteti.
oqro, romelic savaluto
sistemaSi XX saukunis 70--ian
wlebamde mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebda, gamoidevna saerTa-
Soriso angariSsworebis sfer-
odan. miRebul iqna gadawyveti-
leba misi saboloo demoneti-
zaciis Sesaxeb. mTavari valu-
tis statusi mieniWa amerikul
dolars, xolo ganmsazRvreli
roli _ saerTaSoriso savalu-
to fondsa da msoflio banks.
dolari, faqtobrivad, darCa
saerTaSoriso sagadasaxdelo
da sarezervo saSualebad. es
ZiriTadad ganapiroba aSS-- is
udidesma ekonomikurma poten-
cialma da msoflioSi misma yve-
organizacia
laze didma oqros maragma (mso-
flioSi arsebuli oqros ma-
ragis 35,8 aTasi tonidan 8,14
aTasi tona aSS-- ze modis).
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom Tan-
amedrove msoflio savaluto
sistemas dolaris standart-
sac uwodeben. iamaikis sava-
luto sistemaSi axali savalu-
to reJimis damyarebiT dakanon-
da mcuravi gacvliTi kursi.
amis gamo, amJamindeli savalu-
to sistema cnobilia mcuravi
kursis sistemis saxelwodebiT.
msoflio savaWro orga-
orga-
nizacia-mso (world trade orga-
nization--WTO) - ix. tarifebisa
da vaWrobis Sesaxeb genera-
luri SeTanxmeba.
msoflio fasi (world mar-
ket price) - fasi, romelic gamo-
iyeneba msoflio bazarze saqon-
lisa da momsaxurebis reali-
zaciisas. saerTaSoriso vaWro-
bis praqtikaSi msoflio fasi
Cveulebriv aris ama Tu im saxis
saqonlis umsxvilesi gamyid-
velebisa da myidvelebis gari-
gebis an ZiriTadi msoflio
savaWro centrebis (mag., Cika-
gos savaWro birJis, niu--iorkis
bambis birJis, londonis lion-
is birJis da a.S.) fasi. Tana-
medrove msoflio bazrisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia erTsa da imave
saqonelze mravalgvari fasi,
rac ganpirobebulia ekonomi-
mudmivi danaxarji
kuri, politikuri da sxva xa-
siaTis faqtorebiT (sabaJo da
sagadasaxado barieri, saxelm-
wifo proteqcionizmi, vaWro-
bis gansakuTrebuli pirobebi
Tavisufal ekonomikur zonaSi).
amitom garkveul periodSi ama
Tu im regionSi gansazRvrul
saqonelze realuri fasi Sei-
Zleba arsebiTad gansxvavde-
bodes msoflio fasisagan.
arsebobs msoflio fasis
ramdenime saxeoba: savaWro gari-
gebebisas _ fasebi Tavisuflad
konvertirebadi valutis gada-
xdiT; savaWro garigebebisas _
fasebi arakonvertirebadi valu-
tis gadaxdiT; kliringuli
SeTanxmebis fasebi; arasavaWro
operaciebis fasebi; transfer-
uli fasebi.
`msxverplis~~ norma (sacri-
`msxverplis
fice ratio) – Warbi umuSevrobis
wliuri erTeulis odenoba, ro-
melic saWiroa inflaciis 1%_iT
Semcirebis misaRwevad.
mtacebluri, damangre-
veli faswarmoqmna (preda-
tory pricing) - fasebis droebi-
Ti dacema warmoebis danaxar-
jebze dabla, konkurenciis Sevi-
wroebis an Sesustebis mizniT.
aseTi praqtika damaxasiaTebe-
lia, rogorc wesi, msxvili
mravalprofiliani an ramden-
ime bazarze momuSave firmebi-
saTvis, romlebsac SeuZliaT
253
gauZlon fasebis xangrZliv
Semcirebas produqciis erT sa-
xeobaze an fasebis dacemas erT
bazarze sxva produqciaze an
sxva bazarze zaralis kompen-
saciis gziT, mogebis zrdis mo-
lodiniT mas Semdeg, rogorc
ki konkurentebi iqnebian Seviw-
roebulni da Sesustebulni.
mtkice fasi (fixed, firm price)
- ucvleli fasi xelSekruleb-
is dadebis momentidan misi
moqmedebis mTeli periodis gan-
mavlobaSi. moklevadian perspeq-
tivaSi erToblivi moTxovnis
cvlilebebi masze gavlenas ar
axdens. grZelvadian garigebebSi
mxareebi Cveulebriv gaurbian
mtkice fasebs, riTac cdiloben
Seamciron danakargebi sabazro
fasebis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi.
mtkice fasebis daweseba xel-
sayrelia gamyidvelisaTvis fa-
sebis dacemisas, xolo myidve-
lisaTvis _ fasebis gazrdisas.
mudmivi danaxarji (fixed
cost) - danaxarji, romlis moc-
ulobac ar icvleba warmoebis
moculobis cvlilebis propor-
ciulad. es is danaxarjia, ro-
melic moklevadian periodSi
ar SeiZleba gadiddes an Sem-
cirdes produqciis gamoSveb-
is gadidebis an Semcirebis
proporciulad. mudmiv danax-
arjs firma gaiRebs maSinac,
roca warmoeba ar funqcioni-
254
rebs. mas miekuTvneba: rentuli
gadasaxadi, sesxze sargebeli,
sadazRvevo Senatanebi, dacvis,
Senobis ganaTebis danaxarjebi,
administraciuli xarjebi da
a.S.
multi plikato
plikator ri (mul-
tiplier) [<laT. multiplicator mamrav-
li] - koeficienti (K), romel-
ic gamoxatavs garkveul raode-
nobriv Tanafardobas funqcio-
nalurad erTmaneTze damokide-
bul or an met cvalebad eko-
nomikur sidides Soris. er-
Toblivi moTxovnis matebis erT
erTeulze erToblivi miwode-
bis cvlilebis koeficienti.
dasaqmebis multi plika-
tori gamoxatavs raodenobriv
Tanafardobas erToblivi dasaq-
mebis namatsa da investiciebis
namats Soris.
investiciis multi pli-
katori asaxavs raodenobriv
Tanafardobas Semosavlebisa da
investiciebis namats Soris. Tu
investiciis moculoba izrde-
ba, Semosavali matulobs im si-
didiT, romelic K-jer meti
iqneba investiciis namatze. mag.,
Tu investiciis 10 mln dola-
riT zrda iwvevs Semosavlis
zrdas 40 mln dolariT, maSin
multi plikatori 4--is toli
iqneba.
Semosavlis multi plika-
tori gamoxatavs raodenobriv
multi plikato r i
damokidebulebas Semosavlebis
namatsa da investiciebis gan-
sazRvrul sidides Soris. Se-
mosavlebis namati udris in-
vesticiebis namats, gamravle-
buls multi plikatorze. for-
muliT gamoixateba ase:
YW  iwk &
multi plikato
multiplikato ruli ef-
plikatoruli
eqti (multiplier effect) - realu-
ri investiciebis an erToblivi
moTxovnis sxva komponentebis
cvalebadobisas realuri er-
Toblivi moTxovnis sididis
ufro mniSvnelovani cvlileb-
is efeqti. mag., rodesac sabiu-
jeto politika iwvevs ekono-
mikis subieqtebis Semosavleb-
is zrdas, Sesabamisad izrdeba
samomxmareblo xarjebic.
munici palizacia (muni-
cipalization) [<laT. municipium
TviTmmarTveli Temi] - saxelm-
wifo xelisuflebis mier ker-
Zo pirTaTvis sakuTrebis Camo-
rTmeva da gadacema qalaqis an
soflis TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis
_ municipalitetisaTvis.
munici pali teti (munici-
paliteti
pality) [<laT. municipium TviT-
mmarTveli Temi] - 1. adgilob-
rivi TviTmmarTvelobis orga-
no, agreTve Senoba, romelic am
organos ukavia; 2. dabali admi-
nistraciul--teritoriuli er-
Teuli avstraliaSi, venesuela-
mcire biznesi
sa da zogierT sxva qveyanaSi.
myidvelis bazari (buy-
er’s market) - situacia bazarze,
rodesac miwodeba aRemateba
moTxovnas, ris gamoc fasi ecema
da gamyidvelebs uWirT produ-
qciis realizacia.
mcire biznesi (small busi-
ness) - sabazro struqturis
mniSvnelovani elementi, same-
warmeo saqmianobis yvelaze
moqnili da dinamikuri forma,
romelic wvrili mewarmeobis
princi pebzea dafuZnebuli da
warmodgenilia umciresi da
mcire firmebis saxiT. misi gan-
viTareba jansaRi sabazro gare-
mos formirebis aucilebeli
pirobaa. mcire sawarmoTa sim-
ravle xels uwyobs konkuren-
ciis warmoqmnas, monopolizmis
aRmofxvras, axali samuSao adg-
ilebis Seqmnas, yvela saxis
resursis, maT Soris, SromiTi
resursebis racionalur gamoy-
enebas, nedleulis wyaroebTan
da gasaRebis bazrebTan siax-
lovis Sedegad satransporto
xarjebis minimumamde dayvanas,
rogorc qalaqSi, ise soflad
Tanamedrove standartebisa da
cxovrebis stilis gavrcele-
bas, rac, saboloo angariSiT,
ganapirobebs msxvili saqalaqo
aglomeraciis zrdis SezRud-
vas (saqarTvelos sinamdvile-
Si swored mcire biznesis gan-
255
viTarebas unda davukavSiroT
mravali miviwyebuli soflis
aRdgena--ganviTarebis sakiTxi).
mcire biznesis safuZvelze
warmoqmnili ekonomikuri agen-
tebis simravle mosaxleobisaT-
vis ufro xelmisawvdoms xdis
samomxmareblo saqonelsa da
momsaxurebas. yovelive es, er-
Tad aRebuli, myar safuZvels
qmnis socialuri ganviTarebi-
saTvis. amitom aris, rom mTel
msoflioSi aRiniSneba mcire bi-
znesis swrafi ganviTareba,
Tumca, ar SeiZleba misi abso-
lutizeba da panacead miCneva.
mcire bizness ar Seswevs
Zala ZviradRirebuli ekonomi-
kuri problemebis gadaWrisaT-
vis. mcire biznesi Zalze mgrZno-
biarea bazris koniunqturis cv-
lilebisadmi. masze zogjer ga-
manadgurebel gavlenas axdens
ekonomikis ganviTarebis cik-
luri xasiaTi. mcire biznesis
warmarTvaSi erT-- erTi mniS-
vnelovani problemaa kreditze
procentis ganakveTis done.
saqme isaa, rom mcire firmebi
gamudmebiT ganicdian kapitalis
naklebobas da msxvil kompani-
ebze metad arian damokidebu-
li mimdinare brunvis dakred-
itebaze. bankebi ki saerTod
gaurbian maT dakreditebas an
cdiloben gaweuli riskisaTvis
am firmebisagan, rogorc nak-
256
lebad saimedo msesxeblebisa-
gan, kompensacia miiRon Cveu-
lebrivze maRali procentis
dawesebiT. biznesis mcire mas-
Stabi wvril sawarmoebs ar
aZlevs saSualebas, gamoiyenon
kapitalis mozidvis sxva wya-
roebi, magaliTad, gamouSvan
aqciebi. maT uWirT iseTi in-
vestorebis moZebna, romlebic
dainteresebulni iqnebian Ta-
vianTi saxsrebis am firmebis
saqmeSi dabandebiT. mcire bi-
znesis problemebs kidev ufro
arTulebs inflaciuri proces-
ebis gaZliereba, kerZod, faseb-
is zrdis gamo matulobs ful-
ze moTxovna. inflaciis dros
mcire sawarmoebs ar SeuZli-
aT kontroli gauwion Tavian-
Ti produqciis sabazro fase-
bisa da danaxarjebis dones, rac
bevrad ufro xelmisawvdomia
msxvili firmebisaTvis. yovelive
amis gamo, mcire firmebi xSir-
ad ver uZleben konkurencias
da kotrdebian. mag., didi bri-
taneTis dasaqmebis saministros
monacemebiT, mcire firmebis `si-
cocxlis saSualo xangrZlivo-
ba~ 7 welia.
aRniSnuli naklovanebebis
miuxedavad, mcire biznesis uar-
yofiT mxareebs udavod sWar-
bobs dadebiTi, ramac Tanamed-
rove msoflio ekonomikaSi Sesa-
Zlebeli gaxada gigantebisa da
mcire biznesi
mcire firmebis Tanaarseboba.
am ukanasknelTa sicocxlisu-
narianobas didad uwyobs xels
maT dasacavad gamiznuli saxel-
mwifo politika, romelic gu-
lisxmobs sagadasaxado, sakre-
dito da sxva SeRavaTebs, te-
qnikur da sakonsultacio mom-
saxurebas da a.S. mcire bizness
icavs mcire da saSualo sa-
war moTa msoflio asocia-
warmoTa
cia.
amrigad, mcire biznesis si-
cocxlisunarianobaze gansakuT-
rebul gavlenas axdens Semde-
gi xuTi ZiriTadi faqtori: 1.
sabazro koniunqturis mdgo-
mareoba; 2. kreditze procen-
tis ganakveTis done; 3.. kapita-
lis mozidvis SesaZleblobebi;
4. inflaciis tempebi; 5. bizne-
sis samTavrobo reglamentacia.
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi umcir-
es, mcire, saSualo da msxvil
sawarmoTa kriteriumebi gansx-
vavebulia. erT--erTi yvelaze
gavrcelebuli kriteriumia
dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba, rome-
lic sxvadasxva parametriT xa-
siaTdeba. mag., aSS--Si umcire-
sad iTvleba firma, romelSic
10 kacamdea dasaqmebuli, mcired
_ 10--dan 500 kacamde, xolo
msxvil firmad _ 500 da meti
dasaqmebuli. italiaSi umcir-
es firmaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba
sawarmoebi, sadac 1--dan 20--mde
mcire biznesi
kaci muSaobs, mcire sawarmoebSi
dasaqmebulia 20-- dan 100-- mde
kaci, saSualoSi 100--dan 500--
mde, xolo msxvil firmebSi _
500 da meti. safrangeTSi sawar-
mo, sadac 10--mde kacia dasaqme-
buli umciresi firmaa, 10--dan
50 kacamde _ mcire, 50-- dan
500--mde saSualo, 500 da meti
_ msxvili. did britaneTSi
mcire firmebs miekuTvneba sa-
warmo, sadac dasaqmebulia 1--dan
100--mde kaci, saSualos _ 100--
dan 500-- mde. gfr-- Si mcired
iTvleba sawarmo dasaqmebul-
Ta ricxovnobiT 1--dan 50 ka-
camde, xolo saSualos mi-
akuTvneben iseT firmebs, sadac
50--idan 500--mde kaci muSaobs.
saqarTveloSi mcires mie-
kuTvneba firma, romelSic 20--
mde kacia dasaqmebuli, xolo
saSualowliuri brunva 500
aTas laramdea, saSualos mie-
kuTvneba 20--dan 100--mde kaci
(saSualowliuri brunva 500
aTasidan 1,5 mln laramde), msx-
vils _ 100 da meti (saSualo-
wliuri brunva 1,5 mln lari
da meti).
ukanasknel periodSi, gan-
sakuTrebiT 80--iani wlebidan,
ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekono-
mika wvrili mewarmeobis swrafi
zrdiT xasiaTdeba. mag., aSS--Si
mcire bizness eweva firmebis
99%, romelTa wiladac modis
257
mTliani erovnuli produqtis
40%, maT Soris, momsaxurebis
sferoSi _ 81%; iaponiaSi sul
iTvlian 9 mln firmas, aqedan,
85%--mde mcirea. mcire bizness
iq eweva dasaqmebulTa 3/4; saf-
rangeTSi gansakuTrebiT gavr-
celebulia umciresi firmebi.
isini Seadgenen sawarmoTa saer-
To raodenobis 96,6%--s, mcire
sawarmoebi _ 2,8%--s, saSualo
_ 0,5%--s (e.i. sul umcires,
mcire da saSualo firmebze
modis 99,9%), xolo msxvili
kompaniebi _ 0,1%--s; italiaSi
yovel 15 kacze modis erTi
mcire an umciresi firma; bri-
tanul ekonomikaSi swrafad vi-
Tardeba mikrobiznesi. erTka-
ciani sawarmo sakmaod mraval-
ricxovani kategoriaa didi bri-
taneTis dasaqmebis struqtur-
aSi, gansakuTrebiT momsaxure-
bis sferoSi. es Tavisebureba
damaxasiaTebelia SvedeTisaT-
visac, sadac momsaxurebis seq-
toris zogierT dargSi fir-
mebis naxevarze meti erTi kac-
iTaa warmodgenili. germaniaSi
mcire biznesi sameurneo gan-
viTarebis stabilizaciisa da
socialuri amocanebis gada-
WrisaTvis gamiznuli programe-
bis realizaciis ZiriTadi gzaa.
am saqmiT momsaxurebis sfer-
oSi dakavebulia momuSaveTa
75%; ukanasknel periodSi didi
258
gaqaneba mieca mcire biznesis
ganviTarebas samxreT koreaS-
ic. bolo aTwleulSi am ti-
pis sawarmoTa ricxvi firmeb-
is saerTo raodenobaSi 9--idan
62%--mde gaizarda. ukanasknel
periodSi es procesi saqarTve-
loSic daiwyo. bolo monace-
mebiT, mcire sawarmoTa ricxv-
ma 17 aTass gadaaWarba, xolo
saSualo sawarmoTa ricxvma _
3 aTass.
mcire privatizacia (small
privatisation) - saxelmwifo sa-
kuTrebis kerZo sakuTrebad
gardaqmna vaWrobis, sazogadoe-
brivi kvebisa da sayofacxovre-
bo momsaxurebis sferoSi,
agreTve mrewvelobisa da sxva
dargebis mcire sawarmoebSi.
mcire privatizacia, rogorc
wesi, mokle droSi xorcield-
eba, rasac uzrunvelyofs Ro-
nisZiebaTa kompleqsis gamoyeneba
saboloo SedegebiT privati-
zaciis monawileTa materi-
aluri dainteresebisaTvis.
SromiT koleqtivebs eZlevaT
finansuri SeRavaTebi sawarmoTa
SesaZenad. mcire privatizaci-
is princi pebi iTvaliswinebs
diferencirebul midgomas sapri-
vatizacio sawarmoebisadmi ise-
Ti monacemebis mixedviT, rogor-
icaa farTobi, ZiriTadi kapi-
talis Tavdapirveli Rirebule-
ba, dasajdomi adgilebis raode-
mcire privatizacia
noba da sxv. mcire privati-
zaciis obieqtebs miekuTvneba:
150 kv. m--ze naklebi farTobis
mqone maRaziebi, sazogadoebrivi
kvebis sawarmoebi, sadac 50--ze
naklebi dasajdomi adgilia, pa-
vilionebi, fardulebi, kioskebi,
savaWro avtomatebi da sxva
wvrili obieqtebi. mcire priva-
tizacia formdeba myidvelebsa
da gamyidvelebs Soris yidva--
gayidvis xelSekrulebis dade-
biT.
`mcire qveynebi~ (small coun-
tries) - Ria erovnuli ekonomi-
kebi, romlebic zogierTi sax-
is saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
fasebis gansazRvrisas msoflio
bazris fasebs iyeneben. erTsa
da imave qveyanas SeuZlia ukar-
naxos msoflio bazars fasebi
saqonlis calkeul jgufebze
da warmoadgendes `mcire qvey-
anas~ saqonlis sxva jgufebze
msoflio fasebis formirebi-
sas anu miiRos sxvis mier dad-
genili msoflio fasebi.
mcuravi gacvliTi kur-
si (floating exchange rate) - gacv-
liTi kursi, romelic valutis
bazarze centraluri bankis in-
tervenciis gareSe, moTxovna_
miwodebis safuZvelze ganisaz-
Rvreba. valutis kursis mar-
Tvis meTodi. gamoiyeneba saer-
TaSoriso savaluto fondis mi-
er gamocxadebuli valutebis
mwarmoeblurobis Teo riebi
Teoriebi 259
oficialuri kursis regulire- didebas da, piriqiT.
bisaTvis. qveynebs aqvT ufleba, mwarmoeblurobis zrda kap-
Secvalon gacvliTi kursi Sida italisa da Sromis gamoyeneb-
bazris gawonasworebis mizniT. is efeqtianobis zrdis Sede-
mwarmoebelTa fasebis gia, Tumca, xSirad SeuZlebe-
indeqsi (producer price index)lia kapitalisa da Sromis mwar-
- maCvenebeli, romelic gamox- moeblurobis gamijvna. praq-
atavs Sualeduri moxmarebis tikaSi es termini, Cveulebriv,
nedleulze, masalebsa da sxva gamoiyeneba Sromis mwarmoe-
saqonelze fasebis cvaleba- blurobasTan mimarTebaSi.
dobis saSualo dones sabaziso mwarmoeblurobis Teo-
periodTan SedarebiT. gamoiy- riebi (theory of productivity) -
eneba VTG-is maqsimalurad deta- ekonomikuri Teoriebi, rom-
lizebuli komponentebis Sesa- lebic ganixilaven warmoebisa
dar fasebSi gasaangariSeblad. da ganawilebis urTierTmoqmede-
mwarmoeblis fasi (pro- bas, mis Sedegebs da gavlenas
ducer price) - fasi, romelic warmoebis monawileebze. Tavda-
moicavs saqonlis (momsaxure- pirvelad gamodioda warmoe-
bis) sabaziso fass, yvela ara- bis faqtorTa Teoriebis (J.b.
pirdapir gadasaxads (damate- sei, f. bastia da sxv.) saxiT,
bul Rirebulebaze gadasaxadis romelTa mixedviT warmoebis
garda) da gamoricxavs subsi- TiToeuli faqtori (Sroma, kapi-
diebs. tali, miwa) monawileobs sa-
mwarmoebluroba (pro- zogadoebrivi produqtis Seq-
ductivity) - warmoebis realuri mnaSi da, Sesabamisad, Semosaval-
moculobis damokidebuleba Eic nawildeba Q xelfasis, mogeb-
gamoyenebuli resursebis rao- is da Krentis saxiT. XIX sauku-
denobis mimarT. gamoiTvleba nis bolos amerikeli ekono-
formuliT: mistis j.b. klarkis mier Se-
^ muSavebul iqna zRvruli mwar-
moeblurobis Teoria. Tavda-
sadac E mwarmoeblurobaa, Q - pirvelad warmoiSva rogorc Ri-
warmoebis realuri moculoba, rebulebis Seqmnisa da ganawi-
K - danaxarji. produqciis er- lebis Teoria, meore msoflio
Teulze danaxarjis Semcireba omis Semdeg ki man biZgi misca
iwvevs mwarmoeblurobis ga- ekonomikuri zrdis neoklasi-
kuri Teoriis ganviTarebas.
260 navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organi...
n mis produqtebi iwarmoeba TviT
navTobis eqsportiori
qveynebis organizacia (Or-
ganization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries - OPEC) - saerTa-
Soriso oligopoliuri orga-
nizacia, romelic daarsda 1960
wels da aerTianebs `mesame sam-
yaros~ navTobis eqsportior 13
qveyanas. esenia: venesuela, sau-
dis arabeTi, alJiri, nigeria,
libia, quveiTi, arabeTis gaer-
Tianebuli saamiroebi, irani,
erayi, ekvadori, katari, gaboni
da indonezia. organizaciis
mTavari mizania navTobis mop-
ovebis koordinacia, eqsporti-
ori qveynebisaTvis navTobze
fasismieri politikisa da war-
moebrivi strategiis SemuSaveba.
amasTan, igi iTvaliswinebs kred-
itebis micemiT arawevri ganvi-
Tarebadi qveynebisaTvis finan-
suri daxmarebis gawevas, ro-
gorc sagadasaxdelo balansis
deficitis dasafaravad, ise gan-
viTarebis proeqtebis dasafin-
anseblad.
organizaciis gavlena mkveT-
rad daeca 80--iani wlebis me-
ore naxevridan, rodesac msof-
lioSi gaizarda navTobis mi-
wodeba arawevri qveynebidan.
naturaluri meurneoba
(subsistence economy) - meurneo-
bis ti pi, romlis drosac Sro-
mwarmoebelTa moTxovnilebebis
dasakmayofileblad da ara
gasayidad.
naRdi bazari (spot mar-
ket) - bazari, sadac xorcielde-
ba saqonliT an valutiT vaWro-
ba dauyovnebeli miwodebiT. ase-
Ti bazrebi unda ganvasxvaoT
fiuCersuli an forvarduli ba-
zrebisagan, sadac ideba kon-
traqtebi samomavlod, rome-
liRac TariRisTvis miwodeba-
ze. saqonlis bazrebze fasebs
uwodeben `naRd fasebs~ _
`naRd kurss~ an `spot kurss~.
nacionalizacia (nationa-
lization) – kerZo sakuTrebis sa-
xelmwifo sakuTrebad gardaqmna
anu privatizaciis sawinaaRmde-
go procesi.
negocianti (merchant) -
biTumad movaWre, komersanti,
romelic monawileobs saerTa-
Soriso vaWrobis operaciebSi.
nekroekonomika (necroeco-
nomy) – ekonomikis paTolo-
giuri, SeiZleba iTqvas, mkvdari
nawili, romelic mcdari gziT
ganviTarebuli komunisturi da
amJamad postkomunisturi qvey-
nebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
nekroekonomika marTalia axor-
cielebs miwodebas, magram mis
mier warmoebuli produqcia
arakonkurentunariania (dabalx-
neokeinzianeloba
arisxiani an ZviradRirebuli)
saerTaSoriso standartebTan
SedarebiT. amitom aseT produ-
qciaze ar arsebobs moTxovna,
Tumca, ramdenadac alogikurad
unda mogveCvenos, mTavrobis
xelSewyobiT arsebobs miwodeba
(warmoeba).
nekroekonomika funqcioni-
rebs rogorc saxelmwifo, ise
kerZo seqtorebis gadammuSave-
beli mrewvelobis msxvil da
saSualo sawarmoebSi.
rogorc cnobili mecnieri
da ekonomikis eqsperti v. pa-
pava aRniSnavs, `iq warmoebuli
produqti, saxeobaTa daniS-
nulebidan gamomdinare, Sefase-
bulia rogorc strategiuli,
Tumca, arakonkurentunariano-
bis gamo, es sawarmoebi bazris
pirobebSi mkvdaria~ (v. v. papa-
va. aratradiciuli ekonomik-
si. Tbilisi, 2011).
nekroekonomikisadmi saxel-
mwifo mxardaWeris politika
xels uSlis aRniSnul qveynebs
ganTavisufldnen am aratradi-
ciuli ekonomikisagan. privati-
zaciis procesma kidev ufro
daamZima igi, vinaidan saxelm-
wifo sakuTrebidan kerZo
sakuTrebaSi gadasvla sulac
ar niSnavs aseTi, bazris araade-
kvaturi sawarmoebis avtoma-
tur amoqmedebas. reformebis
sawyis etapze, investirebisgan
261
izolirebulad, privatizaciis
warumateblobis erT-erTi mTa-
vari mizezi esec iyo, rac gan-
sakuTrebiT mcire postkomu-
nisturi qveynebisTvis gaxda
TvalCenili. ix. rutina.
neoglobalizmi (neoglo-
balism) – (neoglobalism) - ameriku-
li doqtrina, romelic cno-
bilia `reiganis doqtrinis~ sa-
xelwodebiT, Seiqmna XX sauku-
nis 80--iani wlebis Sua peri-
odSi da iTvaliswinebs aSS--is
gavlenas `mesame samyaros~ qvey-
nebze. iTvaliswinebs msoflios
qveynebsa da regionebSi mim-
dinare socialur-ekonomikuri,
politikuri, mecnierul-teqno-
logiuri da a.S. procesebis
unifikacias (erTian sistemaSi
moqcevas), mis safuZvelze axa-
li msoflio wesrigis gansaz-
Rvras, romelSic dominirebu-
li pozicia aSS-s ukavia, Tum-
ca, 1997 wlidan am procesSi
monawileobs `Crdiloatlan-
tikuri partniorobis sabWos~
gafarToebis safuZvelze Seqm-
nili `evroatlantikuri Tan-
amSromlobis sabWos~ sxva um-
sxvilesi qveynebic.
neokeinzianeloba (Neo--
Keynesianism) - erT--erTi Ziri-
Tadi mimarTuleba ekonomikur
TeoriaSi, ekonomikis saxelm-
wifo regulirebis Tanamedrove
Teoria, romelic aRmocenda XX
262 neoklasikuri ekonomi kuri Teoria
ekonomikuri
saukunis 50--ian wlebSi kein-
zianelobis safuZvelze da misi
modernizebuli formaa. neokein-
zianelebma (domari, kaldori,
harodi, felneri, robinsoni, ham-
bergi, hanseni da sxv.) keinzis
Teoria gamoiyenes, rogorc
placdarmi, meTodologiuri
safuZveli axali procesebis
analizisaTvis, ekonomikis sax-
elmwifo regulirebis axali
meTodebis dasabuTebisaTvis.
keinzis Teoriaze dayrdnobiTa
da, amave dros, misi kritikiT,
maT Seqmnes sruliad axali
koncefcia. neokeinzianelebi as-
abuTeben im saxelmwifo orga-
noebis saqmianobis centrali-
zebuli koordinaciis aucile-
blobas, romlebic ekonomikis
grZelvadiani `dagegmvis~ safuZ-
velze zemoqmedebas axdenen
qveynis ekonomikur zrdaze.
saqme exeba indikatur dagegm-
vas, romelic ar zRudavs ker-
Zo kapitalis suverenul ufle-
bebs. neokeinzianelebi di-
namikuri wonasworobis piro-
bad erovnuli Semosavlis mate-
bis myar temps miiCneven, xolo
erovnuli Semosavlis zrdas
mxolod kapitalis dagroveb-
is funqciaSi xedaven, danarCen
faqtorebs ki (dasaqmebis ga-
didebas, mowyobilobaTa gamoye-
nebis xarisxs, warmoebis orga-
nizaciis srulyofas da sxv.)
mTlianad gamoricxaven.
neokeinzianeloba upiris-
pirdeba neoklasikur mima-
rTulebas: pirveli yuradRebas
amaxvilebs moTxovnaze, meore
_ miwodebaze. neokeinzianele-
bi moiTxoven ekonomikuri zr-
dis eqstensiuri faqtorebis
stimulirebas saxelmwifo xar-
jebis gadidebis safuZvelze,
xolo neoklasikosebi, piriqiT,
saxelmwifo saxsrebis ekonomi-
is aucileblobaze miuTiTeben
da xazs usvamen intensiuri faq-
torebis mniSvnelobas ekono-
mikuri zrdis tempebis amaR-
lebaSi. ekonomikis stabiliza-
ciaSi neokeinzianelebi upirate-
sobas aniWeben sabiujeto--sa-
gadasaxado regulirebis in-
strumentebis gamoyenebas, xolo
neoklasikosebi _ fulad--
sakredito sistemas.
neoklasikuri ekonomi-
kuri Teoria (neoclassic econo-
-
mic theory) ekonomikuri Teo-
riis erT--erTi ZiriTadi mima-
rTuleba. warmoiSva XIX sauku-
nis 70--ian wlebSi. mis saTa-
veebTan idgnen k. mengeri, f.
vizeri, e. bem--baverki (avstri-
uli skola), u. jevonsi, l.
valrasi, v. pareto (maTematiku-
ri skola) j. b. klarki (zRvru-
li mwarmoeblurobis ameriku-
li skola). neoklasikurma mi-
marTulebam dasrulebuli saxe
neoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teoria
a. marSalis (kembrijis skola)
naSromebSi miiRo. misi Tanamed-
rove warmomadgenlebi arian j.
hiksi (didi britaneTi), r. so-
lou, m. brauni (aSS) da sxvebi.
neoklasikuri ekonomikuri
Teoria eyrdnoba XX saukunis
marJinalizmis ZiriTad me-
Todebsa da instrumentebs. igi
warmoiSva, pirvel yovlisa,
SromiTi Rirebulebis Teoriis
kritikuli gadasinjvis safuZ-
velze. avstriuli da maTema-
tikuri skolis warmomadgenleb-
ma, agreTve j. b. klarkma, dasa-
bami misces zRvruli sargeb-
lianobis Teorias. pirveli
ekonomikur--maTematikuri mode-
li, romelSic zRvruli sarge-
blianoba fasis erTaderT sa-
fuZvlad aris miCneuli, Seqmna
jevonsma. mogvianebiT es kon-
cefcia ganaviTara valrasma sa-
yovelTao ekonomikuri wonas-
worobis modelis asagebad.
zRvruli sargeblianobis Teo-
riis zogadma princi pebma Sem-
dgomi ganviTareba pova klarkis
zRvruli mwarmoeblurobis Te-
oriaSi.
neoklasikur Teorias se-
riozuli dartyma miayena kein-
zianelobis warmoSobam. kein-
zianelebis kritikisa da ekono-
mikaSi warmoqmnili axali moTx-
ovnilebebis gavleniT, neokla-
sikuri mimarTulebis mimdevreb-
263
ma gadasinjes zogierTi Zveli
koncefcia da nawilobriv Sec-
vales TavianTi damokidebule-
ba saxelmwifos mimarT. isini
aRiareben ekonomikaSi saxelm-
wifos Carevis aucileblobas
sabazro Zalebis Tavisufali
moqmedebis uzrunvelyofisaT-
vis. amasTan, neoklasikuri mi-
marTulebis Tanamedrove war-
momadgenlebic, keinzianelebisa-
gan gansxvavebiT, uaryofen sax-
elmwifo kontrols kvlavwar-
moebis procesebisadmi, gansa-
kuTrebiT saxelmwifo xarjeb-
is zrdisadmi da moiTxoven
ekonomikaSi Carevis Semofar-
gvlas regulirebis fulad--
sakredito formebiT.
ukanasknel periodSi ekono-
mikis regulirebis keinzianuri
modelis winaaRmdeg gansakuTre-
biT mwvaved gailaSqra neokla-
sikuri mimarTulebis erT--erTma
yvelaze gavlenianma nairsaxe-
obam _ monetarizmma. misi mTa-
vari warmomadgenelia amerikeli
ekonomisti m. fridmeni. am mim-
dinareobas dasavleTSi `frid-
menis antikeinzianur revolu-
ciasac~ ki uwodeben. monetar-
istebi ekonomikur ganviTare-
baSi gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas
fulad sferos aniWeben, mak-
roekonomikuri wonasworobis
mTavar pirobad Tvlian mimoq-
cevaSi fuladi masis myar zr-
264 neoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teoria
das wliurad 3--5%--is fargleb-
Si da moiTxoven ekonomikaSi
saxelmwifos Carevis yvela
formis mkveTr SezRudvas.
arsebiTi evolucia ganica-
da zRvruli sargeblianobis
Teoriam
Teoriam. faswarmoqmnis pro-
cesebis analizis aucileblo-
bam mis warmomadgenlebs ukar-
naxa, uareyoT am procesebis
axsna mxolod sargeblianobis
subieqturi faqtoris safuZ-
velze. amis Sedegad yuradRebis
centrma sargeblianobidan fas-
warmoqmnis faqtorebis komp-
leqsze gadainacvla. amaSi gan-
sakuTrebiT didi roli Seas-
rula a. marSalma. man kvlevis
centrSi moaqcia fasebis for-
mireba sxvadasxva bazarze mo-
Txovnisa da miwodebis urTi-
erTmoqmedebis gavleniT. amasTan,
igi im azris iyo, rom sargeb-
lianoba fasebis gansazRvraSi
SeiZleba mTavar rols asru-
lebdes drois mcire monakveT-
Si, magram xangrZlivi periodi-
saTvis upirveles mniSvnelobas
iZens warmoebis danaxarjebi.
marSalis moZRvrebidan iRebs
saTaves agreTve Tanamedrove
neoklasikuri mimarTulebis ori
ganStoeba _ firmis Teoria da
keTildReobis Teoria. zRvru-
li sargeblianobis Teoria ar-
sebiTad samomxmareblo arCev-
nis TeoriaSi gadaizarda, amas-
Tan, amosavalma debulebebma
kardinaluri cvlilebebi gani-
cada.
zRvruli mwarmoeblu-
robis Teoria Tavdapirvelad
warmoiSva rogorc Rirebulebis
Seqmnisa da ganawilebis Teor-
ia, meore msoflio omis Semdeg
ki man biZgi misca ekonomikuri
zrdis neoklasikuri Teoriis
ganviTarebas. amasTan, neoklasi-
kosebma yuradReba gaamaxviles
makroekonomikuri meTodebis
analizze. maT mTavar miznad
iqca ekonomikis balansirebu-
li zrdis pirobebis analizi,
agreTve ekonomikuri zrdis
calkeuli faqtorebis rolis
Sefaseba, ramac warmoebrivi
funqciebis kvlevis ganviTare-
ba ganapiroba.
neoklasikuri princi pebis
realizaciis axali sfero teq-
nologiuri cvlilebebis anu
teqnikuri progresis Teo Teo--
ria gaxda. am Teoriis mimdev-
rebi arian r. solou, m. brauni
da sxv.
ekonomikaSi mimdinare teq-
nikur cvlilebebs warmoebrivi
funqciebis parametrebis cvli-
lebebs ukavSireben. neoklasi-
kurma mimarTulebam, keinziane-
lobasTan erTad, safuZveli
Cauyara `neoklasikur sinTezs~,
romelmac farTo ganviTareba
pova ekonomikuri zrdis Teo-
neoliberalizmi
riaSi.
`neoklasikuri sinTezi~
(@neoclassical synthesys#) - kein-
zianuri da neoklasikuri Se-
xedulebebis Taviseburi sin-
Tezi anu rogorc keinzianuri,
ise neoklasikuri midgomebis
mniSvnelovani elementebis gaT-
valiswineba saxelmwifosa da
bazris urTierTobaSi. neokla-
sikuri sinTezi makroekonomi-
kuri wonasworobisa da erovnu-
li Semosavlis zrdis koncef-
cias aerTianebs neoklasikuri
Teoriis CarCoebSi Camoyali-
bebul faswarmoqmnisa da Semo-
savlis ganawilebis zogad kon-
cefciasTan. igi gulisxmobs
ekonomikuri dacemis pirobeb-
Si moTxovnis regulirebis kein-
zianuri meTodebis gamoyenebas
da, piriqiT, sawarmoo sim-
Zlavreebisa da samuSao Zalis
arsebuli rezervebis amowur-
visas warmoebrivi potencial-
is zrdis yovelmxriv stimu-
lirebas. neoklasikuri sinTezi
wina planze problemaTa or
jgufs ayenebs: ekonomikis di-
namikuri (mdgradi) wonasworo-
bisa da potenciuri SesaZle-
blobebis zrdis problemebs,
romelTa gadaWraSi makroeko-
nomikur proporciebs ganmsaz-
Rvrel rols aniWebs.
ukanasknel periodSi gan-
viTarebuli qveynebis ekonomi-
kaSi makroekonomikuri regu-
265
lirebis `tradiciulma model-
ma~ arsebiTi cvlilebebi gani-
cada. gamoikveTa sabazro siste-
mis ganviTarebis axali mima-
rTulebebi, romlebic atareben
ara koniunqturul, aramed gr-
Zelvadiani tendenciebis xasi-
aTs. XX saukunis 80--ian wleb-
Si maT ekonomikur ganviTare-
bas safuZvlad daedo `neokla-
sikuri sinTezi~, romelic erT
aTeul welze met xans gamo-
iyeneboda warmatebiT am qvey-
nebis ekonomikur politikaSi.
neoliberalizmi (neolibe-
ralization) - neoklasikuri da tra-
diciuli liberalizmis baza-
ze, istoriuli skolis gavlen-
iT XX saukuneSi aRmocenebuli
ekonomikuri doqtrina, romel-
ic farTod gavrcelda germa-
niaSi, II msoflio omis Semdeg
ki sxva qveynebSic. igi keinzia-
nelobis paralelurad warmo-
iSva rogorc `did depresiaze~
reaqcia. am mimdinareobis mamam-
Tavaria valter oikeni.
keinzianelobisgan gansxvave-
biT, neoliberalizmi kapital-
izmis krizisis mTavar mizezs
ekonomikis monopolizacias ukav-
Sirebs, xolo gamosavals konku-
renciis TamaSis wesebis dadge-
nasa da mis ganviTarebaSi xedavs.
neoliberalizmSi centraluri
adgili ar uWiravs marJina-
lizms, samagierod, yuradRebaa
gamaxvilebuli saxelmwifos
266 neto

rolze socialuri sakiTxebis fasiani qaRaldis kotireba xdeba.

mogvarebaSi. novacia (novation) [<laT.
neoliberalizmis erT-erTi novatio ganaxleba, Secvla] - val-
TvalsaCino mimarTulebaa ordo- debulebis gauqmeba mxareTa Se-
liberalizmi. ordolibera- Tanxmebis safuZvelze misi axa-
liberalizmi
lebma (v. oikeni, v. riopke, l. li valdebulebiT Secvlis gziT.
erhardi, a. miuler-armaki, a. ri- nominaluri gacvliTi
ustovi da a.S.) ekonomikur po- kursi (nominal exchange rate) -
litikaSi gamohyves Semdegi mi- Tanafardoba erovnuli da ucxo-
marTulebebi: 1. saxelmwifo da uri valutebis erTeulebis ra-
kerZo sakuTrebis Tanafardobis odenobas Soris, romlis safuZ-
regulireba; 2. konkurentuli velzec angariSsworeba SeiZle-
wesrigis damyareba, monopoli- ba moxdes rogorc fiqsirebu-
isa da konkurenciis regulire- li, ise mcuravi kursis mixedviT.
ba; 3. samewarmeo kanonmdeblo- nominaluri mTliani Si-
bis Seqmna; 4. ekonomikuri zr- da produqti (nominal gross do-
dis regulireba. maT gamijnes mestic product) - warmoebuli
ordoliberaluri ideebi kapi- saboloo produqtis mTliani
talizmisa da socializmis sxva raodenobis mis mimdinare fase-
analogiuri ideebisgan da `me- bze namravlTa jami. igi mTliani
same gzis~ koncefcia airCies. Sida produqtis deflatorisa
maTi azriT, Zlieri saxelmwi- da realuri mTliani Sida pro-
fos winapirobaa ekonomikuri duqtis namravlis tolia. zr-
wesrigis politikis damyareba, dis tempis TvalsazrisiT, nom-
antimonopoliuri samsaxuris inaluri mTliani Sida produq-
meSveobiT konkurenciis Tavisu- tis zrdis tempi inflaciis
flebis princi piT moqmedeba. tempisa da realuri mTliani
neto (net)[<laT. netto - Sida produqtis zrdis tempis
wminda] - saqonlis sufTa wona jamis tolia.
taris, SefuTvis gareSe. sapir- nominaluri fasi (nomi-
ispiroa _ bruto. nal price) - pirobiTi fasi, ro-
neto -balansi (trade bal- melic ganisazRvreba sabirJo
ance) - eqsportisa da importis vaWrobis centrebSi informaci-
tolobis amsaxveli balansi. is arqonis SemTxvevaSi realur
niu-iorkis safondo bir- garigebebze gamyidvelTa dauk-
Ja (New York stock exchange) - mayofilebeli miwodebis an
aSS--is mTavari safondo bazari, myidvelTa moTxovnis monace-
sadac 1000--ze meti dasaxelebis mebis Sefasebis safuZvelze.
normatiuli ekonomikuri Teoria
nominaluri Rirebuleba
(par value) – 1. korporaciis wes-
debaSi erT aqciaze mikuTvnebu-
li Tanxa, romelic sertifikat-
Sia miTiTebuli da warmoad-
gens aqciaze kanonier wils.
nominaluri Rirebuleba aq-
cioneruli kapitalis angariSSi
Casaweri Tanxaa, romelic, Cveu-
lebriv, erTi aqciis sabazro
fasze dabalia; 2. oficialurad
gamocxadebuli Rirebuleba,
romelic miTiTebulia fulis
niSnebze, fasian qaRaldebze,
banknotebsa da monetebze.
nominaluri `Ruza~ (no-
minal `anchor~) _ makroekono-
mikuri maCvenebeli, romelic gan-
sazRvrul doneze fiqsirdeba.
stabilizaciis programebis gan-
xorcielebisas nominaluri `Ru-
zis~ saxiT xSirad gamoiyeneba
fiqsirebuli valutis kursi.
nominaluri cvladebi
(nominal variables) - fuladi er-
TeulebiT gazomili sidideebi
(ix. klasikuri dihotomia).
nominaluri xelfasi (no-
minal wage) - xelfasi fulad
gamoxatulebaSi.
norTi duglas sesili
(daib. 1920) (Douglas Cecil North)
- amerikeli ekonomisti, klio-
metrikis (ekonomikuri istori-
is Semswavleli disci plina)
erT--erTi fuZemdebeli, nobelis
premiis laureati robert fo-
gelTan erTad (1993) naSrome-
267
bisaTvis axali ekonomikuri is-
toriis sferoSi. man vaSington-
Si Camoayaliba politikuri eko-
nomiis centri, romelic iqca
axali ekonomikuri istoriis
kvlevis centrad. norTis naS-
romebidan gansakuTrebiT aRsa-
niSnavia `institutebi, insti-
tucionaluri cvlilebebi da
ekonomikis funqcionireba~
(1990), romelSic dasabuTebu-
lia institutebis roli eko-
nomikis ganviTarebaSi, simdid-
ris zrdasa da siRaribis da-
ZlevaSi. garda amisa, d. nor-
Tis naSromebidan aRsaniSnavia:
`dasavleTis samyaros aRmavlo-
ba: axali ekonomikuri isto-
ria~ (1973), `ekonomikuri is-
toriis struqtura da moZ-
raoba~ (1981) da sxv.
normaluri mogeba (nor-
mal profit) - minimaluri mogeba,
romelic unda miiRos firmam
saqmianobis gasagrZeleblad. Tu
mTliani amonagebi ubralod fa-
ravs yvela alternatiul dana-
xarjs adgili aqvs mogebis nu-
lovan dones. normaluri moge-
bisgan ganasxvaveben zenorma-
lur mogebas.
normaluri saqoneli
(normal good) - saqoneli, ro-
melzec, sxva Tanabar pirobeb-
Si, moTxovna izrdeba Semosav-
lis zrdasTan erTad.
normatiuli ekonomiku-
ri Teoria (normative econom-
268
ics) - ekonomikuri Teoriis nawi-
li, ekonomikuri analizis is
tipi, romelic Seiswavlis, ram-
denad efeqtiania esa Tu is eko-
nomikuri pirobebi da politi-
ka, upasuxebs kiTxvas _ `ra
unda iyos~ da ara _ `ra aris~
normatiuli ekonomikuri Teo-
ria iZleva samomavlo reko-
mendaciebs. igi princi pulad
gansxvavdeba pozitiuri ekono-
mikuri Teoriisagan, romelic
swavlobs ekonomikas iseTs, ro-
goric aris faqtobrivad. nor-
matiuli ekonomikuri Teoria
eyrdnoba pozitiur ekonomikur
Teorias da faqtebze dayrd-
nobiT upasuxebs iseT kiTxvebs,
rogoricaa: vin unda uzrunve-
lyos samuSao adgilebi _
sazogadoebrivma seqtorma Tu
kerZo seqtorma (biznesma)? ra
gziT unda Semcirdes sabiu-
jeto deficiti _ maRali be-
garis SemoRebiT Tu saxelm-
wifo xarjebis SemcirebiT?
`nou - hau~ (“know-- how”)
[<ingl. know--how vici rogor]
- warmoebis saidumloebaTa
amsaxveli ganzogadebuli ter-
mini, mTlianad an nawilobriv
konfidencialuri (saidumlod
gasandobi) codnis, teqnolo-
giuri, ekonomikuri, administra-
ciuli, finansuri xasiaTis cno-
bebis erToblioba, romelTa ga-
moyeneba gansazRvrul upirate-
sobebs aniWebs maT mimReb pi-
`nou-hau~
rovnebas Tu firmas. `nou--hau~
daupatentebeli licenziaa. uf-
lebrivi dacvis arqonam gan-
sazRvra `nou--haus~ xelSekru-
lebis specifika, romelic Sei-
cavs specialur punqts gada-
cemuli informaciis konfiden-
cialurobis dacvisa da misi
darRvevis SemTxvevaSi zaralis
anazRaurebis Sesaxeb. `nou--hau~
(iseve rogorc licenzia) aris
realizacia warmoebrivi daniS-
nulebis arakvlavwarmoebadi
codnisa, romelsac flobs gamy-
idvelTa SezRuduli raodenoba.
aseT SemTxvevaSi yidva--gayid-
vis obieqti xdeba ara codnis
gamoyenebis uzrunvelyofi-
saTvis gaweuli momsaxureba,
aramed TviT codna, rogorc mo-
nopoliuri saqoneli. amis Sed-
egad, `nou--haus~ fasi monopo-
liuria da ganisazRvreba masze
moTxovna-- miwodebis Tanafar-
dobiT.
numizmati (numismatist) [<laT.
numisma moneta] - piri, romel-
ic misdevs numizmatikas. mon-
etebisa da medlebis Semgrove-
beli an mcodne.
numizmatika (numismatics)
[<laT. ix. numizmati] - mon-
etebis Semswavleli damxmare
istoriuli disci plina. numiz-
matikaSi Sedis bonistika, ag-
reTve medlebis, ordenebis, Je-
tonebisa da a.S. Seswavla.
operatiuli lizingi
o 2. ekonomikuri situacia, rode-
obligacia (bond) [<laT.
obligation valdebuleba] - 1. gan-
sazRvruli vadiT gamoSvebu-
li myari kursis mqone fasiani
qaRaldi, romelic Seicavs mi-
TiTebul droSi sesxis dafar-
visa da procentis yovelwli-
uri gadaxdis valdebulebas;
sagadasaxado valdebuleba, rom-
lis mixedviTac kreditori
yovelwliurad iRebs Semo-
savals fiqsirebuli procen-
tis saxiT. obligaciebs uSve-
ben saxelmwifo da aqcioner-
Ta sazogadoebebi; 2. fiqciuri
kapitalis erT--erTi forma.
overdrafti (overdraft) -
sabanko dakreditebis sistema,
pirvelad gamoyenebuli Sot-
landiuri bankebis mier, rom-
lis mixedviTac msesxebels
eZleva ufleba, gamoweros Ceki
Tavisi sabanko angariSis bal-
anss zemoT ricxuli Tanxidan
specialurad SeTanxmebul ode-
nobamde da gadaixados yovel-
dRiuri procenti am Tanxidan.
banks SeuZlia moiTxovos an
ar moiTxovos kreditis uzrun-
velyofa.
oligopolia (oligopoly)
[<berZn. oligos mcire, umniSvne-
lo poleo vyidi] - 1. ekonomikis
erT romelime dargSi ramden-
269
ime msxvili firmis batonoba;
sac bazarze ramdenime mwar-
moebeli (gamyidveli) da mrava-
li momxmarebelia (myidvelia).
Tu bazarze ramdenime gamyid-
veli da ramdenime myidvelia,
maSin saqme gvaqvs ormxriv oli-
gopoliasTan. sapirispiroa _
oligopsonia.
oligopsonia (oligopsony)
- ekonomikuri situacia, rode-
sac bazarze ramdenime myidve-
li da mravali gamyidvelia. sa-
pirispiroa _ oligopolia.
omologacia (omologation)
- bazris moTxovnebTan produ-
qciis Sesabamisobis Semowmeba,
bazris mdgomareobis analizi
da Sefaseba. produqciis Se-
faseba xdeba misi ZiriTadi
parametrebis _ xarisxis, fasis,
teqnikur--ekonomikuri maCveneb-
lebis da a.S. mixedviT. omo-
logacia xorcieldeba sxvada-
sxva meTodiT: saqonlis sacde-
li partiebis realizaciiT, po-
tenciuri myidvelebis gamok-
iTxviT, specialistTa saeqsper-
to Semowmebis safuZvelze da
sxv. msxvili firmebi omologa-
ciis Casatareblad iyeneben Tavi-
anTi distribiutorebis qsels.
operatiuli lizingi
(operating lease) - manqanebisa da
mowyobilobebis arenda 3--dan
9 wlamde vadiT, arendis peri-
270 operaciebi Ria bazarze

odSi maTi nawilobrivi amor- dazRvevis erT--erTi forma, kon-

tizaciiT. traqti, romlis Tanaxmadac my-
operaciebi Ria bazarze idvels eniWeba ufleba (da ara
(open-market operation) – centra- valdebuleba), SeTanxmebuli
luri bankis mier fulis mi- fasiT drois gansazRvrul
wodebis cvlilebis (zrda an monakveTSi, momavalSi iyidos
Semcireba) ganxorcieleba sax- saqoneli an fasiani qaRaldi.
elmwifo yidva-gayidvis gziT. Tu, vTqvaT, fasiani qaRaldis
Tuki centralur banks surs sabazro fasi izrdeba, maSin
ekonomikaSi arsebuli fulis myidveli sargeblobs dadebu-
raodenoba gazardos, maSin is li kontraqtiT da yidulobs
yidulobs obligaciebs, mimo- mas sabazroze dabal fasad. Tu
qcevaSi zrdis fulis raode- sabazro fasi ecema, maSin myi-
nobas. Tuki centralur banks dveli dadebuli kontraqtiT
surs ekonomikaSi fulis raode- ki ar sargeblobs, aramed fa-
noba Seamciros, igi yidis mis sian qaRaldebs yidulobs ba-
xelT arsebul obligaciebs, zarze kontraqtSi gaTvalis-
riTac mimoqcevidan amoiRebs winebulze iafad. am SemTxvevaSi
fulis garkveul raodenobas. igi agebs im Tanxas, rac kontraq-
pirvel SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs tis dadebisas daxarja, magram
Ria bazarze eqspansiur ope- daculia riskisagan.
raciebs (vinaidan fulis mi- xelSekrulebas gayidvaze
wodebis eqspansias axdens), put-ofcioni ewodeba, xolo
xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ Ria yidvaze _ kol-ofcioni. xSi-
bazarze SemzRudvel opera- rad maT uwodeben mokled _
ciebs (vinaidan centraluri `put~ da `kol~.
banki fulis miwodebas zRu- ormagi Sromis bazari
davs, amcirebs). (dual labor market) – Sromis ba-
eqspansiuri operaciebi Ria zari, romelic aerTianebs pirve-
bazarze obligaciebis fasebis lad da meoreul Sromis ba-
zrdasa da saprocento ganakve- zrebs.
Tis Semcirebas ganapirobebs. ormxrivi monopolia (bila-
SemzRudveli operaciebi Ria teral monopoly) – bazris funq-
bazarze obligaciebze fasebis cionirebis forma, sabazro
Semcirebasa da saprocento situacia, rodesac bazarze mo-
ganakveTis zrdas ganapirobebs. cemuli saqonlis (momsaxure-
opcioni (option) - riskis bis) erT myidvels upirispird-
ofSoruli biznesi
eba mxolod erTi gamyidveli.
oukenis kanoni (Okun’s
law) - kanoni, romelic atarebs
amerikeli ekonomistis artur
oukenis (1928-- 1980) saxels,
gamoxatavs urTierTdamokide-
bulebas mSp-is ciklur rye-
vadobasa da umuSevrobis dones
Soris. am kanonis mixedviT,
umuSevrobis 1%--iT zrda iwvevs
faqtobrivi mSp-is 3%--iT Sem-
cirebas da, piriqiT, faqtobrivi
mSp- is 3%--iT gazrda iwvevs
umuSevrobis 1%-- iT Semcire-
bas. amJamad, axali empiriuli
monacemebis safuZvelze, es
Tanafardobaa 2 : 1.
oferta (offer) [<laT. of-
fertus winadadebis SeTavazeba]--
1. garigebis Sesaxeb winadade-
bis formaluri SeTavazeba ama
Tu im pirisTvis yvela auci-
lebeli pirobis miTiTebiT; 2.
garkveuli formis oficialuri
ganacxadi sakonkurso vaWroba-
Si monawileobis Sesaxeb. vaWro-
bis organizatori (Cveulebriv,
tenderis komiteti) TviTon
adgens ofertis formas, sa-
konkurso vaWrobaSi monawile-
obisaTvis aucilebel moTx-
ovnebs, saWiro dokumentebis sias
da ugzavnis mas oferentebs _
vaWrobaze mowveul kompaniebs,
firmebs. rogorc wesi, ofer-
tis wardgenis vadaa sami Tve,
zogjer ki metic.
271
oficialuri monetariz-
mis done (offfical level of moneta-
rism) - fuladi masis Sefarde-
ba mSp-Tan. misi zRvruli norma
30%--ia. ganviTarebul qveyneb-
Si es maCvenebeli 100%--ze me-
tia (mag., iaponiaSi 110--112%--
ia), xolo ganviTarebad qvey-
nebSi _ 40%.
ofSoruli biznesi (offsho-
re business) - gadasaxadebis Tavi-
dan acilebisa (an Semcirebis)
da mogebis gazrdis mizniT
ganxorcielebuli biznesi moce-
muli iurisdiqciis farglebs
gareT. ofSoruli biznesis Ca-
moyalibeba--ganviTarebaSi aqti-
uri roli Seasrula didma
britaneTma. Tanamedrove of-
Soruli biznesis safuZvlebi
Seqmnilia britaneli iuriste-
bis, bankirebis, damzRvevebisa da
sxvaTa mier.
ofSoruli biznesis ganvi-
Tarebis xelSemwyob faqtor-
Ta Soris gansakuTrebuli ad-
gili informaciul teqnolo-
giebs ukavia. maTi CamoyalibebiT
amaRlda ofSoruli struqtu-
rebis funqcionirebis efeqti-
anoba, radgan internetis meS-
veobiT erT qveyanaSi registri-
rebuli, meore (an ramdenime)
qveyanaSi moqmedi, mesame qveya-
naSi sabanko angariSis mqone
kompaniebisa da meoTxe qveya-
naSi mcxovrebi mesakuTris kav-
272
SirurTierToba araviTar prob-
lemas ar warmoadgens.
ofSoruli zona (offsho-
re zone) - Tez-is gansakuTre-
buli saxeoba, romelSic kon-
centrirebulia sabanko da sa-
dazRvevo biznesi. maTi meSve-
obiT xorcieldeba sainvesti-
cio, satrasto da konsaltin-
guri saqmianoba, eqsport--impor-
tis operaciebi, agreTve opera-
ciebi uZravi qonebiT.
ofSoruli zonebi, Cveu-
lebriv, mcire qveynebi da teri-
toriebia. isini ZiriTadad gan-
lagebulia zRvis sanapiroebsa
da ganviTarebuli saerTaSo-
riso turizmis adgilebSi, ax-
orcieleben ucxouri kapital-
is mozidvis politikas, rom-
lis gasatareblad gamoiyeneba
sagadasaxado da sxva saxis Se-
RavaTebi.
ofSoruli zonebi funq-
cionireben Sesabamisi iuris-
diqciiT, romlis safuZvelzec
maT garkveuli specializacia
da statusi aqvT. ofSoruli
zonis statuss gansazRvravs
misi finansur--ekonomikuri saq-
mianobis Sinaarsi, romlis mi-
xedviT ofSoruli iurisdiq-
ciebi iyofa 4 jgufad:
I jgufSi Sedis sagadasax-
ado oazisebi, 100%--iani of-
Sorebi, romlebic axorciele-
ben ucxouri sakredito kapi-
ofSoruli zona
talis mozidvis politikas sa-
gadasaxado da sxva SeRavaTe-
biT. es jgufi warmodgenilia
mcire kunZulovani saxelmwi-
foebiT an TviTmarTvadi teri-
toriebiT. masSi Sedis karibis
regionis ofSoruli zonebi,
romelTa umravlesoba didi
britaneTis yofili koalicie-
bia (mag., britanuli virjiniis,
bermudis, kaimanis da sxva kun-
Zulebi), agreTve evropuli sa-
gadasaxado navsayudlebi;
II jgufSi Sedis saqmiano-
bis calkeul saxeebze SeRava-
Tiani sagadasaxado reJimis
mqone ofSoruli iurisdiqciebi.
masSi Semavali ofSoruli fir-
mebi gadasaxads ixdian minima-
luri ganakveTiT da maTi saqmi-
anoba kontrols eqvemdebare-
ba. ZiriTadad am jgufSi Se-
dis niderlandis, luqsembur-
gis, Sveicariis holdinguri kom-
paniebi da sainvesticio fond-
ebi, salicenzio da servisuli
firmebi;
III jgufSi Sedis qveynis
SemadgenlobaSi arsebuli of-
Soruli reJimis mqone adminis-
traciul--teritoriuli war-
monaqmnebi (ofSoruli terito-
riebi). am jgufis ofSorebi
ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia
federaluri wyobis mqone qvey-
nebisaTvis (mag., aSS--Si delave-
ris, vaiomingisa da nevadis Sta-
ofSoruli kompania
tebi, SveicariaSi _ neSteli,
friburgi, cugi);
IV jgufSi Sedis aratrad-
iciuli ofSoruli zonebis un-
iversaluri ofSoruli iuris-
diqciebi (mag., irlandia, kvi p-
rosi, malta).
ofSoruli zonebis SerCe-
visas gansakuTrebuli yuradRe-
ba eqceva gadasaxadebis dones,
angariSgebis aucileblobas, or-
magi dabegvris Tavidan acilebis
Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas, konfiden-
cialobas. maTi gaTvaliswinebiT
ofSoruli zonebi iyofa sam
jgufad:
pirveli jgufis ofSoru-
li zonebi xasiaTdeba dabegvris
dabali doniT, aRricxvis arar-
sebobiT da konfidencialobis
maRali doniT. am jgufSi Se-
dis `mesame samyaros~ patara
qveynebi. es ofSorebi cnobil-
ia `qoqosis ofSorebis~ sax-
elwodebiT. esenia: bahamis, kaim-
anis, panamis, britanuli virji-
niis kunZulebi, meni, terksi, kai-
kosi da sxv. am zonebSi ko-
mpaniebi gadasaxadebs ar ixdi-
an, magram gaTvaliswinebulia
yovelwliuri fiqsirebuli mo-
sakrebeli.
meore jgufis ofSorebSi
dawesebulia sagadasaxado Se-
RavaTebi, amasTan, aucilebelia
finansuri angariSgeba. am jguf-
Si Sedis kvi prosi, aSS--is de-
273
laverisa da vaiomingis Statebi.
mesame jgufSi Sedis is
qveynebi, romlebic formalu-
rad ar miekuTvneba ofSorul
zonebs, magram maTi sagadasax-
ado kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs
dabal dabegvras. es qveynebia:
avstria, didi britaneTi, bel-
gia, luqsemburgi, niderlandi,
Sveicaria da sxv.
ofSoruli kompania (of-
fshore company) - firma, romel-
ic mTlianad Tavisufldeba ga-
dasaxadebisagan, an sargeblobs
mniSvnelovani sagadasaxado Se-
RavaTebiT. igi, rogorc wesi,
ar SeiZleba iyos Tavisi ofi-
cialuri iurisdiqciis rezi-
denti, e.i. ararezidentulia im
teritoriaze, sadac registr-
irebulia. aqedan warmodgeba
termini offshore, rac `napirs
gareT~ saqmianobas gulisxmobs.
es imas niSnavs, rom misi mar-
Tvis centri sazRvargareT mde-
bareobs. aRniSnuli termini
pirvelad gamoiyenes did bri-
taneTSi, sadac igi amave dros
niSnavs saqmianobas `sazRvris
gareT~.
ofSoruli kompaniis nebi-
smieri komerciuli operacia
unda xorcieldebodes iuris-
diqciis zRvars iqiT, sadac reg-
istrirebulia kompania. igi ix-
dis mxolod yovelwliur sare-
gistracio gadasaxads. aseT kom-
274
paniebSi gamartivebulia sar-
egistracio procedura da mmar-
Tveloba, ar xorcieldeba sava-
luto kontroli. maT ar mo-
eTxovebaT auditoruli Semow-
meba, minimumamdea dayvanili
safinanso angariSgeba.
ofSoruli kompaniis mflo-
beloba xorcieldeba anonimu-
robisa da konfidencialuro-
bis maRali garantiiT, rac gan-
mtkicebulia sayovelTao ufle-
baTa normebiT da im kanonmde-
blobiT, sadac registrirebu-
lia igi. ofSorul kompanias
SeiZleba hqondes warmomadgen-
lobebi da filialebi sazR-
vargareTac. ukanasknel peri-
odSi ofSoruli momsaxureb-
is maregulirebeli kanonmde-
bloba sul ufro moqnili xdeba.
am bolo dros yuradRebas i p-
yrobs dabegvris `mcocavi~ ska-
lis mqone saerTaSoriso ko-
mpaniebis gamoCena, romelTaT-
visac gadasaxads adgenen Semo-
savlebis wyaros Sesabamisad.
Semosavalze gadasaxadi tra-
diciul kompaniebTan Sedare-
biT bevrad naklebia ofSoru-
li kompaniis mimarT, an saer-
Tod ar arsebobs. isini SeRa-
vaTiani sagadasaxado reJimiT
sargebloben.
ofSoruli ti pis firmebis
ricxvs miekuTvneba agreTve ko-
mpaniebi `kerZo~ ofSoruli
ofSoruli kompania
reJimiT. saqme exeba iseT kom-
paniebs, romelTa ofSoruli
operaciebi ganTavisuflebulia
gadasaxadebis nawilisagan. amg-
vari kompaniebi registrirebu-
lia, magaliTad, SveicariaSi. am
qveynis kanonmdebloba gansaz-
Rvruli ti pis firmebs ofSo-
ruli saqmianobis ganxorcie-
lebis nebas rTavs.
ofSoruli firmebis fin-
ansuri momsaxurebisTvis iqm-
neba ofSoruli bankebi, sxva-
dasxva saxis safinanso kompanie-
bi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom zo-
gierT qveyanaSi arsebobs `an-
tiofSoruli~ kanonmdebloba,
saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri ur-
TierTobebis rTul sistemaSi
ofSoruli biznesis potencia-
li sakmaod didia. kerZod,
ofSoruli kompaniis mflobels
eniWeba ucxouri kompaniis sax-
eliT xelmoweris ufleba, misi
sabanko angariSis operatiuli
marTvis nebarTva, ucxouri ko-
mpaniis saxeliT xelSekrulebis
dadebis SesaZlebloba, Svilo-
bili kompaniebisa da sazRvarg-
areT Tavisi warmomadgenlobe-
bis Seqmnis ufleba da a.S. of-
Soruli firmis SeqmniT misi
mflobelisaTvis xelmisawvdomi
xdeba safinanso da sainvesti-
cio momsaxurebiT sargeblo-
ba. mag., farTod aris daner-
oqros tezavracia
gili ofSoruli firmis meS-
veobiT, korporaciul--debeturi
da sakredito--sabanko baraTe-
bis gaxsna.
ofSoruli kompaniebis re-
gistraciis forma ganisazRvre-
ba inglisur--saqsonuri da fran-
ko-- germanuli samarTlebrivi
sistemebiT.
inglisur--saqsonuri samar-
Tlebrivi sistemis organiza-
ciuli formebia: individu-
aluri sawarmo, sruli part-
nioroba, SezRuduli part-
nioroba, kerZo kompania, saja-
ro kompania (korporacia), saer-
TaSoriso biznesis kompania.
franko--germanuli samarT-
lebrivi sistemis organizaciu-
li formebia: individualuri sa-
warmo, sruli amxanagoba, koman-
dituri amxanagoba, daxuruli
aqcioneruli sazogadoeba, Ria
aqcioneruli sazogadoeba, saer-
TaSoriso biznesis kompania.
ofSoruli kompaniis reg-
istracia xorcieldeba mocemu-
li qveynis kanonmdeblobis
safuZvelze
oqros bazari (gold mar-
ket) - bazari, sadac oqros yid-
ian da yiduloben monetebisa
da zodebis saxiT. oqros baz-
ari arsebobs yvela mTavar fi-
nansur centrSi, niu-- iorkis
gamoklebiT, Tumca oqroTi Se-
uzRudavi vaWroba yvela qveya-
275
naSi ar xorcieldeba.
oqros pariteti (golden
parity) - Tanafardoba sxvadasx-
va qveynis valutebs Soris
oqros woniTi raodenobis,
oqros Semcvelobis mixedviT.
oqros pariteti gauqmda 1978
wels (ix. msoflio savaluto
sistema).
`oqros saukunis~ zrda
(“golden age” growth) - balan-
sirebuli zrda ekonomikuri
zrdis TeoriaSi, rodesac
ekonomikuri zrdis garantire-
buli tempi sruli dasaqmebis
pirobebSi bunebrivi zrdis
tempis tolia. termini SemoiRo
joan robinsonma, romlis azri-
Tac, aseTi situacia warmoiqm-
neba ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos
Caurevlobis pirobebSi.
oqros tezavracia (hoar-
ding of gold) - 1. oqros dagroveba
ganZis saxiT; 2. qveynis oqros
maragis Seqmna; 3. fulis da-
groveba mimoqcevidan misi amo-
RebiT.
276
p nier--TanamSromeli (1977--1978);
pablisiti (publicity) - rek-
lama, popularoba; saqonelmi-
moqcevis arxebSi informaciis
gavrceleba saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis da maTi mwarmoebe-
li firmebis Sesaxeb moTxov-
nis stimulirebis mizniT; pro-
pagandistuli kampania.
pai (share) - wili fuladi
Senetanis saxiT firmis kapital-
Si fizikuri an iuridiuli pi-
rebis mier.
panama (panama) - Tanamde-
bobis pirebis mosyidvasTan
dakavSirebuli msxvili TaRli-
Toba.
papava vladimeri (daib.
1955)(Papava Vladimer) - saqar-
Tvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli
akademiis wevr--korespondenti
(1997), ekonomikur mecniereba-
Ta doqtori (1990), profesori
(1995), saqarTvelos strate-
giisa da saerTaSoriso urTi-
erTobaTa kvlevis fondis mTa-
vari mecnier-- TanamSromeli.
daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis sainJinro--eko-
nomikuri fakulteti ekonomi-
kuri kibernetikis specialobiT
(1977), ssrk mecnierebaTa aka-
demiis centraluri ekonomikur--
maTematikuri institutis aspi-
rantura (moskovi, ruseTi, 1982).
iyo saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
akademiis ekonomikisa da samar-
pablisiti
Tlis institutis umcrosi mec-
ssrk mecnierebaTa akademiis
centraluri ekonomikur--maTema-
tikuri institutis staJiori--
mkvlevari (1978-- 1979); sa-
qarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademi-
is ekonomikisa da samarTlis
institutis umcrosi (1982),
ufrosi (1982-1987), wamyvani
(1987-1989), mTavari (1989-
1991) mecnier-TanamSromeli;
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa aka-
demiis paata guguSvilis saxe-
lobis ekonomikis institutis
direqtori (1991--1996); saqar-
Tvelos ekonomikis ministri
(1994--2000); saqarTvelos pre-
zidentis saparlamento mdiv-
nis moadgile (2000-- 2001);
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-
sitetis makroekonomikis kaT-
edris gamge (2003--2005); jons
hopkinsis saxelobis univer-
sitetis saerTaSoriso urTier-
TobaTa skolis, centraluri
aziisa da kavkasiis institu-
tis miwveuli mkvlevari (2005--
2006); saqarTvelos parlamen-
tis wevri da safinanso--sabiu-
jeto komitetis Tavmjdomaris
moadgile (2004-- 2008). 2001
wlidan aris saqarTvelos stra-
tegiisa da saerTaSoriso urT-
ierTobaTa kvlevis fondis mTa-
vari mecnier--TanamSromeli. da-
culi aqvs sakandidato dis-
papava vladimeri
ertacia Temaze: `regionis sam-
Seneblo kompleqsis modelireba
saxalxo meurneobis ganviTare-
bis erTian ekonomikur--maTema-
tikur modelTa sistemaSi~
(1982), sadoqtoro _ `sazoga-
doebrivi warmoebis produqti-
uloba da misi dargTaSorisi
analizi~ (1989).
v. papava aris 200--mde sa-
mecniero naSromis _ monogra-
fiebis, saxelmZRvaneloebisa da
statiebis avtori, maT Soris:
`sazogadoebrivi warmoebis
produqtiuloba da dargTa-
Sorisi balansis modelebi~
(rusul enaze, Tbilisi, `mec-
niereba~, 1989); `saqarTvelo
sabazro ekonomikis gzaze~ (qar-
Tul da rusul enebze, Tbili-
si, `mecniereba~, 1995); `saer-
TaSoriso savaluto fondi
saqarTveloSi: miRwevebi da
Secdomebi~ (rusul enaze, Tbi-
lisi, `imperiali~, 2000);
`postkomunisturi kapitaliz-
mis politikuri ekonomia da sa-
qarTvelos ekonomika~ (qarTul
enaze, Tbilisi, `pdp~, 2002);
`saerTaSoriso savaluto fon-
dis brwyinvaleba da siRatake
postkomunistur saqarTvelo-
Si~ (inglisur enaze, laredo
(aSS), `vi pabliSkomi~, 2003);
`safinanso globalizacia da
postkomunisturi saqarTvelo~
(Tanaavtori vefxia Coxeli,
inglisur enaze, niu-- iorki,
277
`aiuniversi~, 2003); `makro-
ekonomikuri regulirebis me-
Todebi da modelebi~ (Tanaav-
torebi iuri ananiaSvili, ia-
kob mesxia, avTandil silagaZe,
giorgi wereTeli. qarTul
enaze, Tbilisi, `mecniereba~,
2003); `centraluri kavkasia
da saqarTvelos ekonomika~
(Tanaavtorebi Teimuraz beri-
Ze da eldar ismailovi, rusul
enaze, baqo (azerbaijani), `nur-
lani~, 2004); `postkomunis-
turi gardamavali periodis
makroekonomika~ (qarTul enaze,
Tbilisi, `Tbilisis universite-
tis gamomcemloba~, 2005);
`postkomunisturi kapitaliz-
mis politikuri ekonomiis
narkvevebi~ (Tanaavtori Teimu-
raz beriZe, rusul enaze, mosk-
ovi (ruseTi), `delo i servis~,
2004); `nekroekonomika: post-
komunisturi kapitalizmis
politikuri ekonomia~ (ingli-
sur enaze, niu--iorki, `aiuni-
versi~, 2005); `centraluri
kavkasia: geopolitikidan geoeko-
nomikamde~ (Tanaavtori eldar
ismailovi, rusul enaze, stok-
holmi, `saispresi~, 2006); `cen-
traluri kavkasia: geopolit-
ekonomikuri narkvevebi~ (Tanaav-
tori eldar ismailovi, ingli-
sur enaze, stokholmi, `saispre-
si~, 2006); `centraluri kavka-
sia: istoria, politika, ekono-
mia~ (Tanaavtori eldar is-
278
mailovi, rusul enaze, moskovi
(ruseTi), `misli~, 2007); “ga-
dasaxadebi, moTxovna da mi-
wodeba: lafer-keinzianuri sin-
Tezi” (Tanaavtori iuri ana-
niaSvili, Tbilisi, “siaxle”,
2009); centraluri kavkazia
(geopolitekonomiuri narkvevi)
(Tbilisi, `siaxle”, 2009); `Savi
zRvis regionis kompleqsuri
ekonomikuri ganviTareba: globa-
luri finansuri da ekonomikuri
krizisis zegavlena” (inglisur
enaze, aTeni, Savi zRvis Sems-
wavleli saerTaSoriso centri,
2010); `centraluri evraziis
axlebuli geopolitikuri ga-
azreba” (Tanaavtori eldar is-
mailovi, inglisur enaze, vaSin-
gtoni, jon hopkinsis univer-
siteti, 2010; rusul enaze,
stokholmi, `saispresi~, 2010);
`lafer-keinzianuri sinTezi da
makroekonomikuri wonasworo-
ba” (Tanaavtori iuri ananiaS-
vili, rusul enaze, stokholmi,
`saispresi~, 2010); `nekroe-
konomikis zombireba (global-
uri finansur-ekonomikuri
krizisis zegavlena Savi zRvis
regionis qveynebze)” (Tbilisi,
paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis gamomcemloba,
2010); `aratradiciuli eko-
nomiksi” (Tbilisi, paata gugu-
Svilis ekonomikis institut-
is gamomcemloba, 2011) da sxv.
v. papava aris Semdegi akad-
papava vladimeri
emiebis, sazogadoebebisa da
asociaciebis wevri: ekonomikuri
Teoriis miRwevebis sazogadoeba
(aSS, 1990), danaxarjebi--gamoS-
vebis saerTaSoriso asociacia
(avstria, 1992), informatizaci-
is saerTaSoriso akademia (gae-
ro, 1994), saqarTvelos ekono-
mikur mecnierebaTa akademia
(saqarTvelo, 1994), niu--iorkis
mecnierebaTa akademia (aSS, 1995),
dasavleTis saerTaSoriso eko-
nomikuri asociacia (aSS, 1996),
mecnierebis, ganaTlebis, mrew-
velobisa da xelovnebis saer-
TaSoriso akademia (aSS, 1997),
samefo ekonomikuri sazogadoe-
ba (didi britaneTi, 1997), saer-
TaSoriso atlantikuri ekono-
mikuri sazogadoeba (aSS, 1998),
ludvig fon mizesis institu-
ti (aSS, 2006), amerikis ekono-
mikuri asociacia (aSS, 2006),
centraluri evraziis Semswav-
leli sazogadoeba (aSS, 2006),
SedarebiTi ekonomikuri kvleve-
bis evropuli asociacia (ita-
lia, 2006), amerikis politikur
mecnierebaTa asociacia (aSS,
2006), politikur da social-
ur mecnierebaTa amerikis aka-
demia (aSS, 2006).
sxva saqmianoba: Jurnal `sa-
qarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademi-
is macne~ – ekonomikis seria,
mTavari redaqtori (1992--
2005), saqarTvelos swavlul
eqspertTa sabWos ekonomikis
pareto vilfredo
seqciis Tavmjdomare (1992--
2003), saqarTvelos preziden-
tis ekonomikuri sabWos wevri
(1993--2003, 2005 wlidan dRem-
de), msoflio bankis alterna-
tiuli mmarTveli (aSS, 1994--
2000), Jurnal `gardamavali
ekonomikis problemebis~ red-
kolegiis wevri (aSS, 1997
wlidan dRemde), Jurnal `sa-
zogadoeba da ekonomikis~ red-
kolegiis wevri (ruseTi, 1998
wlidan dRemde), saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademi-
is samecniero ekonomikuri sa-
bWos Tavmjdomare (2002 wl-
idan dRemde), Jurnal `kavkasia
da globalizaciis~ redkolegi-
is wevri (SvedeTi, 2006 wli-
dan dRemde), demokratiuli
gardaqmnebis proeqtis trans-
atlantikuri mmarTveli jgu-
fis wevri, (aSS, 2006 wlidan
dRemde), jon hopkinsis univer-
sitetis centraluri aziisa da
kavkasiis institutis da stok-
holmis usafrTxoebisa da gan-
viTarebis politikis institu-
tis, abreSumis gzis Semswav-
leli programis erToblivi
transatlantikuri samecniero
centris asocirebuli ufrosi
mecnier--TanamSromeli (aSS--Sve-
deTi, 2006 wlidan dRemde), so-
cialuri da ekonomikuri kvle-
vebis centris mrCevelTa sab-
Wos wevri (poloneTi, 2007 wl-
idan dRemde).
279
jildoebi: saqarTvelos
ganaTlebis saministros res-
publikuri premiis laureati
wignisaTvis `samrewvelo sawar-
mos organizacia da dagegmva~
(Tanaavtori giorgi papava, 1987),
mecnierebisa da teqnikis dargSi
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo premi-
is laureati naSromTa cikli-
saTvis `makroekonomikuri reg-
ulirebis meTodebi da modele-
bi (TanaavtorobiT, 2004), sa-
qarTvelos mecnierebaTa erov-
nuli akademiis fili pe gogiCai-
Svilis saxelobis premiis lau-
reati monografiisTvis `nek-
roekonomika: postkomunisturi
kapitalizmis politikuri eko-
nomia~ (2008).
paralogizmi (paralogism)
[berZ. paralogismos] - winaswar-
ganzraxulad daSvebuli logi-
kuri Secdoma, rogorc kanone-
bisa da dadgenili wesebis dar-
Rvevis Sedegi. axlosaa sofiz-
mTan.
pareto-gaumjobeseba (Pare-
to-- improvement) - resursebis
iseTi gadanawileba, rodesac
ekonomikuri agentebis erTi
nawilis keTildReobis zrda ar
amcirebs meore nawilis keTil-
dReobis dones. paretos Teo-
ria aRiarebulia keTildReo-
bis axal ekonomikur Teoriad.
pareto vilfredo (1848--
1923) (ParetoVilfredo) - italie-
li ekonomisti da sociologi,
280
romelmac farTo ganaTleba mi-
iRo maTematikis sferoSi, saer-
Tod, sabunebismetyvelo da teq-
nikur mecnierebebSi. 1892 wels
gaxda leon valrasis memkvidre
lozanis universitetis ekono-
mikis kaTedris xelmZRvanelis
postze. 1896-- 1899 wlebSi
kiTxulobda politikuri eko-
nomiis kurss. didi wvlili
miuZRvis ekonomikur TeoriaSi
statistikisa da maTematikuri
modelebis gamoyenebaSi. naSrom-
Si `politikuri ekonomiis sax-
elmZRvanelo~ (1906) pareto
uaryofda kardinaluri sarge-
blianobis koncefcias, gacvlis
optimaluri pirobebis kvleva-
Si iyenebda ganusazRvrelobis
mrudebs, romlebic mecnierul
brunvaSi pirvelad Semoitana
ejuorTma. paretom Seqmna ke-
TildReobis ekonomikuri Teo-
riis safuZvlebi, riTac didi
wvlili Seitana ekonomikuri
mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi.
paretos optimumi (Pare-
to optimum) - resursebisa da
mza produqciis iseTi ganawi-
leba, rodesac ar xdeba gada-
nawileba imgvari saxiT, rac
gaaumjobesebda erTi individis
mdgomareobas sxvaTa mdgomare-
obis gauaresebis xarjze. es
koncefcia ekuTvnis vilfredo
paretos da atarebs mis sax-
els. keTildReobis ekonomikuri
Teoriis mniSvnelovani nawili
pareto
paretoss optimumi
dakavSirebulia im pirobebis
analizTan, romelTa SemTxveva-
Sic SeiZleba paretos opti-
mumis miRweva. miuxedavad am
ukanasknelis didi Teoriuli
daniSnulebisa, paretos krite-
riumis praqtikuli gamoyeneba
Zalze SezRudulia, vinaidan igi
miuRebelia im alternativebis
SerCevisas, romelic gulisx-
mobs erTi individis mdgomar-
eobis gaumjobesebas sxvaTa
xarjze. gamomdinare iqidan, rom
nebismier ekonomikur politi-
kas moaqvs ziani adamianTa ama
Tu im jgufisaTvis, es gare-
moeba seriozulad zRudavs
paretos optimumis praqtikul
gamoyenebas. am SezRudvis ga-
dasalaxavad zogierTi ekono-
misti cdilobs samarTliani ga-
nawilebis koncefciiT, an ko-
mpensaciis kriteriumebis gamoye-
nebiT Seavsos da ganamtkicos
paretos optimumi.
`parizis klubi~ (@Paris
Club#) - araformaluri organi-
zacia, romlis CarCoebSi kred-
itori--qveynebi awarmoeben mo-
laparakebebs movale--qveynebTan
saxelmwifo valis pirobebisa
da struqturis cvlilebebis
gadasinjvasTan dakavSirebiT.
parizis klubs ara hyavs mud-
mivi wevrebi. igi Riaa yve-
lasTvis, visac moswons misi
praqtikuli saqmianoba da
muSaobis pirobebi.
paternalizmi
pariteti (parity) [<laT.
paritas (paritatis) Tanasworoba] -
1. toloba, tolfasovneba, Ta-
nasworoba, Tanabari mdgomare-
oba; 2. Tanafardoba sxvadasx-
va qveynis valutebs Soris maTi
msyidvelobiTi unaris mixed-
viT (msyidvelobiTunarianobis
pariteti).
partnioroba (partnership) -
firmis erT--erTi organizaci-
uli forma, romelic aerTianebs
ori an meti sameurneo subieq-
tis kapitals. arsebobs part-
niorobis ori saxe: generaluri
da SezRuduli.
generaluri partnioroba
gulisxmobs firmis yvela val-
debulebaze misi TiToeuli me-
sakuTris SeuzRudav pasux-
ismgeblobas. mag., firmis ga-
kotrebis SemTxvevaSi kompan-
ioni, romelsac ekuTvnis fir-
mis sakuTrebis 1%, iseve pasu-
xismgebelia, rogorc is, visac
danarCeni 99% ekuTvnis.
SezRuduli partnioro-
bisas valdebulebebze pasux-
ismgebloba ganisazRvreba kom-
panionebs Soris iuridiulad
gaformebuli xelSekrulebis
Sesabamisad.
parcela (parcel) [<frang.
parcelle nawilaki] - miwis mcire
nakveTi, romelzec meurneobas
ewevian.
pasivi (passive voice, liability)
- 1. sawarmos valebisa da val-
281
debulebebis erToblioba (sa-
pirispiroa _ aqtivi); 2. dana-
xarjis gadameteba Semosavle-
bze; 3. buRaltruli balansis
marjvena mxare, romelic aRni-
Snavs sawarmos saSualebebis war-
moqmnisa da dafinansebis wyaro-
ebs.
pasiuri sagadasaxdelo
balansi (unfavourable pay bal-
ance) - sagadasaxdelo balan-
si, romelSic qveynis mier sazR-
vargareT gaweuli xarjebi da
gadasaxdelebi aRemateba sazR-
vargareTidan Semosul fulad
saSualebebs.
pasiuri savaWro balan-
si (unfavourable trade balance) -
savaWro balansi, romelSic im-
porti aRemateba eqsports.
patenti (patent) [<laT.
patens (patentis) Ria, aSkara] -
oficialuri mowoba, gacemuli
kompetenturi saxelmwifo or-
ganoebis mier gamomgoneblis an
im piris saxelze, romelsac
gamomgonebelma dauTmo Tavisi
gamogoneba. es mowmoba mflo-
bels aniWebs gansakuTrebul
monopoliur uflebas akontro-
los Tavisi gamogonebis gamoye-
neba drois gansazRvrul peri-
odSi (vTqvaT, 20 wlis manZi-
lze) da miiRos garkveuli saz-
Rauri Tavisi gamogonebisaTvis.
paternalizmi (paternal-
ism) [<laT. paternus mamobrivi]
- ideologiuri doqtrina war-
282
moebaSi dasaqmebulTa mimarT
mesakuTris damokidebulebis
Sesaxeb da am doqtrinis Sesa-
bamisi RonisZiebebis gatarebis
politika.
pauperi (pauper) [<laT.
pauper Rataki] - maTxovari, ar-
sebobis saSualebebs yvela
mxriv moklebuli adamiani.
pauSaluri Tanxa (sum to-
tal) (germ. pauschal) - erTianad
aRebuli mTliani Tanxa, misi
Semadgeneli nawilebis difer-
enciaciis gareSe; mag., savaWro
garigebisas gansazRvruli mom-
saxurebisaTvis dawesebuli Tan-
xa da a.S.
pensia (pension) - sapensio,
sadazRvevo da sxva fondebidan
gacemuli regularuli fula-
di Tanxa im moqalaqeebze, rom-
lebsac SeusruldaT sapensio
asaki, agreTve invalidobasTan
an marCenalis dakargvasTan
dakavSirebiT, aseve, zogierT
sxva SemTxvevaSic. igi, rogorc
wesi, arsebobis ZiriTadi wyaroa
da ar eqvemdebareba dabegvras.
peti uiliam (1623-- 1687)
(Petty William) - ingliseli ekon-
omisti da mravalmxriv gans-
wavluli mecnieri. klasikuri
politikuri ekonomiis mamamTa-
vari. petim jer medicina Seis-
wavla leidenis, parizisa da
oqsfordis universitetebSi,
xolo 1649 wels oqsfordis
universitetSi fizikis doq-
pauperi
toris xarisxi miiRo, 1651
wels ki anatomiisa da musikis
profesori gaxda. petis spe-
cialuri ekonomikuri ganaTleba
ar hqonia. sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebaSi SemuSavebuli me-
Todologia da princi pebi mas
ekonomikis Rrmad SeswavlaSic
daexmara. petis didi damsax-
urebaa is, rom man pirvelma
miaqcia yuradReba simdidris
or faqtors _ Sromasa da mi-
was. igi simdidris wyarod mi-
iCnevda ara mimoqcevis, aramed
mTlianad warmoebis sferos.
peti aRniSnavda: `Sroma mamaa
da uaqtiuresi wyaro simdid-
risa, xolo miwa dedaa misi~.
petim pirvelma daayena sakiTxi
diferenciuli rentisa da mi-
wis fasis Sesaxeb. man gan-
sazRvra Rirebuleba, rogorc
daxarjuli Sromis Sedegi, da-
adgina raodenobrivi damokide-
buleba Rirebulebis sididesa
da Sromis mwarmoeblurobas
Soris, magram Rirebulebis si-
didis gazomvas cdilobda mx-
olod ori faqtoriT: miwiTa
da SromiT. igi sazogadoebis
ekonomikur ganviTarebas ganixi-
lavda ekonomikur kanonebTan
damokidebulebaSi, Tumca, aigi-
vebda sazogadoebriv, ekonomi-
kur da bunebis kanonebs, ganixi-
lavda maT rogorc mudmivsa
da Seucvlels.
petis kalams ekuTvnis Sem-
pigu artur
degi naSromebi: `traqtati ga-
dasaxadebisa da mosakrebleb-
is Sesaxeb~ (1662), `irlandiis
politikuri anatomia~ (1672),
`politikuri ariTmetika~ (1683),
`zogi ram fulis Sesaxeb~ (1682),
`sityva brZenTaTvis~ (1662) da
a.S.
pigu artur ( 1877-- 1959 )
(Pigou Arthur) - cnobili ingli-
seli ekonomisti. 1908-- 1944
wlebSi kembrijis universitet-
Si iyo ekonomikis kaTedris xe-
lmZRvaneli. didi Rvawli mi-
uZRvis dabegvris Teoriis gan-
viTarebaSi. pigum safuZveli
Cauyara gare efeqtebis (eqster-
naliebis) Teorias. uaryofiTi
gare efeqtebis neitralizaci-
is piguseul meTods pigus ga-
dasaxadi ewoda.
paretos keTildReobis eko-
nomikuri Teoriisagan gansxvave-
biT, pigu amtkicebda, rom vi-
naidan gadanawileba ar amcir-
ebs mTlian Semosavals, xolo
zRvruli sargeblianoba Semo-
savlis klebadi funqciaa, ami-
tom simdidris gadacema mdi-
drebisagan RaribebisTvis gazr-
dis saerTo keTildReobas.
pigus naSromebi fulisa da
Semosavlebis TeoriaSi _ `da-
saqmebis Teoria~ (1933) da
`dasaqmeba da wonasworoba~
(1941) _ ZiriTadad asaxaven da-
saqmebisa da Semosavlebis kla-
sikuri Teoriis Sinaarss. amis
283
gamo, keinzis mxridan kritika
umTavresad pigus daatyda Tavs.
miuxedavad amisa, man Seqmna
sruli dasaqmebis miRwevis
meqanizmi keinzianuri sistemis
CarCoebSi. am meqanizmma miiRo
pigus efeqtis saxelwodeba. igi
mdgomareobs SemdegSi: arasru-
li dasaqmebis pirobebSi fase-
bis dacema zrdis naRdi fu-
lis raodenobas. es iwvevs sa-
qonelze moTxovnis zrdas da Se-
sabamisad, dasaqmebis gadidebas.
pigus mtkicebiT, fasebis
zrdasa da, aqedan gamomdinare,
sabazro wonasworobis darRve-
vas Tan sdevs momxmarebelTa
Sesabamisi sabazro qceva: mim-
dinare moTxovnis xarjze fu-
ladi Semosavlebis tezavrire-
buli nawilis gadideba. amas
mohyveba moxmarebisaTvis gan-
kuTvnili fuladi Semosavlebis
odenobis Semcireba, rac uary-
ofiT gavlenas moaxdens mim-
dinare moTxovnaze, gamoiwvevs
fasebis Semcirebas da sabazro
wonasworobis aRdgenas. fuladi
Semosavlebis gamoyenebis sf-
eroSi moqmedi meqanizmis gare
efeqti, romelic aisaxeba eko-
nomikuri wonasworobis Senar-
CunebaSi, atarebs a. pigus sax-
els da cnobilia pigus efeq-
tis saxelwodebiT.
pigus naSromebidan, agreTve
aRsaniSnavia: `simdidre da ke-
TildReoba~ (1912), `keTildRe-
284
obis ekonomika~ (1921), `nar-
kvevebi gamoyenebiT ekonomikur
TeoriaSi~ (1923), `samrewvelo
ryevebi~ (1927), `sruli dasaq-
mebidan gadaxra~ (1945) da a.S.
pigus gadasaxadi (Pigouian
tax) - gadasaxadi, dawesebuli
uaryofiTi gare efeqtebis (eqs-
ternaliebis) koreqtirebisa da
nivelirebisaTvis. pigus gada-
saxadiT ibegreba aseTi gare efeq-
tis warmomqmneli. amasTan, ga-
dasaxadis odenoba unda gani-
sazRvros imgvarad, rom gare
efeqtis kerZo danaxarjebi sazo-
gadoebrivi xarjebis toli iyos.
piki (peak) - warmoebis aRmav-
lobis zeda wertili, romelic
xasiaTdeba ekonomikuri zrdis
umaRlesi tempiT. pikis Semdeg
iwyeba warmoebis dacema.
pinta (pint) - moculobisa
da tevadobis erTeuli aSS--Si,
did britaneTsa da zogierT
sxva qveyanaSi; did britaneT-
Si 1 p = 1/8 galons anu 0,568
litrs; aSS-- Si ganasxvaveben
Txevad pintas (udris 1/8 ame-
rikul galons, anu 0,473 litrs)
da fxvier pintas (utoldeba
1/64 amerikul buSels, Tavis
mxriv, buSeli udris 0,551
litrs).
piradi momsaxureba (per-
sonal service) - momsaxurebis is
saxeebi, romlebic uSualo ze-
moqmedebas axdenen adamianze.
pigus gadasaxadi
am jgufSi pirobiTad Sedis mom-
saxurebis sferos Semdegi dar-
gebi: ganaTleba, xelovneba, kul-
tura, janmrTelobis dacva, say-
ofacxovrebo momsaxureba, so-
cialuri uzrunvelyofa, fiz-
kultura da sporti, rekreaci-
uli momsaxureba, Sinamosamsa-
xureTa momsaxureba.
piradi Semosavali (perso-
nal income) - calkeuli fizi-
kuri pirebis Semosavali gada-
saxadebis gadaxdamde. Sedgeba
xelfasisa da damatebiTi Semo-
savlebisagan _ dividendis, sar-
geblis, rentis, premiis, trans-
feris CaTvliT. ganasxvaveben no-
minalur Semosavals, romelic
gaiangariSeba uSualod fulad
formaSi da realur Semosavals,
romelic gaiangariSeba fasebis
doniT fulis msyidvelobiTuna-
rianobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
pirdapiri gadasaxadi
(direct tax) - regularuli saga-
dasaxado anaricxi, romelsac
mocemuli qveynis fizikuri da
iuridiuli pirebi uxdian sax-
elmwifos (xelisuflebis adg-
ilobriv organoebs) Semosav-
lis yvela saxidan, mogebisa da
sakuTrebidan miRebuli Semo-
savlebis CaTvliT. pirdapir
gadasaxadebs miekuTvneba moge-
baze gadasaxadi, saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi, qonebis gadasaxadi
da a.S.
politikuri ekonomia
pirve ladi bazari (prima-
pirveladi
ry market) - bazari, sadac fasian
qaRaldebs yidian maTi emiten-
tebi.
pirveli giravnobis sige-
li (senior mortgage) - uZravi qo-
nebis uzrunvelyofili nawili,
romelic valis daubruneblo-
bis SemTxvevaSi kreditors
aZlevs upirates uflebas da-
giravebuli qonebis gayidvis
Sedegad misaReb Senatanebze.
pirobiTi prognozi (con-
ditional forecast) - samomavlo
ekonomikuri movlenebis ganWvre-
ta, gamoxatuli gansazRvruli
formiT.
plastikuri baraTi (plas-
tic card) - yvela saxis sagadasax-
delo baraTi _ sabanko--sakre-
dito, debitoruli, samgzavro
da a.S.
plebisciti (plebiscite) [<laT.
plebiscitum xalxis gadawyveti-
leba] - saerTo--saxalxo kenWis-
yra, referendumi.
plebiscituri diqtatu-
ra (plebiscite’s dictatorship) - sa-
xelmwifo mmarTvelobis iseTi
meqanizmi, romlis drosac Cveu-
lebrivad tardeba arCevnebi,
oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom
mmarTvel fenebs an, ufro swo-
rad, ramdenime mmarTvel pirs
yovelTvis aqvT arCevnebSi sa-
surveli Sedegis miRwevis re-
aluri SesaZlebloba.
pozitivizmi (positivism) -
285
ekonomikuri mecnierebis filoso-
fia, filosofiuri doqtrina,
romelic amtkicebs, rom daskvne-
bi, romlebic ar SeiZleba Semow-
mebuli iyos empiriulad, meti
rom ara vTqvaT, aramecnierulia.
pozitiuri ekonomikuri
Teoria (positive economics) -
ekonomikuri Teoriis nawili da
ekonomikuri analizis is ti pi,
romelic eyrdnoba faqtebiT
ganmtkicebul debulebebsa da
daskvnebs. igi swavlobs ekonomi-
kas iseTs, rogoric aris, upa-
suxebs kiTxvas _ `ra aris~ da
ara kiTxvas _ `ra unda iyos~.
normatiuli ekonomikuri Teori-
isagan gansxvavebiT, pozitiuri
ekonomikuri Teoria ar iZleva
samomavlo rekomendaciebs. igi
normatiuli ekonomikuri Teo-
riis sayrdenia, faqtobrivi
mtkicebiT upasuxebs iseT kiTx-
vebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mo-
saxleobis ramdeni procentia
umuSevari.
polisi (policy) [<ital. po-
lizza xelwerili, qviTari] - mow-
moba, gacemuli sadazRvevo kom-
paniis mier fizikuri an iuri-
diuli piris saxelze, romel-
mac am kompaniaSi raime daaz-
Rvia. Seicavs dazRvevis Sesaxeb
dadebuli xelSekrulebis piro-
bebs.
politikuri ekonomia
economy) - mecniereba,
(political
romelic saTaves iRebs XVIII
286
saukunis ukanasknel mesamedSi
klasikur--liberaluri ekono-
mikuri mimdinareobis warmo-
Sobis safuZvelze klasikuri
politikuri ekonomiis saxiT,
Tumca, es saxelwodeba pirvelma
SemoiRo frangma a. monkretienma,
rodesac gamosca naSromi `po-
litikuri ekonomiis traqtati~
(1615).
klasikuri politikuri eko-
nomiis aRmocenebiT mecniereb-
is erTian sistemas gamoeyo
ekonomika, rogorc damoukide-
beli mecniereba. klasikurma
politikurma ekonomiam cod-
nis mTel arsenals sakvlevi
problemis irgvliv mouyara
Tavi, siRrmiseulad gaaanaliza
da erTian sistemaSi moaqcia.
amasTan, man mecnieruli kvle-
vis sfero gaafarTova da ar
Semoifargla mxolod soflis
meurneobiT, mecnierulad daas-
abuTa, rom simdidris wyaro
unda veZioT ara mimoqcevaSi
(merkantilisturi midgoma) an
mxolod miwaTmoqmedebaSi (fiz-
iokratuli midgoma), aramed
mTlianad warmoebaSi. klasiku-
ri politikuri ekonomia Tavi-
si masStabebiTa da mecnieru-
li siRrmiT, realuri ekonomi-
kuri movlenebisa da amocaneb-
is adekvaturi axsniTa da sis-
temuri midgomiT WeSmarit mec-
nierebad Camoyalibda, romelic
saukunenaxevarze met xans (XVIII
polisi
saukunis 70--iani wlebidan XX
saukunis 30--ian wlebamde) sa-
fuZvlad edo msoflios wamy-
vani kapitalisturi qveynebis
ekonomikur politikas.
klasikuri politikuri eko-
nomiis bazaze aRmocenda sxva-
dasxva ekonomikuri mimdinare-
oba. erT--erTi aseTi mimdinar-
eobaa marqsistuli politikuri
ekonomia, romelmac farTod
moikida fexi da saprogramo
dokumentad iqca socialistu-
ri sazogadoebis aSenebis msur-
veli qveynebisaTvis. marqsis-
tulma politikurma ekonomi-
am, erTi mxriv, klasikuri poli-
tikuri ekonomiis mier gamokv-
leuli zogierTi Teoria ga-
naviTara da gaaRrmava, meore
mxriv ki, klasikuri politikuri
ekonomiisgan gansxvavebuli Te-
oria Seqmna. marqsistuli poli-
tikuri ekonomiis kvlevis sa-
gani warmoebiT urTierTobaTa
ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebia.
marqsistul politikur
ekonomias daukavSirda leni-
nis Teoria, ris safuZvelzec
Camoyalibda marqsistul--leni-
nuri politikuri ekonomia. es
ukanaskneli ori nawilisgan
Sedgeba. pirveli nawilia kapi-
talizmis, xolo meore _ soci-
alizmis politikuri ekonomia.
kapitalizmis politikuri eko-
nomia agebulia marqsis moZRvre-
baze, ZiriTadad marqsis `kapi-
postindustriuli sazo gadoeba
sazogadoeba
talze~, romelSic gaanalize-
bulia imdroindeli kapital-
izmis ekonomikuri sistema. mas
agvirgvinebs leninis imperial-
izmis Teoria. meore nawili _
socializmis politikuri eko-
nomia xotbas asxams da ikvlevs
im socializms, romelic arse-
bobda komunistur qveynebSi.
XX saukunis 90--iani wle-
bis dasawyisidan marqsistul--
leninurma politikurma eko-
nomiam, romelic safuZvlad edo
sabWoTa kavSirisa da sxva ko-
munisturi qveynebis ekonomikur
politikas, adgili dasavlur
Teoriebs dauTmo.
Tanamedrove dasavlur li-
teraturaSi termini _ `poli-
tikuri ekonomia~ gulisxmobs
im politikuri faqtorebis kv-
levas, romlebic moqmedeben
qveynis ekonomikur politika-
ze. `axali politikuri ekono-
mia~ Seiswavlis politikisa da
ekonomikis urTierTmoqmedebis
kanonzomierebebs, urTierTkav-
Sirs politikuri saqmianobis
praqtikul aspeqtebsa da wmin-
da ekonomikur Teorias Soris.
posesia (possessoin) [laT.
possessio] - miwis arenduli mflo-
beloba.
postindustriuli sazo-
gadoeba (postindustrial society)
– es termini samecniero brun-
vaSi Semoitana amerikelma mec-
nierma daniel belim. naSromSi
287
`postindustriuli sazogadoe-
bis momavali~ (1973) man Camo-
ayaliba postindustriuli sa-
zogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebe-
li Semdegi xuTi niSani: 1. ma-
terialur-nivTobriv warmoe-
basTan SedarebiT, momsaxureb-
is sferos wingamswrebi tem-
piT ganviTareba; 2. teqnologi-
ebisa da teqnologiuri Sefase-
bebis gansakuTrebuli rolis
warmoCena; 3. axali `inteleq-
tualuri~ teqnologiebis Seq-
mna; 4. dasaqmebis struqtura-
Si profesiul-teqnikuri per-
sonalis upiratesobis zrda;
5. Teoriuli codnis, rogorc
siaxleebis danergvisa da ekono-
mikuri politikis Camoyalibebis
safuZvlis, rolis amaRleba.
postindustriul sazogadoebaSi,
sadac socialuri problemebi
ukeTesad wydeba, belis ganmarte-
biT, mTavaria ara Zlieri kunTe-
bi, aramed codna da informacia.
saqme isaa, rom XX sauku-
nis 60-iani wlebidan aSS-sa da
dasavleT evropis qveynebis eko-
nomikaSi (iaponiaSi ki 70-iani
wlebidan) gamoikveTa axali Ta-
visebureba _ mecnierul-teqni-
kuri progresis ZiriTad mimar-
TulebaTa farTod danergva,
ramac daaCqara momsaxurebis
sferos ekonomikis mesameul
seqtorad Camoyalibeba, misi
xvedriTi wonis arsebiTi ga-
dideba sazogadoebriv warmoe-
288
basa da moxmarebis struqtur-
aSi. yvela ZiriTadi maCvenebliT,
maT Soris dasaqmebulTa ricx-
ovnebiT, man win gauswro mate-
rialur-nivTobriv warmoebas da
gadaiqca ekonomikis umsxviles
seqtorad. warmoebis procese-
bis avtomatizaciam, energiis axa-
li wyaroebisa da bioteqnolo-
giis gamoyenebam, mikroeleqtro-
nikisa da telekomunikaciuri
teqnikis miRwevaTa aTvisebam
Tvisebrivad axali etapi Seqm-
na ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. sa-
warmoo Zalebis arnaxulma prog-
resma gamoiwvia kapitalizmis
transformacia axal sazogado-
ebaSi, Seqmna ganviTarebis Sem-
dgomi, ufro maRali safexuri.
winaindustriuli sazogadoeba
Secvala industriulma, xolo
es ukanaskneli _ postindus-
triulma. ganviTarebul qveyneb-
Si daiwyo maRali masobrivi
moxmarebis xana, rac gamoixa-
ta SemdegSi: a. mkveTrad gaizar-
da im umaRlesi xarisxis saqon-
lisa da momsaxurebis masobrivi
moxmareba, romlebic winaT xel-
misawvdomi iyo mxolod mosax-
leobis Zalze mcire nawilisaT-
vis; b. sagrZnoblad Semcirda
siRaribe; g. mosaxleobis 10%-
ma fufunebis dones miaRwia
(winaT igi xelmisawvdomi iyo
erTeulebisTvis). masobriv mox-
marebaze gadasvlas mohyva prog-
potenciuri mep
resuli ukuSedegebi qveynis eko-
nomikis ganviTarebaSi.
potenciuri mep (potential
GNP, potential output) - VTG, rom-
lis warmoebac SeiZleba arse-
buli kapitaluri resursebisa
da samuSao Zalis pirobebSi.
potenciuri warmoebis
moculoba (potential output) -
firmis, dargis, seqtoris an
mTlianad ekonomikis maqsimalu-
rad SesaZlebeli warmoebis
moculoba, gansazRvruli war-
moebis faqtorebis uzrunvel-
yofiT. sxvaoba potenciur da
faqtobriv warmoebis mocu-
lobebs Soris Warbi simZlav-
reebis tolia.
prezentanti (presenter)
[<laT. praesentans warmomdge-
ni] - Tamasuqis warmomdgeni.
prezentacia (presentation)
[<laT. presentatio] - 1. firmis,
saqonlis da a.S. wardgena misi
gacnobis an reklamis mizniT;
2. gadasapirebeli Tamasuqis
wardgena trasatisaTvis, pir-
isTvis, romelic valdebulia
es Tamasuqi gaanaRdos.
preiskuranti (price-- cur-
rent) [<frang. prix - fasi corant
mimdinare] - sxvadasxva saxis
produqtis, saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis fasebis cnobari.
preferencia (preference)
[<laT. praeferre - upiratesobis
miniWeba] - 1. upiratesoba, SeRa-
vaTi, SeRavaTiani sabaJo gada-
produqti
saxadebi, dadgenili saxelmwi-
fos mier zogierTi qveynis yve-
la an calkeuli saxis saqonel-
ze, rac sxva qveynebis produ-
qciaze ar vrceldeba; 2. savaW-
ro SeRavaTi, dawesebuli saer-
TaSoriso xelSekrulebis safuZ-
velze qveynebs Soris vaWro-
bis gafarToebis mizniT.
privatizacia (privatizati-
on) [<laT. privatus - kerZo] - sa-
xelmwifo sakuTrebis gardaqmna
personificirebul kerZo sakuT-
rebad.
privilegiuri aqcia (pre-
ference share) - aqcia garantire-
buli fiqsirebuli dividendis
miRebis uflebiT. mis mflo-
bels xmis micemis ufleba ara
aqvs da amdenad, ar monawile-
obs aqcioneruli sazogadoeb-
is marTvaSi.
princi
princi pali (principal) [<laT.
incipali
principalis mTavari] - 1. mTavari,
ZiriTadi mevale valdebule-
baSi; 2. piri, romlis saxeli-
Tac moqmedebs agenti.
pr inci pi - `vinc abinZu-
princi
rebs, is ixdis~ (polluter pays
principle) - idea, romlis arsi
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom vinc ab-
inZurebs garemos, man unda gada-
ixados am qmedebisaTvis. ro-
gorc ekonomikuri TanamSrom-
lobisa da ganviTarebis orga-
nizaciam ganacxada, am princi ps
Seesabameba pigus gadasaxadi,
agreTve nebismieri gadasaxadi
289
an mosakrebeli, romelic astim-
ulirebs garemos dabinZurebis
Semcirebis RonisZiebebs.
prognozireba (forecast-
ing) _ mecnierulad dasabuTe-
buli msjeloba, daskvnebi qveynis
momavali ekonomikis an misi
calkeuli sferoebis SesaZle-
beli mdgomareobis, agreTve ama
Tu im donis miRwevis alter-
natiuli gzebis, meTodebisa da
vadebis Sesaxeb.
programuli biujeti
(programme budget) _ mTavro-
bis mier dasaxuli prioritete-
bis misaRwevad gansaxorciele-
beli RonisZiebebis, programeb-
is, mosalodneli Sedegebisa da
Sefasebis indikatorebis er-
Toblioba. sainvesticio xasi-
aTis programuli biujeti kap-
italuri biujetia.
progresiuli gadasaxa-
di (progressive tax) - gadasaxa-
di, romlis saSualo ganakveT-
ic izrdeba Semosavlis zr-
dasTan erTad. progresiuli
gadasaxadi SeiZleba arsebob-
des danaxarjebzec, roca sa-
gadasaxado ganakveTi izrdeba
samomxmareblo danaxarjebis
zrdis kvalobaze.
dasavleTis qveynebis sagada-
saxado sistemebis umravlesoba-
Si gadasaxadebi progresiulia.
produqti (product) [<laT.
productus warmoebuli] - Sromis
materialuri (nivTobrivi) an
290
aramaterialuri (mecnieruli
aRmoCena, idea da a.S.) Sedegi.
produqcia (product) [laT.
productic, producire mzadeba, keTe-
ba] - msoflioSi, qveyanaSi, meur-
neobis dargSi, sawarmoSi, cal-
keuli muSakebis mier drois
gansazRvrul monakveTSi war-
moebuli produqtebis erTob-
lioba.
produqciis gamoSveba
(output) - resursebis dovlaT-
ad gardaqmnis saboloo pro-
cesi. ar aris aucilebeli pro-
duqciis gamoSveba zustad emTx-
veodes sargeblianobis momtan
dovlaTs: produqcia SeiZleba
flobdes nulovan da zogjer
uaryofiT sabazro fassac ki.
ar aris aucilebeli pro-
duqcias hqondes nivTobrivi for-
ma. samedicino da saganmanaT-
leblo momsaxurebac produq-
ciaa. pirveli jandacvis indust-
riis Sedegia, xolo meore _ ga-
naTlebis sistemis saqmianobisa.
producenti (producer)
[<laT. producens (prodocentis)
mwarmoebeli] - mwarmoebeli; ama
Tu im saqonlis mwarmoebeli
qveyana.
prolongacia (prolonga-
tion) [<laT. prologare gagrZele-
ba] - xelSekrulebis, sesxis,
Tamasuqisa da a.S. moqmedebis
vadis gagrZeleba.
promesa (promise) [<frang.
promesse dapireba] - 1. doku-
produqcia
menti, romlis Tanaxmadac mo-
mgebiani sesxis, obligaciis an
latariis bileTis mflobeli
(promesis gamyidveli) valde-
bulebas iRebs, garkveul fasSi
dauTmos sxva pirs Tavisi moge-
ba; 2. obligaciis gamyidvelis
valdebuleba, gadacvalos ob-
ligacia sxva obligaciaze misi
tiraJis gasvlis SemTxvevaSi.
prompti (prompt) - saswra-
fod dadebuli Carteri.
proporciuli gadasaxa-
di (proportional tax) - gadasaxa-
di, romlis saSualo ganakveTi
Semosavlis miuxedavad ucvle-
li rCeba.
proteqcionizmi (protec-
tionism) [frang. protectionnisme
<laT. protectio dafarva] - sax-
elmwifos ekonomikuri politi-
ka, romlis mizania erovnuli me-
urneobis dacva ucxouri kon-
kurenciisagan saimporto saqo-
nelze maRali baJis SemoRebiT,
garkveuli saxis saqonlis Semo-
tanis SezRudviT an akrZalviT.
proficiti (surplus) - biu-
jetis dadebiTi saldo, biuje-
tis Semosavlis gadameteba xar-
jze. proficitis dros mTavro-
ba Warb fulad saxsrebs iyenebs
Tavisi davalianebis dasafaravad.
procenti (interest) [<laT.
procentum yovel asze] - 1. ricx-
vis measedi, aRiniSneba niSniT
-%
-%; 2. Semosavali, romelsac
mesakuTre iRebs gadasaxadis
procentis realuri ga nakveTi
ganakveTi
saxiT fizikuri da iuridiuli
pirebisagan Tavis sakuTrebaSi
arsebuli obieqtebis gamoyeneb-
isaTvis; 3. sasesxo procenti,
sargebeli, romelsac iRebs
kreditori gacemul sesxze.
procentis (sargeblis )
ganakveTi (interest rate) - kre-
ditis an sasesxo kapitalis
gamoyenebisaTvis dawesebuli ga-
dasaxadis procentuli maCvene-
beli, romelic gamoxatavs gas-
esxebuli fuladi niSnis er-
Teulze SemoRebuli wliuri
gadasaxadis odenobas. mas awes-
rigeben bankebi maT mier war-
moebul operaciebze (mokleva-
diani an grZelvadiani dakred-
iteba, anabrebi da sxv.) dade-
bul sakredito SeTanxmebebSi.
procentuli ganakveTi Sei-
Zleba iyos mcocavi an fiq-
sirebuli mTeli vadis ganmav-
lobaSi. misi sidide, wminda pro-
centis garda, damokidebulia
kreditoris danaxarjebisa da
riskis safasurze. rac ufro sa-
riskod miaCnia kreditors kre-
ditis gacema, miT ufro maRa-
lia procentis norma Tanabar
pirobebSi. procentuli ganakve-
Tis norma mewarmisaTvis infor-
maciis mniSvnelovani wyaroa.
igi yalibdeba fulis bazarze.
procentis norma damokide-
bulia: a). fuladi saxsrebis
miwodebis sidideze, anu im
droebiT Tavisufal fulad
291
saxsrebze, romlebic Tavs iyris
fulis bazarze; b). saqonlis
fasebze. rac ufro maRalia
fasebis mosalodneli zrda, miT
ufro maRalia procentis norma.
procentis nominaluri
ganakveTi (nominal interest) -
fulis raodenoba, romelic
gadaxdilia sasesxo fuladi
niSnis erTeulze garkveul pe-
riodSi (Tve, weli); procen-
tis ganakveTi, romlis mixed-
viTac dairicxeba aqtivebis no-
minaluri Rirebulebis namati
sadepozito angariSebsa da fa-
sian qaRaldebze; procentis
realuri ganakveTisa da infla-
ciis tempis jami. fiSeris ef-
eqtis mixedviT, procentis no-
minaluri ganakveTis dinamika
mTlianad emTxveva inflaciis
mosalodneli tempis dinamikas.
procentis realuri ga-
nakveTi (real interest rate) - 1.
procentis ganakveTi, romlis
mixedviTac izrdeba aqtivebis
realuri Rirebuleba sadepozi-
to anagriSebsa da fasian qa-
Raldebze garkveul periodSi;
2. procentis minimaluri gana-
kveTi, koreqtirebuli mocemul
periodSi mosalodneli infla-
ciis tempis mixedviT; sxvaoba
procentis nominalur ganakveT-
sa da inflaciis temps Soris.
arsebobs mosalodneli (ex
ante) da faqtobrivi (ex post)
procentis realuri ganakveTi.
292 Jenevis konferencia

angariSze gansazRvruli Tanxis

J gadaricxvis Sesaxeb. JiroCeki

gamoiyeneba mxolod unaRdo
Jenevis konferencia (Ge- angariSsworebisas erTi bankis
neva Conference) - ix. tarife- farglebSi, sadac gaxsnilia
bisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb gene- orive mxaris JiroangariSi.
raluri SeTanxmeba. Jirocentrali (girocen-
Jenevis raundi(Geneva ro- tral) - sakredito dawesebule-
und) - tarifebisa da vaWro- ba, romelic komunaluri Sem-
bis Sesaxeb generaluri SeTan- naxveli bankebisTvis centra-
xmebis CarCoebSi savaWro mo- luri bankis funqciebs asru-
laparakebebis pirveli (1947) lebs. yvelaze farTod gavr-
da meoTxe (1955-1956) raun- celebulia germaniaSi.
debis farTod gavrcelebuli
saxelwodeba.
Jiranti (endorsee) [<ital.
girante<girare gadagzavna (Tanx-
is)] - igivea, rac indosanti.
Jirati (endorser) - igivea,
rac indosati.
Jiro (endorsement) [<ital.
giro brunva, mimoqceva] - 1. unaRdo
angariSsworebis erT--erTi for-
ma; 2. igivea, rac indosamenti.
JiroangariSsworeba (giro
account) - unaRdo angariSs-
woreba, romelsac awarmoeben
bankebi erTi angariSidan meo-
reze Tanxis gadaricxviT. igi
gamoiyeneba agreTve unaRdo an-
gariSsworebis mTeli sistemis
aRsaniSnavad.
JiroCeki (giro cheque) -
Ceki, romelic Seicavs Cekis
mflobelis nebarTvas misi
JiroangariSidan Cekis amRebis
realuri mTliani Si da produqti
Sida
r garkveul gavlenas moaxdens
ra, rogor, visTvis (what,
how, for whom) - ekonomikuri
organizaciis sami ZiriTadi
problema, triada. `ra `ra~ _ es
aris kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ra saxis da ra raodenobis
saqoneli an momsaxureba unda
vawarmooT SezRuduli resur-
sebis pirobebSi. `rogor
`rogor~ _
es aris kiTxva imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ra teqnologiiT vawarmooT
es saqoneli an momsaxureba,
xolo `visTvis
`visTvis~ _ es aris kiTx-
va imis Sesaxeb, Tu samomxmare-
blo dovlaTi rogor ganaw-
ildes mocemul sazogadoeba-
Si. ix. sabazro ekonomika.
rantie (rentier) (frang. ren-
tier) - piri, romlisTvisac Semo-
savlis wyaroa sesxad gacemu-
li kapitalis procenti (sarge-
beli) an fasiani qaRaldebidan
miRebuli Semosavali.
racionaluri molodi-
nis Teoria (rational expecta-
tions theory) - Teoria, romlis
Tanaxmadac mwarmoeblebi da mo-
mxmareblebi _ biznesisa da
hausholdis blokebi arsebu-
li socialur--ekonomikuri in-
formaciis safuZvelze yvelaze
racionalurad gegmaven Tavi-
anT ekonomikur qcevas. isini
varaudoben, rom fulad--sakre-
293
dito da sabiujeto politika
ekonomikaze da, xelmZRvanelo-
ben ra sakuTari gamorCenis
surviliT, iseT RonisZiebebs mi-
marTaven, romlebic am poli-
tikas araefeqtians xdis.
racionaluri spekula-
ciuri `sapnis buSti~ (ratio-
nalistic speculative “bubble”) –
aqciis fasis iseTi dinamika,
rodesac finansuri investorebi
gamoxataven mzadyofnas, aqcie-
bSi mis namdvil Rirebulebaze
meti gadaixadon, im molodiniT,
rom `sapnis buSti~ ibereba, ami-
tom aqciebi gaagrZelebs ga-
farToebas, rac investorebs ma-
Ti aqciebis ufro maRal fasad
gayidvis saSualebas miscemda.
sinamdvileSi es aqciebi SeiZle-
ba `cxeli~ (zedmetad Sefase-
buli) gaxdes. aqciebis fasis
aseT gadaxras maTi namdvili Ri-
rebulebidan axireba ewodeba.
realuri gacvliTi kur-
si (real exchange rate) - gacvli-
Ti kursi, romelic iTvalis-
winebs ori Sesabamisi qveynis
fasebis doneTa Tanafardobas.
gaiangariSeba nominaluri gacv-
liTi kursis gayofiT Sesadar
qveynebSi fasebis indeqsebis
Tanafardobaze.
realuri mTliani Sida
Sida
produqti (real gross domestic
product) - saboloo produqtis
294
mTliani raodenobis mis mud-
miv (da ara mimdinare) fasebze
namravlTa jami. realuri mTli-
ani Sida produqti gamoSvebis
maCvenebelia. masSi cvlilebe-
bi mxolod saqonlis raodeno-
baSi cvlilebebs asaxavs.
realuri Semosavali (real
income) - saqonlisa da momsa-
xurebis raodenoba, romlis Se-
Zenac SeuZlia individs, ojaxs
an firmas TavianTi fuladi
SemosavlebiT, an kidev, fula-
di Semosavali, romelic ko-
reqtirebulia fasebis indeqsiT.
realuri cvladebi (real
variables) - naturaluri erTe-
ulebiT gazomili sidideebi (ix.
klasikuri dihotomia).
realuri xelfasi (real
wage) - nominaluri xelfasi,
koreqtirebuli fasebis cvale-
badobis donis mixedviT. gai-
zomeba im saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis RirebulebiT, romel-
Ta SeZena SesaZlebelia am xel-
fasiT.
registri (register) [<laT.
registrum> sia, CamonaTvali] - 1.
Canawerebis wigni, saaRricxvo
dokumenti Sesabamisi siiT,
romelsac samarTlebrivi mniS-
vneloba aqvs. mag., komerciuli
registri, romelSic Setanil-
ia yvela komerciuli banki;
kreditorebis registri, romel-
Sic Seitaneba i poTekuri kre-
realuri Semosavali
ditis kreditorebi; uZravi
qonebis registri, romlis Tanax-
madac ganisazRvreba uZravi
qonebis konkretuli obieqtis
flobis ufleba; fasiani qaRal-
debis registri, romelSic
SeaqvT cnobebi firmis yvela
fasiani qaRaldis Sesaxeb; 2.
specialuri organo, romelic
marTvis specialur dargSi ze-
damxedvelobis funqcias asru-
lebs.
regionuli ekonomika
(regional economics) - ekonomi-
kuri analizis nawili, romel-
ic Seiswavlis ekonomikuri saq-
mianobis teritoriul ganlage-
bas da regionebs Soris ekono-
mikuri aqtiurobis doneTa So-
ris gansxvavebas. igi ikvlevs
mikro-- da makroekonomikur
problemebs.
regionuli makroekonomi-
kis farglebSi, rogorc wesi,
xorcieldeba sxvadasxva re-
gionebis SedarebiTi analizi,
xolo TviT regionebi ganixi-
leba rogorc erTgvarovani eko-
nomikuri erTeulebi. regionu-
li makroekonomika moicavs erov-
nuli ekonomikis farglebSi sxva-
dasxva regionTa ekonomikuri
zrdisa da umuSevrobis, war-
moebis faqtorTa moZraobisa da
a.S. problemebs.
regionuli mikroekonomi-
ka upiratesad dakavSirebulia
revalvacia
konkretul ekonomikur obieq-
tebs Soris urTierTzemoqmede-
bis sakiTxebis kvlevasTan. igi
Seiswavlis adgilmdebareobis
gavlenas ekonomikur saqmianoba-
ze da ar ganixilavs region-
ebs rogorc erTgvarovan erTe-
ulebs. didi da patara qalaqe-
bis Taviseburebebis kvlevisTvis
gamoiyeneba termini _ `qalaqe-
bis ekonomika~.
regresi (regress, recourse)
[laT. regressus dabruneba, ukan
svla] - 1. ganviTarebis ufro ma-
Rali formidan dabalze gada-
svla, ukan svla, cvlileba uare-
sisaken (sapirispiroa -progre-
si); 2. zaralis anazRaurebis
moTxovna, romelsac erTi piri
warudgens meores.
regresiuli gadasaxadi
(regressive tax) - gadasaxadi, rom-
lis saSualo ganakveTic Se-
mosavlis zrdasTan erTad ece-
ma. arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis
umravlesoba regresiulia.
reestri (register) (laT.
regictrin) - ix. kadastri.
reeqsporti (reexport) [laT.
reexsportore] - adre importire-
buli saqonlis gatana (gada-
muSavebis gareSe) mesame qveya-
naSi.
revalvacia (revaluation)
[re + <frang. evalastion Sefase-
ba] - sxvagvarad _ valorizacia,
revalorizacia _ fulad erTe-
295
ulSi oqros Semcvelobis an
misi kursis oficialuri gazr-
da sxva qveynebis valutebTan Se-
darebiT.
vinaidan Tanamedrove piro-
bebSi fuls aRar aqvs oqroSem-
cveloba, amJamad revalvacia
gulisxmobs mxolod fulis
kursis oficialur gazrdas
sxva qveynebis valutebTan Se-
darebiT.
saqme isaa, rom iamaikis sa-
valuto sistemis Camoyalibeb-
is (1976) Semdeg, CCA-is ga--
dawyvetilebiT, 1978 wels ga-
uqmda oqros pariteti (Tana-
fardoba sxvadasxva qveynis
valutebs Soris oqros won--
iTi raodenobis, oqros Semcv--
elobis mixedviT). oqro, rome--
lic savaluto sistemaSi XX
saukunis 70--ian wlebamde mni--
Svnelovan rols asrulebda,
gamoidevna saerTaSoriso anga--
riSsworebis sferodan. miiRes
gadawyvetileba misi saboloo
demonetizaciis Sesaxeb. mTavari
valutis statusi amerikul
dolars mieniWa. revalvacia gu-
lisxmobs fulis msyidvelo-
biTi unaris amaRlebas garkve-
ul donemde. es done SeiZleba
iyos iseTive, rogoric inflaci-
is dasawyisSi; SeiZleba iyos
ufro maRali, vidre im momen-
tSi, rodesac inflaciam maqsi-
mums miaRwia. amrigad, reval-
296
vacia qaRaldis fulis infla-
ciamdeli Rirebulebis Tanda-
TanobiTi aRdgenis procesia,
rac faqtobrivad valutis
kursis amaRlebas niSnavs. mag.,
1961 wels moxda dasavleT-
germanuli markis revalvacia.
misi oqroSemcveloba gaizar-
da 0,211588--dan 0,222168 gram
wminda oqromde, ris Sedegad
aSS--is dolaris mimarT am fu-
lis kursi, nacvlad 4,2 markisa,
gaxda 4 marka.
revalvacia ekonomikis reg-
ulirebis erT--erTi saSuale-
baa, Tumca, saerTaSoriso sava-
luto praqtikaSi igi iSviaT
movlenas warmoadgens. es imiT
aixsneba, rom qveyana, romelic
valutis revalvacias axor-
cielebs, sxva qveynebTan Sedar-
ebiT, araxelsayrel mdgomare-
obaSi ayenebs Tavis Tavs sa-
gareo vaWrobis, ucxouri kap-
italis mizidvisa da saerTa-
Soriso turizmis sferoSi. es
gamoixateba SemdegSi: 1. reval-
vacia mocemuli qveynis valu-
tis kursis aweviT sxva sax-
elmwifoebis valutebTan Seda-
rebiT iwvevs ucxour valutaSi
saeqsporto saqonlis fasebis
zrdas, riTac amcirebs qveynis
konkurentunarianobas msoflio
bazarze, aferxebs saqonlis
eqsports. rac Seexeba saqon-
lis imports, revalvacia, piri-
revalvacia
qiT, amcirebs masze sakuTar
valutaSi gamoxatul fasebs,
riTac zrdis moTxovnas im-
portul saqonelze da, saer-
Tod, imports; 2. mocemuli qvey-
nis revalvirebul valutasa da
sxva qveynebis valutebs Soris
warmoqmnili axali savaluto
pariteti araxelsayrels xdis
ucxouri kapitalis dabandebas
am qveyanaSi, vinaidan valuteb-
is gacvlisas maTi mflobele-
bi adgilobrivi valutiT nak-
leb Tanxas iReben. meore mxriv,
qveynebisTvis, romlebmac Tavi-
anTi valutis revalvacia moax-
dines, kapitalis eqsporti uf-
ro xelsayrelia, vinaidan iqm-
neba ucxouri valutis Sedare-
biT iafad yidvis SesaZleblo-
ba; 3. revalvacia amcirebs qvey-
nis Semosavals saerTaSoriso
turizmis sferoSi, vinaidan
ucxoel turistebs am qveyana-
Si mogzauroba Zviri ujdebaT,
da piriqiT, stimuls aZlevs
adgilobriv turistebs sazR-
vargareT mogzaurobisTvis, rad-
gan maTTvis ucxouri valuta
iafi xdeba.
revalvacia inflaciis wina-
aRmdeg brZolis erT--erTi sa-
Sualebaa. ucxouri valutis mo-
Zalebis SezRudviT igi garkve-
ulwilad xels uwyobs mimo-
qcevaSi fuladi masis zrdis
SeCerebas da amis safuZvelze
rekambio
fasebis matebis Senelebas. fase-
bis zrdas aferxebs agreTve
revalvaciis Sedegad importze
gaweuli xarjebis Semcireba.
sapirispiroa _ devalvacia.
reversi (reversion) - qone-
bis dabruneba Tavdapirveli
mflobelisaTvis.
revizia (revision, audit) -
rwmunebuli saxelmwifo or-
ganos mier sawarmos, dawese-
bulebis an Tanamdebobis pire-
bis sameurneo--safinanso saqmi-
anobis Semowmeba muSaobaSi na-
klovanebebis gamovlenisa da da-
Zlevis mizniT, agreTve maTi mo-
qmedebis kanonierebisaTvis.
revokacia (revocation) -
Cekis gamcemis winadadeba gace-
muli Cekis gauqmebis Sesaxeb.
rezidenti (resident) [laT.
residens (residents) mjdomare] -
iuridiuli an fizikuri piri,
romelic registrirebulia an
xangrZlivad (1 welze met
xans) cxovrobs mocemul qvey-
anaSi. rezidentze srulad vr-
celdeba qveyanaSi arsebuli sa-
gadasaxado da sakanonmdeblo
reJimi.
reideri firma (raider firm)
– firma, romelsac aqvs Sesa-
Zlebloba iyidos sxva kompa-
nia; reideri firma STanTqavs
sxva kompaniebs.
reiganomika (Reaganom-
ics) - neoklasikuri Teoriebis,
297
pirvel yovlisa, miwodebis
Teoriisa da monetarizmis Zir-
iTadi debulebebis asaxva aSS--
is prezident reiganis adminis-
traciis (1981--1988) ekonomi-
kur politikaSi. reiganomika
moicavs ekonomikuri politikis
Semdeg ZiriTad mimarTulebebs:
1. ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos
Carevis zrdis SeCerebas saxel-
mwifo xarjebis Semcirebis
safuZvelze; 2. saxelmwifo so-
cialuri xarjebis gazrdas; 3.
kerZo mewarmeobis saxelmwifo
regulirebis masStabis mniS-
vnelovan Semcirebas; 4. admin-
istraciis mier sarezervo sis-
temis waxalisebas fuladi ma-
sis zrdis tempis im doneze
SesanarCuneblad, romelic sak-
marisi iqneboda ekonomikuri
zrdis uzrunvelyofisaTvis; 5.
piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxa-
disa da korporaciebis moge-
baze gadasaxadis mkveTr Sem-
cirebas.
reimporti (reimport) [laT.
reimportate] - sazRvargareTidan
samamulo warmoebis saqonlis
(gausaReblis, dawunebulis da
a.S., droebiT gatanilis, magal-
iTad, gamofenaze) ukan Semot-
ana.
rekambio (renewed bill) [ital.
recambio SebrunebiTi Tamasuqi]
- sxvagvarad retrata _ 1. Tama-
suqis moTxovna valdebuli piris
298
mimarT, romelsac waradgens
gaprotestebuli Tamasuqis gam-
naRdebeli gadaxdili Tanxis,
procentis, sauravis (jarimis)
da gaprotestebasTan dakavSire-
buli xarjebis anazRaurebis
mizniT; 2. bankis angariSi inka-
sod miRebuli Tamasuqis gapro-
testebasTan dakavSirebuli xar-
jebis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb.
reketi (racketeering) - me-
warmeebisagan fulis ukanono
gamoZalva SantaJis gziT.
rekviziti (requisite) [<laT.
requisitum saWiro, aucilebeli] -
dokumentebisaTvis kanoniT dad-
genili savaldebulo monaceme-
bi. Tu rekvizits Tundac erTi
monacemi aklia, mis mflobels
ufleba ara aqvs, daniSnulebi-
samebr gamoiyenos igi.
reklama (advertising) - in-
formaciis wyaro potenciuri mo-
mxmareblisTvis xelmisawvdomi
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fase-
bisa da Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. igi
zrdis sabazro informaciis na-
kadebs da xels uwyobs konku-
renciis ganviTarebas. reklama
firmis saqmianobis erT-- erTi
formaa, romelic mimarTulia
produqciis gayidvis moculo-
bis gadidebisaken. misi ZiriTadi
mizania momxmarebelTa raode-
nobis gadideba da amiT konkuren-
tebTan upiratesobis mopoveba
(romlebic upiratesobas miani-
reketi
Weben am firmis produqcias mis
konkurentebTan SedarebiT). Tan-
amedrove ekonomikur liter-
aturaSi reklamas ganixilaven
rogorc kapitaldabandebas. re-
klamis aqtivebi Sedis firmis
aranivTobrivi aqtivebis Rire-
bulebaSi.
rekonstruqciisa da
gan viTarebis saerTaSori-
ganviTarebis
so banki (International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development--
IBRD) - saerTaSoriso finansuri--
sakredito instituti, romlis
Stab--bina vaSingtonSia. daars-
da 1945 wels saerTaSoriso
savaluto fondTan erTad da
gaeros breton--vudsis konfer-
enciis gadawyvetilebiT (romel-
ic Catarda 1944 wlis ivlis-
Si). araoficialurad msoflio
bankad wodebul organizacias
1947 wels mieniWa gaeros spe-
cialuri organos statusi.
Tavdapirvelad banki dakave-
buli iyo kapitaluri resurse-
bis TavmoyriTa da ganawilebiT
omisSemdgomi evropis aRsadgenad.
aRdgenis evropuli programis
mTavari amocana iyo ganviTareb-
is monawile qveynebisaTvis Se-
RavaTiani sesxebis gacema 5 wlis
vadiTa da 15 wlis an meti xniT
dafarvis pirobiT. Tanamedrove
pirobebSi erT-- erTi mTavari
amocanaa `mesame samyaros~ qveyne-
bis ganviTarebis dakrediteba.
rentingi
bankis saqmianoba finansde-
ba monawile qveynebis Senataneb-
is xarjze (am qveynebis raode-
noba 1990 wels 153 iyo, amJa-
mad 185--ia). banki agreTve ax-
orcielebs da koordinacias uw-
evs teqnikuri daxmarebis mrava-
li saxis programas. amasTan,
igi TanamSromlobs ganviTare-
bis problemebiT dakavebul sx-
vadasxva saerTaSoriso da re-
gionul organizaciebTan, xe-
lmZRvanelobs ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis institutebs, monaw-
ile qveynebis im samTavrobo
Cinovnikebis momzadebis saswav-
lo dawesebulebebs, romlebic
uSualod monawileoben ganvi-
Tarebis programebis Sefasebasa
da SesworebaSi. sesxebis gace-
masa da teqnikur daxmarebaSi
bankis saqmianobas avsebs kidev
sami organizaciis monawileo-
ba, esenia: saerTaSoriso finan-
suri korporacia, ganviTarebis
saerTaSoriso asociacia, mra-
valmxrivi investirebis garan-
tiis saagento, romlebic, Sesa-
bamisad, Seiqmnen 1956, 1960 da
1988 wlebSi.
remarka (remark) [frang.
remarque] - SeniSvna, minaweri
an aRniSvna savaWro wignSi, an-
gariSSi da sxv.
remisia (remission) [<laT.
Semcireba] - komerciuli fas-
Camokleba angariSis mixedviT
299
gadasaxdeli Tanxis damrgva-
lebis mizniT.
remitenti (remitter) [<laT.
remittens (remittentis) gamgzavni]
- fulis mimRebi gadasapirebe-
li TamasuqiT, e.i. piri, romel-
sac uxdian TamasuqSi aRniS-
nul Tanxas. remitenti SeiZle-
ba iyos rogorc mesame piri,
ise trasanti.
renovacia (renovation, re-
newal) - fizikuri da moralu-
ri cveTis Sedegad warmoebidan
gamosuli manqana--mowyobilobe-
bis, instrumentebis saamorti-
zacio anaricxebis xarjze Secv-
lis procesi.
renta (rent) [<laT. reddita
dabrunebuli] - 1. regularu-
li Semosavali kapitalidan,
qonebidan an miwis nakveTidan,
romelic ar ukavSirdeba misi
mimRebis samewarmeo saqmianobas;
2. yovelwliuri Tanxa, romel-
sac sadazRvevo kompania uxdis
dazRveuls.
rentabelobis norma (ope-
rating ratio, profitability) - danaxar-
jebis efeqtianobis erT--erTi
ZiriTadi maCvenebeli. gaianga-
riSeba mogebis SefardebiT
warmoebrivi ZiriTadi kapital-
isa da normirebuli sabrunavi
saSualebebis jamTan.
rentingi (renting) - man-
qanebisa da mowyobilobebis mok-
levadiani arenda, arendatoris
300
mier maTi Semdgomi gamosyid-
vis uflebis gareSe. arendis
gadasaxadi rentingis mixedviT
ufro maRalia, vidre finana-
suri lizingisa.
reparacia (reparation) [<laT.
reparatio aRdgena] - damarcxe-
buli saxelmwifos mier omiT
miyenebuli zaralis anazRau-
reba im saxelmwifosaTvis,
romelmac ganicada Tavdasxma.
reporti (contango; over-
spot) - spekulaciuri sabirJo
garigeba fasiani qaRaldebis
bazarze. iTvaliswinebs fasi--
ani qaRaldebis kursis amaR-
lebas sakurso sxvaobis miRe-
bis mizniT.
reprivatizacia (pre-priva-
tization) – adre kerZo sakuTreba-
Si arsebuli, Semdgom nacionali-
zebuli qonebis kvlav yofil
mesakuTreze kerZo sakuTreba-
Si dabruneba.
restanti (rest) – 1. balan-
sis Sedgenis Semdeg darCenili
firmis vali. 2. gauyidavi saqon-
lis naSTi.
restitucia (restitution) –
1. qonebis dabruneba, romelic
aramarTlzomierad iyo mita-
cebuli da gatanili meomari
saxelmwifos mier mowinaaRm-
degis teritoriaze. 2. garige-
bis damdebi mxareebis mier xel-
SekrulebiT miRebuli fulisa
da saqonlis urTierT dabruneba
reperacia
im SemTxvevaSi, roca garigeba
miCneulia baTilad. Tu saqon-
lis dabruneba naturaluri
saxiT SeuZlebelia, maSin misi
dabruneba fuladi saxiT xor-
cieldeba. Tu aRmoCndeba, rom
garigebis kanonierebis darRveva-
Si damnaSave erT-erTi mxarea,
restitucia calmxrivi xdeba,
e.i. saxsrebis dabrunebas mx-
olod damnaSave mxare axor-
cielebs.
restriqcia (restriction) [laT.
restrictio SezRudva] - 1. monop-
oliebis mier saqonlis war-
moebis, gayidvisa da eqsportis
SezRudva fasebis xelovnurad
gazrdis mizniT; 2. centraluri
bankis mier komerciul banke-
bze gasacemi kreditebis Sez-
Rudva, rac iwvevs samrewvelo
da savaWro sawarmoebis kred-
itebis saerTo Semcirebas, war-
moebis Sekvecas an misi zrdis
tempebis dacemas.
restruqturizacia (res-
truqturing) – kontrolirebadi
programa, Sedgenili sawarmos
xelmZRvanelobis mier, romel-
ic mniSvnelovnad cvlis sawar-
mos saqmianobis sferos, an
saqmianobis warmarTvis xerx-
ebs. restruqturizaciis ma-
galiTebia aseve: saqmianobis
nawilis gayidva an Sewyveta;
saqmianobis daxurva romelime
qveyanaSi an regionSi; saqmi-
recesia
anobis gadatana erTi qveynidan
an regionidan meore qveyanaSi
an regionSi; menejmentis stru-
qturis cvlileba; fundamen-
turi reorganizacia, romelic
arsebiT gavlenas moaxdens
sawarmos saqmianobis xasiaTsa
da mimarTulebaze. bolo xanebSi
es termini gamoiyeneba valebTan
mimarTebaSi _ valebis restru-
qturizacia, rac niSnavs axa-
li pirobebisa da vadebis gan-
sazRvras valis dafarvasTan mi-
marTebaSi.
resursebis wrebrunvis
modeli (The circular - flow mo-
del) - ekonomikis vizualuri mo-
deli, makroekonomikuri wre-
brunvis modeli, romelic
gviCvenebs, rogor moZraobs re-
sursebis nakadi Sinameurneobeb-
sa da firmebs Soris sxvadasxva
bazris (resursebis, saqonlis,
momsaxurebis) gavliT. sxvag-
varad, mas saqmiani aqtiuro-
bis Caketili wriuli naka-
dis models uwodeben.
retrata (renewed bill) (ital.
ritratta) - igivea, rac rekambio.
refaqcia (discount) [frang.
refoction] - fasis an wonis dak-
leba saqonelze, romlis xaris-
xic xelSekrulebiT gaTvalis-
winebulze dabalia (ix. boni-
fikacia).
referendumi (referendum)
[<laT. referendum is, rac unda
301
Seatyobinon] - saerTo--saxalxo
kenWisyra saxelmwifoebrivi
mniSvnelobis mqone ama Tu im
sakiTxze.
referencia (reference) [<laT.
referre vacnobeb] - daxasiaTeba,
romelsac saqmian wreebSi ndo-
biT aRWurvili organizacia,
banki, aqcioneruli sazogadoe-
ba da a.S. aZlevs fizikur an
iuridiul pirs. masSi aRniS-
nulia im piris Tvisebebi da
kreditunarianoba, visac daxa-
siaTeba eZleva.
refinansireba (refinanc-
ing) - Zveli grZelvadiani valis
dafarva axali grZelvadiani
sesxis daxmarebiT. vTqvaT, ko-
mpanias sami weli darCa xuTi
wliT aRebuli 50 aTasi dola-
ri kreditis (wliurad Tana-
bari gadaxdis pirobiT) dasa-
faravad. darCenili 30 aTasi
dolari man SeiZleba dafaros
axali xuTwliani obligacieb-
is gamoSvebis gziT.
recepisa (receipt) [laT.
recepisse<recipore miReba] - wi-
naswari sazRvao xelwerili
(ix. konosamenti) saqonlis mi-
Rebis Sesaxeb.
recesia (recession) [laT.
recessus ukan daxeva] - ekonomikis
zomieri dacema (uaryofiTi
zrda) an ekonomikuri zrdis
tempebis Seneleba. aisaxeba so-
cialuri Semosavlis Semcire-
302
basa da umuSevrobis donis amaR-
lebaSi.
rTuli procenti (com-
pound, complex interest) - procen-
tul Semosavalze daricxuli
procenti. am SemTxvevaSi pro-
centis ganakveTi gaiangariSeba
im Tanxidan, romelic moicav-
da adre daricxul procents.
mag., Tu investiciebma Seadgina
1, xolo procentis ganakveTi
r-is tolia, maSin erTi wlis gas-
vlis Semdeg Tanxa iqneba(1 x r).
Tu miRebuli procenti amogebu-
li iqneba, maSin darCeba 1, rome-
lic Semdeg wels isev moitans
r procents, magram Tu darCeba
(1 + r), maSin es Tanxa momdevno
wels moitans (1 + r) x r pro-
cents. meore wlis bolos
Tanxa iqneba (1 + r)+(1 + r) x r.
rikardo devid (1772--1823)
(Ricardo David) - ingliseli eko-
nomisti, romelmac novatoru-
li wvlili Seitana ekonomikis
ara erTi sferos kvlevaSi.
rikardos mTavari da cnobili
naSromia `politikuri ekonomi-
isa da dabegvris safuZvlebi~
(1817), sadac man sxva sakiTxeb-
Tan erTad, absoluturi upira-
tesobis Teoriis ganviTarebis
safuZvelze, daamuSava Sefar-
debiTi upiratesobis Teoria.
rikardom 14 wlisam daiw-
yo muSaoba safondo birJaze
jer brokerad, xolo Semdeg
rTuli procenti
maklerad. 42 wlis asakSi man
didi simdidre daagrova, ra-
mac saSualeba misca mietove-
bina am sferoSi saqmianoba da
Tavisi SesaZleblobebi moesin-
ja literaturaSi, gansakuTre-
biT ki, ekonomikur mecnierebaSi.
ekonomikuri mecnierebisad-
mi rikardos interesis ga-
ZlierebaSi udidesi roli Sea-
srula a. smiTis naSromma _
`gamokvleva xalxTa simdidris
bunebisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb~.
rikardos pirveli naSromi iyo
1809 wels gamoqveynebuli saga-
zeTo statia, romelic safuZ-
vlad daedo mis pirvel did
traqtats _ `oqros zodebis
maRali fasi~ (1810). am naSrom-
Si rikardo amtkicebda, rom mim-
dinare inflacia gamowveulia
fuladi masis SezRudviT da
`inglisis bankis~ warumateblo-
bis Sedegia.
rikardos didi wvlili
miuZRvis SromiTi Rirebuleb-
is Teoriis SeqmnaSi. Semdeg es
Teoria ganaviTara k. marqsma.
miuxedavad imisa, rom rikardo
xedavda siZneleebs SromiTi
danaxarjebiT Rirebulebis (fa-
seulobis) axsnaSi, igi eyrd-
noboda Sexedulebas, rom Sroma
xarjebisa da fasebis mTavari
Semadgenelia.
mecnierTa erTi nawili upi-
rispirdeba rikardos SromiTi
roloveruli krediti
Rirebulebis Teorias da mas
empiriul Teoriad miiCnevs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom d. rikar-
dos `politikuri ekonomiisa
da dabegvris safuZvlebi~ in-
glisuridan qarTul enaze 1937
wels Targmna lai pcigis uni-
versitetis kursdamTavrebul-
ma, cnobilma qarTvelma ekono-
mistma, profesorma fili pe
gogiCaiSvilma (rusul enaze
iTargmna mxolod oTxi wlis
Semdeg _ 1941 wels).
rikardo
rikardo--baros Teorema
(Ricardo-Barro proposition) - Teo-
rema, romlis mixedviT, ekonomi-
kur aqtiurobaze zemoqmedebas
ar axdens arc biujetis defi-
citi da arc saxelmwifo vali.
es mosazreba cnobilia agreTve
rikardos ekvivalenturobis
saxelwodebiT.
robinsoni joan (1903-1983)
(Robinson Joan) – britaneli
ekonomisti, postkeinzianuri
periodis gavleniani Teoreti-
kosi, kembrijis universitetis
profesori (1931-1971), kembri-
jis skolis erT-erTi Tvalsa-
Cino warmomadgeneli. naSromiT
`arasrulyofili konkurenciis
ekonomikuri Teoria~ (1933)
mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana
srulyofili konkurenciis
koncefciaze agebuli faseulo-
bis Teoriis kritikasa da aras-
rulyofili konkurenciis Teo-
303
riaSi (misgan damoukideblad
msgavsi Teoria SeimuSava e.
Cemberlinma). robinsoni ganic-
dida k. marqsisa da j. keinzis
naSromebis gavlenas, akritikeb-
da ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos
Caurevlobis (Laissez-Faire) Teo-
rias, zRvrul sargeblianobaze
dafuZnebul Semosavlebis ga-
nawilebis neoklasikur Teor-
ias. mniSvnelovani wvlili
Seitana ekonomikuri zrdis
TeoriaSi.
j. robinsonis naSromebidan
aRsaniSnavia: `narkvevi marqsis-
tuli ekonomikuri Teoriis Se-
saxeb~ (1942), `ekonomikuri fi-
losofia~ (1962), `ekonomikuri
zrdis Teoriis narkvevebi~
(1963), `ekonomikuri mecniere-
ba CixSi~ (1966), `Tavisufle-
ba da movaleoba~ (1970), `eko-
nomikuri eresi~ (abdaubda _
r.a.) (1971) da a.S.
rodi (rod) - sigrZis erTe-
uli sazomTa inglisur siste-
maSi; 1 rodi udris 51/2 iards
anu 5,0292 metrs.
roialti (royalties) - sali-
cenzio gasamrjelo periodu-
li gadaricxvis formiT li-
cenzirebuli teqnologiiT
damzadebuli produqciis gay-
idviT miRebuli Tanxidan.
roloveruli krediti
(roll-over credit) - iTvaliswinebs
procentis (sargeblis) ganakve-
304
Tis periodul gadasinjvas. sax-
elSekrulebo vada iyofa mok-
le periodebad (3-- 6 Tved),
xolo mtkice procentuli
ganakveTi dgindeba mxolod
pirvel etapze. yovel momdevno
etapze xdeba misi koreqtire-
ba fasebis, procentis ganakve-
Tisa da valutis kursis cv-
lilebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
roloveruli krediti Tavidan
acilebs sabazro risks rogorc
kreditors, ise msesxebels.
`romis klubi~ (“Club of
Rome”) -saerTaSoriso arasam-
Tavrobo organizacia. daars-
da 1968 wels romSi. civili-
zebuli samyaros ganviTarebis
Tanamedrove tendenciebis sa-
fuZvelze igi ikvlevs sazoga-
doebis ganviTarebis global-
ur perspeqtivebs. `romis klub-
Si~ gaerTianebuli arian mec-
nierebi, sazogadoebrivi da
politikuri moRvaweebi, klubis
damfinansebeli korporaciebi
da fondebis xelmZRvanelebi.
misi kvlevis mTavari mimarTule-
baa kacobriobis ganviTarebis
prognozi erTi saukunis ganmav-
lobaSi.
rudi (rood) - farTobis erTe-
uli sazomTa inglisur siste-
maSi. 1r. udris 42 kv. rods anu
1011,71 m2-s.
ruzis efeqti (Roosa ef-
fect) - termini, romelic adre
`romis klubi~
gamoiyeneboda im movlenis asax-
snelad, rasac amJamad uwode-
ben `gayinvis~ efeqts. saxel-
wodeba warmodgeba amerikeli
bankirisa da ekonomistis rob-
ert v. ruzis gvarisgan, romel-
mac pirvelma miuTiTa am efeq-
tis mniSvnelobaze.
ruralizacia (ruraliza-
tion) - urbanizaciis sapirispiro
procesi, rodesac xdeba mosax-
leobis gadanacvleba qalaqidan
soflad. Tanamedrove pirobeb-
Si damaxasiaTebelia ganviTare-
buli qveynebisaTvis (aSS, in-
glisi, safrangeTi da a.S.).
rutina (routines) – firma-
Si Camoyalibebuli qcevis wesebi
da xerxebi, kvlavwarmoebis ma-
regulirebeli stereoti pi, nek-
roekonomikis arsebobis mTavari
faqtori, romelic sawarmoebs
arsebuli ekonomikis reJimSi
muSaobas aiZulebs. amis gamo
maTi sawyobebi konkurentuun-
aro produqciiTaa gadavsebuli,
xolo saxelmwifo biujeti da
rigi sawarmoebisa urTierT-
davalebebis CaxlarTul qsel-
Sia gaxveuli.
aseT pirobebSi valebis Camo-
weris arsebuli meqanizmi is dam-
kvidrebuli rutinaa, romelic
periodulad vlindeba postko-
munistur qveynebSi `sagadasaxa-
do amnistiis~ sxvadasxva for-
miT.
sabaziso (amosavali) fasi
s pitalis fizikuri aRdgeni-
saarsebo minimumi (sub-
sistence level) - fuladi saxs-
rebis minimumi, rac aucilebe-
lia adamianis qmedunarianobis
SenarCunebisa da samuSao Za-
lis aRdgenisaTvis. igi sakma-
risi unda iyos muSakisa da
misi ojaxis wevrebis sazoga-
doebrivad aucilebeli moTx-
ovnilebebis dakmayofilebi-
saTvis sawarmoo Zalebis gan-
viTarebis donis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT. saarsebo minimumi gamo-
xatavs sazogadoebrivad auci-
lebeli cxovrebis donis qve-
da zRvars. sazogadoebis gan-
viTarebis mocemul pirobebSi
misi gansazRvris meTodika ef-
uZneba minimaluri samomxmareb-
lo biujetis (saarsebo minimu-
mis biujetis) Seqmnas, romelic
garkveuli sididis ojaxis an
erTi muSakis Semosavlebisa da
xarjebis balanss warmoadgens
(ix. samomxmareblo kalaTa).
saamortiza WBo anari-
cxebi (capital allowances) - Ziri-
Tadi kapitalis cveTis kvalo-
baze misi Rirebulebis mza pro-
duqciaze gadatanis Sedegad
warmoebis danaxarjebSi Sesu-
li anaricxebi, romelic, am pro-
duqciis realizaciis Semdeg,
sxva danaxarjebTan erTad, ub-
305
rundeba sawarmos ZiriTadi ka-
saTvis.
sabaziso punqti (basis po-
int) - procentis measedi nawi-
li; maCvenebeli, gamoyenebuli
procentul ganakveTebSi sxvao-
bis, fasiani qaRaldebiT miRe-
buli Semosavlebis cvlilebe-
bisa da a.S. daxasiaTebisTvis.
sabaziso (amosavali) fa-
si (base price) - 1. fasi, romelic
gamoiyeneba bazisad ekonomikuri
maCveneblebis gaangariSebisas
saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi. sa-
fuZvlad udevs saerTaSoriso
vaWrobaSi (saeqsporto da saim-
porto) fasebis gansazRvras
mTel saqonelsa da mis calke-
ul jgufebze; 2. nawarmis fasi
garkveuli fiqsirebuli parame-
trebiT, romelic gamoiyeneba
nimuSad mocemuli produqci-
is sagareo vaWrobis fasis gan-
sazRvrisas; 3. msoflio sasa-
qonlo bazris fasi, romelic
amosavalia sakontraqto fase-
bis gansazRvraSi. mxareebi iT-
valiswineben agreTve sabaziso
xarisxidan dasaSveb gadaxrebs
da amitom aTanxmeben ara mxo-
lod sabaziso fasis sidides,
aramed fasze wanamatisa da fas-
daklebis odenobas xarisxis
amaRlebis an dacemis SemTxve-
vaSi, Sesabamisad wodebuls boni-
fikaciad da refaqciad.
306
sabazro ekonomika (mar-
ket economy) - kapitalizmis
transformaciis, misi evolu-
ciuri ganviTarebis gziT war-
moqmnili Tvisebrivad axali
ekonomikuri sistema, romelic
myarad damkvidrda ganviTare-
bul qveynebSi gasuli sauku-
nis 60--iani wlebidan. mis war-
moSobas safuZveli Cauyara
`keinzianurma revoluciam~,
rogorc 30--iani wlebis Rrma
ekonomikuri krizisiT (`didi
depresiis~) wamoWrili mZime
socialur--ekonomikuri prob-
lemebis Taviseburma gamoZax-
ilma da XX saukunis Sua xaneb-
Si dawyebulma mecnierul--te-
qnikurma revoluciam, romel-
sac Tan axlda momsaxurebis
mwarmoebeli dargebis swrafi
ganviTareba.
sxva ekonomikuri sisteme-
bisagan gansxvavebiT, sabazro
ekonomikis umniSvnelovanesi
Taviseburebaa sakuTrebis plu-
ralizmi anu sakuTrebis mra-
valformianoba, TiToeuli for-
mis Tanabari uflebiT.
sabazro ekonomika sabazro
meqanizmiT regulirebuli eko-
nomikuri urTierTobebis erTob-
liobaa, sadac sameurneo saqmi-
anobis koordinacia da misi mar-
Tva xorcieldeba konkurenci-
is pirobebSi bazrebis siste-
mis meSveobiT. aseTi ti pis eko-
sabazro ekonomika
nomika TviTon adgens, sazoga-
doebam ra unda awarmoos (am
sakiTxs momxmareblebi wyveten
TavianTi gadaxdisunariani
moTxovnilebis mixedviT),
rogor unda awarmoos (amas
gansazRvraven mwarmoeblebi ma-
Rali Semosavlis miRebis mcde-
lobiT) da visTvis unda awar-
moos (es sakiTxi imaT sasarge-
blod wydeba, visac meti Semo-
savali aqvs). saboloo anga-
riSiT, sazogadoeba aRwevs ar-
sebuli resursebis efeqtian
gamoyenebas, SesaZlebeli xdeba
warmoebis optimaluri stru-
qturuli proporciebisa da
moculobis dadgena, yalibdeba
iseTi warmoebis wesi, romelic
uzrunvelyofs danaxarjebis
minimizaciasa da mogebis maq-
simizacias. amitom saxelmwi-
fos monawileoba ekonomikur
cxovrebaSi Zalze SezRudu-
lia. amasTan, sabazro ekonomi-
ka `wminda~ saxiT, sadac avto-
maturad xdeba ZiriTadi ekono-
mikuri problemebis efeqtiani
gadawyveta, SeiZleba iTqvas, ar
arsebobs.
sazogadoebis ekonomikuri
qcevis zemoT ganxiluli mod-
eli sabazro ekonomikis Tavise-
buri abstraqtuli modelia,
romlis warmodgenac mxolod
Teoriulad SeiZleba. am mo-
dels uaxlovdeba mxolod Ta-
sabazro ekonomika
visufali konkurenciis ekono-
mika, sadac saxelmwifos roli
dayvanilia TiTqmis mxolod
kerZo sakuTrebis dacvasa da
iseTi samarTlebrivi struq-
turebis Seqmnamde, romlebic
Tavisufali bazrebis funqcion-
irebas uzrunvelyofen. realur
sabazro ekonomikaSi, bunebriv-
ia, gvxvdeba gadaxrebi idealuri
modelidan, kerZod, es gadaxrebi
aisaxeba: 1. sxvadasxva monopo-
liebis warmoqmnasa da funq-
cionirebaSi, romlebic faswar-
moqmnis deformacias iwveven da
aferxeben konkurenciis monaw-
ileTa Tavisufal SeRwevas ba-
zarze; 2. kapitalisa da Sromi-
Ti resursebis Tavisufali gada-
adgilebis SeferxebaSi; 3. in-
flaciaSi, romelic iwvevs sa-
bazro meqanizmis moqmedebis da-
maxinjebas; 4. ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis ciklurobaSi; 5. Se-
fardebiT WarbwarmoebaSi; 6. umu-
SevrobaSi, romelic aRemateba
bunebriv dones; 7. bazris ko-
niunqturis gansazRvrisas daS-
vebul SecdomebSi, romelTa
erT-- erTi mizezi sruli da
utyuari informaciis arqonaa
da a.S. garda amisa, sazoga-
doebaSi arsebobs bevri mwvave
problema, romelTa gadaWra
bazars ar SeuZlia. esenia: so-
cialuri problemebis (ganaTle-
ba, janmrTelobis dacva, kul-
307
tura, umuSevarTa Senaxva, xe-
lmokleTa daxmareba da sxv.)
kompleqsi, bunebis dacva, fun-
damenturi mecnierebis ganvi-
Tareba da a.S. amitom sameur-
neo cxovrebis koordinaciisa
da marTvisaTvis gamoiyeneba ara
mxolod bazris meqanizmi, ara-
med saxelmwifo regulirebac
iseTi berketebis meSveobiT,
rogoricaa gadasaxadebi da
samTavrobo xarjebi, fulad--
sakredito politika, Semosav-
lebis regulireba, socialuri,
antimonopoliuri da sagareo--
ekonomikuri politika. ekono-
mikuri cxovrebis stabiluro-
bis uzrunvelyofaSi saxelm-
wifos farTod monawileobis
magaliTad SeiZleba davasax-
eloT SvedeTi, sadac mTavroba
energiulad axorcielebs Se-
mosavlebis gadanawilebas (da-
begvris done mep- is 50%-- s
Seadgens) da atarebs aqtiur
socialur politikas; iaponia,
romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia
saerTo-- saxelmwifoebrivi in-
dikaturi dagegmvis ganviTare-
buli sistema; `axalindustri-
uli qveynebis~ ekonomika (ker-
Zod, samxreT koreis ekonomikur
zrdaze mniSvnelovani zemo-
qmedeba moaxdina mTavrobis mier
momzadebulma sameurneo gan-
viTarebis xuTwlianma indika-
turma gegmebma) da sxv., mag-
308
ram saxelmwifos monawileoba
ekonomikur cxovrebaSi Sesa-
Zlebelia mxolod garkveul
sazRvramde, romlis iqiTac
ekonomikaSi arsebobas wyvets
sabazro meqanizmi. saxelmwifo,
gadasaxadebis saSualebiT, pro-
centis ganakveTiT, saxelmwifo
xarjebiT, SeRavaTebiTa da a.S.
mxolod institutebisa da in-
dividuumebis ekonomikuri qce-
vis wesebs adgens, magram maT
saqmianobaSi TviTon ar ereva,
ar angrevs sabazro meqanizms,
piriqiT, mas aZlevs SesaZle-
blobas, gansazRvros fasebi,
resursebis gamoyenebis mima-
rTulebebi. amrigad, ekonomikas
`sabazro~ SeiZleba vuwodoT,
Tu sabazro meqanizmis yvela
rgoli muSaobs.
sabazro infrastruqtu-
ra (market infrastructure) - saxel-
mwifo da komerciuli sawar-
moebis, dawesebulebebisa da or-
ganizaciebis erToblioba, rome-
lic uzrunvelyofs saqonlis,
momsaxurebis, kapitalis, samu-
Sao Zalisa da a.S. bazrebis nor-
malur funqcionirebas. am ba-
zrebis momsaxurebis formebi
sxvadasxvagvaria.
saqonlis bazris infrast-
ruqturaSi Sedis sabiTumo da
sacalo vaWrobis mTeli qse-
li _ maRaziebi, univermaRebi,
universamebi da a.S., agreTve, au-
qcionebi, bazrobebi, komerciu-
sabazro infrastruqtu ra
infrastruqtura
li saSuamavlo centrebi da
saqonlis birJebi, specialuri
saxelmwifo organoebi: antimo-
nopoliuri komiteti, fasebis
kontrolis inspeqcia, sakon-
traqto sistemis dawesebule-
bebi da sxv. sagareo vaWrobas
aqvs Tavisi infrastruqtura,
romelSic Sedis komerciuli
centrebi, savaWro--samrewvelo
palatebi, sagamofeno pavilion-
ebi, savaWro saxlebi da a.S.
kapitalis bazris infras-
truqtura moicavs mTel sa-
banko sistemas, maT Soris, ko-
merciul bankebs, safondo bir-
Jebs, valutis birJebs, sabro-
kero da sadazRvevo kompaniebs,
holdingebs da a.S. masSi Sedis
agreTve saauditoro firmebi,
romlebic komerciul sawyise-
bze axorcieleben sxvadasxva
safinanso--sakredito momsaxure-
bas, rigi saxelmwifo organoe-
bisa: fasian qaRaldebze kon-
trolis inspeqcia, saxelmwifo
qonebis fondi da sxv.
Sromis bazari aseve moiTx-
ovs Sesabamis infrastruqtu-
ras, romelSic Sedis Sromis
birJebi, samuSao Zalaze moTx-
ovna--miwodebis Seswavlis, ka-
drebis gadamzadebis, migraci-
is regulirebisa da sxva sax-
elmwifo sistemebi.
sabazro infrastruqtur-
is zogierTi rgolis daniS-
nulebaa ara calkeuli bazre-
sabazro momsaxureba
bis, aramed mTeli sabazro meur-
neobis momsaxureba. esaa: gamy-
idvelTa da myidvelTa iurid-
iuli momsaxureba, satranspor-
to--sasawyobo sistema, sainfor-
macio da sareklamo momsaxu-
reba da a.S.
sabazro momsaxureba (mar-
ket service) - momsaxureba, rome-
lic iyideba sabazro fasiT da
erTeuli momsaxurebis mwarmo-
ebeli resursebi (50 procen-
ti da meti) iqmneba momsaxu-
rebis realizaciiT miRebuli
amonagebidan.
gaeros erovnuli angariSe-
bis sistemis klasifikaciis
mixedviT, sabazro momsaxure-
bas miekuTvneba: narCenebis (jar-
Tis, makulaturis, Cvrebis da
a.S.) utilizaciasTan dakav-
Sirebuli momsaxureba; avto-
mobilebis, motociklebis, say-
ofacxovrebo saqonlisa da
piradi moxmarebis sagnebis
remontTan dakavSirebuli mom-
saxureba; sabiTumo da saca-
lo vaWrobis, komerciuli Sua-
mavlobis, sabinao meurneobisa
da sazogadoebrivi kvebis sawar-
moebis, sarkinigzo transpor-
tisa da Tanmxlebi momsaxure-
ba, saqalaqo transportis
(metros, tramvais xazebisa da
regularuli saavtobuso mi-
mosvlis CaTvliT), saqalaqTa-
Soriso samgzavro da satvir-
309
To saavtomobilo transpor-
tis, milsadeni transportis,
sxva saxis saxmeleTo trans-
portis (funikuliori, sabagi-
ro gza), wylis transportis,
sazRvao da sahaero transpor-
tis, damxmare satransporto,
satransporto saagentoebisa da
satransporto Suamavlebis
momsaxureba; sasawyobo momsax-
ureba; kavSirgabmulobis, safi-
nanso, sadazRvevo dawesebule-
bebis momsaxureba (savaldebu-
lo socialuri dazRvevis gar-
da); sawarmoebisaTvis gaweu-
li saqmiani momsaxureba (sa-
finanso da sadazRvevo agen-
tebis, iuristebis, konsultan-
tebis momsaxureba gadasaxade-
bisa da marTvis sferoSi, sarek-
lamo momsaxureba, monacemebis
damuSavebasTan dakavSirebuli
momsaxureba; moZravi qonebis
arendasTan dakavSirebuli mom-
saxureba; sabazro momsaxure-
ba ganaTlebisa da mecnieruli
kvlevis sferoSi (umaRlesi
saswavleblebi, zogadsagan-
manaTleblo skolebi, profesi-
ul-- teqnikuri saswavleblebi,
skolamdeli dawesebulebebi,
samecniero-- kvleviTi dawese-
bulebebi); sabazro momsaxureba
janmrTelobis dacvis sfero-
Si (saavadmyofoebi, klinikebi,
sanatoriumebi, samedicino per-
sonalis kerZo praqtika); sa-
310
bazro momsaxureba dasvenebi-
sa da kulturis sferoSi, pi-
radi momsaxureba xelovnebis,
literaturisa da a.S. sfero-
Si; nagvis gatanasTan, sanitar-
iasa da dalagebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli sabazro momsaxure-
ba; turistuli bazebis, pro-
fesiuli, komerciuli da same-
warmeo gaerTianebebis momsaxu-
reba; samrecxaoebis, qimwmendis,
saparikmaxeroebis, silamazis
salonebis, fotostudiebis da
sxva piradi momsaxureba; saqor-
wino da damkrZalavi saagentoe-
bis momsaxureba, mkiTxaoba da a.S.
sabazro momsaxureba dam-
axasiaTebelia materialuri
momsaxurebisaTvis, Tumca, naw-
ilobriv, aramaterialurSic
gamoiyeneba, maSin rodesac ara-
sabazro momsaxureba niSan-
doblivia ZiriTadad aramate-
rialuri momsaxurebisaTvis.
sabazro fasi (market price)
- fasi, romelic yalibdeba ba-
zarze moTxovnisa da miwodeb-
is gavleniT da gasayidi saqon-
lis (momsaxurebis) erTeulze
subieqturi sargeblianobis
mixedviT. masSi, garda warmoe-
bis danaxarjebisa da mogebisa,
Sedis arapirdapiri gadasaxa-
debi da wvrilmani gasamrje-
lo. sabazro fasi is faqto-
brivi fasia, romelsac myidvele-
bi ixdian saqonlis (momsax-
sabazro fasi
urebis) SesaZenad.
sabalanso angariSi (ba-
lance account) - buRaltruli
aRricxvis angariSi, romlis
maCveneblebi aisaxeba buRal-
trul balansSi, Tumca, es ar
niSnavs imas, rom sabalanso
muxlebis saxelwodeba unda
Seesabamebodes balansis mux-
lebis saxelwodebas. erTi sa-
balanso angariSis monacemebi
SeiZleba aisaxos balansis ram-
denime muxlSi.
sabalanso mogeba (balan-
ce profit) - sawarmos mogebis mTli-
ani Tanxa, miRebuli warmoebrivi
saqmianobis yvela saxidan da
asaxuli mis balansSi.
sabalanso Rirebuleba
(bookvalue) - aqtivebis Rirebu-
leba, romelic Setanilia ko-
mpaniis sabuRaltro wignSi
(Cveulebriv amortizaciis gamo-
qviTviT).
sabanko aqcepti (bank-
er’s acceptance) - msxvili banke-
bis mier aqceptirebuli gada-
sapirebeli Tamasuqi. Tamasu-
qis aqceptirebisaTvis banki
iRebs sakomisios.
sabanko krediti (bank
credit) - bankis mier akumulire-
buli Tavisufali fuladi sax-
srebisa da sakuTari kapitalis
gacema klientebze droebiTi
sargeblobisaTvis. xorcield-
eba sesxis gacemis, bankis mier
sabiTumo vaWroba
klientis Tamasuqis diskon-
tirebis, Tamasuqis Rirebuleb-
is klientis angariSsworebis
angariSze moTavsebisa Tu sxva
formiT. sagareo vaWrobaSi
sabanko kreditis formebia:
forfeitingi, aqcepturi kred-
iti, aqceptur--rambusnuli kred-
iti da sxv.
sabanko likviduri sax
sax--
srebi (bank liquidity resources)
- Sedgeba naRdi fulis, mok-
iTxvamde anabrebis angariSebze
arsebuli naSTis, sxvadasxva
moklevadiani (erT Tvemde)
depozitebis, kerZo da saxelm-
wifo fasiani qaRaldebis, ko-
merciuli Tamasuqisa da bank-
is sxva advilad realizebadi
saxsrebisagan.
sabanko rezervebi (bank
reserves) - sabanko Senatanebis
is nawili, romelsac banki ina-
xavs naRdi fulis saxiT, agreT-
ve centralur bankSi Setanili
uprocento depozitebi.
sabanko sesxi (bank loan) -
bankis fuladi saxsrebi, gace-
muli kreditis saxiT procen-
tis gadaxdis wesiT. ganasx-
vaveben mokle-, saSualo- da
grZelvadian sesxebs.
sabaJo TanamSromlobis
sabWo (Customs Cooperative Con-
sil) - Seiqmna 1950 wels saba-
Jo saqmianobis srulyofis
mizniT. Tavdapirvelad sabWo
311
funqcionirebda rogorc sakon-
sultacio organo. amasTan, igi
qmnida sabaJo TanamSromlobis
proeqtebs, Sesabamis organiza-
ciebs awvdida informacias sa-
baJo procedurebis Sesaxeb da
axorcielebda zedamxedvelo-
bas saerTaSoriso normebis
dacvis mizniT. garda amisa,
sabWo, romelic 1985 wels ukve
aerTianebda 85 qveyanas, teqni-
kur daxmarebas uwevda im gan-
viTarebad qveynebs, romlebic
cdilobdnen TavianTi sabaJo
tarifebis sistema gardaeqmnaT
briuselis satarifo klasi-
fikaciis Sesabamisad.
sabaJo kaSiri (Customs
Union) - qveynebis jgufi, ro-
melTa SigniT likvidirebulia
sabaJo SezRudvebi. es qveynebi
atareben SeTanxmebul sagareo
savaWro politikas sxva qvey-
nebTan da adgenen saerTo sa-
gareo sabaJo tarifs importze,
Tumca, satarifo ganakveTi sxva-
dasxva saqonelze SeiZleba gan-
sxvavebuli iyos.
sabiTumo vaWroba (whole
sale trade) - Sida vaWrobis for-
ma, romelic gulisxmobs mwar-
moebeli sawarmoebis mier sa-
momxmareblo saqonlis didi
partiebiT gayidvas sacalo
vaWrobis sawarmoebze, an war-
moebis saSualebebis nawilis
miyidvas am produqciis momx-
312 sabiTumo fasi

marebeli sawarmoebisaTvis. politika ekonomikuri aqti-

sabiTumo fasi (whole- urobis saerTo doneze zemo-
sale price) - fasi, romliTac sa- qmedebis mizniT.
kuTrebis nebismieri formis sabiujeto federaliz-
mqone sawarmo an gamsaRebeli mi (budget federalism) - centr-
organizacia Tavisi produqci- sa da regionebs Soris sabiu-
is realizacias axdens msxvili jeto mowyobis forma, ara mx-
partiebiT, biTumad gasayidi sa- olod finansuri resursebis,
qonlis fasi. Cveulebriv, fasi aramed sagadasaxado uflebam-
saqonlis did partiebze Seda- osilebisa da sabiujeto poli-
rebiT naklebia, vidre mcireze tikisadmi politikuri pasux-
da sagrZnoblad dabalia saca- ismgeblobis ganawileba. sabi-
lo fasze. ganasxvaveben sawar- ujeto federalizmi aris da-
mos sabiTumo fassa da mrewv- begvrisa da saxelmwifo xar-
elobis sabiTumo fass. jebis sistema, romelic gulisx-
sabirJo saqoneli (com- mobs Semosavlebis miRebasa da
modity exchange, commodity mar- xarjebis marTvaSi garkveuli
ket) - masobrivi warmoebis stan- uflebebis micemas saxelmwifo
dartuli da erTsaxovani saqo- mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva do-
neli, romlis realizaciac SeiZ- neebisTvis _ centraluri, re-
leba didi partiebiT nimuSebis gionuli da adgilobrivi or-
an teqnikuri dokumentebis mi- ganoebisTvis. sabiujeto fed-
xedviT. sabirJo saqonelia: xor- eralizmi asaxavs qveynis fin-
bali, simindi, Svria, zeTisxilis ansuri sistemis funqcionire-
zogierTi produqti, feradi li- bis wess.
Toni (spilenZi, alumini da sxv.), sabiujeto federaliz-
samasale merqnis zogierTi sa- mis modelebi (budget feder-
xeoba, energomatareblebis naw- alism models) - arsebobs decen-
ili (navTobi, saTbobi, mazuTi, tralizebuli da kooperaciu-
gazi propani da a.S.), bamba, Sa- li modelebi. decentralize-
qari, kakao, cocxali da daklu- buli modelis damaxasiaTe-
li rqosani pirutyvi da sxv. beli niSnebia: 1. xelisuflebis
sabiujeto
sabiujeto- - sagadasaxa- saxelmwifo organoebis sami
do politika (fiscal policy) - sa- mTavari funqciidan _ stabili-
xelmwifo xarjebis, sagadasaxa- zaciuri, distribuciuli da
do ganakveTisa da saxelmwifo alokaciuri funqciebidan _
sesxebis donis regulirebis pirveli oris mikuTvneba xeli-
sagadasaxado balansi 313
suflebis centraluri organo- saboloo produqti (end-
ebisaTvis, xolo mesamis _ xe- product) - saboloo gamoyenebi-
lisuflebis samive dones So- saTvis da ara Semdgomi gada-
ris ganawileba; 2. xelisufle- muSavebisaTvis warmoebuli
bis sxvadasxva doneTa Soris produqti.
sagadasaxado uflebamosilebis sabrokero firma (bro-
dayofa zemoaRniSnuli fun- kerage firm) - saSuamavlo fir-
qciebis ganawilebis Sesabami- ma, romelic specializebulia
sad. kooperaciuli modelis saSuamavlo sabirJo operacie-
ZiriTadi niSnebia: 1. regionu- bze.
li xelisuflebis SedarebiT sabrunavi kapitali (cur-
farTo monawileoba erovnuli rent capital) - kapitalis is nawi-
Semosavlis gadanawilebasa da li, romelic warmoebas emsax-
makroekonomikur stabilizacia- ureba erTi ciklis manZilze
Si; 2. regionuli xelisufleb- da misi Rirebuleba mTlianad
is rolis amaRleba sagadasaxa- gadadis mza produqciis Rire-
do Semosavlebis gadanawilebis bulebaSi.
sistemaSi; 3. horizontaluri sagadasaxado ganakveTi
sabiujeto gamoTanabrebis aq- (tax rate) - Semosavlebis, samom-
tiuri politikis gatareba, xmareblo xarjebis an mogebis
centris pasuxismgeblobis am- procentuli wili, romelsac
aRleba regionebis saxelmwifo saxelmwifos uxdis yvela iu-
dafinansebis, teritoriebis ridiuli da fizikuri piri, Tuki
socialur--ekonomikuri ganvi- maT qveynis kanonmdeblobis
TarebisaTvis, rac ganapirobebs Sesabamisi dabegvra exebaT.
centris mxridan kontrolis sagadasaxado Semosava-
gaZlierebasa da regionuli xe- li (tax proceeds, tax income) -
lisuflebis damoukideblobis Semosavali, romelic miiReba da-
garkveul SezRudvas. matebuli Rirebulebis gadax-
sablanko indosamenti didan, aqcizidan, mogebis gada-
(endorsement) - gadacemis aRm- saxadidan da a.S., romelzec
niSvneli warwera beneficiaris dawesebulia sagadasaxado ka-
saxelis miuTiTeblad. nonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebu-
saboloo moxmareba (final li garkveuli sagadasaxado
consumption) - saqonlisa da mom- ganakveTi.
saxurebis saboloo gamoyenebis sagadasaxdelo balansi
procesi. (balance of payments) - qveynis
314 sagadasaxdelo balansis aqtiuri ...
transaqciebi danarCen msof-
liosTan, romelic moicavs
rogorc rogorc savaWro, ise
finansur nakadebs, dajamebuli
angariSebis saxiT. statisti-
kuri angariSi, romelic gamox-
atavs Tanafardobas qveynis
mier sazRvargareTidan miRebul
fulad Semosavlebsa da sxva
qveynebisaTvis gadaxdil gada-
saxdelebs Soris drois garkve-
ul monakveTSi. masSi asaxulia
ekonomikuri operaciebis erTob-
lioba erovnul ekonomikasa da
danarCen samyaros Soris.
arsebobs aqtiuri da pasi-
uri sagadasaxdelo balansebi.
termini _ sagadasaxdelo bal-
ansi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva mniS-
vnelobiT. maT Soris yvelaze
gavrcelebulia `sabazro saga-
dasaxdelo balansi~ da `saan-
gariSsworebo sagadasaxdelo
balansi~. pirveli termini ga-
moxatavs mimdinare Tanafar-
dobas gadasaxdelebis or na-
kads Soris _ qveyanaSi Semo-
sul da misgan gasul nakadebs
Soris. meore termini _ saanga-
riSsworebo sagadasaxdelo ba-
lansi _ statistikuri anga-
riSia. igi aRricxavs ekonomi-
kuri operaciebis erTobliobas
erovnul ekonomikasa da dan-
arCen samyaros Soris drois
garkveuli periodis ganmavlo-
baSi, anu asaxavs saqonlis, mom-
saxurebis, finansuri aqtivebi-
sa da valdebulebebis nakadeb-
is moZraobas erovnul ekonomi-
kasa da sazRvargareTs Soris.
sagadasaxdelo balansi are-
gistrirebs operaciebs qveynis
rezidentebsa da arareziden-
tebs Soris. struqturulad
igi Sedgeba sami ZiriTadi an-
gariSisagan. esenia: mimdinare an-
gariSi, kapitalis angariSi da
finansuri angariSi.
mimdinare angariSi moicavs
savaWro balanss, Semosavlis ba-
lanssa da mimdinare transfe-
rebs.
kapitalisa da finansuri
angariSi moicavs: kapitalur
transferebs, pirdapir investi-
ciebs, portfelis investicieb-
sa da sxva investiciebs.
monacemebi sagadasaxdelo
balansis Sesaxeb gvaZlevs sa-
Sualebas warmodgena viqoni-
oT qveynis ekonomikis mdgo-
mareobaze, vinaidan isini asax-
aven qveynis finansur mdgomar-
eobas saerTaSoriso bazarze.
dadebiTi sagadasaxdelo bal-
ansi metyvelebs imaze, rom
garkveuli drois periodSi
qveynis ekonomikaSi Semodis
imaze meti fuli, vidre gadis
imave periodSi.
sagadasaxdelo balansis
aqtiuri saldo (trade surplus)
- 1. rezidentebsa da ararezi-
sagareo vaWrobis balan si
balansi
dentebs Soris mimdinare op-
eraciebis, kerZod, realuri
ekonomikuri faseulobebis gacv-
lis saldo. igi gviCvenebs Tu
ramdenad meti realuri ekono-
mikuri faseulobebi warudgines
rezidentebma ararezidentebs;
2. eqsportis gadameteba impor-
tze.
sagadasaxdelo balan-
sis pasiuri saldo (savaW-
ro balansis deficiti)
(trade deficit) - 1. gviCvenebs re--
zidentebsa da ararezidentebs
Soris mimdinare periodSi
ekonomikuri faseulobebis gacv-
lis saldos, kerZod, Tu ramde-
nad meti realuri ekonomikuri
faseulobebi warudgines ara-
rezidentebma rezidentebs; 2.
importis gadameteba eqsportze.
sagareo vali (external
debt) - mocemuli qveynis mier
saerTaSoriso safinanso or-
ganizaciebidan, ucxouri qvey-
nebis mTavrobebisgan da komer-
ciuli daproeqtebis insti-
tutebidan miRebuli ucxour
valutaSi denominirebuli aq-
tivebi, romlebic am qveyanas
aZlevs investirebisa da mox-
marebis imaze met SesaZleblo-
bas, vidre misi ekonomika qmnis.
nebismieri qveynisTvis sagareo
valis mozidva Semdegi ori
faqtoriT ganisazRvreba: 1. ra
raodenobis ucxouri kapitalis
315
aTviseba SeuZlia qveyanas; 2.
ra raodenobis valis momsax-
ureba SeuZlia qveyanas riskis
gareSe. sagareo valis gan-
sazRvrisaTvis, oqros rezervis
garda, gamoiyeneba Semdegi Ziri-
Tadi maCveneblebi: 1. sagareo va-
lis Sefardeba VIG-Tan; 2. saga-
reo valis Sefardeba eqsport-
Tan; 3. sagareo valis momsaxu-
rebisTvis gadasaxdelebis saer-
To Tanxis Sefardeba eqsport-
Tan da saxelmwifos Semosav-
lebTan: 4. saprocento Tanxis
Sefardeba eqsportTan; 5. saga-
reo sesxebis wili biujetis
deficitis dafinansebaSi. aqedan
gamomdinare, arsebobs Sesabamisi
kriteriumebi, romelTac unda
Seesabamebodes sagareo valis
parametrebi.
sagareo vaWroba (foreign
trade) - saxelmwifos social-
ur--ekonomikuri da politikuri
ganviTarebis donis mniSvnelo-
vani indikatori, saerTaSoriso
ekonomikuri urTierTobebis
erT-- erTi ZiriTadi forma.
moicavs saqonlis eqsportsa da
imports.
sagareo vaWrobis balan-
si (balance of foreign trade) -
qveynis sagadasaxdelo balan-
sis nawili, romelSic asaxulia
saqonlis sazRvargareT gata-
nasa Tu SemotanasTan dakav-
Sirebuli operaciebi, anu `xi-
316 sagareo vaWrobis ekono mikuri efeqti
ekonomikuri
luli~ eqsporti da importi.
sagareo vaWrobis balansi `ux-
ilavi~ operaciebis angariSTan
(momsaxurebis eqsporti da im-
porti) erTad qmnis mimdinare
operaciebis balanss.
sagareo vaWrobis ekono-
mikuri efeqti (economic ef-
fect of foreign trade) - sxvaoba im-
portis misaRebad gamiznuli
produqciis samamulo warmoe-
bisa da saeqsporto saqonlis
warmoebis danaxarjebs Soris.
sagareo vaWrobis poli-
tika (foreign trade policy) - qve-
yanaSi miRebuli sagareo vaWro-
bis regulirebis wesi. saxelm-
wifo politika, romelic ze-
gavlenas axdens sagareo vaWro-
baze gadasaxadebiT, subsidie-
biT, eqsportisa da importis
SezRudvebiTa da a.S. misi erT--
erTi ukiduresi SemTxvevaa
Tavisufali vaWrobis politi-
ka, xolo meore _ avtarkiis
politika. am ukidures SemTxve-
vebs Soris arsebobs sxvadasxva
xarisxis proteqcionizmi, rome-
lic realizdeba tarifebis,
kvotebis, savaluto kontroli-
sa da a.S. meSveobiT.
sagiravno furceli (mor-
tgage) - fasiani qaRaldis nair-
saxeoba, romelsac uSvebs i po-
Tekuri banki grZelvadiani sesx-
is gasacemad uZravi qonebis
dagiravebis safuZvelze.
sadazRvevo kompania (in-
-
surace company) organizacia,
romelic eweva momsaxurebas
dazRvevis sferoSi da gamo-
dis Tavisi klientebis qonebi-
sa da sicocxlis damzRvevis
rolSi. sadazRvevo kompania
Tavis Tavze iRebs valdebule-
bas, sxvadasxva gauTvaliswine-
beli viTarebisas anu sadazRve-
vo SemTxvevisas aunazRauros
klientebs zarali. sakuTrebis
formis mixedviT, sadazRvevo
kompania SeiZleba iyos saxelm-
wifo, saxelmwifo--komerciuli,
aqcioneruli, kooperaciuli da
kerZo. sabazro sistemaSi am
kompaniebis sxvadasxva varian-
tis Tanaarseboba warmoqmnis
sadazRvevo bazars, sadac yal-
ibdeba konkurencia sadazRve-
vo kompaniebs Soris. saxelm-
wifo, rogorc wesi, wamyvan
rols asrulebs savaldebulo
dazRvevis momsaxurebis bazarze,
romelic moicavs moxucebulo-
bis (sapensio uzrunvelyofa),
invalidobis, avadmyofobis,
umuSevrobis da a.S. dazRve-
vas. amasTan, bolo xans SeimC-
neva kerZo sadazRvevo kompanie-
bis aqtiuri SeWra savaldebu-
lo dazRvevis momsaxurebis ba-
zarze. isini Cveulebriv upi-
ratesobas aniWeben nebayoflo-
biT sadazRvevo momsaxurebas.
vinaidan dasavleTSi sadazRvevo
sadepozito sertifikati
momsaxurebaze arsebobs myari
da maRali moTxovna rogorc
kompaniebis, ise mosaxleobis
mxridan, sadazRvevo biznesi
kapitalis dabandebis Zalze
momgebiani formaa. sadazRvevo
kompaniebis Semosavali iqmneba
rogorc sadazRvevo gadasax-
delebis Tanxidan, ise sadazRve-
vo polisebis gayidviT. mTlian
Semosavals gamoklebuli sadaz-
Rvevo anazRaureba, sadazRvevo
agentebisa da brokerebis sa-
komisio gasamrjelo da sxva
xarjebi Seadgens kompaniis
mogebas. sadazRvevo kompanieb-
is droebiT Tavisufali fu-
ladi saxsrebi investirdeba
kerZo kompaniebis aqciebsa da
obligaciebSi, daideba de-
pozitze komerciul bankebSi.
sadazRvevo kompaniebis umrav-
lesobis saqmianobis ZiriTadi
saxea komerciuli riskis, sax-
eldobr, sakredito riskis
dazRveva. moTxovna momsaxure-
bis am saxeze ganpirobebulia
imiT, rom bankebi uars amboben
kreditebis gacemaze sadazRvevo
kompaniebis garantiis gareSe:
krediti gaicema sadazRvevo
polisis giraos an mzRvevelis
sagarantio werilis safuZ-
velze. sadazRvevo kompania
iRebs valdebulebas, gadauxde-
lobis SemTxvevaSi vali Tvi-
Ton aanazRauros. am gziT banki
317
Tavs izRvevs sakredito risk-
isagan da Tavisufldeba kli-
entis gadaxdisunarianobis do-
nis dazustebisagan. piradi
dazRvevis sferoSi yvelaze
gavrcelebuli formebia samed-
icino dazRveva, sicocxlis
progresuli dazRveva, inflaci-
isagan anabrebis dacvis siste-
mebi da sxv.
sadepozito sertifi-
kati (depositary certificate) -
fulad-- sakredito regulire-
bis axali instrumenti, erovnu-
li valutiT denominirebuli
fasiani qaRaldi, romelsac
aramaterializebuli forma
aqvs da fasiani qaRaldebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli yvela funqci-
iTaa aRWurvili. Tavisi likvi-
duri xasiaTidan gamomdinare,
fasiani qaRaldis es axali
saxeoba bazris kontrahentebs
gacilebiT met SesaZleblobebs
sTavazobs TavianTi saxsrebis
uriskod dabandebis Tval-
sazrisiT. sadepozito serti-
fikati mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs qveyanaSi fulis ba-
zris ganviTarebisaTvis, vinaidan
komerciul bankebs eZlevaT
SesaZlebloba meorad bazarze
ivaWron am instrumentiT.
saqarTvelos erovnulma
bankma, `holandiuri daavadeb-
is~ Semdgomi gamwvavebis risk-
is Tavidan acilebis mizniT, Sem-
318
oiRo sadepozito sertifikate-
bi. maTi gamoSveba emsaxureba
Warbi fulis sterilizaciasa
da ucxouri kapitalis nakade-
bis uaryofiTi efeqtebis gan-
muxtvas.
saemisio banki (bank of
issue) - saxelmwifo sakredi-
to dawesebuleba, centraluri
banki, romelsac miniWebuli aqvs
sabanko bileTebis (banknotebis)
gamoSvebis, fulis mimoqcevis,
kreditis, savaluto kursis
regulirebisa da kontrolis,
oficialuri oqros savaluto
rezervis dacvis monopoliuri
ufleba.
saerTaSoriso angariS-
sworebis banki (Bank for Inter-
national Settlements - BIS) - cen-
traluri bankebis saerTaSo-
riso savaluto--sakredito or-
ganizacia. daarsda 1830 wels
q. bazelSi (Sveicaria).
saerTaSoriso ekono-
mikuri urTierTobeb B (in-
ternational economic relations) -
sxvadasxva qveyanas Soris Camo-
yalibebuli ekonomikuri urTi-
erTobebi saerTaSoriso vaWro-
bis, saerTaSoriso savaluto,
sakredito da a.S. sferoebSi.
saerTaSoriso vaWroba
(international trade) - saqonliTa
da momsaxurebiT vaWroba qvey-
nebs Soris. saerTaSoriso anu
sagareo vaWroba, saSinao vaWro-
saemisio banki
bisagan gansxvavebiT, gulisx-
mobs sxvadasxva valutis gamoy-
enebas da regulirdeba tarife-
bis, kvotebis da savaluto kon-
trolis meSveobiT.
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ar-
sebobas ganapirobebs qveynebs
Soris xarjebSi gansxvaveba da
gansazRvruli saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis ararseboba zogi-
erT qveyanaSi. SefardebiTi upi-
ratesobis Teoriidan gamomdi-
nare, zog SemTxvevaSi es gan-
sxvaveba aris ara absoluturi,
aramed SefardebiTi upirate-
sobis gamomxatveli.
saerTaSoriso kredi-
ti (international credit) - kredi-
ti, romelic gamoiyeneba sxva-
dasxva qveynis firmebsa da sax-
elmwifoebs Soris sakredito
urTierTobebSi. arsebobs ko-
merciuli, sabaJo da saxelm-
wifo kreditis saxiT.
saerTaSoriso savalu-
to fondi (ssf) (international
monetary fund) - Seiqmna 1945
wels breton--vudsSi, savalu-
to-- safinanso sakiTxebisadmi
miZRvnil gaeros konferenciaze
miRebuli SeTanxmebis (1944)
ratifikaciis Sedegad. fondi
gaxda gaeros specialuri or-
gano. misi Tavdapirveli amocana
iyo valutebis kursebis saer-
TaSoriso sistemis regulire-
ba, mogvianebiT ki man moaxdina
saerTaSoriso savalu to fondi ( ssf
savaluto ssf))
Tavisi saqmianobis modificir-
eba. CCA-is ZiriTadi amocanebia:
saerTaSoriso savaluto Tan-
amSromlobis stimulireba, saer-
TaSoriso vaWrobis balansire-
buli ganviTarebisaTvis xelSew-
yoba, monawile qveynebisadmi
daxmareba maTi sagadasaxdelo
balansis deficitis koreqtire-
basa da valutis kursis sta-
bilizaciis miRwevaSi.
fondis mier Seqmnili bre-
ton--vudsis saerTaSoriso sava-
luto sistema eyrdnoboda
valutis fiqsirebuli kursis
politikas, savaluto SezRud-
vebis akrZalvas, valutebis kon-
vertirebadobisa da saerTaSo-
riso gadasaxadebis mravalmx-
rivi sistemis ganviTarebas. va-
lutebis kursi eyrdnoboda pa-
ritetul sistemas, romelic mo-
nawile qveynebisgan moiTxovda
maTi valutebis kursis meryeo-
bis SezRudvas plus--minus er-
Ti procentis farglebSi (gamo-
xatuli dolarebSi). misi uSu-
alo konvertireba xdeboda
oqroSi fiqsirebuli kursiT.
aSS--is mier 1971 wels miRe-
buli gadawyvetilebis kvalda-
kval _ SeeCerebinaT dolaris
konvertirebadoba oqroSi, aTi
qveynis (aSS, kanada, didi brit-
aneTi, safrangeTi, iaponia, gfr,
belgia, italia, SvedeTi, nider-
landi, agreTve Sveicaria (fon-
319
dis asocirebuli wevri) mTav-
robebma amave wels miiRes `smiT-
sonovis SeTanxmeba~, romelic
iTvaliswinebda dolaris aT-
procentian devalvacias, yve-
la valutis kursis gadasin-
jvas da maTi meryeobis ufro
farTo sazRvrebis dadgenas.
1973 wels dolaris Semdgomi
devalvaciis Semdeg regulire-
badi paritetis sistemaze uari
Tqves agreTve evropuli gaer-
Tianebis qveynebma da SemoiRes
TavianTi valutebis mcuravi
kursi dolarTan mimarTebaSi.
breton--vudsis sistemis krizi-
sis kvaldakval, 1972 wels
ssf-ma mis mier Camoyalibebul
saerTaSoriso savaluto siste-
mis reformis komitetSi Seimu-
Sava rekomendaciebis kompleq-
si, romelic miiRes 1976 wels
iamaikis SeTanxmebis farglebSi.
fondi Tavis saqmianobas
afinansebs monawile qveynebis
Senatanebisa da sesxebis safuZ-
velze. Senatanebis sidide,
gacemuli nasesxobis special-
uri wesis mixedviT, ganisazR-
vreba TiToeuli monawile qvey-
nis kvotebis damdgeni sistemiT.
es ukanaskneli eyrdnoba moce-
muli qveynis erovnul Semosa-
vals, savaluto rezervebsa da
sxva ekonomikur indikatorebs.
monawile qveynebis kvotebi, ro-
melic sistematurad gadais-
320 saerTaSoriso sagadasaxdelo sistema

injeba da icvleba, gansazRvravs saerTo (evropuli) bazris sax-

agreTve mocemuli qveynis sesx- elwodebiT safrangeTis, bel-
ebis aRebis uflebas rogorc giis, gfr--is, italiis, luqsem-
regularul, ise specialur kre- burgisa da niderlandis mTav-
ditebze. robebis mier xelmowerili ro-
kreditebis gacemasTan er- mis xelSekrulebis safuZvel-
Tad CCA-is meore mniSvnelo- ze. iTvaliswinebda sabaJo kav-
vani amocanaa valutis kurse- Siris Seqmnas, kapitalisa da
bis sferoSi monawile qveyneb- samuSao Zalis Tavisufal gada-
is politikisTvis Tvalyuris adgilebas, saerTo sasoflo--
devneba msoflio doneze Tan- sameurneo da satransporto
mimdevruli makroekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebas. 1973
politikis SenarCunebisaTvis. wels daemata dania, irlandia
saerTaSoriso sagadasax- da didi britaneTi, 1982 wels
delo sistema (international pay- _ saberZneTi, xolo 1986 wels
ment system) – zogadi termini _ portugalia da espaneTi.
im meTodebisa, romelTa saSu- 1967 wels saerTo bazari Seer-
alebiT xorcieldeba saerTa- wya naxSirisa da foladis ev-
Soriso finansuri operaciebi ropul gaerTianebebs (EASC)
sxvadasxva qveynis rezident- da atomuri energiis sferoSi
ebs Soris sxvadasxva erovnul evropuli gaerTianebis (EAEC)
valutaSi. moicavs savaluto struqturebs, ris safuZvelzec
kontrolsa da saerTaSoriso Camoyalibda evropuli gaerTi-
likvidurobasTan dakavSirebul aneba, xolo 1993 wlis bolos
problemebs. evrogaerTianebam miiRo evrokav-
saerTaSoriso finansu- Siris saxelwodeba.
ri korporacia (International saeqsporto krediti (ex-
Finance Corporation) - Seiqmna port credit) - krediti, romelic
1956 wels msoflio bankis ope- gaicema sazRvargareTis qvey-
raciebis mxardasaWerad. gas- nebis iuridiul an fizikur pi-
cems kredits ganviTarebadi qvey- rebze saqonlisa da momsaxure-
nebis kerZo samewarmeo struq- bis eqsportis dafinansebis
turebze, upirveles yovlisa, mizniT.
mrewvelobaSi. saeqsporto lizingi (ex-
`saerTo bazari~ (Com- port lease) - manqanebis, mowyobi-
mon Market) - evrokavSiris wi- lobebisa da sxva qonebis aren-
namorbedi; daarsda 1957 wels da, gacemuli ucxoel iuridi-
savaluto kliringi
ul an fizikur pirebze.
savaldebulo rezerve-
srn) (norm of oblig-
bis norma (srn
atory reserves) - fuladi Tanxa,
romlis sesxad gacemis ufle-
bac komerciul bankebs ara aqvT
da romelic TavianT angariSze
unda iqonion centralur bankSi.
inflaciur situaciaSi, rode-
sac aucilebelia mimoqcevaSi
fuladi masis zrdis Seneleba,
centraluri banki amaRlebs
srn- s; rodesac aucilebelia
mimoqcevaSi fulis raodeno-
bis gazrda, centraluri banki
dabla swevs srn- s da amis
safuZvelze SesaZleblobas
aZlevs komerciul bankebs, Ta-
vianTi saxsrebis droebiT `gay-
inuli~ nawili kreditad aq-
cion.
savaldebulo socialu-
ri dazRveva (obligatory social
insurance) - mosaxleobis mate-
rialuri uzrunvelyofis sax-
elmwifo sistema. gulisxmobs
dazRvevas droebiT Sromisuuna-
robis, moxucebulobis, invali-
dobis, marCenalis dakargvis,
ubeduri SemTxvevisa da umu-
Sevrobis gamo. masSi SeiZleba
Sevides riskis ufro konkre-
tuli saxeebi, gamowveuli Se-
mosavlebis dakargviT daqirave-
bis, droebiTi Sromisuunaro-
bis da a.S. gamo. eyrdnoba Se-
sabamis kanons da vrceldeba
321
mTel mosaxleobaze. xorcield-
eba xelfasis fondidan anar-
icxebis xarjze. savaldebulo
socialuri dazRveva calke
ganyofilebad Sedis gaeros
CCLR-is mesame variantis struq-
turaSi.
savaluto anazRaureba
(currency self--repayment) - sawar-
moTa da organizaciaTa saga-
reo-- ekonomikuri saqmianobis
princi pi, romelic iTvalis-
winebs maTi danaxarjebis valu-
tiT anazRaurebas sakuTari sa-
valuto Semosavlebidan.
savaluto arbitraJi
(currency arbitrage) - ucxouri
valutis yidva erT valutis
bazarze imavdroulad meoreze
misi gayidvis mizniT, sxvadasxva
bazarze valutis kursis sx-
vaobis safuZvelze mogebis mis-
aRebad.
savaluto dempingi (cur-
rency dumping) - saqonlis ga-
tana gaufasurebuli valutis
mqone qveynidan mtkice an nak-
lebad gaufasurebuli valu-
tis mqone qveyanaSi msoflio
fasze dabali fasiT.
savaluto intervencia
(currency intervention) - valut-
is bazarze saxelmwifos mier
erovnuli valutis yidva--gay-
idva mis gacvliT kursze zemo-
qmedebis mizniT.
savaluto kliringi (cur-
322
rency clearing) - samTavrobaTa-
Soriso SeTanxmeba Semxvedri
moTxovnebisa da valdebule-
bebis urTierTCaTvlis Sesaxeb,
saqonlis miwodebisa da gaweu-
li momsaxurebis Rirebulebi-
Ti tolfasovnebis safuZvelze.
savaluto kontroli (ex-
change control) - sistema, rom-
lis farglebSic saxelmwifo
axorcielebs ucxouri valu-
tisa da oqros kontrols yve-
la an zogierT im operaciaze,
romelSic monawileobs am qvey-
nis moqalaqe. savaluto kon-
troli gamoiyeneba sagadasaxde-
lo balansis dasacavad, agreTve
valutis kursis dacemis Tavi-
dan asacileblad savaluto
operaciebis sruli Tavisuf-
lebis pirobebSi. savaluto
kontroli pirvelad SemoiRes
did britaneTSi 1939 wels.
1950 wels igi sagrZnoblad Se-
sustda, xolo mTlianad lik-
vidirebul iqna 1979 wels, ro-
desac uaryves ucxour valu-
tasTan da oqrosTan dakavSire-
buli yvela SemzRudavi Ronis-
Zieba.
savaluto krediti (fo-
reign exchange loan) - ucxouri
valutiT aRebuli krediti.
savaluto operacia `svo-
pi~ (“SWAP” currency operations)
- operacia, romelic gulisx-
mobs erT--erTi valutis gayi-
savaluto kontroli
dvas gansazRvruli drois Sem-
deg imave raodenobiTa da gari-
gebis momentSi fiqsirebuli
kursiT ukan dabrunebis piro-
biT.
savaluto pozicia (cur-
rency position) - ucxour valu-
taze bankis moTxovnebisa da
valdebulebebis Tanafardoba.
Tu isini tolia, savaluto
pozicia iTvleba daxurulad
(Caketilad), xolo sxva SemTx-
vevaSi _ Riad.
savaluto rezervi (ex-
ternal reserve) - saerTaSoriso
doneze aRiarebuli sagadasaxde-
lo saSualeba, gamiznuli sa-
gareo sagadasaxdelo defici-
tis dasafaravad da sakuTari
valutis kursis cvlilebebis
kontrolis RonisZiebebis uz-
runvelsayofad. aseT rezervs
warmoadgens ZiriTadad oqro
da is ucxouri valuta (valu-
tebi), romelic farTod gamo-
iyeneba saerTaSoriso vaWrobasa
da angariSsworebaSi. istori-
ulad mTavari valutebi iyo
girvanqa sterlingi da aSS--is
dolari. girvanqa sterlingis,
rogorc savaluto rezervis,
roli Zlier daeca XX sauku-
nis 60-- ian wlebSi, xolo
dolari isev rCeba mTavar saer-
TaSoriso sarezervo valutad.
2002 wlis 1 ianvridan saer-
TaSoriso sarezervo valutis
savaluto fari
rols, dolarTan erTad, as-
rulebs evroc.
savaluto rezervis mniS-
vneloba gansakuTrebiT izrde-
ba maSin, rodesac qveyana ax-
orcielebs savaluto kursis
stabilizacias. am mizniT igi
unda iyos mzad ganaxorcie-
los intervencia valutis ba-
zrebze Tavisi valutis kur-
sis SenarCunebisaTvis. am Ronis-
Ziebis gasatareblad ki qveya-
nas unda hqondes savaluto re-
zervi.
savaluto riski (risk of
currency depreciation) - savalu-
to danakargebis saSiSroeba,
romelic warmoiqmneba sagareo--
savaWro, sakredito da savalu-
to operaciebis Catarebisas da
ukavSirdeba ucxouri valut-
is kursis cvlilebebs.
savaluto salaro (cur-
rency fund) - qveynis fuladi
gadasaxadebisa da Senatanebis
erToblioba, gamoxatuli ucxo-
ur valutaSi.
savaluto sistema (ex-
change system) - valutis flo-
basa da gankargvasTan dakav-
Sirebuli ekonomikuri urTier-
Tobebis organizaciuli for-
ma, romelic moicavs fulad--
sakredito mimoqcevas qveynis
SigniT da saerTaSoriso an-
gariSsworebis sferos. igi ay-
alibebs im maregulirebel gare-
323
mos, romlis farglebSic sax-
elmwifo axorcielebs savalu-
to politikas. savaluto urT-
ierTobis sistemaSi mniSvnelo-
van rols asrulebs valutis
kursis gansazRvris reJimi, misi
koreqtirebisa Tu cvlilebis
wesi, saxelmwifo da saerTa-
Soriso organoebis saqmiano-
bis gaTvaliswineba savaluto
regulirebis sferoSi da sxv.
saerTaSoriso angariSswo-
rebis sferoSi istoriulad
yvelaze mniSvnelovania oqros
standartis, breton--vudsisa da
Tanamedrove (iamaikis) savalu-
to sistemebi.
savaluto spekulacia
(currency speculations) - bankeb-
is, firmebis, iuridiuli da
fizikuri pirebis mier ganx-
orcielebuli operacia, romel-
ic iTvaliswinebs mogebis miRe-
bas sxvadasxva dros an sxva-
dasxva bazarze valutis kur-
sis cvlilebis Sedegad, agreTve
winaswari ganzraxviT savalu-
to risks.
savaluto fari (currency
board) - erovnuli valutis fiq-
sirebuli kursiT mibma rome-
lime stabilur valutaze an va-
lutaTa kalaTaze da misi gacv-
la maTze avtomatur reJimSi,
yovelgvari SezRudvebis gareSe.
valutebis gacvliTi opera-
ciebis Seuferxebeli ganxor-
324
cieleba da, saerTod, savalu-
to faris institutis SemoReba
mocemul qveyanaSi moiTxovs: 1.
ucxouri valutis did raode-
nobas. rogorc wesi, ucxouri
valutis rezervi emitirebu-
li fulis 100%--ze meti unda
iyos; 2. ucxouri valutis Se-
modinebisa da savaluto rezer-
vis stabiluri wyaros arse-
bobas; 3. aradeficituri saxel-
mwifo biujetis uzrunvelyofi-
saTvis efeqtiani fiskaluri
politikis gatarebasa da makro-
ekonomikuri stabilizaciis fon-
dis Seqmnas, vinaidan defici-
turi biujeti SeuZlebels
xdis savaluto faris meqaniz-
mis amoqmedebas.
savaluto faris institu-
tis Seqmna zRudavs xelisu-
flebis diskreciul uflebebs
da gamoricxavs mavne praqti-
kas damaxasiaTebels gansakuT-
rebiT gardamaval periodSi
myofi qveynebisaTvis _ centra-
luri bankis mier mTavrobi-
saTvis sesxis micemas, vinaidan
centraluri bankis institu-
tis Canacvleba xdeba savalu-
to faris institutiT. Tumca
centralur banks aqvs qveyana-
Si zomieri inflaciis Senar-
Cunebis bevrad meti berketi
da garantia, vidre mTavrobas,
romelic xdeba erTaderTi pa-
suxismgebeli savaluto faris
savaluto SezRudva
pirobebSi. savaluto fari ai-
Zulebs mTavrobas uari Tqvas
deficitur saxelmwifo biu-
jetze (hqondes mcireodeni
proficiti mainc) da gaata-
ros makroekonomikuri stabi-
lizaciis RonisZiebebi. meore
mxriv, savaluto faris reJi-
mis pirobebSi komerciuli ban-
kebi amkacreben sakredito po-
litikas, rac saqmian aqtiuroba-
ze uaryofiT gavlenas axdens.
savaluto faris meqanizmi
gamoyenebul iqna XX saukunis
90--ian wlebSi hi perinflaci-
is dros braziliaSi, meqsikaSi,
estoneTSi, litvaSi. aRniSnulma
institutma didi roli Seas-
rula am periodSi inflaciis
tempebis mniSvnelovan Semcire-
basa da makroekonomikuri pro-
cesebis regulirebaSi.
saqarTveloSi 1992-- 1994
wlebSi, rodesac mZvinvarebda
hi perinflacia, miuxedavad im-
isa, rom arsebobda savaluto
faris meqanizmis SemoRebis idea,
igi ar iqna gamoyenebuli, vi-
naidan qveyana ver akmayofileb-
da am institutis zemoT xsene-
bul moTxovnebs.
savaluto SezRudva (ex-
change restrictions) - saxelmwi-
fos mier sakanonmdeblo an
administraciuli gziT savalu-
to operaciebis SezRudvis
mizniT gatarebul RonisZieba-
savaWro marka
Ta sistema, gamoiyeneba sagada-
saxdelo balansis gawonas-
worebis, qveynis valutis kur-
sis dacvisa da savaluto re-
sursebis koncentraciisaTvis.
iTvaliswinebs: 1. oqros, fula-
di niSnebisa da fasiani qaRal-
debis sazRvargareT gatanas,
gzavnilebisa da fuladi gada-
saxadebis regulirebas; 2. ucxo-
uri valutis Tavisuflad yid-
va--gayidvis akrZalvas; 3. ucxo-
uri valutis aucileblad
Cabarebas centralur bankSi da
gacvlas erovnul valutaze
oficialuri kursiT. savalu-
to SezRudva savaluto poli-
tikis Semadgeneli nawilia,
romelic pasiurs xdis saga-
dasaxdelo balanss da iwvevs
oqros rezervebis Semcirebas.
am dros ucxouri valutiT Ca-
satarebeli operaciebi Tavs iy-
ris centralur bankSi. ucxou-
ri valutiT gamoxatuli sa-
telegrafo gzavnilebi, Cekebi,
Tamasuqebi, sagadasaxado valde-
bulebebi am bankis meSveobiT
iyideba.
savaluto Sesworeba (cur-
rency reservation) - piroba saer-
TaSoriso vaWrobaSi, sakredito
an sxva SeTanxmebaSi, romelic
iTvaliswinebs fuladi gadasax-
adis gadasinjvas valutis kur-
sis cvlilebis proporciulad,
valutis gaufasurebis risk-
325
isagan eqsportis an kredi-
toris dazRvevis mizniT.
savaWro balansi (balance
of trade) - saqonlis eqsportisa
da importis balansi, romelic
gamoxatavs sasaqonlo opera-
ciebis dadebiT an uaryofiT
saldos saangariSo periodis
bolos.
savaWro balansis dade
dade--
biTi saldo
biTi (trade surplus) -
situacia saangariSo periodis
bolos, rodesac eqsportiT
miRebuli Sejamebuli Semosav-
lebi aRemateba importze gawe-
ul xarjebs.
savaWro balansis defi-
citi (deficit of the trade balan-
ce) - situacia saangariSo peri-
odis bolos, rodesac Sejame-
buli danaxarjebi importze
aRemateba eqsportiT miRebul
Semosavlebs.
savaWro barieri (trade
barrier) - savaWro proteqcio-
nizmi, anu saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis gacvlis SezRudva
baJis, kvotis, savaluto kon-
trolis saSualebiT.
savaWro marka (trade mark)
- savaWro sawarmos saxelwode-
ba, niSani _ simbolo an emble-
ma. safirmo markisagan gansx-
vavebiT, nawarmi savaWro mar-
kiT SeiZleba gaiyidos mxolod
im sawarmos savaWro qselidan,
romlis markiTac aris gamoS-
326
vebuli saqoneli.
savaWro saxli (trade hou-
se) - specializebuli firma, ro-
melic vaWrobs erTi an ram-
denime saxis saqonliT, klient-
Ta davalebiT an Tavisi fuliT.
sazogadoebrivi danazo-
gi (public save) – sxvaoba wmin-
da gadasaxadebsa (gadasaxade-
bi transferis gamoklebiT) da
saxelmwifo xarjebs Soris. sa-
zogadoebrivi danazogi dade-
biTia da saxelmwifo biujeti
proficituri, Tu gadasaxade-
bi saxelmwifo xarjebs aRema-
teba; sazogadoebrivi danazo-
gi uaryofiTia da saxelmwifo
biujeti deficituri, Tu ga-
dasaxadebi saxelmwifo xarje-
bze naklebia.
sazogadoebrivi mecni-
erebebi (social sciences) - yove-
li mecniereba bunebis an sa-
zogadoebis ganviTarebis kanon-
zomierebebs swavlobs. TiTo-
eul maTgans Tavisi Tavisebu-
rebebi aqvs. amitom aseT mraval-
ferovan samyaros ara erTi, ara-
med bevri sxvadasxva mecniereba
Seiswavlis. bunebis saidumloe-
bebs sabunebismetyvelo mecnier-
ebebi (astronomia, biologia,
fizika da a.S.) ikvlevs, xolo
sazogadoebis ganviTarebas, sa-
zogadoebaSi mimdinare proces-
ebs _ sazogadoebrivi mecnier-
ebebi. maT ricxvs ekonomikuri
savaWro saxli
mecnierebebic miekuTvneba. gar-
da ekonomikisa, sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva mima-
rTulebas Seiswavlis istoria,
samarTalmcodneoba, enaTmecni--
ereba, sociologia da a.S.
ekonomikur mecnierebas gan-
sakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs
sazogadoebriv mecnierebebs So-
ris. es aixsneba misi kvlevis
sferos ganmsazRvreli roliT.
amitomacaa, rom mas sazogado-
ebriv mecnierebaTa mefed aRi-
areben.
sazogadoebrivi opti-
mumi (social optimum) - sazoga--
doebis resursebis iseTi gan-
lageba, warmoebisa da produ-
qciis ganawilebis iseTi stru--
qtura, romelic `saukeTesoa~
dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad.
es cneba farTod gamoiyeneba
keTildReobis ekonomikur Teo-
riaSi, rodesac ganixileba arCe-
vani sxvadasxva situacias So-
ris, romelTaganac TiToeuli
optimaluria paretos mixed-
viT (e.i. TiToeul am situa-
ciaSi erTi individis keTil-
dReobis zrda ar aqveiTebs me-
oris keTildReobis dones). sa-
zogadoebrivi optimumi aris sa--
zogadoebrivi keTildReobis
funqcia, gamoxatos sazogado-
ebis keTildReoba mTlianad,
iseve, rogorc misi Semadgene-
li individebisa. paretos mixed-
sazogadoebrivi saqone li
saqoneli
viT, yvela optimaluri situ-
aciidan SeiZleba airCes sauke-
Teso, romelic warmoadgens sa-
zogadoebriv optimums.
sazogadoebrivi sargeb
sargeb--
loba ganaTlebisgan (social
returns to education) - damatebiTi
sargebloba ganaTlebisgan, sxva
damatebiT SemosavlebTan er-
Tad. saxelmwifom unda gan-
sazRvros ganaTlebis faseulo-
ba iseT mniSvnelovan sferoeb-
Si, sadac Semosavali ganaTleb-
isgan ar eqvemdebareba raode-
nobriv Sefasebas (demokratia
da piradi Tavisufleba, sazoga-
doebis socialuri sijansaRe,
magaliTad, danaSaulis Semcir-
ebis SesaZlebloba da sazoga-
doebrivi wesrigis SenarCuneba
da sxv.) da ara mxolod gaiT-
valiswinos ganaTlebisgan mTli-
ani Semosavlebi da ganaTleba-
ze saxelmwifo Tu kerZo xar-
jebi. garda amisa, Zalze mniS-
vnelovania ganaTlebis wvlili
ekonomikur zrdaSi, gansakuTre-
biT maSin, roca investiciebi
ganaTlebaSi iseTi fondebidan
gaicema, romelTa gamoyeneba
sxva SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli
iqneboda moxmarebisTvis.
sazogadoebrivi saqone-
li (public goods) - is saqoneli
da momsaxureba, romlebsac
saxelmwifo moaqcevs arasaba-
zro seqtorSi, sadac naTlad
327
aris gamokveTili ekonomikuri
sivrcis arqona da bazris uun-
aroba. es gamowveulia rogorc
politikuri, socialuri da
sxva mizezebiT, ise sabazro
meqanizmis moqmedebis sazRvre-
bis SezRudviT. sazogadoebrivi
saqoneli gamoirCeva iseTi niS-
nebiT, rogoricaa: ganuyoflo-
ba, moxmarebis koleqtiuri
xasiaTi, maRali socialuri
daniSnuleba da sakuTreb-
is saxelmwifo formis up-
iratesi xvedriTi wonawona. gar-
da amisa, igi TiTqmis yvela mo-
mxmareblisaTvis Tanabrad xe-
lmisawvdomia, rac misi miTvise-
bisas gamoricxavs metoqeobas,
e.i. erTi individis mier sa-
zogadoebrivi saqonlis mox-
mareba ar zRudavs mis mox-
marebas sxva individis mier.
moxmarebis xasiaTidan gamom-
dinare, sazogadoebrivi saqoneli,
iseve rogorc kerZo saqoneli,
iyofa individualuri da koleq-
tiuri moxmarebis saqonlad.
pirvels miekuTvneba, magaliTad,
saxelmwifo savaWro monopo-
liebis saqoneli (marili, Tam-
baqo da sxv.), xolo meores _
socialur--kulturuli momsa-
xureba, saxelmwifo mmarTvelo-
bis, uSiSroebis organoebis
(erovnuli Tavdacvis, sazoga-
doebrivi wesrigis dacvis, sax-
anZro dacvis) momsaxureba,
328 sazogadoebrivi saqone
saqoneli
li

erovnuli sainformacio siste- ganuyofloba, ris gamoc zogjer

ma, erTiani energetikuli siste- kerZo saqonlisken gadaixreba.
ma, komunikaciis erovnuli qse- amitom Sereuli sazogadoeb-
li, fundamenturi mecniereba, rivi saqoneli (ganaTleba, jan-
amindis erovnuli samsaxuri, mrTelobis dacva da sxv.), erTi
erovnuli parlamenti da sxv. mxriv, qmnis ekonomikis arasabaz-
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis ro seqtors, romelic ar eqvem-
mTeli diapazoni SeiZleba sam debareba bazris kanonebs da
kategoriad daiyos: pirvel ka- mosaxleobas eZleva ufasod an
tegorias Seadgens wminda sa- dabali, dotaciuri fasiT, me-
zogadoebrivi saqoneli
saqoneli, rom- ore mxriv ki, wminda sabazro
lis Sinagani specifikac gamor- urTierTobaSi CaerTvis da ba-
icxavs miwodebis sabazro for- zris kanonebs emorCileba. am-
mas. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia rigad, mis mimarT gamoiyeneba
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis yve- miTvisebis rogorc ufaso, ise
la zemoT CamoTvlili niSani. fasiani forma. am SemTxvevaSi
wminda sazogadoebrivi saqon- bazari arasrulyofilia, anu
lis ekonomikuri miTvisebis SedarebiT uunaroa da ekonomi-
formaa saxelmwifo sakuTreba kaSi saxelmwifos roli gam-
da, Sesabamisad, sayovelTao oixateba iseTi problemebis
ufaso sargeblobis iuridiu- gadaWriT, romelTa mimarTac
li ufleba. masze sazogadoe- sabazro meqanizmi uZluria.
brivi moTxovnilebis dakmay- ganviTarebuli qveynebis praq-
ofileba saxelmwifos prerog- tikaSi efeqtianad gamoiyeneba
ativaa. meore kategorias ekuTv- Sereuli sazogadoebrivi saqo-
nis Sereuli sazogadoebri- neli, romelic gulisxmobs sa-
vi saqoneli
saqoneli, romelic Ziri- zogadoebrivisa da kerZos Tana-
Tadad eqceva sabazro meqaniz- arsebobasa da am ukanaskneli-
mis gavlenis qveS, magram misi sadmi saxelmwifos mxardaWera-
miwodebisas bazari avlens Ta- sa da daxmarebas. mesame kate-
vis arasrulyofilebas. mas gorias Seadgens is saqoneli
axasiaTebs sazogadoebrivi sa- da momsaxureba, romlisTvisac,
qonlis iseTi niSnebi, rogori- misi Taviseburebebidan da ba-
caa moxmarebis koleqtiuri da zris teritoriuli SezRudu-
Tanabari xasiaTi, maRali so- lobidan gamomdinare, bunebrivi
cialuri daniSnuleba, magram monopolia gardauvalia. amas-
ar axasiaTebs moxmarebisagan Tan, Teoriulad is kvazisazoga-
sazogadoebrivi seqto
seqtoris
ris ekonomika
doebrivi saqonelia. am kate-
gorias miekuTvneba energo-- ,
Tbo--, wyal-- da gazmomarageba,
sarkinigzo mimosvla, safosto,
satelegrafo da satelefono
kavSirgabmuloba da sxv.
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis
es kategoriebi mTlianobaSi qm-
nian mkveTrad gamoxatul speci-
fikur saxes, romelic maT kerZo
saqonlisagan ganasxvavebs.
sazogadoebrivi seqto-
ri (public sector) - saxelmwifo
sakuTrebaSi arsebuli ekono-
mikis nawili, romelic gansx-
vavdeba kerZo sakuTrebaSi ar-
sebulisagan. igi ar SeiZleba
ganisazRvros rogorc sazoga-
doebrivi saqonlis mwarmoebe-
li seqtori, Tumca, Cveulebriv,
sazogadoebrivi saqoneli Zir-
iTadad swored saxelmwifo
seqtorSi iwarmoeba. sazogadoe-
brivi seqtoris sidides gan-
sazRvravs ekonomikis naciona-
lizaciis done da xelisu-
flebis politikuri neba. ami-
tom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi misi
wili ekonomikaSi gansxvavebu-
lia. mag., did britaneTSi jan-
dacvis sistema ZiriTadad sax-
elmwifos sakuTrebaa, xolo
aSS--Si misi mniSvnelovani naw-
ili kerZo sakuTrebaSia.
sazogadoebrivi seqto-
ris ekonomika (economy of
public sector) - ekonomikuri mec-
329
nierebis axali dargi, romlis
warmoSoba sabazro ekonomikis
formirebis kvaldakval moxda
XX saukunis meore naxevridan,
gansakuTrebiT, 60--iani wlebidan
da amis pioneri aSS iyo. am
periodidan moyolebuli, kapi-
talizmis transformaciis Sed-
egad kerZo kapitalisturi sa-
kuTrebis batonobaze dafuZneb-
uli ekonomikuri sistemis axal
TvisebriobaSi gadazrdam tra-
eqtoria Seucvala msoflios
ganviTarebas. sakuTrebis plu-
ralizmze dafuZnebuli saba-
zro sistemis ZiriTad maxasi-
aTeblad, bazris princi pebis
realizaciasTan erTad, social-
uri orientacia iqna aRiarebu-
li, ramac, Tavis mxriv, daadas-
tura ekonomikis saxelmwifo
regulirebis aucileblobis
Sesaxeb keinzianuri Teoriis
siswore. saxelmwifom Tavis
Tavze aiRo bazris `Secdome-
bis~ gamosworeba, rac humaniza-
ciis msoflio procesis safuZ-
veli gaxda. socialurad ori-
entirebuli sabazro ekonomikis
formireba drois moTxovna iyo,
metic, igi Tanamedrove msof-
lios ganviTarebis mniSvnelo-
van tendenciad iqca da msof-
lios axali wesrigisa da samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebis garanta-
daa aRiarebuli. am garemoebam
xeli Seuwyo zneobrivi faseu-
330 sazogadoebrivi seqto ris ekonomika
lobebis wina planze wamowevas,
romelmac Camoitova manamde
fesvebgadgmuli, socialuri in-
stinqtebiT ganpirobebuli mo-
Txovnilebebi da maTze maRla
dadga. Camoyalibda ori ti pis
sazogadoeba _ Caketili da Ria.
Caketili _ totalitaruli sa-
zogadoeba, romlis pirobebSi
pirovneba koleqtivis msxver-
plad iqca da Ria _ humanuri
sazogadoeba, romelic demokra-
tiuli faseulobebis ganviTare-
bis sawindaria. ukanasknel pe-
riodSi msoflioSi social-
urobis tendenciis gaZliere-
bam kanonzomieri xasiaTi mi-
iRo, metic, socialurma orien-
taciam sabazro ekonomika po-
litikurad sicocxlisuna-
riani gaxada.
ekonomikisaTvis sicocx-
lisunarianobis miniWebaSi udi-
desi roli 50--ian wlebSi daw-
yebulma mecnierul-- teqnikur-
ma revoluciam Seasrula, ro-
melmac gamoiwvia sazogadoe-
brivi warmoebis struqturu-
li gardaqmnebi, momsaxurebis
warmoebrivi dargebis daCqare-
buli ganviTareba da moamzada
pirobebi industriuli sazoga-
doebis postindustriulSi ga-
dazrdisaTvis. msoflios ekono-
mikuri ganviTarebis axal is-
toriaSi revoluciur maxasi-
aTeblad warmoCnda momsaxure-
seqtoris
bis seqtoris wilis upirate-
si zrda danarCen or seqtor-
Tan SedarebiT. es mniSvnelo-
vani Teoriuli paradigmebi
realurad aisaxa ekonomikaSi
mimdinare procesebSi da safuZ-
vlad daedo gaeros saerTa-
Soriso standartul dargobriv
klasifikaciasa da erovnul
angariSTa sistemas. postin-
dutriuli sazogadoebis Ca-
moyalibebiT daiwyo axali
era kacobriobis istoria-
Si. es axali msoflio wes-
rigisa da samoqalaqo sazo-
gadoebis mSeneblobis dasa-
wyisi iyo.
am istoriul wiaRsvlebSi,
naxtomisebr sazogadoebriv
progresSi udidesi roli Sea-
srula ekonomikurma Teoriam,
rogorc sazogadoebrivma mec-
nierebam. swored `didi depresi-
is~ Semdgom periodSi j. m. ke-
inzis makroekonomikuri regu-
lirebis Teoriam udidesi roli
Seasrula ekonomikisaTvis so-
cialuri rolis miniWebasa da
ekonomikuri zrdis Tanamedrove
Teoriebis CamoyalibebaSi.
am obieqturma wanamZRvrebma
safuZveli Cauyares sazogado-
ebrivi seqtoris ekonomikis
warmoSobasa da ganviTare-
bas. ekonomikuri mecnierebis
arc erTi dargisTvis ar aris
niSandoblivi iseTi Zlieri in-
sazogadoebrivi seqto ris ekonomika
seqtoris 331
tegrirebuli sawyisi, rogoric problemas. am resursebis ra-
ekonomikuri Teoriis (kerZod, cionalur gamoyenebaze didad
makroekonomikuri Teoriis) am aris damokidebuli qveynis
axali ganStoebis _ sazoga- ekonomikis mdgomareoba, gan-
doebrivi seqtoris ekonomiki- sakuTrebiT is, Tu ramdenad
sTvisaa. ekonomikisTvis so- aris igi socialurad orien-
cialuri orientaciis miniWe- tirebuli.
biT wina planze sazogadoe- sazogadoebrivi seqtoris
brivi interesebi wamoiwia da ekonomikis kvlevis sferoSia
man gazarda saxelmwifos roli moqceuli ekonomikis arasaba-
qveynis makroekonomikur regu- zro seqtoric, rac, bazris na-
lirebaSi. im fundamenturi klovanebebidan gamomdinare,
problemebis gadasawyvetad, ro- uSualod ukavSirdeba sazoga-
melic sabazro ekonomikis cno- doebrivi saqonlis warmoebas,
bili treadiT _ `ra~ `rogor~ gare efeqtebis gazomvasa da
`visTvis~ gamoixateba, sakmari- bunebrivi monopoliebis arse-
si ar aris mxolod moTxovniT bobis aucileblobis dasabuTe-
gamoxatuli individualuri mo- bas, romelTa gareSe zedmetia
mxmareblebis interesebis gaTva- saubari socialur reformebze.
liswineba. aucilebelia sazoga- saxelmwifosadmi erT-- erTi
doebrivi interesebis dacvac, mkacri moTxovnaa alokaciuri
raSic gadamwyvet rols sax- funqciis Sesruleba, rac ukav-
elmwifo asrulebs (amitomacaa, Sirdeba gansazRvruli saxis
rom ekonomikur literatura- saqonlisa da momsaxurebis war-
Si sazogadoebrivi seqtoris moebas, anu dasavleTSi sakmaod
ekonomika zogjer gaigivebulia aprobirebuli sazogadoebrivi
saxelmwifo seqtoris ekonomi- saqonlis warmoebas, romelic
kasTan). ar SeiZleba sabazro fasiT
sazogadoebrivi seqto- miewodos mosaxleobas. WeSmar-
ris ekonomika Seiswavlis iti socialuri reformebi iw-
sazogadoebrivi moTxovni- yeba maSin, rodesac saxelmwifo
lebebis maqsimalurad dak- SeimuSavebs qveynis interese-
mayofilebis mizniT saxelm- bidan gamomdinare kanonmdeblo-
wifo seqtorSi arsebuli bas (maT Soris, antimonopoli-
SezRuduli resursebis ef- ursac), moqnili fiskaluri da
eqtianad gamoyenebis gzeb- fulad-- sakredito politikis
sa da optimaluri arCevanis gatarebiT, konkurenciis dacviT,
332 sazogadoebrivi seqto ris ekonomika
seqtoris
jansaRi sainvesticio klimatis
SeqmniT, mcire biznesis waxa-
lisebiT da, saerTod, mosaxle-
obis saqmiani aqtiurobis gaz-
rdiT moaxdens sabazro uwo-
nasworobis minimizacias, iseT
mimarTulebas miscems bazars,
romelic ganapirobebs pirovneb-
is SesaZleblobaTa realiza-
cias. es problemebic, romel-
Ta gadaWrasac socialurad
orientirebuli sabazro ekono-
mikisaken mivyavarT, sazogadoe-
brivi seqtoris ekonomikis kvle-
vis sferoa.
saxelmwifo xarjebis poli-
tikaSi centraluri adgili sa-
zogadoebaSi socialuri sta-
bilurobis uzrunvelyofis sa-
kiTxebs uWiravs. socialur
sferoSi aqtiuri rolis Ses-
rulebiT, saxelmwifo `keTil-
dReobis saxelmwifos~ niSnebs
iZens. mosaxleobis saSualo
fenis gaZlierebiT mcirdeba
lobizmis negatiuri Sedegebis
masStabebi, Cqardeba ekonomikis
institucionalizmis procesi,
izrdeba kerZo struqturebis
socialuri pasuxismgebloba,
viTardeba samoqalaqo TviTSeg-
neba, farTovdeba TviTmmar-
TvelobiTi struqturebi da
Zlierdeba demokratia. samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebis insti-
tutebisa da humanizaciis pro-
cesebis gaZlierebiT warmoSo-
bili axali problemebi amdid-
rebs sazogadoebrivi seqtoris
ekonomikis Sinaarss.
ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis
strategiaSi gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba eqceva ekonomikuri
usafrTxoebis kriteriumebisa
da parametrebis SemuSavebas,
rac sazogadoebrivi seqtoris
ekonomikis prerogativaa.
gadasaxadebi, rogorc eko-
nomikis stimulirebisa da regu-
lirebis umniSvnelovanesi ber-
keti da sabiujeto Semosav-
lis ZiriTadi wyaro, wina plan-
ze ayenebs dabegvris Teoriis
sakiTxebs gadasaxadebisa da
ekonomikuri efeqtianobis urT-
ierTqmedebis WrilSi da sax-
elmwifos rols optimaluri
dabegvris funqcionirebaSi. am
kuTxiTac gadasaxadebis mra-
valwaxnagovani fenomeni sazo-
gadoebrivi seqtoris ekonomikis
kvlevis sferoa.
saxelmwifo biujetis defi-
citis globaluri problema
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
aniWebs saxelmwifo xarjebis
optimaluri gadanawilebis sa-
kiTxs. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
metad aqtualuria sabiujeto
federalizmis sakiTxebis kvl-
eva, romelic sazogadoebrivi
seqtoris ekonomikis Seswavlis
erT--erTi sferoa. misi kvle-
vis sferoa agreTve keTildRe-
sazogadoebrivi seqto ris ekonomikis ...
seqtoris
obisa da Semosavlebis gadan-
awilebis problemebic, rom-
lebic, Tavis mxriv, moicaven
siRaribisa da minimaluri so-
cialuri garantiebis, inflaci-
isa da mosaxleobis Semosav-
lebis gaufasurebis, qvelmo-
qmedebis, mecnierebisa da ga-
naTlebis saxelmwifo dafin-
ansebis da saxelmwifos mier
mecnierebis stimulirebis sak-
iTxebs.
sabazro ekonomikaze gar-
damavali periodis problemebi
kidev ufro afarToebs sazoga-
doebrivi seqtoris ekonomikis
sakvlev areals.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, didi
yuradReba eqceva sazogadoe-
brivi seqtoris ekonomikis ze-
moT CamoTvlili zogadsakaco-
brio amocanebis ganxorcieleb-
is Taviseburebebis Seswavlas
sabazro sistemaze gardamava-
li ekonomikis mqone qveynebSi.
sazogadoebrivi seqtoris
ekonomika, rogorc saswavlo dis-
ci plina, farTod dainerga mra-
vali qveynis umaRles saswav-
leblebSi, gamovida cnobil mec-
nierTa (J. stiglicis, a. ant-
kinsonis, m. ringkvistis, l. ia-
kobsonis, e. Jilcovisa da a.S.)
saxelmZRvaneloebic. postkomu-
nistur qveynebSi, magaliTad
ruseTSi, ukrainaSi, baltii-
spireTisa da aRmosavleT evro-
333
pis qveynebSi daiwyo metad
saWiro da drois moTxovniT
warmoSobili ekonomikuri mec-
nierebis am axali dargis aq-
tualuri problemebis kvleva
da sauniversiteto swavleba-
Si danergva, xolo saqarTvelo-
Si jerjerobiT saTanadod ver
ikidebs fexs.
saqarTveloSi sazogadoe-
brivi seqtoris ekonomikis kv-
leva da Sesabamisi rekomenda-
ciebis xelisuflebisaTvis mi-
wodeba garkveul wvlils Seit-
ans qveynis aRmSeneblobis saqme-
Si.
sazogadoebrivi seqto-
ris ekonomikis mkvlevar-
Ta asociacia (Association for
Studies of Public Economy -
ASPE) - dafuZnda 2000 wlis
2--3 ivniss sankt--peterburgSi
sazogadoebrivi seqtoris re-
formirebisadmi miZRvnil mesa-
me saerTaSoriso konferenciaze.
ASPE sazogadoebrivi organiza-
ciaa, romlis mizania sazogado-
ebrivi seqtoris ekonomikuri
problemebis Seswavla. igi ara-
formaluri gaerTianebaa, rome-
lic Tavis saqmianobas axasi-
aTebs stokholmis universi-
tetisa da sankt--peterburgis
saxelmwifo universitetis er-
Toblivi proeqtis CarCoebSi da
iTvaliswinebs: yovelwliur
saerTaSoriso samecniero kon-
334
ferenciis organizebas; asoci-
aciis samecniero moxsenebebis
gamoqveynebas; seminarebis mow-
yobas; ucxoeli specialiste-
bis leqciebis organizebasa da
a.S.
sazomTa metruli siste-
ma (metric system of measures) -
erTeulTa sistema, romelsac
safuZvlad udevs metri (si-
grZis erTeuli) an kilogrami
(masis erTeuli).
saTavo kompania (parent
company) - deda--kompania didi,
rogorc wesi, transerovnuli
korporaciisa, romelic flobs
masSi Semavali Svilobili kom-
paniebisa da sxva qveganyofile-
bebis aqciebis sakontrolo pa-
ketebs. saTavo kompania tran-
serovnuli korporaciis Stab--
binaa, romelic strategiuli
marTvis funqciebs asrulebs
iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa war-
moeba, gasaReba, finansebi, mec-
nieruli kvleva da sxv., Tumca,
Svilobil kompaniebs sawarmoo
sagamsaReblo saqmianobis op-
eratiuli sakiTxebis gadaWra-
Si damoukidebloba aqvT mini-
Webuli.
saTamaSo biznesi (gamb-
ling industry) - biznesi, romlis
mizania, TamaSebis industriis
safuZvelze azartuli TamaSe-
bis organizebiT, mogebis miReba.
saimporto inflacia (im-
ported inflation) - inflacia, rome-
sazomTa metruli siste ma
sistema
lic gamowveulia gare faq-
torebiT _ qveyanaSi ucxouri
valutis Warbi mozidviTa da
importis fasebis zrdiT.
sainvesticio banki (in-
vestment bank) - specialuri sa-
kredito instituti, romelic
axdens grZelvadiani sasesxo
kapitalis mobilizacias da Sem-
deg gascems mas obligaciebis
an sxva saxis sasesxo valdebu-
lebaTa gamoSvebisa da gavrce-
lebis gziT.
sainvesticio kapitali
(investment capital) - drois xan-
grZlivi periodiT investici-
ebSi dabadebuli kapitali.
sainovacio banki (innova-
tion bank) - specializebuli sak-
redito dawesebuleba, romelic
Seqmnilia Soreul efeqtze gaT-
vlili sarisko produqtebis
dasakrediteblad. ZiriTadad
awarmoebs teqnologiuri pro-
gresis, uaxlesi damuSavebebi-
sa da siaxleebis dakreditebas.
sainformacio teqnolo-
giebi (information technologies
- IT) – axali, mzardi saeqspor-
to dargi mTel msoflioSi,
romelic udides rols asru-
lebs Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi.
erTi mxriv, Tavad qmnis saeqs-
porto produqcias, meore mxriv
ki, warmoadgens yvela dargis
mecnieruli kvlevebisa da te-
qnologiuri infrastruqtur-
is elements.
sainformacio teqnolo giebi
teqnologiebi
personaluri kompiutere-
bis masobrivma moxmarebam sain-
formacio teqnologiebi ganviTa-
rebul qveynebSi sul sxva mas-
Stabebze gaiyvana, bevri qvey-
nis kompaniebs Seuqmna special-
izaciisa da momsaxurebis in-
ternacionalizaciis SesaZleb-
lobebi. naklebad ganviTarebu-
li qveynebisTvis aRmocenda
axali ti pis bazari, romelic
ori nawilisgan Sedgeba: 1. IT
servisebis autsorsingi da 2.
sainformacio teqnologiebiTa
da komunikaciebiT aRWurvili
biznesprocesebis autsorsingi.
IT servisebis autsors-
ings miekuTvneba programireba,
sistemebis integracia, progra-
muli gamoyenebebis testireba,
IT infrastruqtura da misi
momsaxureba, IT konsaltingi,
monacemebis damuSaveba da mo-
nacemTa mxardaWeris momsaxure-
ba, kontentis menejmenti da
ganviTareba da a.S.
sainformacio teqnolo-
giebiTa da ko munikaciebiT
komunikaciebiT
aRWurvili biz nesprocesebis
biznesprocesebis
autsorsingia: qolcentrebi
(momxmareblebTan dakavSirebis
centrebi), momxmarebelTa kav-
Siris (Semavali da gamavali
kavSirebis) centrebi, Sida
ofisis momsaxureba (monacem-
Ta bazis Seqmna, kadrebis admi-
nistrirebis mxardaWera, xelfa-
335
sebis gacema, finansebi) da a.S.
IT autsorsingis bazris seg-
mentze gamudmebiT mZafrdeba
konkurencia. sul ufro meti
qveyana, maT Soris, ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis dabal safexurze
myofi qveynebic, cdiloben Cae-
ban am globalur biznesSi.
sainformacio teqnologie-
bis bazris moculobam 2010
wels trilion dolars gada-
aWarba, zrdis tempi ki 2011
wlisTvis 7%-ze maRalia. anal-
itikuri kompania `gartneris~
mixedviT, mosalodnelia, rom IT
servisebis autsorsingis bazris
moculobam 2011 wlis bo-
losTvis 313,2 mlrd dolars
miaRwios, rac 6,9% zrdaa 2010
welTan SedarebiT.
saqarTvelo dgams pirvel
nabijebs sainformacio teqnolo-
giebis ganviTarebis gzaze. qvey-
nis IT servisebis bazarze mcire
da saSualo zomis 20-mde ko-
mpaniaa. yvelaze didi kompaniebi,
rogoricaa alta da UGT (200
TanamSromliT), bazarze damkvid-
rebisaTvis mimarTaven diversi-
fikaciis strategias da IT
servisebTan erTad sTavazoben
kompiuterul da eleqtronul
teqnikas. zogadad, qarTuli
kompaniebi warmodgenilia Sem-
degi produqtebiTa da servise-
biT: safinanso institutebisa
da sxva dargebis didi kompanie-
336 sainformacio teqnolo giebi
teqnologiebi
bisaTvis integrirebuli mza
gadawyvetilebebis (SAP, ERP,
CRM) morgeba da danergva, mar-
tivi programuli gadawyveti-
lebebis SemuSaveba mcire firme-
bisaTvis (sabuRaltro prog-
ramebi, klientTa momsaxureba),
veb-produqtebis SemuSaveba, do-
kumentaciis menejmenti, qselis
dizaini da administrireba. ba-
zarze arsebuli kompaniebidan,
mxolod erTi-ori asrulebs
ucxour dakveTebs. umniSvnelo
raodenobis SekveTebi modis ad-
gilobrivi biznesidan da mTav-
robidan IT konsaltingze da
strategiis SemuSavebaze. qar-
Tul bazarze ZiriTadad domi-
nirebs saxelmwifo dakveTebi.
saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da
mdgradi ganviTarebis saminis-
troSi 2010 wels Seiqmna spe-
cialuri infokomunikaciebis sam-
marTvelo, romlis amocanaa `sa-
informacio-satelekomunikacio
teqnologiebis sferoSi sax-
elmwifo politikis ZiriTadi
mimarTulebebisa da Sesabamisi
sakanonmdeblo-normatiuli ba-
zis gansazRvra da monitorin-
gi... sainformacio-satelekomu-
nikacio teqnologiebis qseleb-
isa da saSualebebis ganviTare-
bis mokle-, saSualo- da gr-
Zelvadiani strategiisa da pri-
oritetis gansazRvra da maTze
dafuZnebuli programebis Se-
giebiss dargis ...
dargis...
muSaveba, ganxorcieleba da mo-
nitoringi.~ saqarTvelos eko-
nomikisa da mdgradi ganviTare-
bis saministros veb-gverdi:
http://www.economy.ge/?category
=20&lang=geo
sainformacio teqnolo-
giebis dargis Rirebuleba-
giebis
Ta jaWvi (information technolo-
gies) – asaxavs sainformacio te-
qnologiebSi maTi komponente-
bis, procesebisa da servisebis
meSveobiT Seqmnil Rirebule-
bas, romlis saboloo momxma-
rebelia mosaxleoba, maT Soris,
kerZo da samTavrobo seqtorebi,
sxva IT servisebi, marketingi, kon-
saltingi da a.S.
IT strategiis SemuSaveba
biznesisaTvis yvelaze ZviradRi-
rebulia da warmoadgens am
jaWvis zeda nawils, sadac iqm-
neba Rirebulebis 50-55%. Sem-
deg modis programuli uzrun-
velyofis aplikaciebis (gamoy-
enebaTa) dizaini, SemuSaveba da
danergva, sistemebis integra-
cia, romlebzedac Rirebulebis
30_35%-mde nawildeba, dabolos,
qselisa da satelekomunikacio
infrastruqturis administr-
ireba, risTvisac darCenilia
Rirebulebis 10-15%.
rogorc wesi, ganviTareba-
di qveynebis IT kompaniebis po-
zicionireba xdeba IT autsors-
ingis mcire Rirebulebis ser-
sakvanZo kompetenturobis Teoria
visebis segmentze. bazris moTx-
ovnis (ZiriTadad warmodgeni-
li ganviTarebuli qveynebis ko-
mpaniebis moTxovniT) Seswav-
la xdeba IT konsaltinguri
kompaniis mier, romelic aseve
ganviTarebul qveyanaSia da
ugzavnis programuli uzrun-
velyofis ukve mza specifika-
ciebs ofSorul kompaniebs.
`ekonomistis dazvervis
jgufis~ (EIU) monacemebiT bo-
lo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi ta-
ivani, indoeTi, korea, singapu-
ri, israeli sakmaod win wai-
wia RirebulebaTa jaWvSi. es
gamowveulia samecniero-kvlevi-
Ti da axali produqciis gan-
viTarebis (R&D) xarjebis zr-
diT, rac sabolood aisaxa IT
patentebis generaciis indeqsis
momatebaSi. taivani, israeli da
singapuri am maCvenebliT pir-
vel xuTeulSi Sevida aSS-Tan
erTad.. Tu 4-5 wlis win indo-
eTi da CineTi iRebdnen SekveT-
ebs mxolod programuli gamoy-
enebebis menejmentSi, programe-
bis kodirebaSi, testirebaSi, in-
frastruqturis menejmentSi,
amJamad isini ufro rTul da
ZviradRirebul SekveTebs iReben
aplikaciebis zeda donis diza-
insa da SemuSavebaSi. am seg-
mentSi ruseTis, baltiispire-
Tis qveynebisa da belarusis
ramdenime kompania warmatebu-
337
lad uwevs maT konkurencias.
ufro dabal RirebulebaTa
segmentSi, sadac sruldeba
mcire momsaxureba Rirebulebis
dizainSi, sistemebis integra-
ciaSi, infrastruqturis mene-
jmentSi konkurencia gacilebiT
ufra mZafria da ZiriTadad
warmodgenilia indoeTisa da
CineTis ufro dabalanazRau-
rebiani IT kadrebiT. am samu-
Saoebze ar modis Seqmnili Ri-
rebulebis meoTxedic ki anu da-
axloebiT es aris 200 mili-
ardiani bazari msoflio mas-
StabiT, sadac Sesvlas cdilobs
bevri ganviTarebadi qveyana.
saTanado kvalifikaciis ka-
drebis nakleboba imdenad mwva-
vea yvela qveyanaSi, TviT indoeT-
Sic ki, rom danarCen qveynebs
gza exsnebaT, raTa maTac miiRon
SekveTebi. yvela ganviTarebadi
qveynis kompania, romelic ukve
damkvidrda dabali Rirebulebis
segmentze, cdilobs win wai-
wios RirebulebaTa jaWvSi.
sakvanZo kompetenturo-
bis Teoria (core competence
theory) – konkurenciis Teoria,
romelic asaxavs im axal tenden-
cias, romelic yalibdeba kom-
paniebSi koleqtiuri codnis
saxiT. urTierTTanamSromlobis
princi pze agebuli sakvanZo ko-
mpetenturoba xels uwyobs ko-
mpaniebs arsebuli samewarmeo
338
Tvisebebis koordinirebasa da
ganviTarebaSi, inovaciebze ori-
entirebuli, mudmivad cvale-
badi teqnologiuri nakadebis
integrirebaSi.
es termini pirvelad gamo-
qveynda 1990 wels `Harward
Business Review~-Si harvardis
biznesskolis warmomadgenlebis
s. prahaladisa da m. hamelis
statiaSi _ `sakvanZo kompeten-
turoba da organizacia~.
sakompensacio garige-
ba (compensatory transaction) -
yidva--gayidvis xelSekrulebis
forma. gamoiyeneba sagareo vaW-
robaSi da iTvaliswinebs saqo-
nelTa urTierTmiwodebas Tana-
bari fasiT. barterisagan gan-
sxvavebiT, sakompensacio gari-
geba moiTxovs SeZenili saqon-
lis Rirebulebis nawilobriv
mainc dafarvas.
sakredito baraTi (cre-
dit card) - plastikuri baraTi,
saxelobiTi fuladi dokumen-
ti, gacemuli sakredito dawese-
bulebis mier, romelic aZlevs
mis mflobels uflebas SeiZi-
nos saqoneli an momsaxureba
naRdi fulis gadaxdis gareSe.
sakredito fuli (credit
money) - saemisio bankebis mier
gamoSvebuli fasiani qaRalde-
bi, romelic Seicavs gansazRv-
ruli Tanxis gadaxdis valde-
bulebebs. misi saxeebia: Tama-
sakompensacio garigeba
suqi, banknoti, sabanko Ceki, ob-
ligacia da sxv.
sakuTreba (property, own-
ership) - adamianTa Soris sa-
zogadoebriv--ekonomikuri urT-
ierTobebis gamomxatveli kat-
egoria; warmoebis, ganawilebis,
gacvlisa da moxmarebis pro-
cesSi Camoyalibebuli obieq-
turi kavSirebis sistema, mate-
rialuri dovlaTis miTvisebis
gansazRvruli socialur--eko-
nomikuri forma. sakuTreba sa-
zogadoebis ganviTarebis ga-
momxatveli kategoriaa da ise-
Tive cvalebadia, rogorc sa-
zogadoebis ekonomikuri stru-
qtura.
adamiani bunebas iyenebs ara
rogorc cxoveli, romelic euf-
leba bunebis naboZebs da iT-
visebs mas bunebasTan urTier-
Tobis gacnobierebis gareSe, ara-
med masTan eqceva ekonomikuri
sistemiT ganpirobebul urTier-
TobaSi garkveuli sazogadoe-
brivi formiT.
ekonomiqsi sakuTrebas gani-
xilavs rogorc adamianis damo-
kidebulebas nivTisadmi. amis
sapirispirod ekonomikuri Teo-
ria sakuTrebas ganixilavs, ro-
gorc adamianebs Soris urTi-
erTobas, Camoyalibebuls resu-
rsebisa da maTi meSveobiT Seq-
mnili dovlaTis miTvisebis gamo.
sakuTrebis realizaciis
saldo 339
formebia: sargebloba, mflo- li SezRudvebi.
beloba, gankargva (sruli sruli sakuTrebis uflebis dac-
sakuTreba
sakuTreba).. sargeblobis uf- va (protection of property rights) –
leba warmoebis saSualebebis gulisxmobs qveyanaSi kargi
an sxva qonebis eqspluataci- politikuri sistemis arsebobas,
isa da misgan sargeblobis miRe- rodesac Tanamdebobis pirs ar
bis SesaZleblobas iZleva; SeuZlia moqalaqeTa sakuTre-
mflobelobis ufleba warmoe- bis konfiskacia an mitaceba.
bis saSualebebis an sxva qone- es niSnavs jansaR sasamarTlo
bis faqtobrivad dauflebisa sistemas, sadac dava swrafad
da sakuTar mflobelobaSi qo- da samarTlianad wydeba. sakuT-
nis SesaZleblobaa. mflobelo- rebis dacva niSnavs iseTi kanone-
ba moicavs sargeblobas, ro- bis SemoRebas, romlebic mimar-
gorc daqvemdebarebul martiv Tulia safondo bazarze insai-
moments. gankargvis (sruli sa- deruli vaWrobis winaaRmdeg;
kuTrebis) ufleba mesakuTres es niSnavs iseTi sapatento
SesaZleblobas aZlevs imoqme- kanonebis amoqmedebas, romlebic
dos Tavis Sexedulebisamebr da stimuls miscemda firmebs Se-
TviTon gansazRvros sakuTre- eqmnaT axali produqcia; es
bis obieqti: Tavis sakuTrebaSi niSnavs antimonopoliuri kano-
daitovos Tu gaasxvisos, gayi- nebis arsebobas, romlebic xels
dos. sruli sakuTreba moicavs Seuwyobda konkurentuli baz-
sargeblobasa da mflobelobas. ris Camoyalibebasa da monopo-
sakuTrebis ufleba (pro- liuri bazris likvidacias.
perty rights) - ufleba, romelic saldo (saldo) [<ital. sal-
gansazRvravs resursebis, mate- do angariSi, naSTi] - sxvaoba
rialur--nivTobrivi dovlaTi- sawarmos fulad Semosavleb-
sa da momsaxurebis gamoyeneb- sa da danaxarjebs Soris drois
is nebarTvas. sakuTrebis ufle- gansazRvrul monakveTSi; saer-
ba aqtivebze moicavs maT gamoye- TaSoriso vaWrobaSi _ sxvao-
nebas, formisa da Sinaarsis ba qveynis eqsportisa da im-
Secvlas, agreTve uflebis ga- portis Rirebulebas Soris
dacemas maTi gayidvis gziT. (savaWro balansis saldo). sa-
aqtivebze sakuTrebis ufleba erTaSoriso sagadasaxado an-
ar aris SeuzRudavi, vinaidan gariSsworebaSi _ sxvaoba qvey-
arsebobs kanoniTa da xelSek- nis sazRvargareTul gadasax-
rulebis pirobiT gansazRvru- delebsa da Semosavlebs Soris
340
(sagadasaxdelo balansis sal-
do).
salicenzio sistema (li-
cencing system) - sagareo vaWro-
bis operaciebis regulireba
saqonlis Semotanasa da gata-
naze saxelmwifo nebarTvisaTvis
(licenziebis gacemiT).
samecniero - teqnikuri
TanamSromloba (scientific-
technical cooperation) - saerTaSo-
riso ekonomikuri TanamSrom-
lobis forma, moicavs: erTobliv
samecniero damuSavebebs, licen-
ziebiT vaWrobas, msxvili teq-
nologuri proeqtebis ganxor-
cielebas, obieqtebis erTobliv
mSeneblobas, erovnuli kadrebis
momzadebas, religiur--saZiebo
samuSaoebis warmoebasa da a.S.
samecniero - teqnikuri
progresi - stp (scientific-tech-
nical progress) - mecnierebisa da
teqnikis erTiani, urTierTgan-
pirobebuli, Tanmimdevruli gan-
viTareba. stp-is I etapi ukav-
Sirdeba manufaqturul warmoe-
bas (XVI-XVIII ss.), II etapi _
manqanuri industriis ganviTare-
bas (XVIII s.--is bolodan), III
etapi _ samecniero--teqnikur
revolucias (XX s.--is 50--iani
wlebidan), romlis safuZvelze
moxda sazogadoebrivi warmoe-
bis arnaxuli diversifikacia.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi samec-
niero--teqnologiuri progre-
salicenzio sistema
si stp-is ganviTarebuli for-
maa.
samTomopovebiTi mrew-
veloba (mining industry) - sa-
sargeblo wiaRiseulis mopove-
bisa da gamdidrebis dargTa
kompleqsi. masSi Sedis: saTbo-
bis warmoeba (mrewveloba), sam-
Toqimiuri da samTomadneulis
mrewveloba, mineraluri nedle-
ulis da araliTonuri nedleu-
lis (almasi, grafiti, asbesti,
qarsi, kvarciti, dolomiti, min-
eraluri samSeneblo masalebi,
cecxlgamZle da sxva Tixebi
da a.S. mopoveba.
samisamarTo sia (mailing
list) - saqonlis an momsaxure-
bis potenciur myidvelTa mis-
amarTebis sia, romelic dgeba
pirdapiri safosto reklamis me-
TodiT sareklamo an sainforma-
cio masalebis dagzavnis mizniT.
samomxmareblo kalaTa
(basket of goods, consumer’s bas-
ket) - adamianis ZiriTadi fizi-
ologiuri da socialur--kul-
turuli moTxovnilebebis da-
sakmayofileblad aucilebeli
samomxmareblo saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis nakrebi. warmoad-
gens bazas minimaluri samomx-
mareblo biujetis, minimaluri
xelfasis, pensiis, daxmarebis,
sti pendiisa da a.S. gansazRvri-
saTvis.
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
nakrebi sxvadasxva socialur--
demografiuli jgufisaTvis
diferencirebulia da damoki-
debulia ekonomikis realur
SesaZleblobebze. samomxmare-
blo kalaTaSi Sedis saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis sxvadasxva na-
krebi: puri da purproduqtebi,
xorci da xorcis produqtebi,
rZe da rZis produqtebi, kver-
cxi, Tevzi da Tevzis produq-
tebi, kartofili, bostneuli,
xili, zeTi, margarini, karaqi,
Saqari da sakonditro nawarmi,
sxva produqtebi; tansacmeli,
TeTreuli, fexsacmeli; wamali,
sanitariisa da higienis sagne-
bi; aveji, kulturul--sayofacx-
ovrebo da sameurneo daniS-
nulebis sagnebi; sacxovrebe-
li bina, komunaluri momsa-
xureba; kulturul-- saganma-
naTleblo momsaxureba; sayofa-
cxovrebo momsaxureba; trans-
porti, kavSirgabmuloba; skola-
mdeli dawesebulebebis momsa-
xureba.
samomxmareblo kalaTis Se-
faseba xdeba sapreiskuranto
fasebiT gansazRvruli peri-
odiT. samomxmareblo kalaTa-
Si Sesuli saqonlisa da momsa-
xurebis asortimenti asaxavs
xalxis cxovrebis dones. rac
ufro mravalferovania `kala-
TaSi~ Semavali kvebis pro-
duqtebisa da arasasursaTo sa-
341
qonlis CamonaTvali, miT ufro
maRalia cxovrebis done.
samomxmareblo kredi-
ti (consumer credit) - samomx-
mareblo saqonlis SesaZenad
gacemuli moklevadiani kredi-
ti. kreditorebi SeiZleba iyos:
bankebi, lombardebi, gamqirave-
beli punqtebi, sacalo vaWro-
bis obieqtebi, firmebi da sxv.
samomxmareblo fasebis
indeqsi (consumer price index) -
maCvenebeli, romelic asaxavs sa-
qonlisa da momsaxurebis fase-
bis saSualo cvlilebis gav-
lenas fiqsirebul samomxmareb-
lo kalaTaze. igi gamoiyeneba
ekonomikaSi fasebis cvlile-
bis da masTan dakavSirebuli
procesebis analizisa da prog-
nozisaTvis. gaiangariSeba 1917
wlidan da qveyndeba yovelTvi-
urad. gamoiyeneba moxmarebis
saSualo fasis anu cxovrebis
Rirebulebis gazomvisaTvis.
samomxmareblo xarjebi
(consumer expenditures) - moxma-
rebaze gaweuli xarjebi. makro-
ekonomikaSi moicavs Sinameur-
neobaTa yvela saboloo dan-
axarjs, garda sacxovrebeli
binis mSeneblobis an yidvi-
saTvis gaweuli xarjebisa.
samoqalaqo sazogado-
eba (civil society) - samoqalaqo
mowyobis iseTi ti pi, romelic
gamoirCeva demokratiis maRa-
342
li doniT, politikuri, ekono-
mikuri, socialuri, kulturu-
li da a.S. urTierTobebis plu-
ralizmiT. safuZveli Caeyara
XX saukunis meore naxevridan,
gansakuTrebiT misi ukanaskne-
li periodidan, rodesac civi-
lizebul qveynebSi axali msomso--
flio wesrigis damyarebis au-
cilebloba warmoiqmna.
axali dro yovelTvis war-
moqmnis Tavis prioritets. Tan-
amedroveobis aseTi priorite-
ti samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
mSeneblobaa. es procesi mniS-
vnelovanwilad ganapiroba mec-
nierul--teqnologiuri progre-
sis safuZvelze msoflio war-
moebaSi mimdinare mZlavrma pro-
gresulma cvlilebebma, rac,
upirveles yovlisa, momsaxure-
bis sferos prioritetul gan-
viTarebaSi gamoixata. aranak-
lebi roli Seasrula axali
ekonomikuri Teoriebis Camoy-
alibebam da msoflioSi tonis
mimcemi qveynebis ekonomikur
politikaSi maTi gamoyenebis
masStabebis zrdam. msoflio
ekonomikurma ganviTarebam ax-
ali Tvisebrioba SeiZina. ker-
Zo kapitalisturi sakuTrebis
prioritetze dafuZnebulma
gabatonebulma urTierTobebma
evoluciuri gziT sakuTrebis
pluralizmze dafuZnebul ur-
TierTobebs dauTmo adgili.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
sakuTrebis swored aseTma tran-
sformaciam gabatonebul ker-
Zo sakuTrebiT urTierTobebze
damyarebul kapitalizms traeq-
toria Seucvala da misi axal
TvisebriobaSi gadazrda daaC-
qara. Camoyalibda sabazro eko-
nomika, sadac `pirveli violi-
nos~ roli bazars daekisra.
kacobriobis ganviTarebis am
Tvisebriv naxtomSi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom man
ekonomikas socialuri orien-
tacia SesZina.
bazarma sruliad sxva Si-
naarsi SeiZina. igi aRiarebul
iqna civilizaciis udides mo-
napovrad. sakuTrebiT urTier-
TobebSi ganxorcielebulma ra-
dikalurma da amave dros, uaR-
resad progresulma cvlile-
bebma, ekonomikis saxelmwifo re-
gulirebasTan erTad, ganapiroba
kacobriobis mravalsaukunovani
arsebobis manZilze pirvelad
bazris, rogorc meurneobis
efeqtiani meqanizmis Camoyali-
beba. aseTma bazarma, Sromis mo-
tivaciis efeqtiani sistema Seq-
mna da mewarmeobis ganviTare-
bas farTo SesaZleblobebi mis-
ca. man, horizontaluri kav-
Sirebis gafarToeba--ganmtkice-
bis safuZvelze, sagrZnoblad
gaamartiva mmarTvelobis ier-
arqiuli struqtura, ganapiroba
kerZo da sazogadoebrivi in-
samuelsoni pol entoni
teresebis daaxloeba da, sab-
oloo angariSiT, warmoqmna
iseTi obieqturi kanonzomiereba,
romelmac gamoxatuleba Tvise-
brivad sruliad axal ekono-
mikur zrdaSi pova. am gare-
moebam dasabami misca sazoga-
doebriv gardaqmnebs axal am-
pluaSi da dadebiTi gavlena
moaxdina Tanamedrove sazoga-
doebis potencialis zrdaze.
yuradReba gamaxvilda axali
sazogadoebis formirebaze, axal
sociumze, ramac xeli Seuwyo
sazogadoebrivi interesebis
wina planze wamowevas, kerZo
seqtoris socialuri pasuxis-
mgeblobis amaRlebasa da hu-
manizaciis procesebis gaRrma-
vebas. daiwyo socialurad da-
ucveli fenebis daxmarebisa da
qvelmoqmedebis organizacieb-
is farTod Seqmnis procesi.
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba sax-
elmwifo socialuri dacvis
miznobriv programebs mieqca.
es programebi, romlebic sxvada-
sxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva dros
ganxorcielda, iTvaliswinebda
umuSevrobis dazRvevas, sapen-
sio uzrunvelyofas, avadmyo-
fobis gamo daxmarebas, warmoe-
baSi ubeduri SemTxvevis gamo
daxmarebas, samedicino dazRve-
vas an ufaso samedicino mom-
saxurebasa da a.S.
socialur sferoSi aqti--
343
uri rolis SesrulebiT sa--
xelmwifom `keTildReobis sa--
xelmwifos~ niSnebi SeiZina. gan-
viTarebulma samyarom, SeiZ--
leba iTqvas, miiRo axali drois
gamowveva. safuZveli Caeyara
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis for--
mirebas. kacobriobis ganviTare-
bis ganvlil periodTan Se--
darebiT, es iyo wingadadgmu--
li nabiji da axali sityva
ufro maRali socialuri da
amave dros, msoflio wesrigis
damyarebis TvalsazrisiT.
ekonomikisTvis socialuri
orientaciis micema qveynis mS-
vidobiani da harmoniuli gan-
viTarebis sawindari da samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebis safuZve-
lia.
samrewvelo cikli (busi-
ness cycle) - ekonomikis ganviTa-
rebis araregularuli ganmeore-
badi periodi. Sedgeba saerTo
saqmiani aqtiurobis aRmavlobi-
sa da dacemis periodebisagan.
samuelsoni pol entoni
(1915--2009) (Samuelson, Paul A.)
- XX saukunis cnobili amerike-
li ekonomist-- Teoritikosi,
masaCusetsis teqnologiuri
institutis profesori, eko-
nomikis dargSi nobelis premi-
is laureati (1970).
samuelsonis naSromebi mo-
icavs Tanamedrove Teoriuli
ekonomikuri mecnierebis TiTq-
344
mis yvela ganyofilebis far-
To speqtrs. miuxedavad imisa,
rom metad nayofieri avtoria,
man dawera mxolod ori wigni
_ `ekonomikuri analizis sa-
fuZvlebi (1948) da cnobili
saxelmZRvanelo `ekonomiqsi~
(1945). samuelsons mieniWa no-
belis premia im naSromebisaTvis,
romlebmac maTematikuri meTo-
debis gamoyenebaze dayrdnobiT
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula
ekonomikuri mecnierebis Teo-
riuli da meTodologiuri
donis amaRlebaSi.
saxelmwifo finansebis
TeoriaSi fuZemdebluri gax-
da samuelsonis saxelmwifo xar-
jebis wminda Teoria, romelic
exeba resursebis optimalur ga-
nawilebas rogorc kerZo, ise
sazogadoebriv saqonelTan mi-
marTebaSi.
samomxmareblo moTxov-
nis TeoriaSi samuelsonis
midgoma sapirispiro iyo im dros
damkvidrebuli midgomisa, rome-
lic mdgomareobda deduqciuri
meTodebis safuZvelze samomx-
mareblo qcevis Teoriis da-
muSavebaSi. momxmarebelTa qce-
vis damkvidrebis safuZvelze
gamovlenili upiratesobiT sam-
uelsonma gansazRvra samomx-
mareblo upiratesoba.
`keTildReobis ekonomi-
kur TeoriaSi~ cnobilia samu-
samuelsoni pol entoni
elsonis kriteriumi, romelic
gansazRvravs ama Tu im cv-
lilebis gavlenas keTildRe-
obis doneze. yvela danarCeni
kriteriumi am zogadi krite-
riumis kerZo SemTxvevaa.
ekonomikuri dinamikis
TeoriaSi samuelsonma gamoikv-
lia ekonomikuri sistemis cv-
lilebebi wonasworobis arar-
sebobis pirobebSi da ekonomikis
gadasvla erTi fazidan meore-
Si. man gansazRvra ekonomikuri
sistemis mdgradobis pirobebi,
romlebic xSirad emTxveva sta-
tikuri mdgradobis pirobebs.
statikursa da dinamikurs So-
ris formalur damokidebule-
bas samuelsonma Sesabamisobis
princi pi uwoda. Tavis naSrom-
Si `multi plikatoris anal-
izisa da aqseleraciis prin-
ci pis urTierTdamokidebule-
ba~ (1939) man gaaanaliza pro-
cesi, romelic safuZvlad dae-
do ekonomikuri ciklis ana-
lizs
lizs.
60--ian wlebSi samuelsoni
icavda kapitalis neoklasikur
koncefcias (Tumca ver miaR-
wia srul warmatebas), agreTve
detalurad daamuSava ekonomi-
kuri efeqtianobis dinamikuri
pirobebi.
samuelsonma mniSvnelovani
wvlili Seitana saerTaSo-
riso ekonomikis TeoriaSi
TeoriaSi.
samuSao Zalis wili (maCvenebeli)
stolperTan erTad daamuSava
Teoria, romelsac maTi saxeli
mieniWa. am Teoriis mixedviT,
Tavisufali vaWroba amcirebs
SezRuduli warmoebis faqtore-
biT miRebul Semosavals. am de-
bulebidan gamomdinare, man ga-
moavlina warmoebis faqtorTa
fasebis gamoTanabrebis pirobebi
hekSer--olinis sistemaSi. cno-
bilia misi klasikuri ganmarte-
ba `transferebis problemas-
Tan~ dakavSirebiT.
meore msoflio omis Sem-
deg, 50--iani wlebis dasawyis-
Si, samuelsonma Tavisi gaxmau-
rebuli naSromis — `ekonomiq-
sis~ gamocemiT (romelic 1998
wels ukve meTeqvsmeted gam-
oica v. nordhausis Tanaavtoro-
biT) didi roli Seasrula eko-
nomikuri ganaTlebis sferoSi,
gansakuTrebiT keinzianuri
Te oriis ganzogadebaSi
Teoriis ganzogadebaSi, stok-
holmis skolisa da sakuTari
Teoriebis Sesaxeb codnis gavr-
celebaSi. am periodidan moy-
olebuli `ekonomiqsi~ perma-
nentulad gamodis sxvadasxva
enaze, daistamba milionobiT
egzemplari. amiT pol samuel-
soni ara mxolod yvelaze gav-
leniani ekonomisti gaxda, ara-
med samecniero wreSi yvelaze
SeZlebulic.
samuSao dro (working time)
- warmoebaSi dasaqmebuli mo-
345
saxleobis mier gamomuSavebu-
li saaTebis raodenoba.
samuSao drois saaTebis
mTliani raodenoba (total wor-
king hours) - samuSao drois sa-
aTebis saSualo raodenoba gam-
ravlebuli dasaqmebuli mosax-
leobis ricxovnobaze.
samuSao drois saaTebis
saSualo raodenoba (average
working hours) - samuSao drois
saaTebis raodenoba, romlis gan-
mavlobaSic dasaqmebulia erTi
saSualo statistikuri muSaki.
samuSao Zala (labour force)
- ekonomikurad aqtiuri mo-
saxleobis mTliani raodenoba,
romelic moicavs dasaqmebulebs,
samxedro mosamsaxureebsa da
registrirebul umuSevrebs.
oficialur statistikaSi sam-
uSao Zalad ganisazRvreba ad-
amianTa is jgufi 16 wlidan
pensiaze gasvlis asakamde, rom-
lebic muSaoben an umuSevrebi
arian. samuSao Zalis katego-
rias ar miekuTvnebian studen-
tebi, pensionrebi, diasaxlisebi,
is pirebi, romlebmac dakarges
samuSaos Sovnis imedi da ami-
tom aqtiurad aRar eZeben mas.
samuSao Zalis wili (maC-
maC-
venebeli ) (labour force partici-
pation rate) - momuSaveTa da umu-
SevarTa procenti Sromisuna-
riani asakis mqone mosaxleo-
bis mTlian ricxovnobaSi.
346
sanacia (sanitation) - 1. ban-
kebis mier (xSirad saxelmwi-
fos monawileobiT) gatarebu-
li zomebis sistema (subsidie-
bi, SeRavaTiani kreditebi, Se-
RavaTiani dabegvra da a.S.) ga-
kotrebis Tavidan acilebisa da
konkurentunarianobis amaRleb-
is mizniT.
2. saxelmwifo da sabanko
RonisZiebebis sistema sawarmoe-
bis gakotrebis Tavidan acilebi-
saTvis, maTi finansuri mdgoma-
reobis gaumjobesebisaTvis dak-
reditebis, reorganizaciis, ga-
mosaSvebi produqciis saxeobe-
bis SecvliT an sxva gziT.
sanqcia (sanction) [<laT.
sanctio umkacresi dadgenileba]
- 1. ekonomikuri, finansuri,
samxedro RonisZiebebi gamoye-
nebuli saerTaSoriso samarTal-
Si im saxelmwifoebis winaaR-
mdeg, romlebmac daarRvies sa-
erTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi;
2. nebarTva, Tanxmoba, da-
dastureba, mowoneba.
3. iZulebiTi zemoqmedebis
RonisZiebebi sameurneo da fi-
nansuri saqmianobis normalu-
rad gaZRolis wesebis damr-
RvevTa mimarT. sanqciebi xorci-
eldeba saxelmwifo organoeb-
is, finansuri da sagadasaxado
organoebis, agreTve bankebis mxri-
dan. sanqciebi moicavs: saqmia-
nobis akrZalvas an SezRudvas,
sanacia
materialuri da fuladi saSu-
alebebis amoRebas.
ganasxvaveben Semdegi sax-
is sanqciebs; 1). saxelSekrule-
bo (jarimebi, xelSekrulebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis Se-
usruleblobisaTvis; 2). sakre-
dito(sabanko), gamoiyeneba banke-
bis mier sakredito valdebule-
baTa darRvevis SemTxvevaSi; 3).
finansuri (finansur-sagadasax-
ado disci plinis darRvevisas).
saprivatizacio Ceki (pri-
vatiozation check, voucher) - 1. miz-
nobrivi daniSnulebis nomina-
luri Rirebulebis mqone saxel-
mwifo fasiani qaRaldi, rome-
lic gamoiyeneba rogorc saga-
damxdelo saSualeba sapriva-
tizacio obieqtebis SesaZenad.
sargeblianobis Teoria
(theory of utility) - Teoriuli mi-
marTuleba ekonomikur mecni-
erebaSi, romelic ganaviTares
avstriuli skolis warmomad-
genlebma XIX-XX saukuneebSi.
eyrdnoba sargeblianobis bazi-
sur, subieqtur gagebas, rome-
lic aRiqmeba rogorc siamovneba,
romelsac adamiani iRebs dov-
laTis moxmarebis Sedegad. sar-
geblianobis Teoriis ZiriTadi
principi eyrdnoba klebadi zRv-
ruli sargeblianobis kanons,
romlis mixedviT sargeblia-
nobis mateba klebulobs erTi
erTeuli damatebiTi dovlaTis
sarisko kapitali
(sikeTis) miRebis Sedegad.
sarezervo valuta (reser-
ve currency) - ucxouri valuta,
romelsac saxelmwifo inaxavs
rogorc Tavisi savaluto re-
zervebis nawils saerTaSoriso
vaWrobaSi gamosayeneblad. sare-
zervo valuta unda akmayofi-
lebdes Semdeg pirobebs: a). un-
da hqondes stabiluri Rire-
buleba; b). unda iyos im qvey-
nis valuta, romelic mniSvne-
lovan rols asrulebs saer-
TaSoriso vaWrobaSi; g). unda
iyos Tavisuflad konvertire-
badi. sarezervo valutis rols
umetesad asrulebs aSS dola-
ri, evro, girvanqa sterlingi
da Sveicariuli franki.
sarezervo norma (reserve
rate) – bankebis rezervebis (ro-
melic warmodgenilia nawilo-
briv naRdi fulis saxiT, nawi-
lobriv ki centralur bankSi
mocemuli bankis angariSze) maT
saCeko depozitebTan Sefarde-
ba, rac, rogorc wesi, 10%_s
Seadgens. bankebi darCenil
90%_s sesxebis gasacemad an
obligaciebis SesaZenad iyeneben.
sareklamo saagento (ad-
vertising agency) - Suamavali or-
ganizacia, romelic Tavis klien-
tebs uwevs momsaxurebas rek-
lamis dagegmvis, organizaciisa
da gamoyenebisaTvis, agreTve
presiT, radioTi da televizi-
347
iT misi gavrcelebisaTvis. sa-
reklamo saagentoebi arsebobs
masobrivi komunikaciebis saSua-
lebebis mflobelTa da klient-
Ta honorarebis sakomisio gasam-
rjelos xarjze.
sarisko kapitali (risk
capital) – kapitali, dabandebu-
li kompaniaSi gakotrebis ma-
Rali riskiT (albaTobiT), mag.,
venCuruli kapitali.
kompaniis finansuri kapita-
lis sxvadasxva forma riskis
sxvadasxva xarisxiT xasiaTdeba.
mag., kompaniis mogebis ganawi-
lebisas savalo valdebulebe-
bis mflobelebi, sargebloben ra
rigi upiratesobebiT, pirvel
rigSi iReben mogebis fiqsire-
bul procents da, aqedan gamom-
dinare, maTi kapitali atarebs
mcire risks; privilegiuri aqci-
is mflobelebi TavianT Semosa-
vals fiqsirebuli dividendis
saxiT meore rigSi iReben da
maTi kapitali SedarebiT ufro
maRali riskis matarebelia; Cve-
ulebrivi aqciis mflobelebi Ta-
vianT Semosavals sul bolos
iReben kompaniis darCenili mo-
gebidan, aqedan gamomdinare, maTi
kapitali yvelaze maRali riskis
Semcvelia. Tu kompaniaSi izr-
deba mogeba, maSin Cveulebrivi
aqciis mflobelTa Semosavali
izrdeba, vinaidan zemoT aRniS-
nuli fiqsirebuli procenti-
348
sa da fiqsirebuli dividendis
gadidebis Semdeg, kompania maT
unawilebs darCenil qonebas.
arsebobs savaluto riski,
romelic dakavSirebulia ucx-
ouri valutis kursis moulod-
nel cvlilebasTan da adgili
aqvs sagareo vaWrobaSi, sakredi-
to da savaluto operaciebis
Catarebisas da a.S.
garda amisa, adgili aqvs ag-
reTve erovnuli valutis sa-
bazro Rirebulebis meryeobiT
gamowveul risks.
sakredito riski dakavSire-
bulia kreditebis daubruneb-
lobasTan xelSekrulebiT gaT-
valiswinebul vadaSi.
sabanko riskis erT-erTi sa-
xeobaa sargeblis riski, rome-
lic ganpirobebulia sargeblis
ganakveTebis gauTvaliswinebe-
li cvlilebebiT.
sarisko kapitali mWidro
kavSirSia samewarmeo riskTan,
romelic Tan axlavs firmis
yoveldRiur saqmianobas, misi
zogadi (corporate risk) da amave
dros erT-erTi ZiriTadi riskia.
sasaqonlo niSani (trade-
mark) - dadgenili wesiT reg-
istrirebuli, originalurad
gaformebuli grafikuli, asoe-
brivi an sxvagvari niSani. gam-
oiyeneba sxvadasxva sawarmoTa
mier warmoebuli erTgvarovani
sasaqonlo niSani
saqonlis erTmaneTisagan gan-
sasxvaveblad. zogierT qveya-
naSi arsebobs savaWro niSnis
ori saxe: 1. savaWro marka (trade
mark) - niSani--simbolo, sityva
an am ukanasknelTa SeerTeba,
romelic miuTiTebs saqonlis
mwarmoebelze; 2. savaWro sax-
elwodeba (trade name) - saqon-
lis mwarmoeblis saxelwode-
ba, romelic ekuTvnis ara ga-
moSvebul produqcias, aramed
TviT firmas. sasaqonlo niSne-
bi daculia kanoniT.
sasaqonlo-materialuri
maragi (inventories) - warmoebu-
li, magram jer kidev gausaRe-
beli produqcia, romelic mwar-
moeblebisa da sabiTumo vaWro-
bis sawyobebSi inaxeba.
sasesxo kapitalis baza-
ri (credit market) - sakredito
urTierTobebis specifikuri
sfero, sadac moTxovna--miwode-
bis safuZvelze yalibdeba gari-
geba sesxad gasacem fulad kapi-
talze.
sasoflo dasaxleba (ru-
ral settlement) - dasaxlebuli
punqti, romelic ar Seesabame-
ba mocemul qveyanaSi dadge-
nil saqalaqo dasaxlebis kri-
teriumebs. sasoflo dasaxleb-
is macxovreblebi ZiriTadad
dasaqmebulia soflisa da sa-
tyeo meurneobaSi, misdeven nad-
irobas, rewvas da a.S.
safondo birJa 349
sasoflo-sameurneo la
la-- romliTac jarimdebian fula-
gi (agricultural lag) - garRveva sa- di valdebulebebis aradrou-
soflo-- sameurneo warmoebis li SesrulebisaTvis, vadis ga-
faqtobriv da potenciur mocu- dacilebisaTvis. rogorc wesi,
lobebs Soris. ZiriTadad war- sauravi wesdeba procentis sa-
moiqmneba ganviTarebad qveyneb- xiT vadagadacilebul valde-
Si. Tu soflidan qalaqSi gaz- bulebebis Tanxaze da ericxeba
rdili migraciis gamo kvebis yoveli vadagadacilebuli dRi-
produqtebisa da sasoflo-- saTvis garkveuli periodis man-
sameurneo nedleulis miwode- Zilze, romlis Semdegac xdeba
ba ver akmayofilebs maTze erTjeradi jarimis gadaxda.
moTxovnas, maSin warmoiqmneba safaqturo fasi (invoice
am produqciis deficiti, rac price) - fasi, romelic miTiTe-
zrdis mis imports. es mZime bulia angariSSi (faqturaSi)
tvirTad awveba qveynis ekonomi- miwodebul saqonelze. miwode-
kas da iwvevs mis Seferxebas. bis sabaziso pirobebis mixed-
satransporto danaxar- viT, safaqturo fasSi SeiZle-
jebi (transport costs) – xarjebi, ba Sevides saqonlis gadazidvas-
romlebic dakavSirebulia tvir- Tan, datvirTva--gadmotvirTvas-
Tis gadazidvasTan erTi adgi- Tan, dazRvevasTan, saeqsporto
lidan meoreze. moicavs ara mxo- baJis gadaxdasTan da a.S. dakav-
lod gadazidvis pirdapir dana- Sirebuli danaxarjebi.
xarjebs, romelic ganisazRvre- safirmo marka (firm mark)
ba manZiliT, aramed datvirTvis, - saxelwodeba an emblema, ro-
gadmotvirTvisa da sagzao mom- melic mocemuli saqonlis sxva
saxurebis danaxarjebsac. saqonlis masisagan gamoyofis
satransporto tvirT- saSualebas iZleva. safirmo
baraTi (way bill) - dokumenti, marka saqonlis `saxis~ ganuyo-
romelSic mocemulia sarkinig- feli elementia (ix. imiji).
zo an saavtomobilo trans- nawarmi, romelic Tavisi safir-
portiT gadasazidi saqonlis mo markis wyalobiT moi povebs
aRwera; konosamentis analogi, aRiarebas bazarze, mtkice pozi-
romelic fasiani qaRaldi ar cias ikavebs. saqoneli safir-
aris da romlis xelidan xelSi mo markiT nebismieri savaWro
gadacema ar SeiZleba. sawarmodan iyideba.
sauravi (penalty tax) – sanq- safondo birJa (stock ex-
cia fuladi jarimis saxiT, change) - fasiani qaRaldebis
350
organizebuli meoreuli baz-
ari, romelic funqcionirebs
dadgenili wesebis mixedviT da
kotirebis meqanizmis meSveobiT
gansazRvravs birJaze mimoqce-
vadi fasiani qaRaldebis Ziri-
Tadi saxeobis _ aqciebisa da
obligaciebis sabazro kurss,
fass. safondo birJa avlens
fasian qaRaldebze moTxovnisa
da miwodebis dones da axdens
maTs koncentracias.
safondo birJaze aqciebi-
sa da obligaciebis kotirebi-
saTvis gaSveba xdeba emiten-
tisadmi konkretuli moTxov-
nis wayenebiT. birJaze fasiani
qaRaldebis gamotana SezRudu-
lia. msoflios udides birJe-
bze (niu-- iorkis, londonis,
tokios da a.S.) mimoiqceva
mxolod ramdenime umsxvilesi
aqcioneruli kompaniis aqciebi,
romlebic saerTod mimoqceva-
Si gaSvebuli aqciebis 75%--ze
mets Seadgens. danarCeni ko-
mpaniebis finansuri aqtivebi
iyideba sxva safondo birJeb-
ze da maTs gareT.
kotirebuli aqciebis saer-
To Tanxisa da dadebuli gari-
gebebis moculobis mixedviT,
msoflioSi yvelaze didi safon-
do birJebia iaponiis, aSS--is,
inglisisa da taivanis fasiani
qaRaldebis bazrebi. mag., niu--
iorkis safondo birJaze dRe-
Si 160 mln--ze meti aqcia mi-
safondo birJa
moiqceva. safondo birJis yve-
laze gavrcelebuli modelia
anglo--amerikuli--korporaciu-
li.
safondo birJas aqcioner-
uli sazogadoebis iuridiuli
statusi aqvs. igi aerTianebs
Tanabaruflebian wevrebs, rom-
lebsac nayidi aqvT `adgili~
birJaze operaciebis warmoebi-
saTvis. mag., niu--iorkis safon-
do birJaze erTi adgili 200
aTasi dolari Rirs.
safondo birJa TviTmmar-
TvelobiTi organizaciaa. misi
umaRlesi organoa sabirJo sab-
Wo. safondo birJis Semosav-
lebi iqmneba Sesasvleli da
sawevro Senatanebisagan, jarime-
bisa da sabirJo sakomisiosa-
gan. vaWrobis monawileni ari-
an brokerebi, dilerebi da Se-
sabamisi specialistebi. zogi-
erT birJaze vaWrobaSi sxva
Suamavlebic monawileoben, mag.,
maklerebi. rogorc wesi, fasi-
ani qaRaldebi iyideba `msxvil
lotebad~. brokeri an sabroke-
ro firma davalebas gadascems
Tavis warmomadgenels sabirJo
darbazSi, romelic garigebas
debs sxva brokerTan. garigeba
registrirdeba eleqtronuli
sistemiT. Tanxa aisaxeba sain-
formacio tabloze. mxareebs
Soris angariSsworeba xdeba
dadgenili drois mixedviT (mag.,
aSS--Si _ 5 samuSao dRis gan-
saqonlis bazari 351
mavlobaSi). birJaze fasiani qa- arjebsa da saSualo mogebas.
Raldebis fasi yalibdeba or- safrontingo kompania
magi auqcionis an ganacxadeb- (fronting-company) - damzRvevi
is ranJirebis mixedviT Sesasy- kompania, romelic sxva kompa-
idi (qveda zRvari) da gasayi- niis saxeliT gascems poliss
di (zeda zRvari) fasis far- im pirobiT, rom aRebuli pa-
glebSi. yoveli garigeba iTval- suxismgeblobis 100% iqneba
iswinebs axal auqcions. sabir- gadazRveuli meore kompania-
Jo fasi dReSi ramdenimejer Si. am SemTxvevaSi safrontin-
fiqsirdeba da yoveldRiurad go kompania itovebs iuridiul
qveyndeba presaSi. safondo bir- pasuxismgeblobas damzRvevis
Jebis msoflio federacia da winaSe. safrontingo kompanias
birJebis evropuli TanamSrom- aqvs ufleba miiRos sakomisio
lobis federacia safondo bir- frontingobisaTvis.
Jebis Sesaxeb cnobebis yovel- saqmiani aqtiurobis ci ci--
wliur krebuls uSveben. kli (trade cycle) - ix. ekonomi-
safraxto bazari (freight kuri cikli.
market) - satransporto pro- saqmiani TamaSi (business
duqciis mimoqcevis sfero. ar- game) - sxvadasxva warmoebriv
sebobs Ria da daxuruli sa- situaciaSi realuri obieqtis
fraxto bazari. Ria bazarze modelze sammarTvelo gadaw-
sazRvao gadazidvis fasi msof- yvetilebaTa SemuSavebis imit-
lio fass uTanabrdeba, Tavisuf- aciis meTodi.
lad wesdeba moTxovnisa da mi- saqoneli (goods) - yvela-
wodebis cvalebadobis gavlen- feri, rac iyideba bazarze, e.i.
iT. mis wilad modis saerTa- razec moTxovnaa. ufro zus-
Soriso sazRvao gadazidvis mo- tad, saqonelia Sromis produq-
culobis araumetes 10--15%--isa. ti, romelic akmayofilebs ada-
tvirTis danarCeni raodenoba mianis raime moTxovnilebas da
gadaizideba daxuruli safrax- warmoebulia gacvlisaTvis, ba-
to bazris meSveobiT, romelic zarze gasayidad. saqonlis spe-
daculia Ria bazris zemoqmede- cifikuri formaa momsaxureba.
bisagan specialuri saxelmwifo saqonlis bazari (com-
aqtebiT. modity market) - materialur--
safraxto ganakveTi (fre- nivTobrivi produqtebis yid-
ight rate) - sazRvao gadazidvis va--gayidvis aqtebis erToblio-
fasi, romelic moicavs danax- ba. saqonlis bazari moicavs war-
352 saqonlis bazrebis gax sniloba
moebis saSualebebisa (sawar-
mos Senoba--nagebobebis, mowyo-
bilobebis, danadgarebis, nedleu-
lis, saTbobisa da a.S.) da sab-
oloo moxmarebis sagnebis (ro-
gorc yoveldRiuri, ise xangr-
Zlivi moxmarebis sagnebis)
farTo speqtrs da, Sesabamisad,
iyofa calkeul, ufro viwro
bazrebad. saboloo moxmarebis
sagnebis bazarze moTxovnis kon-
centraciis done gacilebiT
dabalia, vidre warmoebis sa-
Sualebebis bazarze. samagierod,
pirveli xasiaTdeba ufro ma-
Rali moTxovnis elastikuro-
biT. amasTan, saboloo moxmare-
bis sagnebis bazarze saqonlis
realizacias naklebi Sualedu-
ri rgoli sWirdeba, vidre war-
moebis saSualebebis bazarze.
saqonlis bazris koniunq-
turaze aqtiur zemoqmedebas
axdens fasebis done, fulis
mimoqcevis mdgomareoba, mosax-
leobis Semosavlebis dinamika,
sabanko procentis done, dakred-
itebis reJimi, dabegvris xasi-
aTi, sainvesticio bazris mdgo-
mareoba da sxv. didi mniSvnelo-
ba aqvs agreTve sagareo--eko-
nomikur faqtors: sabaJo poli-
tikis liberalizacia da ucxo-
uri investirebisaTvis xel-
sayreli pirobebis Seqmna mniS-
vnelovnad uwyobs xels saqon-
lis bazris deficitis daZle-
gaxsniloba
vasa da inflaciis donis daqve-
iTebas.
saqonlis bazrebis gax-
sniloba (openness in goods mar-
kets) - firmebisa da sxva mo-
mxmarebelTa alternatiuli
SesaZlebloba, gaakeTon arCe-
vani saqonlis SeZenisas.
saqonlis birJa (commo-
dity exchange) [<laT. bursa safu-
le] - saqonlis bazris infras-
truqturis mniSvnelovani rgo-
li, bazris instituti, romlis
amocanaa sabiTumo saqonlis baz-
ris funqcionirebisaTvis auci-
lebeli pirobebis Seqmna. saqon-
lis birJa sargeblobs iurid-
iuli piris uflebebiT. igi uz-
runvelyofs sabiTumo garige-
bebs da organizacias uwevs sa-
birJo vaWrobas, TviTon arc
vaWrobs da arc saSuamavlo
saqmianobas eweva. sabirJo gari-
gebebi ar SeiZleba daidos bir-
Jis saxeliT da mis xarjze.
amgvar garigebebs birJis wevrebi
deben. saqonlis birJis mosam-
saxureebi ar SeiZleba iyvnen
misi wevrebi, iseve, rogorc sax-
elmwifo xelisuflebisa da
mmarTvelobis organoebi, banke-
bi, sadazRvevo sainvesticio ko-
mpaniebi (Tumca am kompaniebs
ufleba aqvT iTvlebodnen saqon-
lis birJis safondo da savalu-
to ganyofilebebis wevrebad).
uZravi qoneba da inteleq-
saqonlis birJa
tualuri sakuTreba ar aris
sabirJo saqoneli. sabirJo vaW-
robisas SeiZleba ganxorci-
eldes Semdegi garigebebi: rea-
luri saqonlis yidva _ dau-
yovnebeli miwodebiT; realuri
saqonlis yidva _ ganvadebiT mi-
wodebiT, e.i. momavali saqon-
lis, mag., momavali mosavlis
SeZena; saqonlis miwodebaze
standartuli kontraqtebis, e.i.
ara saqonlis, aramed saqonlis
miwodebis Sesaxeb kontraqte-
bis yidva; momavalSi kontraq-
tis dadebis uflebis yidva.
saqonlis birJaze myidve-
lebisa da gamyidvelebis saxe-
liTa da davalebiT moqmedeben
Suamavlebi _ sabrokero kan-
torebi, sabrokero firmebi da
damoukidebeli brokerebi, dil-
erebi. saqonlis birJaze fase-
bi Tavisuflad formirdeba
vaWrobis procesSi. fasebis do-
nis an misi sazRvrebis dadge-
na sabirJo vaWrobaSi akrZalu-
lia. saqonlis birJaze damo-
ukideblad gansazRvraven im ga-
dasaxdelebis sidides, romleb-
sac iReben sabirJo vaWrobis
monawileTagan gaweuli momsax-
urebisaTvis, Suamavlebisagan sa-
komisios saxiT, agreTve jari-
mas sabirJo vaWrobis wesebis
darRvevisaTvis da sxv.
ganasxvaveben specialize-
bul da universalur birJebs.
353
specializebuli birJebia: fera-
di liTonebis birJa, navTobis
birJa, bambis birJa da a.S.
saqonlis birJa gansazRvravs
sabirJo garigebebis (xelSek-
rulebebis) registraciisa da
gaformebis wesebs, agreTve san-
qciebs im monawileTa mimarT,
romlebic birJaze axerxeben ga-
rigebebis dadebas `kulisebSi~,
e.i. Ria vaWrobis gverdis av-
liT.
sainformacio samsaxuris
swori organizaciis Sedegad
birJebi mdidar informacias
floben fasebis dinamikis, sx-
vadasxva saqonelze moTxovnisa
da miwodebis Sesaxeb. didi mniS-
vneloba eniWeba birJaze fase-
bis kotirebas, rasac axdens spe-
cialuri komisia wina vaWrobe-
bis Sedegebis mixedviT. komi-
sia gansazRvravs saqonlis ti-
pur, sacnobaro fass, romelic
gamoxatavs bazris koniunqtu-
ras vaWrobis dRes. mocemuli
saqonlis yidva--gayidvis gari-
gebaTa simravlis SemTxvevaSi
ti puria dadebul garigebaTa
saSualo fasi. Tu garigebaTa
ricxvi mcirea, maSin ti puri
fasi ganisazRvreba specialuri
meTodikiT, romlis mizanic Sem-
TxveviTi faqtorebis gavlenis
gamoricxvaa. garda sainforma-
cio da saangariSsworebo mom-
saxurebisa, saqonlis birJa vaW-
354 saqonlis miwodebis sa baziso pirobebi
sabaziso
robis monawileebs aZlevs gar-
kveul garantiebs. saqonlis bi-
rJis saqmianoba, rogorc wesi,
regulirdeba kanoniT `saqon-
lis birJisa da sabirJo vaWro-
bis Sesaxeb~.
saqonlis miwodebis sa-
baziso pirobebi (basis of deli-
veries) - specialuri pirobebi
sagareo--savaWro garigebebisas,
romelic gansazRvravs da erT-
maneTisagan gamijnavs saqonlis
gadazidvisas gamyidvelisa da
myidvelis valdebulebebs, amas-
Tan, adgens miwodebis vadebs
da saqonlis dazianebis an da-
kargvis SemTxvevaSi gamyidve-
lisgan myidvelze riskis gadas-
vlis moments.
saerTaSoriso savaWro pal-
atam (1953 da 1980 ww.) Sei-
muSava da gamouSva saqonlis
miwodebis sabaziso pirobebis
ganmartebiTi krebuli _ `inko-
termsi~. masSi mocemulia 14
sabaziso pirobis ganmarteba.
aqedan yvelaze gavrcelebulia:
`sif~--i, `kaf~--i, `fob~--i, `fas~--
i, `franko--qarxana~, `franko--
vagoni~, `miwodeba sazRvramde~,
`miwodeba baJis gadaxdiT~,
`franko gadamzidi~ da a.S.
saqonlis xarisxi (quality
of products) - produqciis teqni-
kur--ekonomikuri da esTetikuri
Tvisebebis erToblioba, romelic
misi vargisianobis dones gan-
sazRvravs.
saqonlis Strixuli kodi
(bar-code of the goods) – Strix-
uli niSnis dadeba saqonelze,
romlis mixedviTac dgindeba
saqonlis saxe, misi mikuTvneba
garkveul saqonlur jgufze,
xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebi da
a.S.
saqonlisa da momsaxure-
bis balansi (balance of goods
and services) - saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis (turizmis, trans-
portisa da a.S.) eqsporti, im-
porti da saldo saangariSo
periodis ganmavlobaSi.
sayovelTao wonasworo-
ba (general equilibrium) - situa-
cia, rodesac qveyanaSi arsebu-
li yvela bazari erTdroulad
imyofeba wonasworobis mdgo-
mareobaSi, anu moTxovna da mi-
wodeba erTmaneTis tolia, xo-
lo fasebi da gamoSvebuli sa-
qonlis raodenoba _ ucvleli.
ekonomikuri sistemebis an-
alizisas tradiciulad gamoiy-
eneba ori midgoma.
pirveli midgoma, rome-
lic SedarebiT martivia, dakav-
Sirebulia a. marSalis saxel-
Tan, nawilobriv wonasworobis
analizTan da gulisxmobs eko-
nomikuri sistemis elementis,
mag., marcvleulis bazris wonas-
worobas.
meore midgoma gacilebiT
sacalo fasi
rTulia, rogorc konceptua-
luri, ise maTematikuri aparat-
is gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT.
igi dakavSirebulia l. valra-
sis saxelTan da gulisxmobs
ekonomikuri sistemis, rogorc
mTlianis, SigniT warmoebuli
yvela saqonlisa da momsaxure-
bis raodenobisa da fasebis gan-
sazRvras.
saSemosavlo gadasaxadi
(income tax) - rogorc wesi,
progresiuli gadasaxadi, rom-
liTac ibegreba daubegrav min-
imums zeviT fizikur pirTa
gasuli wlis erToblivi Se-
mosavlebi. aikrifeba erTjera-
di gadaxdis saxiT. misi ga-
nakveTi wliuri Semosavlis
sididis matebasTan erTad iz-
rdeba. saqarTveloSi 2005
wlis 1 ianvridan aRar arse-
bobs daubegravi minimumi, saSe-
mosavlo gadasaxadi aRar aris
progresiuli gadasaxadi, misi
ganakveTi iyo fiqsirebuli 12%.
2008 wlis 1 ianvridan gauqm-
da socialuri gadasaxadi, saSe-
mosavlo gadasaxadi gaxda 25%,
xolo 2009 wlis 1 ianvridan
_ 20%.
saSualo danaxarji (ave-
rage cost - AC) - danaxarji pro-
duqciis erTeulze. gamoiTvleba
mTliani danaxarjis (TC) gayo-
fiT warmoebuli produqciis
raodenobaze. saSualo danaxar-
355
ji iyofa mudmiv saSualo (AFC)
da cvalebad saSualo (AVC) da-
naxarjebad.
mudmivi saSualo danaxar-
ji gaiangariSeba mudmivi dana-
xarjis gayofiT warmoebuli
produqciis mTlian moculoba-
ze. formuliT gamoisaxeba ase:
FC .
AFC 
Q
cvalebadi saSualo dana-
xar ji gaiangariSeba cvaleba-
xarji
di danaxarjis gayofiT warmo-
ebuli produqciis mTlian moc-
ulobaze. formuliT gamoisax-
eba ase:
VC .
AVC 
Q
saSualovadiani obli-
gacia (medium-term bond) - ob-
ligacia, romlis dafarvis vada
1-dan 10 wlamdea.
sacalo vaWroba (retail tra-
de) - saqonlis mcire raodeno-
biT an calobiT uSualod mom-
xmarebelze miyidva.
sacalo fasi (retail price) -
wesdeba moxmarebisaTvis mcire
raodenobiT gasayid saqonelze.
sacalo fasebiT vaWroben ara
mxolod sacalo qselis pun-
qtebSi, aramed saamanaTo wesiT,
rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise saer-
TaSoriso bazarze. sacalo fasi
aisaxeba safirmo preiskuran-
tebSi, masobrivi myidvelisaTvis
356
gamiznul ilustrirebul kata-
logebSi. sacalo fasebis moZ-
raoba yovelTvis ar emTxveva
sabiTumo da sagareo--savaWro
fasebisas. zogjer mas SeiZle-
ba sawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba
hqondes.
sacnobaro fasi (publi-
shed price) - fasi, romelic qvey-
ndeba calkeul periodul gamo-
cemebSi (saerTo--ekonomikur da
dargobriv JurnalebSi, biule-
tenebSi, gazeTebSi), preiskuran-
tebSi, gamomcemlobebis, saagen-
toebis, asociaciebis, msxvili
kompaniebis mier gamocemul ka-
talogebSi. Cveulebriv gamoiTv-
leba rogorc faqtobrivi gari-
gebebis gasaSualebuli sidide
gansazRvrul vadaSi saeqspor-
to Sefasebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
warmoadgens orientirs gari-
gebis dadebisas. amasTan, sac-
nobaro fasi SeiZleba arsebi-
Tad gansxvavdebodes saxelSek-
rulebosagan, rasac gansazRv-
ravs mocemuli saqonlis baz-
ris konkretuli pirobebi.
sawarmo (enterprise) – zoga-
di saxelwodeba yvela im in-
stituciuri erTeulisa (kor-
poracia, arakomerciuli orga-
nizacia, Sinameurneoba da a.S.),
romelic awarmoebs saqonelsa
da momsaxurebas anu axorci-
elebs samewarmeo saqmianobas.
sawarmoo Zalebi (forces
sacnobaro fasi
of production) – samuSao Zalisa
da warmoebis saSualebebis
(romelic, Tavis mxriv, iyofa
1. Sromis sagnebad _ nedleu-
li, naxevarfabrikatebi, ZiriTadi
da damxmare masalebi da 2. Sro-
mis saSualebebad _ manqana-da-
nadgarebi, instrumentebi, mow-
yobilobebi, sawarmos Senoba-na-
gebobebi, da a.S.) erToblioba.
sawarmoo Zalebi, ganviTare-
bis doniT gansxvavebulia neb-
ismier sazogadoebaSi, yovel
etapze gansazRvravs ekonomikur
urTierTobaTa ti ps da war-
moadgens mocemuli sazogadoe-
bis realur ekonomikur safuZ-
vels.
sawarmoo Zalebi dasavlur
ekonomikur literaturaSi Zi-
riTadad formulirebulia ro-
gorc marqsistuli kategoria,
rac, misi Sinaarsidan gamomdi-
nare, ar Seesabameba sinamdviles
da moiTxovs dazustebas.
sawesdebo kapitali (no-
minal capital) - fuladi saxs-
rebi an fuladi formiT gamo-
xatuli materialuri da arama-
terialuri faseulobebi, rom-
lebsac damfuZneblebi abande-
ben sawarmoTa Sesaqmnelad.
masSi Sedis: Senoba--nagebobebi,
mowyobilobebi, bunebrivi resur-
sebiT sargeblobis ufleba, in-
teleqtualuri sakuTrebis obi-
eqtebi _ patentebi, licenzie-
saxelmwifo biujeti
bi, proeqtebi da a.S. sawesdebo
kapitali balansis pasivSi ai-
saxeba.
saxazino valdebulebe-
bi (treasury bills – T-bills) – obli-
gaciebi gamoSvebidan erT wlam-
de dafarvis vadiT. es diskonti-
rebuli obligaciebia da maT ga-
daxdis mxolod erTi vada aqvT.
saxazino obligacia (trea-
sury bond) – obligacia, gamoSve-
bidan 10 welsa da meti dafar-
vis vadiT, xolo 1-dan 10 wlam-
de dafarvis vadiT saxazino
bileTi (treasury notes) ewode-
ba. saxazino obligacia (aseve,
saxazino bileTi) kuponiani
obligaciebia.
saxelmwifo biujeti
(state budget) - finansuri siste-
mis centralizebuli fondi,
saxelmwifo Semosavlebisa da
xarjebis nusxa drois garkveu-
li periodisaTvis. masSi naCve-
nebia saxelmwifo Semosavleb-
is wyaroebi da saxsrebis xar-
jviTi arxebi. saxelmwifo bi-
ujets adgens mTavroba, miiRe-
ba da mtkicdeba umaRlesi sa-
kanonmdeblo organos mier.
saxelmwifo biujetis Se-
mosavali iqmneba Semdegi Ziri-
Tadi wyaroebis xarjze: pirda-
piri gadasaxadi mogebaze; Sro-
mis anazRaurebis sidideze da-
mokidebulebiT amoRebuli ga-
dasaxadi (maT Soris fizikuri
357
pirebis saSemosavlo gadasax-
adi); dRg-ze gadasaxadi; aq-
cizi; licenzirebisa da reg-
istraciis mosakreblebi; saqo-
nelsa da momsaxurebaze gada-
saxadi; qonebaze gadasaxadi;
bunebrivi resursebis gamoye-
nebaze gadasaxadi; sagareo vaW-
robisa da sagareo--ekonomikuri
operaciebis gadasaxadi (maT So-
ris, sabaJo gadasaxadi impor-
tze); specialuri gadasaxadi
ekonomikis mniSvnelovani darge-
bis stimulirebisaTvis (mizno-
brivi sabiujeto fondebidan);
sxva gadasaxadebi da mosakre-
blebi; arasagadasaxado Semo-
savlebi (Semosavlebi saxelm-
wifo mmarTvelobis subieqteb-
is saqmianobidan; saxelmwifo
qonebis, maT Soris, privatizaci-
idan miRebuli Semosavali, sax-
elmwifo maragebis realizaci-
idan miRebuli Semosavali; mi-
wisa da aramaterialuri resur-
sebis gayidvisgan miRebuli Se-
mosavali; kapitaluri trans-
ferebis Semosulobani arasax-
elmwifo wyaroebidan; adminis-
traciuli gadasaxdelebi; sa-
jarimo sanqciebi; specialur
momsaxurebaze mosakrebeli;
sagareo--ekonomikuri saqmiano-
bisgan miRebuli Semosavlebi;
sagadasaxado organoebis anga-
riSze Semosulobani; sxva ara-
sagadasaxado Semosavlebi). au-
358
nazRaurebeli gadaricxvebi:
ararezidentebidan, saxelmwifo
arasabiujeto fondebidan, sax-
elmwifo sawarmoebidan da or-
ganizaciebidan.
saxelmwifo biujetis ga-
savlis (xarjebis) ZiriTadi ar-
xebia: saxelmwifo da adgilo-
brivi mmarTvelobis xarjebi;
sasamarTlo xelisuflebis xar-
jebi; saerTaSoriso saqmiano-
bis xarjebi; erovnuli Tav-
dacvis xarjebi; saxelmwifo
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa
da samarTaldamcavi organoeb-
is xarjebi; mecnierebisa da mec-
nierul-- teqnikuri progresis
xelSewyobis xarjebi; mrewve-
lobis, energetikisa da mSeneb-
lobis xarjebi; socialuri
programebis dafinansebis xar-
jebi; garemosa da bunebrivi re-
sursebis dacvis xarjebi; sa-
bazro infrastruqturis gan-
viTarebis xarjebi; sagangebo
situaciebisa da stiqiuri ube-
durebebis Sedegebis likvidaci-
is xarjebi; ganaTlebis, kul-
turisa da jandacvis xarjebi;
saxelmwifo valis momsaxure-
bis xarjebi; miznobrivi sabiu-
jeto fondebi da a.S.
saxelmwifo dakveTa (sta-
te order) - ekonomikuri da so-
cialuri ganviTarebis nawili,
romelsac direqtiuli xasiaTi
aqvs. saxelmwifo am gziT zemo-
saxelmwifo dakveTa
qmedebas axdens ekonomikaze. sa-
xelmwifo dakveTa eZlevaT ara
mxolod saxelmwifo, aramed
sakuTrebis sxva formiT arse-
bul sawarmoebsac. saxelmwifo
dakveTisas garantirebulia pro-
duqciis realizacia.
saxelmwifo vali (state
debt) - saxelmwifos mier aRe-
buli yvela sesxi, savalo val-
debulebaTa jami maTze sapro-
cento gadasaxdelebiT, romle-
bic mocemuli momentisTvis da-
faruli ar aris. arsebobs saxe-
lmwifo Sida da sagareo vali.
saxelmwifo Sida vali sa-
xelmwifos mier mosaxleobisa-
gan aRebuli valia. saxelmwifo
sagareo vali saxelmwifos mier
sazRvargareT, sxva qveynebisa-
gan aRebuli valia, romelic
gulisxmobs msesxebeli qvey-
nis savalo valdebulebas gam-
sesxebeli qveynis mimarT.
saxelmwifo moxmareba
(state consumption, expenditures)
- saxelmwifo samomxmareblo
xarjebi. moicavs kerZo seqtor-
Si warmoebuli saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis saboloo moxmare-
bis garkveul nawils, sabiuje-
to dawesebulebebis Senaxvi-
saTvis, Tavdacvisa da socialu-
ri dazRvevisaTvis gaweul xar-
jebs.
saxelmwifo obligacia
(government bond) – mTavrobis an
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri funqciebi
saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis
mier gamoSvebuli obligacia.
saxelmwifo regulire-
ba (state control) - saxelmwifos
mizanmimarTuli zemoqmedeba
ekonomikuri sistemis funq-
cionirebaze garkveuli proces-
ebis SenarCunebis, ekonomikuri
movlenebis Secvlis an maTi
urTierTkavSiris uzrunvely-
ofis mizniT. amisTvis gamoiy-
eneba RonisZiebaTa sistema, rom-
liTac SeiZleba sameurneo sub-
ieqtebis qcevis pirdapiri reg-
lamentireba an zemoqmedeba sa-
zogadoebriv warmoebaze ara-
pirdapiri gziT, ekonomikuri me-
Todebis sistemis meSveobiT.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme gva-
qvs zemoqmedebis administraci-
ul meTodebTan, xolo meoreSi
_ ekonomikur regulatorebT-
an (fasi, gadasaxadebi, sabanko
procenti, preferenciebi, sanqcie-
bi da sxv).
saxelmwifo sagadasaxa-
do valdebuleba (state prom-
issory note) - saxelmwifos vali
mosaxleobisadmi. mimoqcevaSi
gaSvebuli samTavrobo fasiani
qaRaldebis erToblioba. iyo-
fa sabazro da arasabazro kat-
egoriebad. sabazro kategorias
miekuTvneba xazinis Tamasuqi, sa-
Sualovadiani xazinis Tamasu-
qi da xazinis obligacia. ara-
sabazro sagadasaxado valde-
359
bulebebidan (arasabazro fasi-
ani qaRaldebi) yvelaze gavrce-
lebuli formaa Semnaxveli ob-
ligacia. am valdebulebebs
miekuTvneba agreTve samTavro-
bo angariSebis seriebi, ucxo-
uri samTavrobo seriebi, xel-
Sekrulebis adgilobrivi orga-
noebis seriebi da a.S.
saxelmwifo finansebi
(public finance) - tradiciuli
saxelwodeba mTavrobis saqmi-
anobisa fuladi saxsrebis akre-
fasa da xarjvasTan dakavSire-
biT. Cveulebriv aseTi saqmi-
anoba moicavs sul cota sam
funqcias: resursebis alokacias,
Semosavlebis ganawilebasa da
stabilizacias. saxelmwifo fi-
nansebi dakavSirebulia saxelm-
wifo seqtoris mravalmxriv
ekonomikur saqmianobasTan. uka-
nasknel periodSi didi mniS-
vneloba SeiZina saxelmwifo
xarjebisa da Sedegebis anal-
izma da gamosaSvebi produqciis
finansurma dagegmvam.
saxelmwifo Sesyidva
(government purchases) - saqon-
lisa da momsaxurebis Sesyid-
va samTavrobo seqtoris mier,
rac gaTvaliswinebulia biuje-
tis gasavlis muxlebSi.
saxelmwifos ekonomiku
ku--
ekonomiku
ri funqciebi (state function)
– amerikeli ekonomistis r. mius-
gravis mier Camoyalibebuli
360 saxelmwifos likvidu ri saxsrebi
likviduri

tipologiiT, saxelmwifos eko- belia sazRvargareT dagegmili

nomikuri funqciebia: a). regu- sasaqonlo da sakredito ope-
lirebis funqcia. ekonomikuri raciebis momsaxurebisaTvis. ofi-
politikiT saxelmwifo are- cialur rezervebs miekuTvneba
gulirebs ekonomikur saqmia- oqros maragi da konvertireba-
nobas anu misi funqciaa gamoas- di ucxouri valuta, saerTaSo-
woros makroekonomikuri wonas- riso savaluto fondis wevri
worobis darRveva, rac gamoi- qveynebis sarezervo pozicia
xateba ekonomikuri zrdis (fondis kapitalSi am qveyneb-
dacemaSi, umuSevrobis, infla- is Sesatani wili, romelic SeiZ-
ciis zrdaSi, sagadasaxdelo leba gaasesxon) da saxelmwi-
balansis deficitsa da a.S.; foTaSoriso moklevadiani kre-
b). alokaciis funqcia
funqcia. ga- ditis specialuri saxe.
moixateba arasasaqonlo dov- saxelmwifos fiasko (go-
laTisa da momsaxurebis anu vernment failure) - situacia, rom-
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis war- lis drosac samTavrobo poli-
moebaSi (gzebi, sazogadoebrivi tika iwvevs resursebis araefeq-
ganaTeba, policia, Tavdacva da tian gamoyenebas.
a.S.). misi individualizacia saxelmwifos Semosavali
yidviT ar SeiZleba da eqvemdeba- fulis beWdvisgan (seigniorage)
reba koleqtiur moxmarebas. sa- - wminda Senatani saxelmwifo
xelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebs biujetSi, miRebuli mimoqceva-
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis war- Si damatebiTi fuladi saxs-
moebas, misi dafinanseba ki um- rebis gamoSvebis gziT. hi per-
Tavresad saxelmwifo biujetiT inflaciis periodSi, intensi-
xorcieldeba; g). gadanawile- uri fuladi emisiis Sedegad,
bis funqcia
funqcia. saxelmwifo sa- aRwevs qveynis mTliani erovnu-
zogadoebaSi arsebuli uTanas- li produqtis moculobis
worobis Semcirebas ekonomi- 12%-- s.
kur agentTa mkveTri Semosav- saxelobiTi aqcia (reg-
lebis gadanawilebiT uzrun- istered share, stock) - aqcia, rom-
velyofs. lis mflobeli miTiTebulia
saxelmwifos likvidu- aqciaze da mflobelis saxeliT
ri saxsrebi (state liquidity of as- Setanilia aqcioneruli sa-
sets) - moicavs centraluri ban- zogadoebis reestrSi. misi moZ-
kisa da stabilizaciis fon- raoba fiqsirdeba aqcioneruli
dis rezervebs, romlebic aucile- sazogadoebis aqciebis regis-
sertifikati
traciis blankze. aqcioneruli
sazogadoebis wesdeba SeiZle-
ba moicavdes damatebiT wesebs,
romlebic aregulireben sa-
zogadoebis mier gamoSvebuli
saxelobiTi aqciebis moZraobas.
sekvestri (sequester) - 1.
specialuri sabiujeto meqanizmi,
romelic gamoiyeneba biujetis
deficitis donis gadaWarbebis
SemTxvevaSi da gulisxmobs
biujetis xarjebis (garda dac-
viTi muxlebisa) proporciul
Semcirebas mimdinare finansuri
wlis darCenili drois ganmav-
lobaSi; 2. raime qonebiT sarge-
blobis an gankargvis akrZalva,
an kidev, SezRudva saxelmwifo
an sasamarTlo organoebis mier.
senioraJi (seigniorage) [<frang.
seigniorage baJi fulis beWdvis
uflebisaTvis] - mogeba, romel-
sac xazina iRebs fulis ga-
moSvebis Sedegad. udris fu-
lis nominalur Rirebulebasa
da emisiis xarjebs Soris sxva-
obas. faqtobrivad, mosaxleo-
bis xelT arsebul fulze ga-
dasaxadi. hi perinflaciis piro-
bebSi saxelmwifos Semosavlis
mTavari wyaro.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi se-
nioraJi VIG-is 1--1,5%--s Sead-
gens. inflaciur ekonomikebSi
igi did safrTxes qmnis, rad-
gan maRali inflacia naklebad
mimzidvels xdis valutas da
361
amcirebs senioraJiT misaReb mo-
maval Semosavals.
servituti (asement) – ka-
noniT dadgenili an xelSek-
rulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
ufleba miwis nakveTiTa da Se-
nobebiT sargeblobis Sesaxeb
im pirebis mxriv, romlebic maTi
mesakuTreebi ar arian, magram
iZulebulni arian mimarTon as-
seT sargeblobas obieqturi ga-
remoebebis gamo.
sertifikati (certificate)
[<laT. certum--swori, utyuari,
facere-- keTeba] - 1. safinanso
dokumenti, romliTac dastur-
deba, rom misi mflobeli aqci-
is, obligaciis da sxva fasiani
qaRaldebis mesakuTrea. serti-
fikati eZleva mesakuTres fa-
siani qaRaldebis sanacvlod,
romlebic inaxeba an sakredi-
to dawesebulebaSi, an fasiani
qaRaldebis depozitariumSi, an
kidev, daculia Canawerebis sax-
iT Sesabamisi dawesebulebebis
wignebSi (arasabazro fasiani
qaRaldebi); 2. dokumenti,
romelic adasturebs aqcioner-
uli sazogadoebis registra-
cias Sesabamis saxelmwifo sa-
finanso organoebSi; 3. sakredi-
to dawesebulebebis saanabro
mowmoba am dawesebulebaSi
fuladi saxsrebis deponireb-
is Sesaxeb (depozituri ser-
tifikati); gaicema meanabris
362
saxelze. masSi miTiTebulia
meanabris ufleba depozitze,
depozitis odenoba, misi vada
da procentis (sargeblis) si-
dide; 4. mTavrobis an xelisu-
flebis adgilobrivi organoe-
bis obligaciuri sesxebis sa-
xeoba, gamoSvebuli mcire kupi-
urebiT; Semnaxveli sertifikati,
romelsac avrceleben Semnax-
veli dawesebulebebi; 5. sadaz-
Rvevo sertifikati _ dokumen-
ti, romelsac gascems mzRve-
veli damzRvevis saxelze sa-
dazRvevo polisis nacvlad; 6.
sinjis sertifikati _ Zvirfa-
si liTonis sinjis damadas-
turebeli mowmoba; 7. sagareo
vaWrobis praqtikaSi _ doku-
menti, romelic adasturebs aq-
ceptis an sasaqonlo dokumen-
tebis gadaxdisaTvis aucile-
beli saqonlis ama Tu im parame-
trebs: xarisxis sertifikati,
saqonlis warmoebis serti-
fikati, wonis sertifikati da
a.S. bolo xans Zalze gaizar-
da saqonlis xarisxis serti-
fikatis mniSvneloba nawarmis
usafrTxoebis dacvis Tval-
sazrisiT. sertifikaciis saer-
TaSoriso da evropul centreb-
Si xarisxis sertifikatis miRe-
ba mniSvnelovani reklamaa da
xels uwyobs eqsportis gafar-
Toebas; 8. sainvesticio ser-
tifikati _ fasiani qaRaldi
sertifikacia
`kapitaluri~ fasiani qaRalde-
bis jgufidan, romelic war-
moadgens wils sainvesticio
fondSi anu fasiani qaRaldeb-
is portfelSi. sainvesticio
sertifikatis mflobeli iRebs
gasaSualebul Semosavals sa-
investicio fondSi Tavisi wil-
idan, amasTan, igi daculia pro-
centTan, dividendTan da valu-
tis kursTan dakavSirebuli
riskisgan, romelic gansakuTre-
biT didia fasian qaRaldebSi
saxsrebis araprofesiuli da-
bandebisas, agreTve saxsrebis
investirebisas fasiani qaRalde-
bis erT romelime saxeobaSi.
sertifikacia (certifica-
tion) [<laT. certum--swori, utyu-
ari, facere--keTeba] - rwmunebu-
li organoebis mier standart-
ebis savaldebulo moTxovnebT-
an produqciis Sesabamisobis do-
kumenturi dadastureba.
sesxi (borrowing) - fuladi
saxsrebis miReba fizikuri da
iuridiuli pirebis, agreTve sa-
xelmwifos mier gansazRvru-
li vadiT da ukan dabrunebis
pirobiT. ganasxvaveben upro-
cento, SeRavaTian da komer-
ciuli pirobiT gacemul, ag-
reTve Sida da sagareo sesx-
ebs. sesxi farTod gamoiyeneba
saxelmwifos ekonomikur poli-
tikaSi. mag., ucxoeTis qveynebi-
sagan aRebuli kreditebiT iqm-
sivrcobrivi koncentraciis koeficienti
neba saxelmwifos sagareo vali.
sesxebis repatriacia
(repatriation of loans) - qveyanaSi
emitirebuli im obligaciebis
dabruneba, romlebic gavrcele-
buli iyo ucxoel msesxeblebs
Soris, am obligaciebis saxelm-
wifos an misi moqalaqeebis mi-
er gamosyidvis gziT.
seqtoruli ekonomika
(sectoral economy) - gansazRvru-
li ekonomikuri niSnebiT cal-
keul seqtorebad dayofili
ekonomika. mag., dargobriv Wril-
Si _ agraruli seqtori, indus-
triuli seqtori, momsaxurebis
seqtori; sakuTrebis formebis
mixedviT _ saxelmwifo seq-
tori, kerZo seqtori, Sereuli
seqtori; rogorc sameurneo
saqmianobis, ise Teoriuli Tval-
sazrisiT _ mikroekonomika, me-
zoekonomika, makroekonomika,
megaekonomika.
svifti (swift) – saerTaSo-
riso fuladi angariSsworebi-
sa da gadasaxdelebis ganxor-
cielebis avtomaturi sistema
kompiuterebisa da bankTaSorisi
telekomunikaciis gamoyenebiT.
svopi (swap) [<ing. swap gac-
vla] - 1. erovnuli valutis
ucxourze gacvlis operacia gan-
sazRvrul vadaSi ukugacvlis
valdebulebiT. axorcieleben
centraluri bankebi; 2. fasi-
ani qaRaldebis erTdrouli
363
gacvliTi operacia.
svopingi (swapping) – fasi-
ani qaRaldebis gayidva da TiT-
qmis imavdrouli yidva, rome-
lic xorcieldeba im mizniT,
rom Tavi aaridon fasiani qa-
Raldebis xangrZlivi vadiT
flobisaTvis dawesebul gada-
saxadebs.
sivrcobrivi koncentra-
ciis koeficienti (concentra-
tion coefficient of space) - ekono-
mikuri aqtiurobis geografiu-
li koncentraciis statisti-
kuri maCvenebeli, romelic mo-
qceulia raRac CarCoSi, mag., qvey-
nis masStabiT. dargis koncen-
traciis koeficienti SeiZle-
ba gamoiTvalos rogorc damok-
idebuleba qveynis regionebSi
am dargis ganawilebasa da raime
sxva maxasiaTeblis (mag., mo-
saxleobis simWidrove) ganaw-
ilebas Soris. Tu mrewvelo-
bis ganlagebis maCvenebeli mniS-
vnelovnad maRalia mosaxleo-
bis simWidrovis maCvenebelze,
maSin amboben, rom mrewvelo-
bas aqvs sivrcobrivi koncen-
tracia. sivrcobrivi koncen-
traciis koeficienti gamoisa-
xeba ase:
 j  Paj  Pij ,
^
sadac Paj - a dargis procen-
tuli wilia j regionSi, xolo
364
Pij - i maxasiaTeblis (mag., mom-
saxurebis) procentuli wili
j regionSi. rodesac koefici-
enti nulis tolia, dargis ga-
nawileba mTlianad Seesabameba
mosaxleobis ganawilebas. rac
ufro maRalia koeficienti, miT
ufro maRalia dargis geografi-
uli koncentraciis done.
silagaZe avTandili (daib.
1954) (Silagadze Avtandil) - sa-
qarTvelos mecnierebaTa erov-
nuli akademiis wevr--korespon-
denti (2001), ekonomikis mec-
nierebaTa doqtori (1989),
profesori (1990), saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo premiis laureati
mecnierebisa da teqnikis dargSi
(2004). daamTavra Tsu ekono-
mikis fakulteti (1977), ilia
WavWavaZis saxelobis ucxo ena-
Ta saxelmwifo pedagogiuri in-
stitutis germanuli enis fa-
kulteti (1988). iyo Tsu sax-
alxo meurneobisa (SemdgomSi
saerTaSoriso ekonomikis) da
ekonomikur moZRvrebaTa isto-
riis kaTedris maswavlebeli
(1980--1981), docenti (1981--1990),
profesori (1990--1994, 1998--
2006), gamge (2004--2006), Tsu
ekonomikis fakultetis dekani
(1986--1992), proreqtori (1998--
2006), saqarTvelos kontro-
lis palatis pirveli Tavmjdo-
mare (1992), saqarTvelos saxel-
mwifo qonebis marTvis minis-
silagaZe avTandili
tri (1992--1998), saqarTvelos
ministrTa sabWos prezidiumis
wevri (1992--1994), saqarTve-
los prezidentis ekonomikuri
sabWos wevri (1993--1998), sa-
qarTvelos parlamentis wevri
(2004-- 2008).
a. silagaZe aris 200-- ze
meti samecniero naSromis (maT
Soris gamoqveynebuli aSS--Si,
germaniaSi, safrangeTSi...) avto-
ri da Tanaavtori, romelTa
umetesi nawili eZRvneba ekono-
mikisa da ekonomikuri azris is-
toriis, ekonomikuri Teoriis,
saerTaSoriso ekonomikis, gar-
damavali periodis ekonomikis,
Tanamedrove finansur-sakredi-
to seqtoris, saqarTvelos
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTa-
rebis problemebs. maT Soris
aRsaniSnavia: „ekonomikuri az-
ris istoriis zogierTi saki-
Txi~. Tb., 1996; „ekonomikuri
azris istoriis sakiTxebi~. Tb.,
2001; „ekonomikuri leqsiko-
ni~. Tb., 2001 (Tanaavtori, re-
daqtori); „postsocialisturi
transformacia: saqarTvelos
ekonomika XXI saukunis mij-
naze~. Tb., 2001 (Tanaavtori);
„makroekonomikuri regulire-
bis meTodebi da modelebi~. Tb.,
2003 (Tanaavtori); „ekonomikis
enciklopediuri leqsikoni~. Tb.,
2005 (Tanaavtori, redaqtori);
„buRaltruli aRricxvis gan-
silagaZe avTandili
martebiTi leqsikoni~. Tb., 2005
(Tanaavtori, redaqtori); „mec-
nierebis perpentuum mobile~.
Tb., 2005 (Tanaavtori); „ekono-
mikuri doqtrinebis saTaveeb-
Tan~. Tb., 2006 (Tanaavtori);
„mikroekonomiksi~. saxelmZRva-
nelo. Tb., 2006 (Tanaavtori);
„merkantilisturi ekonomikuri
doqtrina~. Tb., 2007; „ekono-
mikuri doqtrinebi Sua saukune-
ebSi~. Tb., 2007; „finansuri po-
litikis ganviTareba saqar-
TveloSi~. potsdamis univer-
siteti, germania, 2007 (Tanaav-
tori); „adam smiTis ekonomi-
kuri doqtrina~. Tb., 2008;
„postkomunisturi finansuri
politika~. Tb., 2008 (Tanaav-
tori); „Tanamedrove finansur-
monetaruli aspeqtebi saqar-
TveloSi~. potsdami, 2008 (Ta-
naavtori); „liberalizmis eko-
nomikuri doqtrinebis war-
moSoba~. Tb., 2008; „postkomu-
nisturi finansur-- savaluto
politikis winaaRmdegobebi~.
niu--iorki, 2009 (Tanaavtori);
„fiziokratuli ekonomikuri
doqtrinebi~. Tb., 2009; „saqar-
Tvelos Tanamedrove saxelmwi-
fo finansebi~. kalifornia, 2010;
„ekonomikuri doqtrinebi”. Tb.,
2010; „ekonomikuri doqtrineb-
is aspeqtebi saqarTveloSi”.
kalifornia, 2010; „saqarTve-
los socialur-ekonomikuri
365
ganviTarebis programa”. Tb.,
2011 _ igive inglisur enaze:
http://ifsdeurope.com (Tanaavto-
ri). misi TanaavtorobiTa da
redaqtorobiT momzadda: „eko-
nomika~. saxelmZRvanelo X kla-
sisaTvis, 2001--2005; „ekonomi-
ka~. saxelmZRvanelo XI klasi-
saTvis, 2001--2005;
a. silagaZe aris kalifor-
niis (aSS) mecnierebaTa akademi-
is, ganaTlebisa da industriis
saerTaSoriso akademiis akademi-
kosi (1996), ruseTis federaci-
is ekonomikur mecnierebaTa da
samewarmeo saqmianobis saerTa-
Soriso akademiis akademikosi
(1997).
sxva saqmianoba: Jurnal
„ekonomikis~ _ iv. javaxiSvilis
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwi-
fo universitetis Sromebi _
saredaqcio komisiis Tavmjdo-
mare (2003--2006), Tsu ekono-
mikis dargis sadisertacio sab-
Wos Tavmjdomare (2000--2006),
ekonomikuri ganaTlebisa da
samecniero muSaobis sakoordi-
nacio sabWos Tavmjdomare (1998--
2006), Jurnalebis _ „ekonomi-
ka~, „socialuri ekonomika~, „sa-
qarTvelos ekonomika~, „gadasax-
adebi~, „ekonomika da biznesi~
_ saredaqcio kolegiis wevri.
dajildoebulia Rirsebis or-
deniT (2001), adam smiTis med-
liT (a. smiTis instituti, lon-
366
doni, 1996).
simdidre (wealth) - yvela-
feri, rasac aqvs sabazro fasi da
SeiZleba misi gacvla fulze
an dovlaTze, SeiZleba ganvix-
iloT rogorc simdidre. igi
moicavs fizikur dovlaTsa da
aqtivebs, unar--Cvevebsa da a.S.,
anu yvelafers, rasac SeuZlia
Semosavlis motana. yvela es
elementi iTvleba simdidred
maSin, roca xorcieldeba maTi
yidva--gayidva saqonlis an fu-
lis bazarze. simdidre SeiZle-
ba daiyos or saxed _ nivTo-
briv simdidred, romelsac kap-
itali ewodeba da aranivTo-
briv simdidred, romelsac ad-
amianiseuli kapitali ewodeba.
simwifis etapi (maturity) -
periodi, romelic iwyeba saqon-
lisa da momsaxurebis gasaRe-
bis zrdis tempebis SenelebiT.
sindikati (syndicate) [<berZn.
syndikos erToblivad moqmedi] -
monopoliis erT--erTi forma,
romelic axorcielebs mTel
komerciul saqmianobas, Tumca,
masSi Semavali sawarmoebi in-
arCuneben warmoebriv da iuri-
diul damoukideblobas.
sinqromarketingi (syn-
chromarketing) - marketingis sa-
xeoba; gamoiyeneba saqonelsa da
momsaxurebaze moTxovnis merye-
obis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mo-
Txovnis struqtura xasiaTdeba
simdidre
sezonuri an sxva cvlilebe-
biT da droSi ar emTxveva sa-
qonlisa da momsaxurebis mi-
wodebis struqturas. sinqro-
marketingis amocanaa Seiswav-
los da gamoricxos moTxov-
nis meryeobis mizezebi.
siurveieri (surveyer) – eq-
sperti, romelic dazRveuli an
dasazRvevi gemebisa da tvirTis
daTvalierebas axorcielebs.
sif-i (cost, insurance, fre-
ight - CIF-Rirebuleba, dazRve-
va, fraxti) _ saqonlis gayid-
vis sabaziso piroba saerTaSo-
riso vaWrobaSi sazRvao gada-
zidvisas, romlis Tanaxmadac
gamyidveli valdebulia daf-
raxtos gemi, saqoneli gadazi-
dos portSi, daazRvios da ga-
daitanos gemze dadgenil va-
daSi; kontraqtSi CBA-is Sem-
deg Cveulebriv aRniSnaven kon-
kretuli daniSnulebis ports.
siRaribe (poverty) - adami-
anis, ojaxis, qveynis xelT ar-
sebuli qonebrivi faseulobeb-
is, fuladi saxsrebis ukmari-
soba normaluri cxovrebisaT-
vis. siRaribis zRvars uwode-
ben gansazRvruli periodis-
aTvis adamianis, ojaxis fula-
di Semosavlebis normatiulad
dawesebul dones, romelic mxo-
lod saarsebo minimums uzrun-
velyofs.
SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes
smiTi adam 367
rogorc absoluturi, ise Se- aribis siRrme siRrme, romelic gamox-
fardebiTi siRaribe. absolu- atavs siRaribis zRvramde
turi siRaribis gansazRvri- RaribTa daSorebis wils, e.i.
saTvis saWiroa arsebobisaTvis ramdenad aris RaribTa Semo-
aucilebeli Semosavlis mini- savali daSorebuli saarsebo
maluri donis gansazRvra, mag., minimums; siRaribis simwvave simwvave,
Sefasebuli unda iqnes sakve- romelic gamoxatavs RaribTa
bze da aucilebeli moTxov- Soris siRaribis uTanabrobas.
nilebis saqonelze minimaluri si
siRRaribis zRvari (pove-
moTxovnileba da misi SeZenis rty level)-- gansazRvruli peri-
SesaZleblobebi yvelaze daba- odisaTvis calkeuli piris,
li fasiT. ojaxis fuladi Semosavlebis
S e f a r d e b i T i s i R a r i b e normatiulad dawesebuli done,
ganisazRvreba mosaxleobis sx- romelic saarsebo minimums
vadasxva jgufebis SedarebiT. uzrunvelyofs.
mag., Tu individs aqvs Semo- siRaribis kulturis hi-
savali, romelic aRemateba poTeza (culture of poverty hy-
saarsebo minimums, magram igi pothesis) – hi poTeza, romelic
gacilebiT dabalia, vidre sa- gamoxatavs funqcionalur da-
zogadoebis sxva jgufebis Se- mokidebulebas siRaribesa da
mosavali, maSin es individi mis ganmapirobebel iseT faqto-
SedarebiT siRaribeSi imyofe- rebs Soris, rogoricaa pirov-
ba. sazogadoebrivi simdidris nebis SezRuduli, susti indi-
zrdasTan erTad izrdeba siR- vidualuri SesaZleblobebi, ga-
aribis zRvris ganmsazRvreli naTlebisa da kvalifikaciis da-
Semosavlebis donec. bali done, muSakTa cudi Sro-
absoluturi siRaribis da- miTi Cvevebi, unarebi da a.S. Sro-
Zleva SesaZlebelia. Sefardeb- miTi unarebis xarisxs specia-
iTi siRaribe yvelgan aris, listebi ukavSireben meoreuli
Tumca, misi gamomwvevi mizeze- Sromis bazris pirobebs, sadac,
bi da done gansxvavebulia. mTa- pirveladi Sromis bazrisagan
varia siRaribe socialurad gansxvavebiT, arsebuli cudi
asatani iyos. pirobebi uaryofiTad aisaxeba
siRaribis sami maCvenebeli muSakTa kvalifikaciaze da maT-
arsebobs: siRaribis done done, Si cud SromiT unarebs ayal-
romelic gamoxatavs RaribTa ibebs (ix. `xafangis~ efeqti).
wils mTel mosaxleobaSi; siR- smiTi adam (1723--1790) (Smith
368
Adam) - mravalmxriv ganswav-
luli Sotlandieli mecnieri,
klasikuri ekonomikuri Teoriis
fuZemdebeli. ganaTleba miiRo
glazgosa da oqsfordis uni-
versitetebSi. fundamenturad
flobda filosofias, ekonomi-
kas, politikur mecnierebebs,
maTematikas, astrologias, iu-
risprudencias, sociologias,
Semdgom ki gaxda glazgos uni-
versitetis filosofiis pro-
fesori. misi gamokvlevebi mo-
icavs problemaTa farTo speq-
trs, romelTa nawili exeba
ekonomikas. swored ekonomikur
mecnierebaSi Setanili Tval-
saCino wvliliT daimkvidra
adam smiTma maRali rangis mec-
nieris saxeli. smiTis cnobili
naSromi `gamokvleva xalxTa
simdidris bunebisa da mizeze-
bis Sesaxeb~ (1776) pirveli
srulmasStabiani traqtatia
ekonomikaSi, romelic moicavs
warmoebisa da ganawilebis Te-
oriebs. es naSromi kacobrio-
bis sulieri kulturis umniS-
vnelovanes Zeglad aris miCne-
uli, romelmac mis avtors `eko-
nomikis mamamTavris~ saxeli mo-
utana. `xalxTa simdidris~ mTa-
vari kredoa ekonomikis libera-
lizaciis, ekonomikaSi saxelm-
wifos minimaluri Carevis, mo-
Txovna--miwodebis kanonis Sesa-
bamisad Camoyalibebuli Tavis-
smiTi adam
ufali fasebis safuZvelze sa-
bazro TviTregulirebis idea.
aseT regulirebas a. smiTma `uxi-
lavi xeli~ uwoda.
a. smiTma safuZveli Cau-
yara SromiTi Rirebulebis
Teorias, gamoikvlia Sromis
mwarmoeblurobis arsi da misi
roli Rirebulebis SeqmnaSi,
Camoayaliba moZRvreba Semosav-
lebis Sesaxeb, Seqmna dabegvris
Teoria da a.S. igi umTavresad
dainteresebuli iyo ekono-
mikuri zrdis problemebiT, ris
mamoZravebel Zaladac Sromis
danawilebas miiCnevda. smiTma
daasabuTa Sromis roli war-
moebis zrdaSi, teqnikur pro-
gressa da kapitalis dagrove-
baSic ki. ekonomikuri zrdis
meore faqtorad smiTi Tvli-
da kapitalis dagrovebas, rom-
lis safuZvlad igi momWir-
neobas miiCnevda. ekonomikuri
zrdis miRwevisaTvis aucile-
belia arsebobdes Sesabamisi so-
cialuri, instituciuri da
iuridiuli struqturebi da,
rogorc smiTi amtkicebda, `bune-
brivi Tavisuflebis naTeli da
martivi sistema.~ aseT situa-
ciaSi TiToeuli adamianis mis-
wrafeba Tavisi interesebis
dakmayofilebisaken ganapirobebs
sazogadoebis progress maSi-
nac ki, rodesac adamiani ar isax-
avs aseT amocanas. smiTi ey-
solou robert
rdnoboda Tavisufali konku-
renciis sistemas, romelic mo-
icavs regulirebis sakuTar sa-
Sualebebs da, rogorc Semdgom-
Si daadgines ekonomistebma, Sei-
Zleba uzrunvelyos resurse-
bis optimaluri alokacia. mar-
Talia, smiTi iyo Laissez--faire--
is (dae, wavides Tavisi gziT)
momxre, magram igi anarqiis
sastiki winaaRmdegi iyo da
garkveul SemTxvevebSi aRiareb-
da ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos
Carevis aucileblobas, magal-
iTad, tarifebis SemoRebis gziT
mrewvelobis axali dargebis
dacvas, agreTve saxelmwifos
mier sami funqciis (usafrTx-
oebis uzrunvelyofa, samar-
Tlianobis dacva da sazogado-
ebrivi saqonlis warmoeba) gan-
xorcielebas. smiTi eWvis Tva-
liT uyurebda kerZo kapitaliT
monopoliebis Seqmnas, radgan
maTi meSveobiT TamaSidan gamo-
dis konkurencia, amitom, misi
azriT, saxelmwifos amocanaa
konkurencia daicvas kapital-
istebisagan.
a. smiTma makroekonomikis
sakiTxebis garda daamuSava mik-
roekonomikuri problemebic. is
asabuTebda, rom fasebi ganisaz-
Rvreba warmoebis danaxarje-
biT. renta ufro ganisazRvre-
ba fasiT, vidre igi gansazRvravs
mas. smiTma Seqmna xelfasis ram-
369
denime Teoria, maT Soris, mox-
marebis fizikuri minimumis
Teoria (saarsebo minimumi).
a. smiTma gamoikvlia ekono-
mikuri Teoriis sxvadasxva mi-
marTuleba, akritikebda merkan-
tilistebsa da fiziokratebs
da daasabuTa saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis aucilebloba. man Se-
qmna absoluturi upirateso-
bis Teoria.
a. smiTma Tavisi cnobili
naSromis 1/4 miuZRvna saxelm-
wifo finansebis Teorias, ro-
melSic mniSvnelovani adgili
dabegvris princi pebs mianiWa.
man gadadga pirveli nabiji Ta-
visufali konkurenciis pirobeb-
Si resursebis optimaluri alo-
kaciis Teoriis Seqmnis gzaze.
a. smiTis mTavari damsaxu-
rebaa is, rom igi ekonomikaSi li-
beraluri ideologiis burji
da klasikuri politikuri eko-
nomiis skolis fuZemdebelia.
skonto (sconto) – saqonlis
fasCamokleba misi gadaxdis va-
dis dadgomamde ganaRdebis dros.
smiTis Teorema (Smith
theorem) - nebayoflobiTi gacv-
la, romelic xelsayrelia misi
monawileebisTvis.
solou robert (daib. 1924)
(Solow Robert) - amerikeli ekon-
omisti, ekonomikis dargSi no-
belis premiis laureati (1987)
ekonomikuri zrdis gazomvis
370
meTodebisa da Teoriis SemuSa-
vebisaTvis.
r. solous ekonomikuri
zrdis neoklasikuri modeli
gansxvavdeba harod--domaris mode-
lisagan imiT, rom uSvebs Sro-
mis Canacvlebas kapitaliT, rac
saSualebas aZlevs aicilos
`danis pirze balansirebis~
problemebi da ganaxorcielos
myari ekonomikuri zrdis siste-
maturi analizi. solous mod-
elidan gamomdinare, danazogi
da investiciebi ar warmoad-
genen ekonomikuri zrdis ganm-
sazRvrel faqtorebs. es faq-
torebi gansazRvraven urTierT-
damokidebulebas kapital--sam-
uSao Zalasa da mosaxleobis
erT sulze warmoebis moculo-
bas Soris, magram ara warmoe-
bis zrdis temps. soloum Sem-
dgom naSromebSi daasabuTa, rom
kapitali warmoadgens ekono-
mikuri zrdis ganmsazRvrel faq-
tors. man mniSvnelovani wvli-
li Seitana sabiujeto poli-
tikis TeoriaSi, qalaqebis eko-
nomikis kvlevaSi, bunebrivi re-
sursebis gamoyenebis proble-
mebis SeswavlaSi, umuSevrobisa
da stabilizaciis politikis
TeoriaSi.
r. solous naSromebidan aR-
saniSnavia: `ekonomikuri zrdis
Teoriis sakiTxisadmi~ (1956),
`teqnikuri progresi da war-
soflis meurneoba
moebrivi funqcia~ (1957), `eko-
nomikuri organizaciebi da soci--
aluri sistemebi~ (1967) da sxv.
soflis meurneoba (ag-
riculture) - materialur--nivTob-
rivi warmoebis mniSvnelovani
dargi; gaeros erovnul angari-
STa sistemis mixedviT agraru-
li seqtoris Semadgeneli nawi-
li, romelic awarmoebs sasof-
lo--sameurneo produqcias, kve-
bis produqtebs saboloo mox-
marebisaTvis da nedleuls _
mrewvelobisaTvis. moicavs mem-
cenareobasa da mecxoveleobas,
romlebic diferencirebulia
calkeul jgufebad da saxeebad.
softizacia (soft) [<ing.
soft - rbili] - aramaterialuri
resursebis (momsaxurebis, sa-
zogadoebis inteleqtualuri
potencialis, muSakTa momzade-
bis donis, sammarTvelo gamocdi-
lebis da a.S.) rolis zrdis
saerTo procesi qveynis ekono-
mikur ganviTarebaSi, maTi gadaq-
ceva sazogadoebrivi progre-
sis erT--erT mTavar resursad.
socialuri dazRveva
(social insurance) - socialurad
daucveli fenebis (droebiT
Sromisuunaroebis, moxucebu-
lebis, invalidebisa da a.S.) fu-
ladi da materialuri uzrun-
velyofis sistema.
socialuri diferenci-
aciis modelebi (social differ-
socialuri diferenci aciis modelebi
diferenciaciis
entiation models) - arsebobs Se-
mosavlebis diferenciaciis op-
timaluri da zRvruli donee-
bi. aqedan gamomdinare, gamoy-
ofen oTx models: zepola-
ruls, zomierad polaruls,
polarulsa da egalitaruls
arasabazros
arasabazros)..
(arasabazros
zepolaruli modelisaT-
vis damaxasiaTebelia ekonomi-
kis dabali done, damqiravebel-
Ta da daqiravebulTa intere-
sebis mkveTri dapirispireba,
mosaxleobis umravlesobis
ukiduresi siRaribe, qonebrivi
diferenciaciis maRali done.
aseTi sazogadoebisaTvis Semo-
savlebis diferenciaciis done
ukiduresad decilur jgufebs
Soris Seadgens aranakleb 20--
30 : 1--Tan. amJamad es modeli
damaxasiaTebelia mxolod gan-
viTarebadi qveynebisaTvis.
zomierad polaruli mo-
deli warmoiSva XX saukunis
pirvel naxearSi da ukavSird-
eba socialuri regulirebis
elementebis Semotanas sazoga-
doebis ganviTarebaSi. misi mi-
zania Semosavlebis gadanawile-
baSi pozitiuri cvlilebebis
Setanis safuZvelze social-
ur--ekonomikuri efeqtianobis
amaRleba. aseTi modelisaTvis
Semosavlebis diferenciaciis
deciluri koeficienti aris
10--15 : 1--Tan. zomierad polaru-
371
li modeli amJamad damaxasi-
aTebelia axalindustriuli
qveynebisaTvis.
zomieri modelisaTvis
niSandoblivia saerTo keTil-
dReobis zrda da konsolidire-
buli socialuri diferencia-
cia. es modeli amJamad arse-
bobs ganviTarebul qveynebSi,
romlebic erTmaneTisagan gan-
sxvavdebian `socialuri ekono-
mikis~ simwifis mixedviT. ekono-
mika maRali cxovrebis doniTa
da mniSvnelovani socialuri
danaxarjebiT gansxvavdeba sa-
kuTriv socialuri sabazro
ekonomikisagan. pirvelia lib-
eraluri sazogadoebebi, rom-
lebmac miaRwies ekonomikuri
zrdis umaRles dones da ami-
tom SeuZliaT gamoyon soli-
duri saxsrebi Raribebis dasax-
mareblad, jandacvis dafinanse-
bisaTvis, ganaTlebisa da sxva
socialuri miznebisaTvis. ase-
Ti sazogadoebis yvelaze mkaf-
io ilustracias warmoadgens
aSS (agreTve kanada). amis saw-
inaaRmdegod dasavleTevropu-
li qveynebi, romlebic absolu-
turi maCveneblebiT CamorCebi-
an aSS--s, xasiaTdebian `social-
uri ekonomikis~ simwifis gac-
ilebiT maRali doniT. maTi so-
cialur-- ekonomikuri da sa-
marTlebrivi institutebi mi-
marTulia socialuri Tanxmo-
372
bis miRwevisa da mosaxleobis
saSualo fenis gaZlierebisa-
ken. socialuri sabazro ekono-
mikis cneba yvelaze metal aso-
cirdeba germanul modelTan.
mas safuZvlad udevs konkuren-
ciis ganviTareba, rogorc pro-
gresis, samarTlianobisa da mS-
vidobis sawindari.
socialuri diferenciaci-
is meoTxe modeli _ arasaba-
zro, egalitaruli modeli
arsebobda eqskomunistur qvey-
nebSi, xolo amJamad arsebobs
kubasa da koreis saxalxo de-
mokratiul respublikaSi. es
modeli aferxebs ekonomikur
zrdas, Tumca, misTvis damaxasi-
aTebelia Semosavlebis difer-
enciaciis metad mimzidveli
done _ 4 : 1--Tan.
saqarTvelosTvis dRes dama-
xasiaTebelia zepolaruli mo-
deli. Zalze maRalia Semosav-
lebis uTanabrobis, socialuri
diferenciaciis xarisxi. Semo-
savlebis diferenciaciis deci-
luri koeficienti saqarTvelo-
Si Seadgens 16 : 1--Tan, maSin
rodesac ukrainaSi igi aris 6
: 1--Tan, estoneTSi _ 10 : 1--Tan,
xolo ruseTSi _ 11 : 1--Tan.
socialuri indikato-
rebi (social indicators) - Tanamed-
rove sabazro sistemis erT--
erTi mniSvnelovani Tavisebure--
bis _ axal Tvisebriv zrdaze
socialuri indikatorebi
gadasvlis krebsiTi indeqsi.
socialuri indikatorebi efuZ-
neba im kriteriumebs, romlebic
iZleva qveynis ekonomikuri po-
tencialis Tvisebriv daxasi-
aTebas (Sromis pirobebi, ga-
naTlebis ganviTarebis done,
jandacvisa da transportis
mdgomareoba da xelmisawvdo-
moba, Sromisunariani mosaxle-
obis dasaqmebis saSualo wli-
uri zrda, bavSvTa sikvdiliano-
ba, kaloriis moxmareba, sufTa
wyliT xelmisawvdomoba, energi-
is moxmareba mosaxleobis erT
sulze, sruli piradi Tavisu-
fleba, inflaciis saSualo
wliuri norma da a.S.).
socialuri momsaxure-
ba (social services) - gulisxmobs
sazogadoebis, rogorc erTiani
socialuri organizmis, momsax-
urebas. pirad momsaxurebasTan
erTad qmnis aramaterialuri
momsaxurebis jgufs. bavSvebi-
sa da moxucebulebis momsax-
ureba sacxovreblis uzrunve-
lyofiT (upatrono bavSvTa
TavSesafrebi, gamosasworebeli
saxlebi, saxlebi arasrulwlo-
van samarTaldamrRvevTaTvis,
moxucebulebisTvis, gonebrivi
an fizikuri naklis mqoneTaTvis,
martoxela dedebisa da maTi
SvilebisaTvis), socialuri mom-
saxureba sacxovrebliT uzrun-
velyofis gareSe (saqvelmoqme-
spekulaciuri umuSevroba
do da aRmzrdelobiTi saqmi-
anoba, stiqiuri ubedurebisa-
gan dazaralebulTa, devnilTa,
imigrantTa daxmareba da sxv.).
socialuri momsaxureba,
janmrTelobis dacvasTan er-
Tad, calke ganyofilebad Se-
dis gaeros ssdk-Si.
socialuri stratifika-
ciis Teoria (theory of social
stratification) - am Teoriis fu-
Zemdebelia avstrieli ekonomi-
sti da sociologi maqs vebe-
ri (1864--1920). mis ganviTare-
baSi wvlili Seitanes v. pare-
tom, j. stiglicma da sxvebma.
socialuri stratifikaciis
Teoria ikvlevs socialuri
diferenciaciis problemebs.
rogorc cnobilia, sazogadoe-
ba Sedgeba mravali fenisagan
(strata), romlebic erTmane-
Tisagan gansxvavdebian ara mx-
olod sakuTrebis mixedviT,
aramed socialuri statusiT,
xelisuflebisadmi damokide-
bulebiTa da a.S. aRniSnuli
Teoria socialur uTanabrobas
ganixilavs rogorc sazogadoe-
bisaTvis Sinagan damaxasiaTe-
bels, romlis kvlavwarmoebas
axdens yoveli axali Taoba.
socialuri stratifikaciis
gasaRebad fsiqologiur sawyiss
Tvlian (pareto). amitomacaa,
rom siRaribis mTlianad da-
Zleva SeuZlebelia. igi yvel-
373
gan aris, Tumca, misi gamomwvevi
mizezebi da done gansxvavebu-
lia. mTavaria igi socialurad
asatani iyos. sityva `social-
uroba~ mSvidobas niSnavs. eko-
nomikisaTvis socialuri ori-
entaciis micema qveynis mSvi-
dobiani da harmoniuli ganvi-
Tarebis sawindaria.
spekulacia (speculation) -
yidva--gayidvis praqtika mogeb-
is miRebis mizniT, fasebis an
valutis kursis cvlilebis
safuZvelze. spekulacias ax-
orcieleben spekulantebi da
hejerebi. spekulanti, hejeris-
agan gansxvavebiT, amjobinebs
risks da mxars uWers Ria pozi-
cias. hejers xelT aqvs mo-
mavali aqtivebi da valdebule-
bebi, xolo spekulants _ mx-
olod aqtivebi, an mxolod
valdebulebebi, imis mixedviT,
rom kontraqtis dasrulebisas
ra situacia Camoyalibdeba mis
sasargeblod.
arsebobs spekulaciis ori
ZiriTadi saxe _ `Sort--gay-
idva~ da `Sort--yidva~, agreTve
mogebis miRebis mravali xerxi,
romlebic ukavSirdeba rogorc
fasebis cvalebadobas, ise risk-
is dazRvevas (hejireba). spe-
kulacia xels uwyobs fasebis
gaTanabrebasa da stabilizacias,
uzrunvelyofs likvidurobas.
spekulaciuri umuSev-
374
roba (speculative unemployment)
- friqciuli umuSevrobis erT--
erTi elementi. ufro sworad
mas SeiZleba vuwodoT speku-
laciuri arasruli dasaqmeba.
es movlena warmoiqmneba xel-
fasis dacemis Sedegad. aseT
situaciaSi zogierTi muSa
droebiT amcirebs Tavis samu-
Sao drois miwodebas, momavalSi
Sromis anazRaurebis ufro ma-
Rali ganakveTis molodinis gamo.
es movlena SeiZleba Sefasdes
rogorc samuSao drois droe-
biTi gadanawileba xelfasis dro-
ebiTi Semcirebis sapasuxod.
spensi maikl (daib. 1943)
(Spence Michael) - amerikeli eko-
nomisti, stenfordis univer-
sitetis profesori, nobelis
premiis laureati (2001) j. ak-
erlofTan da j. stiglicTan
erTad. nobelis premia mieni--
Wa `asimetriuli informaciis
mqone bazrebis analizisaTvis~.
specializacia (speciali-
zation) - Sromis danawileba misi
calkeuli saxeobebis mixedviT;
saqmianobis Tavmoyra Sedare-
biT viwro mimarTulebebze,
calkeul teqnikur operacie-
bze; saqmianobis koncentracia
warmoebis im dargebSi, romleb-
Sic firmas an individs aqvs
bunebrivi Tu SeZenili upirate-
sobebi. specializacia vaWro-
basTan SexamebiT ganapirobebs
spensi maikl
gacilebiT maRal cxovrebis
dones im donesTan SedarebiT,
romelic miiRweva qveynis TviT-
uzrunvelyofisaken swrafvis
pirobebSi. specializaciisagan
miRebuli sargebloba ilustri-
rebulia absoluturi da Se-
fardebiTi upiratesobebis Te-
oriebSi, Tumca, isini Seicaven
dinamikuri mdgomareobis ele-
mentebsac, rac gamomdinareobs
mwarmoeblurobis zrdis Teo-
riidan (ix. Sromis danawileba).
specializaciis koefi-
cienti (specialization coeficient
of) - statistikuri maCvenebeli,
romelic gviCvenebs ramdenad
specializebulia ekonomikuri
regioni ekonomikuri saqmiano-
bis gansazRvrul sferoSi. spe-
cializaciis koeficienti gamo-
xatavs sxvaobas gansaxilveli
regionis ekonomikis struqtu-
rasa da mTeli qveynis ekono-
mikis struqturas Soris, rom-
lis Semadgeneli nawilic es
regionia. specializaciis koe-
ficienti gamoisaxeba formu-
liT:
 Saj  San ^
sadac Saj - a dargis wilia j
regionis ekonomikaSi, xolo San
- a dargis wili _ qveynis
mTel ekonomikaSi (ori ver-
tikaluri xazi gamoxatavs ab-
solutur sidides, e.i. ignori-
srulyofili konkuren cia
konkurencia
rebulia sxvaobis niSani). koe-
ficientis nulTan toloba
niSnavs, rom regionis ekonomi-
kuri struqtura mTlianad em-
Txveva qveynis ekonomikur stru-
qturas. rac ufro metia koe-
ficientis sidide, miT ufro gan-
sxvavdeba regionis ekonomikuri
struqtura qveynis saSualo
ekonomikuri struqturisagan
da miT ufro maRalia misi spe-
cializacia.
spoti (spot) - savaluto
an sxva saxis garigebisas naR-
di, dauyovnebeli (xelSek-
rulebis dadebidan 2 samuSao
dRis ganmavlobaSi) angariSs-
woreba.
spliti (split) – aqcioneru-
li sazogadoebis ararealize-
buli aqciebis dayofa, danaw-
ileba naklebad msxvili aqcie-
bis did raodenobad maTi gavr-
celebis gaadvilebis mizniT.
spredi (spread) – 1. fiu-
Cersuli kontraqtebis imavdro-
uli yidva da gayidva erTsa
da imave saqonelze miwodebis
sxvadasxva vadiT; 2. erTi ti-
pis ofcionebis imavdrouli
yidva da gayidva sxvadasxva
fasSi an vadis gasvlis sxva-
dasxva periodSi.
srafa piero (1898_1983) (Sra-
ffa Piero) – italiuri warmoSo-
bis britaneli ekonomisti. Tavi-
si SemoqmedebiT ufro ixrebo-
375
da klasikuri mimdinareobisak-
en, vidre neoklasikurisken. ami-
tom SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom
mas neorikardoels uwodebdnen.
aseT Sefasebas kidev ufro asa-
buTebda srafas mier rikardos
TxzulebaTa sruli krebulis
(The Works and Correspondence
of David Rikardo(1951-1955)
redaqtireba (1960).
srafa ikvlevda iseT prob-
lemebs, rogoricaa konkurencia,
kapitali da ekonomikuri zr-
dis Teoria, viqselis kriteri-
umis gavlena kapitalze, akri-
tikebda faseulobis neoklasi-
kur Teoriasa da a.S. misi Ziri-
Tadi naSromebia: `ukugebis kano-
ni konkurentul pirobebSi~
(1926), `saqonlis warmoeba sa-
qonliT~ da sxv.
sruli dasaqmeba (full em-
ployment) - ar niSnavs umuSev-
robis absolutur ararsebobas.
am dros dasaqmeba samuSao Za-
lis 100%--ze naklebs moicavs.
srul dasaqmebas maSin aqvs
adgili Tu igi umuSevrobis
bunebrivi donis tolia.
srulyofili konkuren-
cia (perfect competition) - ide-
aluri sabazro situacia, rode-
sac arc erTi firma an momx-
marebeli zemoqmedebas ver
axdens sabazro fasze. bazris
funqcionirebis es forma war-
moiqmneba maSin, rodesac mTli-
376
anad gamoricxulia sabazro
Zala, romelsac SeuZlia gav-
lena moaxdinos fasebis Camoya-
libebaze. srulyofili konku-
renciis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeb-
lebia: gamyidvelebisa da myid-
velebis mravalricxovani rao-
denoba, romelTaganac verc erTi
ver flobs sxvaze met infor-
macias, yvelas Tanabrad miuw-
vdeba masze xeli, amitom egue-
bian bazris mier nakarnaxeb nor-
mebs. TiToeuli mewarme Tana-
bar pirobebSi awarmoebs stan-
dartul, erTsaxovan, urTi-
erTSemcvlel produqcias mci-
re partiobiT, romlis wili
analogiuri produqciis war-
moebis mTlian moculobaSi
umniSvneloa da amitom arse-
biT gavlenas ver axdens ba-
zris koniunqturaze. ekonomi-
kas saxelmwifo ar areguli-
rebs. partniorTa Soris ekono-
mikuri urTierToba xorcield-
eba horizontaluri kavSire-
bis safuZvelze, arsebiTad
gamoricxulia administraciu-
li meTodebis gamoyeneba fas-
warmoqmnasa da, saerTod, saba-
zro meqanizmis normaluri fun-
qcionirebis uzrunvelyofaSi.
sabazro fasebi yalibdeba mxo-
lod moTxovna--miwodebis opti-
maluri Tanafardobis Sesabami-
sad. srulyofili konkuren-
ciisaTvis aucilebelia agreTve
stabilizaciis progra ma
programa
arCevanis Tavisufleba.
srulyofili konkurencia
wminda saxiT msoflios arc
erT qveyanaSi ar arsebobs da
arc arsebula. igi abstraqciaa
da SeiZleba mxolod misi ide-
alurad warmodgena. sinamd-
vileSi saqme gvaqvs arasru-
lyofil konkurenciasTan.
stabilizaciis progra-
ma (stabilization program) – pro-
grama, romelic xelfasebisa da
fasebis kontrolTan erTad,
unda iTvaliswinebdes cvlile-
bebs rogorc fiskalur, ise
monetarul politikaSi. sta-
bilizaciis programa warmate-
buli rom iyos, unda moicavdes
fiskalur zomebs, romlis mi-
zani deficitis Semcirebaa da
monetarul zomebs, romlis mi-
zani fulis Seqmnis, rogorc
deficitis dafinansebis, Semcir-
eba an SeCerebaa.
stabilizaciuri poli-
tika
tika (stabization policy) - saxel-
mwifos pirdapiri regulire-
bis RonisZiebaTa erToblioba,
mimarTuli ekonomikis cikluri
meryeobis Senelebis da ekono-
mikuri zrdisaken. Cveulebriv
gamoixateba saxelmwifos cda-
Si, aRmofxvras potenciuri
VTG- is irgvliv realuri VTG-
is meryeobis inflaciuri da
deflaciuri Sedegebi. stabi-
lizaciur politikas ekonomi-
stigleri jorj
kaSi saxelmwifo axorcielebs
fiskaluri an fulad-sakredi-
to politikiT.
stabilizaciuri funq-
cia (stabilization function) - sax-
elmwifos funqcia fiskaluri
da fulad-- sakredito poli-
tikis ganxorcielebisaTvis eko-
nomikuri aqtiurobis maRali
da stabiluri donis Senar-
Cunebis mizniT. es funqcia sa-
xelmwifos sami ekonomikuri
funqciidan erT--erTia, romel-
ic daadgina r. a. masgreivma.
ekonomistTa erTi jgufi Tv-
lis, rom stabilizaciuri fun-
qcia gulisxmobs saxelmwifos
aqtiur politikas, maSin rode-
sac ekonomistTa meore jgufis
warmomadgenlebi, mag., monetar-
istebi amtkiceben, rom saxelm-
wifo ar unda cdilobdes eko-
nomikaSi Carevas da am gziT
bazris daTrgunvas.
stagnacia (stagnation) [<laT.
stagnum damdgari wyali] - eko-
nomikis erT wertilze gayinva.
stagflacia (stagflation)
- ekonomikis mdgomareoba, rode-
sac erTmaneTs erwymis uZrao-
ba (stagnacia) da fulis ga-
ufasureba (inflacia).
standarti (standard) -
farTo gagebiT _ nimuSi, eta-
loni, modeli, romelic war-
moadgens amosavals masTan ms-
gavsi sxva obieqtebis Sedare-
377
bisaTvis. standarti, rogorc
normatiul--teqnikuri dokumen-
ti, moicavs im normebis, weseb-
is kompleqss, romelic moeTx-
oveba standartizaciis obieqts.
gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT _
Sabloni, trafareti, romelSic
ar aris raime originaluri.
statistika (statistics) -
mecniereba aRricvisa da anal-
izis sferoSi, romelic maTem-
atikuri meTodebis gamoyenebis
safuZvelze Seiswavlis ti pur,
masobriv, socialur-- ekonomi-
kuri movlenebisa da procese-
bis raodenobriv mxareebs, maT
cvlilebas droSi, e.w. maCvene-
belTa mwkrivebs; 2; rogorc
praqtikuli saqmianobis sfero
_ sazogadoebaSi mimdinare
movlenebisa da procesebis Sesa-
xeb masobrivi monacemebis
Sekreba, gadamuSaveba, analizi
da gamoqveyneba.
sterlingi (sterling) - 1. Zve-
leburi inglisuri vercxlis
moneta, iWreboda XII saukunidan;
2. inglisuri vercxlisa da oq-
ros monetebis kanoniT dadge-
nili sinji; girvanqa sterlin-
gi _ didi britaneTis fula-
di erTeuli, udris 100 penss.
stigleri jorj (1911-
1991)(Stigler George) – amerike-
li ekonomisti, Cikagos univer-
sitetis profesori, ekonomikis
dargSi nobelis premiis lau-
378
reati (1982) sabazro struq-
turebis, bazrebis funqcionire-
bis, saxelmwifo regulirebis
Sedegebis kvlevaSi Setanili
novatoruli wvlilisaTvis.
misi ZiriTadi naSromebia: `war-
moebisa da ganawilebis Teo-
ria~ (1941), `sargeblianobis Te-
oriis ganviTareba~ (1951), `eko-
nomikuri mecnierebis istori-
is narkvevebi~ (1956), `indus-
triis organizacia~ (1968), `in-
formaciis ekonomikuri Teor-
ia~ (1970), `pirovneba da sax-
elmwifo~ (1975) da sxv.
stividori (stevedore) [<esp.
estivador, estivar tvirTis Calage-
ba] - sazRvao piri, romelic gana-
gebs sazRvargareTis porteb-
Si gemebis datvirTvasa da gad-
motvirTvas.
stividoruli danaxar-
ji (stevedore expense) - portSi
datvirTva-- gadmotvirTvasTan
dakavSirebuli danaxarji.
storno [<ital. storno an-
gariSis gadagzavna] - Secdomeb-
is gasworebis wesi sabuRaltro
aRricxvaSi; SecdomiT Setanil
operacias xelmeored Caweren
wiTeli melniT da amoricxaven
angariSis jamobrivi Tanxidan.
struqturuli gardaq-
mnebis Teoria (structural chan-
ges theory) - hi poTeza, romlis
mixedviT `mesame samyaros~ qvey-
nebis susti ganviTareba ganpi-
stividori
robebulia arsebuli resurse-
bis gamouyeneblobis maRali
xarisxiT im struqturuli da
instituciuri deformaciebis
gamo, romlebic warmoiSva Sida
da gare mizezebis erToblivi
zemoqmedebiT.
struqturuli umuSev-
roba (structural unemployment)
- iZulebiTi umuSevroba, gamo-
wveuli ekonomikis struqturu-
li gardaqmniT, moZvelebuli
dargebisa da profesiebis likvi-
daciiT, samuSao Zalis kvalifi-
kaciis dabali doniTa da a.S.
subarenda (sublease) - aren-
direbuli qonebis nawilis gada-
cema mesame pirisaTvis aren-
diT. am SemTxvevaSi arendatori
mearendis rolSi gamodis.
subvencia (subvention) [<laT.
subvenire daxmarebis gaweva] -
saxelmwifos finansuri dax-
mareba xelisuflebis adgilo-
brivi organoebis an meurneo-
bis calkeuli dargebisadmi, ga-
weuli gansazRvruli miznisaT-
vis; mizandasaxuli dotacia.
subsidia (subsidy) - dota-
cia, saxelmwifos usasyidlo
daxmareba fizikuri da iuridi-
uli pirebisadmi, adgilobrivi
organoebisadmi, sxva qveynebisa-
dmi. igi xorcieldeba rogorc
pirdapiri asignebis (grantis)
formiT, ise saxelmwifo garan-
tiis, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis,
sxva komunaluri, soci aluri
socialuri ...
aluri...
investiciebisa da a.S. saxiT.
suvereniteti (sovereign-
ty) [<frang. souverainete] - sax-
elmwifos sruli damoukide-
bloba sxva saxelmwifoebisa-
gan saSinao saqmeebsa da sa-
gareo urTierTobebSi; erovnu-
li suvereniteti _ uflebaTa
erToblioba, gamoxatuli so-
cialuri da politikuri wyo-
bis Tavisuflad arCevaSi, qvey-
nis teritoriul mTlianobaSi,
ekonomikur damoukideblobaSi
da a.S.
surogati (substitute) [<laT.
surrogatus sxvis magivrad dad-
gmuli, Cadgmuli] - Semcvleli,
romelsac aqvs Sesacvleli sag-
nis, produqtis zogierTi Tviseba.
`swrafi startis~ efeq-
ti (catch effect) - ori qveynis
ekonomikaSi Tanabari inves-
ticiebis pirobebSi warmoebis
zrdis tempi ufro maRali iqne-
ba iq, sadac sawyisi potencia-
li iyo dabali.
`sxva komunaluri, soci-
aluri da personaluri mom-
saxureba~ (@other public socail
and personal services#) - gaeros
CCLR-is mixedviT _ specialu-
ri ganyofileba, romelSic Se-
dis: kanalizacia da narCenebis
likvidacia, sanitariuli gada-
muSaveba da sxva momsaxureba
(quCebisa da gzebis dagva, mor-
wyva, avtostradebisa da aero-
379
portebis gawmenda Tovlisa da
yinulisagan da a.S.), komerci-
uli, samewarmeo da profkav-
Siruli organizaciebis momsax-
ureba, religiuri, politikuri
organizaciebis, sxva sawevro
organizaciebis (omis veteran-
Ta, axalgazrdobis, studenturi,
kinomoyvarulTa, mebaReobis moy-
varulTa, musikisa da mxatvro-
bis moyvarulTa asociaciebi da
sxv.), saqmianoba, dasvenebisa da
garTobis, kulturisa da spor-
tis organizacia (kino da vi-
deofilmebis gadaReba da gavr-
celeba, kinofilmebis demo--
nstracia, saqmianoba radios da
televiziis sferoSi, xelovnebis,
kulturis sferoSi, beWdviTi
saagentoebis saqmianoba, sportu-
li saqmianoba, dasvenebasa da
garTobasTan dakavSirebuli
sxva saqmianoba), safeiqro da
bewveulis nawarmis recxva, mSra-
li wmenda da Rebva, saparik-
maxeroebisa da kosmetikuri sa-
lonebis momsaxureba, dakrZa-
lvis organizacia da masTan
dakavSirebuli momsaxureba, sa-
unebis, Turquli da orTqlis
abanoebis, masaJis kabinetebis,
stresuli mdgomareobis moxs-
nis kabinetebis, wonaSi daklebis
salonebis, saqorwino biuroeb-
is da sxva momsaxureba.
380
t efeqtebic warmoqmnis. saxel-
taim-Siti (time sheet) - saz-
Rvao dokumenti, romelSic zus-
tad aris fiqsirebuli sazR-
vargareTis qveynebSi sazRvao
gadazidvisas CasatvirT--gadmo-
satvirTi drois danaxarjebi.
taim-Carteri (time-- char-
ter) - sazRvao xelSekruleba sa-
vaWro gemis an misi nawilis gar-
kveuli vadiT arendis Sesaxeb.
tanzi-oliveras efeq-
ti (Tanzi-Olivera’s effect) – ukav-
Sirdeba gadasaxadebis akrefis
dagvianebas, rasac yuradReba
miaqcies ekonomistebma – vito
tanzin da julio oliveram.
vinaidan sagadasaxado Semosav-
lebi ganvlili periodis Se-
mosavlebidan amoiReba, inflaci-
is kvalobaze maTi realuri
gaufasureba xdeba. mag., Tu
fasebis done wels aTjer ma-
Ralia, vidre wina wlis faseb-
is done iyo, xolo gadasaxa-
debi wina wels miRebul Semo-
savlebzea gadaxdili, maSin
faqtobrivi sagadasaxado ga-
nakveTi oficialuri sagadasax-
ado ganakveTis mxolod erTi
meaTedia. saboloo angariSiT,
maRali inflacia, rogorc wesi,
mTavrobis realur Semosavals
amcirebs, rac deficitis prob-
lemas amZimebs.
taim
taim-- Siti
zogjer problemas sxva
dobr, xSirad mTavrobebi sax-
elmwifo kontrolis qveS ar-
sebuli firmebisaTvis fasebis
gazrdis akrZalviT cdiloben
inflaciis Senelebas, miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom maTi danaxarji
inflaciasTan erTad izrdeba.
firmebs uCndeba deficiti
romelic samTavrobo sufsideb-
iT unda dafinansdes. es ki
biujetis deficits da, Sesa-
bamisad, fulze moTxovnas kidev
ufro zrdis.
tara (packing, tare) - nake-
Toba, nawarmi, romelic gankuTv-
nilia saqonlis SefuTvis, Senax-
visa da transportirebisaTvis.
tarifi (tariff) [<frang.
tarif]--1. ganakveTTa sistema, ro-
melic gansazRvravs sxvadas-
xva momsaxurebis safasuris
odenobas; 2. Sromis anazRaure-
bis ganakveTTa sistema.
tarifebisa da vaWrobis
Sesaxeb generaluri SeTan-
xmeba (General Agreement on Tar-
iffs and Trade - GATT) - 1947 wels
Seqmnili organizaciuli stru-
qturiT ganmtkicebuli SeTan-
xmeba msoflio vaWrobaSi tari-
febis Semcirebis gzebisa da
meTodebis SemuSavebis mizniT.
1947-- 1962 wlebSi Catarebu-
li 7 konferenciiT GATT-ma ver
miaRwia xelSesaxeb Sedegebs.
teqnoparki
warmateba mxolod 1967 wels
movida e.w. kenedis raundis pe-
riodSi, rodesac SesaZlebeli
gaxda sanedleulo saqonelze
satarifo ganakveTebis mkveTri
Semcireba. GATT-s 1995 wlis
1 ianvridan ewoda msoflio
savaWro organizacia (VCJ).
mso (World Trade Organization
- WTO) - saerTaSoriso vaWro-
bis maregulirebeli organoa,
romlis ZiriTadi funqciebia:
masSi Semaval qveynebs Soris
savaWro urTierTobebis libe-
ralizacia da erTiani stan-
dartebis Seqmna; sabaJo pro-
cedurebis erTiani unificire-
buli sistemis Seqmna; calke,
gankerZoebuli SeRavaTebis ar-
arseboba. saqarTvelo 2000 wli-
dan mso - is sruluflebiani
wevria.
tezavracia (thesauration)
[<berZn. thesauros ganZi, maragi]--
kerZo pirebis mier mimoqcev-
idan Zvirfasi liTonebis, mon-
etebisa da banknotebis amoRe-
ba maTi dagrovebis mizniT.
tenderi (tender) [<ingl.
tender, tend momsaxureba] - sawar-
mos mier myidvelisaTvis SeTa-
vazebuli fasi, romlis gan-
sazRvris drosac amosavalia
ara sakuTriv saqonlis dana-
xarjebis done an masze moTx-
ovna, aramed konkurentTa mier
dadebuli fasi.
381
teqnikuri progresi (tech-
-
nical progress) ekonomikuri zrdis
erT--erTi umniSvnelovanesi faq-
tori; iZleva meti produqci-
is gamoSvebis saSualebas war-
moebis procesSi gamoyenebuli
kapitalis ucvleli raodeno-
bis pirobebSi. teqnikuri pro-
gresi ganivTdeba ZiriTad kap-
italSi. iyofa Sromadamzogv-
el, neitralur da kapital-
damzogvel teqnikur progre-
sad.
teqnologiuri dualiz-
mi (technological dualism) -
kapital-
intensiuri mZime mrewvelobis
Serwyma sxva dargebis Sromain-
tensiur meTodebTan Warbi sa-
muSao Zalis gamoyenebis mizniT.
mZime mrewvelobis modernizaci-
isa da warmoebrivi infrastru-
qturis Seqmnis procesSi sxva
dargebi `isrutaven~ Warb samu-
Sao Zalas.
teqnologiuri umuSev-
roba (technological unemploy-
ment) - warmoebaSi Sromadam-
zogveli teqnologiis dan-
ergviT warmoSobili umuSevro-
ba. neoklasikosebi aseT situ-
acias droebiTad miiCneven da
umuSevrobis am formas serio-
zul mniSvnelobas ar aniWeben.
teqnoparki (industrial park)
- maRalteqnologiuri parki.
saTaves iRebs XX saukunis 50--
iani wlebidan, rodesac aSS--Si,
382
kaliforniis StatSi stenfor-
dis universitetTan Seiqmna
samecniero parki da safuZve-
li Caeyara maRali teqnologi-
ebis sferoSi mecnierul kvle-
va--Ziebas. amJamad aSS--Si 160--
ze meti teqnoparkia, rac msof-
lioSi arsebuli teqnoparkeb-
is 30%--s Seadgens.
evropaSi teqnoparkebi gamoC-
nda 70--iani wlebis dasawyis-
Si. erT--erTi pirvelTaganebia
edinburgSi heriotuaitis uni-
versitetis kvleviTi parki, tri-
nitis samecniero parki kembrij-
Si da a.S.
80-- iani wlebidan teqno-
parkebi iqmneba kanadaSi, singa-
purSi, avstraliaSi, brazilia-
Si, iaponiasa da CineTSi. aRsa-
niSnavia, rom amJamad CineTSi,
sadac 50--ze meti teqnoparkia,
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqce-
va maT ganviTarebas. erovnul
teqnoparkebs miliardobiT moge-
ba moaqvT qveynisaTvis. teqno-
parkebs zogjer klastereb-
sac uwodeben.
`tvinebis gadineba~ (bra-
in drain) – kvalificiuri samu-
Sao Zalis migracia, rogorc
wesi, Raribidan mdidar qveya-
naSi.
ganaTleba, romelic moiTx-
ovs investiciebs adamianiseul
kapitalSi, misi miReba gaci-
lebiT iafia didi SromiTi
`tvinebis gadineba~
resursebis mqone Rarib qvey-
nebSi, vidre mdidarSi. kvali-
fikaciis miRebis Semdeg adami-
anebi gadadian ufro ganviTare-
bul qveynebSi, sadac Semosava-
li SedarebiT maRalia. aseTi
migracia zogjer waxalisdeba
kanonebiTa da instituciuri
faqtorebiT, vinaidan TviT mim-
Rebi qveynebi arian daintere-
sebuli kvalificiuri kadreb-
is imigraciiT.
todaros modeli (Todaro
model) – ganviTarebad qveyneb-
Si Sida migraciis zrdis mize-
zebisa da misi daZlevis ekono-
mikuri modeli. atarebs amerike-
li ekonomistis maikl todaros
saxels. modeli xsnis Tu ra-
tomaa migraciis maRali tempi
soflidan qalaqSi ganviTare-
badi qveynebis umravlesobaSi.
amis mTavari mizezi ki, mosa-
lodneli sxvaobaa realur Se-
mosavalSi sofelsa da qalaqs
Soris.: potenciuri migranti
Tavisi kvalifikaciis Sesabamis
SesaZlo Semosavals qalaqad
udarebs im Semosavals, romel-
sac iRebs an miiRebda soflad.
maT Soris sxvaoba misi gadaw-
yvetilebis safuZvelia – da-
tovos sofeli da wavides
qalaqad samuSaos Sovnis imed-
iT. aseTi gadawyvetileba gr-
Zelvadian periodSi SeiZleba
iyos racionaluri, magram mok-
transerovnuli (transnacionaluri) ...
levadian periodSi sariskoa.
migrantebma SeiZleba iSovon
samuSao mosalodnelze daba-
li anazRaurebiT da isic ara-
formalur seqtorSi.
Tu qveynis xelisufleba
xels Seuwyobs mrewvelobis
ganviTarebas, bunebrivia, qalaqad
gaizrdeba dasaqmeba, rac, Tavis
mxriv, ganapirobebs soflidan
qalaqSi migraciis zrdas. Amis
Sedegad umuSevrobac gaizrdeba,
ris gamoc sagrZnoblad Sem-
cirdeba migracia.
problemis gadaWris grZel-
vadiani RonisZiebaa ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis programebis Se-
muSaveba da realizacia ro-
gorc qalaqad, ise soflad, rac
maTi mosaxleobis realur Se-
mosavlebSi arsebuli gansxvave-
bis Semcirebis safuZvelia.
tradiciuli ekonomika
(traditional economy) – qveynis
ekonomikis jansaRi nawili,
romelic warmodgenilia vi-
taekonomikis (ix.) saxiT.
traibalizmi (tribalism)
[<ingl. tribal satomo, tomo-
brivi]--tomobrivi separatizmi
sazogadoebaSi, romelsac Se-
narCunebuli aqvs gvarovnul--
tomobrivi dayofis gadmonaS-
Tebi.
tranziti (transit) [laT.
transitus gatareba] - tvirTis
gadazidva gagzavnis adgilidan
383
daniSnulebis adgilamde Suale-
dur punqtebSi gadmoutvirTa-
vad.
transaqcia (transaction)
[<laT. transactio garigeba, SeTan-
xmeba] - 1. sabanko operacia, ro-
melic gulisxmobs fuladi sax-
srebis gadagzavnas (maT Soris,
sazRvargareT) raime mizniT; 2.
sakuTrebisa da Tavisuflebis
dacva.
transaqciuli xarjebi
(transaction costs) – xarjebi mi-
moqcevis sferoSi, romelic
dakavSirebulia sakuTrebis uf-
lebis gadacemasTan, informaciis
mopovebasTan, kontraqtebis
dadebasTan da a.S. transaqci-
uli xarjebi mniSvnelovania
iseT bazrebze, sadac iyideba
sxvadasxva saxeobis SedarebiT
rTuli produqti.
transdorti (transfer) -
bankis gzavnili an werilobi-
Ti brZaneba Tavisi korespon-
dentisadmi brZanebaSi miTiTe-
buli piris saxelze garkveu-
li Tanxis gacemis Sesaxeb.
transerovnuli (tran-
snacionaluri) korpora-
cia (transnational (multinational)
corporation - MNC) - msxvili sa-
meurneo gaerTianeba, saerTaSo-
riso, mravalnacionaluri kor-
poracia, romelsac Stab-- bina
aqvs msoflios erT--erT qveya-
naSi da flobs filialebis did
384
raodenobas rogorc ganviTare-
bul, ise ganviTarebad qveyneb-
Si. aseTi korporaciis magali-
Tad gamodgeba `fili psi~, `jen-
eral motorsi~, `koka--kola~,
`reno~, `britiS petroliumi~
da a.S. maTi ricxvi msoflio-
Si 60 aTasze metia. MNC ax-
orcielebs ekonomikur eqspan-
sias sxva qveynebSi Tavisi ganyo-
filebebis, filialebis farTo
qslis SeqmniT. transerovnu-
li korporaciebis Tanamedrove
ganviTarebis damaxasiaTebeli
niSania Sidasafirmo urTier-
TobaTa kompleqsis intensifika-
cia, romelic gulisxmobs kapi-
talis, teqnologiis, mza da Su-
aleduri produqciis moZraobas
Svilobil kompaniebs Soris.
saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT
msoflio vaWrobis 1/5--dan 1/
3--mde transerovnuli korpo-
raciebis Sidasafirmo arxebiT
warmoebs.
translacia (translation)
– saqonlis, momsaxurebis moc-
ulobis Rirebulebis gadaan-
gariSeba erTi valutidan meo-
reSi.
transferi (transfer) [<laT.
transferre gadatana] - 1. fulis
gadagzavna erTi safinanso da-
wesebulebidan meoreSi an qvey-
nidan qveyanaSi; 2. saxelobiTi
fasiani qaRaldebis gadaformeba
erTi mflobelidan meoreze; 3.
translacia
garigebis gadatana erTi anga-
riSidan meoreze; 4. saxelm-
wifo biujetis saxsrebis gada-
nawilebis erT--erTi forma. fu-
ladi gadasaxdeli saxelmwifo
biujetidan mosaxleobaze, gan-
sakuTrebiT xelmokle mo-
qalaqeebze socialuri uz-
runvelyofis programiT. trans-
fers gascemen agreTve firmebi
da kerZo pirebi saqvelmoqme-
do Senatanebis saxiT. trans-
feruli gadasaxdeli warmoe-
briv saqmianobas ar ukavSird-
eba.
transferuli fasi (tran-
sfer price) - Sidasafirmo saan-
gariSsworebo fasi, romelsac
iyeneben angariSsworebisas `de-
da~ da `Svilobil~ kompaniebs
an sazRvargareTul filialebs
Soris. Sidasafirmo miwodebis
fasebi konfidencialuria.
transferuli Semosav-
lebi (transfer incoms) – Semo-
savlebi (pensiebi, saCuqrebi da
a.S.), romlebic ar SeiZleba
ganxilul iqnes rogorc gada-
saxdelebi gaweul momsaxure-
baze da amitom ar aisaxeba er-
ovnul SemosavalSi. maT See-
sabameba transferuli gada-
saxdelebi (Senatanebi social-
uri dazRvevis fondSi da sxv.),
romelTa wyaroa warmoebis
faqtorebisgan miRebuli Semo-
savlebi.
turizmi 385
trasanti (drawer) [<ital. yidulobs da yidis fasian
-
trassante]-piri, romelic gascems qaRaldebs; 3. savaWro gemi.
gadasapirebel Tamasuqs. tresti (trust) - mewarme-
trasati (drawee) [<ital. Ta gaerTianeba, romlis Semad-
trassare]--piri, romelic valde- genlobaSi Semavali sawarmoe-
bulia gadaixados Tanxa gada- bi kargaven warmoebriv, komer-
sapirebeli Tamasuqis mixedviT. ciul da iuridiul damoukide-
trata (bill of exchange, draft) blobas da erTian mmarTvelo-
[ital. tratta]--Tanamedrove sa- bas eqvemdebarebian.
banko da komerciul praqtika- turizmi (tourism) - 1. Ta-
Si gadasapirebeli Tamasuqis namedrove msoflio ekonomikis
sinonimi. ganasxvaveben: 1. savaW- erT-- erTi wamyvani da di-
ro tratas, romelsac gamyid- namikurad ganviTarebadi dar-
veli gascems myidvelze; 2. gi; 2. adamianTa nebayoflobi-
sabanko tratas, romelsac gamy- Ti, droebiTi gadaadgileba Ta-
idveli gascems bankze; 3. sa- vianTi sacxovrebeli adgilidan
finanso tratas, romelsac banki dasvenebis, gajansaRebis (mkur-
gascems bankze. gansakuTrebiT nalobis), SemecnebiTi donis
gavrcelebulia sagareo--savaW- amaRlebisa da a.S. mizniT.
ro brunvaSi.
traqtati (treatise) [<laT.
tractata ganxilva]--saerTaSoriso
xelSekruleba, SeTanxmeba.
traqtacia (tractation) -
winadadebis SeTavazeba saqon-
lis gayidvis an yidvis Sesax-
eb im SesaZlo myidvelebis an
gamyidvelebis gamovlenis miz-
niT, romlebic garigebis dadeb-
iT iqnebian dainteresebulni.
treideri (trader) - 1. va-
Wari, sovdagari; 2. sabirJo mak-
leri _ sabrokero kantoris
an safinanso dawesebulebis Tan-
amSromeli, romelic safondo
birJaze gamodis spekulantis
rolSi _ sakuTari fuliT
386
u gadasaxadi (negative income tax)
uaryofiTi gadasaxadi
(negative tax) - dotacia, subsi-
dia.
uaryofiTi efeqtebis
Semcirebis xarjebi (abate-
ment cost) - arasasurveli ef-
eqtebis (garemos dabinZureba,
satransporto qselis gada-
tvirTva, avtomobilis Zravis
muSaobiT gamowveuli xmauri
da a.S.) Semcirebis xarjebi.
garemos dabinZurebis Semcire-
bis kvalobaze xarjebis mru-
di izrdeba swrafi tempiT. es
aixsneba imiT, rom, magaliTad,
garemos dabinZurebuli sivr-
cis garkveuli monakveTis gaw-
menda SedarebiT iafia, magram
dabinZurebis mTlianad aRkve-
Ta gacilebiT Zviri ujdeba sazo-
gadoebas. aseTive situaciis ma-
galiTad gamodgeba avtomobi-
lis Zravis muSaobiT gamowveu-
li xmauris aRkveTa. erTi man-
qanis Zravis dafarva xmaur-
sawinaaRmdego masaliT sagrZno-
blad amcirebs mis xmaurs da
amisTvis gaweuli xarjebic ar
aris didi, magram aseTi ti pis
manqanebisgan xmauris mTlianad
aRkveTa moiTxovs Zravis kon-
struqciul gadakeTebas, rac
did danaxarjebTan aris dakav-
Sirebuli.
uaryofiTi gadasaxadi
uaryofiTi saSemosavlo
- saxelmwifo anazRaurebis
sistema im ojaxebisaTvis, ro-
melTa Semosavali daubegravi
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis mini-
mumze naklebia.
`ubileTos~ problema
(“free--rider” problem) - urTier-
Txelsayreli koleqtiuri mo-
qmedebis Seferxeba iseT vi-
TarebaSi, roca ekonomikur agen-
tebs saSualeba eZlevaT sarge-
bloba miiRon saerTo xarjeb-
Si monawileobis gareSe.
ukudempingi (reverse dum-
ping) - saqonlis gayidva sazR-
vargareT Sida fasze ufro Zvi-
rad monopoliuri mdgomareo-
bidan gamomdinare, mogebis
amoRebis mizniT.
umuSevroba (unemployment)
- situacia ekonomikaSi, rode-
sac Sromisunariani mosaxle-
obis garkveul nawils ar Seu-
Zlia Tavisi am unaris gamoy-
eneba da Sromis sarezervo ar-
miad iqceva. Zlierdeba ekono-
mikuri krizisisa da depresiis
periodSi samuSao Zalaze mo-
Txovnis mkveTrad Semcirebis
Sedegad.
Sromis saerTaSoriso or-
ganizaciis kriteriumiT umuSe-
vari aris 15 da meti wlis
piri, romelic sakvlevi kviris
ganmavlobaSi ar eweva saqmi-
umuSevrobis done
anobas da eZebs samuSaos, an
ar eZebs, radgan gadaewura misi
Sovnis imedi (xelCaqneulia),
Tumca, samuSaos SemoTavazebis
SemTxvevaSi mzad aris Seudg-
es muSaobas.
registrirebuli umuSevari
aris dasaqmebis samsaxurSi regis-
trirebuli piri.
umuSevrobis gansazRvruli
done _ samuSao Zalis ricx-
ovnobis 6--7% _ normalur mov-
lenad iTvleba da iwodeba
umuSevrobis bunebriv doned.
arsebobs friqciuli, struq-
turuli, faruli, cikluri,
instituciuri, demografi-
uli da a.S. umuSevroba.
umuSevrobis bunebrivi
done (natural rate of unemploy-
ment) - umuSevrobis done sru-
li dasaqmebis pirobebSi. umu-
Sevrobis bunebrivi done dam-
axasiaTebelia ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis iseTi periodisaTvis,
rodesac VTG-is realuri da
potenciuri dinamika erTmaneTs
emTxveva da ar aris damokide-
buli ekonomikuri ganviTareb-
is realur tempebze. gaian-
gariSeba, rogorc friqci-
uli da struqturuli umu-
Sevrobis maCvenebelTa ja-
mi gayofili ekonomikurad
aqtiuri mosaxleobis ri-
cxovnobaze. misi Semcireba
SeuZlebelia erToblivi moTx-
387
ovnis gazrdiT.
filipsis vertikaluri mru-
di gviCvenebs, rom nebismieri
mcdeloba umuSevrobis Semcire-
bisa mis bunebriv doneze dabla
iwvevs inflaciis daCqarebas.
gamoiyeneba agreTve termi-
ni umuSevrobis aramzardi done
(non--acelerating rate of unemploy-
ment), romelic gamoxatavs umu-
Sevrobis dones inflaciis sta-
biluri tempebis pirobebSi re-
aluri da potenciuri mep-is
dinamikebis damTxvevis dros.
umuSevrobis bunebrivi do-
ne 60--iani wlebis dasawyisSi
Seadgenda 4%--s, xolo 80--iani
wlebidan _ 6--7%--ia.
umuSevrobis bunebrivi
donis hi poTeza (natural rate
of unemployment hypothesis) -
neoklasikosTa Tvalsazrisi, rom-
lis mixedviTac ekonomikas axa-
siaTebs tendencia avtomaturad
miaRwios wonasworobas umuSev-
robis bunebrivi donis pirobeb-
Si, e.i. warmoebis potenciurad
sruli moculobis pirobebSi.
umuSevrobis bunebrivi do-
nis hi poTezas mxars uWeren
monetarizmis momxreebic.
umuSevrobis done (unem-
ployment rate) - samuSaos maZie-
beli, an `xelCaqneuli~ Sro-
misunariani asakis mqone mo-
saxleobis wili Sromisunari-
ani asakis mqone mosaxleobis
388
saerTo ricxovnobaSi. umuSev-
robis done samuSaos maZiebel
umuSevarTa wilia samuSao Za-
laSi. isini, romlebsac ara aqvT
da arc eZeben samuSaos, samu-
Sao Zalis Semadgenlobidan ga-
sulebad iTvlebian. maRali
umuSevrobis done, rogorc we-
si, ukavSirdeba samuSao Zala-
Si monawileobis dabal koefi-
cients, romelic ganisazRvre-
ba rogorc samuSao Zalis rao-
denobis Sefardeba ekonomikurad
aqtiuri mosaxleobis mTlian
raodenobasTan.
unaRdo angariSswore-
ba (settling by written order) - an-
gariSsworeba naRdi fulis ga-
reSe, romelic xorcieldeba
bankebis mier gadamxdelis an-
gariSidan mimRebis angariSze
gadaricxvis gziT an urTierT-
moTxovnisa da valdebulebis
CaTvliT. gamoiyeneba rogorc
qveynis farglebSi, ise saerTa-
Soriso ekonomikur urTierTo-
bebSi. ganviTarebuli qveynebis
fulad mimoqcevaSi unaRdo an-
gariSsworebis wili naxevarze
bevrad metia.
universaluri fsiqolo-
fsiqolo-
giuri kanoni ekonomikaSi
(universal psychological law in
economy) - formulirebulia jon
meinard keinzis mier, romlis
mixedviT Semosavlis gadidebis
kvalobaze izrdeba moxmareba,
unaRdo angariSsworeba
magram ara im moculobiT ra
moculobiTac izrdeba Semosa-
vali. maT Soris sxvaoba adi-
debs danazogis moculobas.
unitarizmi (unitarism) [frang.
unitarisme] - saxelmwifo mowy-
obis sistema, romlisTvisac
damaxasiaTebelia administraci-
ul--teritoriuli erTeulebi-
sadmi centralizebuli xel-
mZRvaneloba da gamocalkevebu-
li (damoukidebeli) saxelmwi-
fo warmonaqmnebis ararseboba.
unitaruli saxelmwifo
(unitary state) [frang. unitaire
<laT. unitas mTlianoba] - erTi-
ani, gaerTianebuli; mTliani uni-
taruli saxelmwifo _ sax-
elmwifo sistemis forma, rom-
lis drosac saxelmwifos, fed-
eraciisagan gansxvavebiT, Tavis
SemadgenlobaSi ara aqvs fed-
eraciuli erTeulebi (State-
bi da a.S.) da misi teritoria
iyofa administraciul--terito-
riul erTeulebad (raionebi,
olqebi da a.S.).
unifikacia (unification) [<laT.
uni erTi da facare keTeba] - er-
Tian sistemaSi moqceva. mag.,
msoflioSi mimdinare social-
ur--ekonomikuri, politikuri,
kulturuli, mecnierul-- te-
qnologiuri da a.S. proceseb-
is unifikacia, rac global-
izaciisTvisaa niSandoblivi.
upatento licenzia (non--
ucxouri investicia 389
patent licence) - licenzia `nou-- Sesaxeb sxvadasxva Sexeduleba
haus~ gamoyenebaze, gamogoneba- arsebobs. zogi amtkicebs, rom
ze patentis gareSe. aseTi investiciebi sustad gan-
upiratesobis miniWebis viTarebul qveynebSi ekonomikuri
likviduroba (liquidity pref- kolonializmis gamovlenaa da
erence) - momxmarebelTa arCe- emsaxureba am qveynebSi kontro-
vani, TavianTi danazogis ra lis ganxorcielebas. amasTan,
nawili iqonion fuladi for- ucxouri investiciebi xSirad
miT da ra _ naklebad likvidu- dakavSirebulia moZvelebuli
ri saxsrebis saxiT (fasiani qa- teqnologiebis importTan, rac,
Raldebi, materialur--nivTob- importiori firmebisaTvis adgi-
rivi aqtivebi da a.S.). lobriv iaf samuSao Zalis da-
urbanizacia (urbanization) qiravebasTan erTad, didi moge-
- mosaxleobis Tavmoyris pro- bis miRebis saSualebaa. ucxo-
cesi qalaqebsa da ekonomikur uri investiciebis momxreebi ki
centrebSi. sapirispiroa _ ru- asabuTeben, rom aseTi saxis
ralizacia. investiciebma SesaniSnavi Sede-
utilizacia (utilization) gi misca dasavleTis mraval
[<laT. utilis sasargeblo] - gamoy- qveyanas da isini sxva qveyneb-
eneba, gadamuSaveba, sargebliani sac warmatebebs moutanen.
moxmareba.
ucxouri valuta (foreign
exchange, foreign currency) _
sazRvargareTis qveynebis fu-
ladi niSani, agreTve ucxouri
fuladi erTeuliT gamoxatu-
li sakredito da sagadasaxa-
do dokumentebi (Tamasuqi, Ceki
da sxv.), gamoyenebuli saerTa-
Soriso angariSsworebaSi.
ucxouri investicia (fo-
reign investment) - nebismieri in-
vesticia sxva qveynebSi, ganxor-
cielebuli saxelmwifos, ker-
Zo kompaniis an kerZo piris mi-
er. ucxouri investiciebis gan-
viTarebad qveynebSi dabandebis
390 faruli (implicituri) danaxarji
f rebuli fasebis mqone ekonomi-
faruli (implicituri)
danaxarji (implicit expense) _
firmis mesakuTris an firmis,
rogorc iuridiuli piris sa-
kuTrebaSi arsebuli resurse-
bis gamoyenebis alternatiuli
danaxarji, rac aSkara danaxar-
jis msgavsad, ar aris gaTva-
liswinebuli kontraqtSi da
arc savaldebuloa iyos. es
danaxarji ar anazRaurdeba. mag.,
firma, romelic iyenebs kuTv-
nil Senobas da amisaTvis, ro-
gorc mesakuTre, gadasaxads ar
ixdis, imavdroulad uars am-
bobs am Senobis arendiT gace-
mis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlo Se-
mosavalze. implicituri dan-
axarji firmis sabuRaltro an-
gariSgebaSi ar aisaxeba.
faruli ekonomika (under-
ground, hidden economy) - 1. kanon-
sawinaaRmdego ekonomikuri
saqmianoba (kontrabanda, narko-
biznesi, brakonieroba da sxv.);
2. arakanonsawinaaRmdego, magram
aralegaluri, oficialurad
araregistrirebuli, statis-
tikurad aRuricxavi ekonomi-
kuri saqmianoba.
faruli (CaxSobili) in-
flacia (hidden, suppressed in-
flation) - inflaciuri procese-
bis specifikuri gamovlena
mkacrad regulirebad an fiqsi-
kaSi. Tu fasebis direqtiulad
dadgenili done SenarCunebu-
lia, inflacia gamovlindeba mi-
moqcevaSi Warbi fulis mateb-
isa da misi msyidvelobiTi una-
ris gaufasurebaSi, rogorc sa-
qonlisa da momsaxurebis mzar-
di deficitisa da maTze aJio-
taJuri moTxovnis, agreTve mo-
saxleobis gazrdili moTxov-
nis dagrovebis Sedegi.
faruli umuSevroba (hid-
den, latent, concealed, disguised
unemlpoyment) - arasruli da-
saqmeba, romelic Tavs iCens
ekonomikuri aRmavlobis dros.
aqedan gamomdinare, faruli
umuSevroba unda daematos umu-
Sevrobis oficialur monace-
mebs, raTa miRebul iqnes Sro-
mis bazris realuri suraTi.
fasdakleba (discount on a
price, allowance off a price) - situ-
acia bazarze, rodesac gamyid-
veli saqonels sabazro fasze
iafad uTmobs myidvels gari-
gebis pirobebidan gamomdinare
da arsebuli bazris koniunq-
turis gaTvaliswinebiT. Cveu-
lebriv aqvs miznobrivi daniS-
nuleba. mag., naRdi fulis gada-
xdis, masobrivi, seriuli war-
moebis saqonlis miwodebis moc-
ulobis gadidebis SemTxvevaSi,
mudmiv myidvelebTan myari
`fasebis revolucia~
saqmiani urTierTobis Senar-
Cunebis mizniT, reklamisaTvis,
axali myidvelis mizidvisaTvis,
Cawolili saqonlis gasaRebi-
saTvis da a.S. zog SemTxvevaSi
saqonlis fasdaklebiT gayidva
farulad xdeba. fasdaklebis
yvela saxes Tavisi pirobiTi
aRniSvnebi aqvs: martivi, rTu-
li, dileruli, sezonuri, prog-
resuli, specialuri da a.S. igi
gviCvenebs, ramdenad Seicvala
fasebi drois gansazRvrul mo-
nakveTSi zogierT saqonelze.
fasebze kontroli (price
control) - am terminSi igulis-
xmeba fiqsirebul fasebze mTav-
robis mier kanonis ZaliT kon-
trolis ganxorcieleba. ro-
gorc wesi, es xdeba eqstrem-
alur situaciebSi, magaliTad,
omebis dros, rogorc antiin-
flaciuri politikis nawili,
Tumca, ekonomistTa umravle-
sobis azriT, TavisTavad es
RonisZieba ar aris inflaci-
isgan gankurnebis da misgan
Tavis daRwevis saSualeba.
fasebis efeqti (price ef-
fect) – saqonelze (momsaxure-
baze) fasebis cvlilebiT gamow-
veuli erToblivi moTxovnis
cvlileba. fasebis efeqti, ro-
melic eyrdnoba ordinalur
(yvelaze maRal) sargebliano-
bis koncefcias, moicavs Semosav-
lisa da Senacvlebis efeqtebs
391
da cnobilia sluckis ganto-
lebis saxelwodebiT:
fasebis efeqti = Semosavlis
efeqti + Senacvlebis efeqti.
rusma ekonomistma e. sluc-
kim mniSvnelovani wvlili Seit-
ana moTxovnis Teoriis ganvi-
Tarebasa da, aqedan gamomdinare,
fasebis efeqtis SeswavlaSi.
sluckis mier miRebulma Sede-
gebma Semdgomi ganviTareba pova
hiksisa da alenis naSromebSi.
fasebis indeqsi (price
index) - maCvenebeli, romelic
gamoxatavs saqonelsa da mom-
saxurebaze fasebis Tanafar-
dobas or sxvadasxva period-
Si. gamoiTvleba mimdinare wlis
fasebis sabaziso periodis fase-
bze gayofiT.
fasebis koreqtireba (price
adjustment) - sabazro situaciis
cvalebadobasTan fasebis TviT-
Seguebis procesi.
fasebis makrateli (price
scissors) - fasebis donisa da
dinamikis daSoreba saqonlis
calkeuli jgufebisagan, pirv-
el yovlisa, mza produqciisa
da saTbob--sanedleulo saqon-
lisagan.
`fasebis revolucia~ (“pri-
ce revolution”) – saxelwodeba im
movlenisa, romelic ukavSir-
deba amerikaSi aRmoCenil oq-
rosa da vercxlis mozRvave-
392
bas XV-XVI saukuneebSi, ra-
mac gamoiwvia fasebis oTxjera-
di zrda. miCneulia, rom aseTi
maRali fasebi gaxda stimuli
dasavleTis qveynebSi warmoeb-
is axali dargebis Seqmnisa da
kapitalis dagrovebisaTvis,
ramac samrewvelo revoluci-
is dawyebasa da kapitalizmis
warmoSobas Seuwyo xeli.
fasebis saerTo done (gene-
ral price level) - ganisazRvreba
nominaluri fuladi masis Se-
fardebiT fulze realur mo-
TxovnasTan. fasebis saerTo do-
nis cvlileba rogorc samomx-
mareblo, ise sainvesticio saqo-
nelze izomeba mep-is defla-
toriT, maSin rodesac sacalo
fasebis indeqsiT izomeba sa-
momxmareblo fasebi.
fasze wanamati (premium,
(bonus) to a price) - wesdeba myid-
velis gansakuTrebuli moTx-
ovnis dasakmayofileblad. ker-
Zod, specialuri, individu-
aluri SekveTebis Sesrulebi-
sas, saqonlis xarisxis amaR-
lebis SemTxvevaSi, damatebiTi
momsaxurebisaTvis, nawil--nawil
gadaxdisas da a.S. gamyidvels
Tavisuflad SeuZlia daawesos
fasze wanamati Cveulebriv sa-
qonelze misTvis xelsayreli
bazris koniunqturis pirobebSi.
fasi (price) - erTeuli sa-
qonlisa da momsaxurebis sayid-
fasebis saerTo done
lad gadaxdili fulis raode-
noba, Rirebulebisa da sargeb-
lianobis fuladi gamoxatule-
ba.
fasi sagareo - savaWro
xelSekrulebebSi (price in fo-
reign trade) - erT--erTi arsebiTi
piroba, romelic mWidrod aris
dakavSirebuli saqonlis raode-
nobasa da xarisxTan, miwodebi-
sa da gadaxdis vadebTan da
a.S. gamoixateba erovnuli an
saerTaSoriso valutis fulad
erTeulebSi. saxelSekrulebo
fasis done yalibdeba garigeb-
is monawileTagan damoukide-
blad, obieqtur garemoebaTa
gavleniT (saqonlis Tavisebu-
rebebi, misi konkurentunarianoba,
bazarze moTxovna--miwodebis Ta-
nafardoba, savaWro politikuri
pirobebi, kontrahentTa qveynebSi
saxelmwifo regulirebis Tavi-
seburebebi, bazris monopoliza-
ciis done da a.S.). masze gavle-
nas axdens agreTve bazris, kon-
trahentis, drois, adgilisa da
xelSekrulebis dadebis wesis
SerCeva, bazris koniunqturis
komerciuli codna,, gamocdile-
ba da sxv.
fasi Semdgomi fiqsaci-
iT (price to be fixed) - dgindeba
xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis
msvlelobaSi, mag., saqonlis
morigi partiis miwodebis win,
xolo zog SemTxvevaSi _ mi-
fasiani qaRaldebis ba
bazari
zari
wodebis Semdgomac. xelSek-
rulebaSi ganisazRvreba fase-
bis fiqsaciis wesi, saxeldobr,
fiqsaciis periodi, myidvelis
mier fiqsaciis drois arCevis
ufleba informaciis garkveu-
li wyaros safuZvelze an fase-
bis SeTanxmebis pirobebSi mxa-
reebs Soris molaparakebisas.
fas-i (Free Alongside Ship
- FAS) - `Tavisuflad gemis qi-
mis gaswvriv~, saqonlis miwode-
bis sabaziso piroba saerTa-
Soriso vaWrobaSi sazRvao
gadazidvisas, romlis mixedvi-
Tac eqsportiors Tavisi xar-
jiT gadaaqvs saqoneli gemis
misadgomamde, xolo Semdgom
xarjebs importiori gaiRebs.
fasiani qaRaldebi (secu-
rities) - dadgenili formis (ni-
muSis) safinanso dokumentebi.
maTSi aisaxeba mflobelis gar-
kveuli qonebrivi uflebebi,
romelTa realizacia SesaZle-
belia mxolod am dokumenteb-
is wardgenis SemTxvevaSi. fa-
sian qaRaldebs miekuTvneba: sa-
gadasaxado dokumentebi _ Ceki,
Tamasuqi, akreditivi da sxv.,
safondo faseulobebi _ aqcia,
obligacia da sxv., qonebrivi
uflebis damadasturebeli sxva
dokumentebi _ konosamenti,
lombardis sagiravno bileTe-
bi, Semnaxveli bankis wignakeb-
is latariis bileTebi, romleb-
393
sac mogeba xvda da a.S.
fasiani qaRaldebi SeiZle-
ba iyos saxelobiTi da warmo-
madgenlobiTi. pirvel SemTx-
vevaSi qonebrivi ufleba aqvs
mxolod im pirs, romlis gvar-
ic aRniSnulia fasian qaRaldze
(Semnaxveli bankis wignakebi,
lombardis sagiravno bileTe-
bi da sxv.), meore SemTxvevaSi
_ pirs, romelic flobs fa-
sian qaRaldebs (obligaciebi,
mogebuli latariis bileTebi
da sxv.).
fasiani qaRaldebis da-
farva fiqsirebuli vadiT
(dated securities) - nebismieri fa-
siani qaRaldi, magaliTad, obli-
gacia, romlisTvisac dawesebu-
lia dafarvis vadebi. Cveu-
lebriv iyofa mokle--, saSua-
lo-- da grZelvadian fasian
qaRaldebad.
fasiani qaRaldebis ara-
sabirJo bazari (over the coun-
ter market) - aqciebis bazari,
rogorc wesi, mcire kompanieb-
isa, sadac operaciebi xorci-
eldeba birJis gverdis avliT
kavSirgabmulobis saSualebe-
biT. aseTi bazari kargadaa gan-
viTarebuli aSS--Si, did brita-
neTsa da a.S.
fasiani qaRaldebis ba-
zari (securities market) - fasi-
ani qaRaldebis mimoqcevis sf-
ero, romlis saSualebiTac xde-
394 fasiani qaRaldebis ba zari
ba sawarmoTa droebiT Tavisu-
fali fuladi saxsrebisa da
mosaxleobis danazogebis mo-
bilizacia ekonomikaSi inves-
tirebisaTvis. iyofa pirvelad
da meoreul bazrebad. pirve-
lad bazarze iyideba axalga-
moSvebuli, emitirebuli fasi-
ani qaRaldebi. rogorc wesi,
firma--emitenti Tavis fasian qa-
Raldebs avrcelebs bankebisa
da sxva safinanso institute-
bis SuamavlobiT xelmoweris
safuZvelze (Ria ti pis aqci-
oneruli sazogadoeba) an aq-
cioner-- damfuZnebelTa Sez-
Rudul raodenobas Soris (dax-
uruli ti pis aqcioneruli
sazogadoeba). fasiani qaRaleb-
is emitenti SeiZleba iyos neb-
ismieri iuridiuli piri. fasi-
ani qaRaldebis meoreul baz-
arze investorebi, safinanso--
sakredito institutebi da
Suamavlebi vaWroben im fasi-
ani qaRaldebiT, romlebic erTx-
el ukve gayides maTma emiten-
tebma. investorebi arian ro-
gorc fizikuri, ise iuridiu-
li pirebi da saxelmwifo. Sua-
mavalTa ZiriTadi kategorie-
bia brokerebi, dilerebi da maTi
Sesabamisi organizaciebi, agreT-
ve sakredito institutebi. mag.,
angloamerikul sistemaSi, ro-
gorc wesi, bankebi gansakuTre-
buli saxis (sadazRvevo, sapen-
bazari
sio) fasiani qaRaldebiT vaW-
roben. meoreul bazarze moTx-
ovnisa da miwodebis gavleniT
dgindeba fasiani qaRaldebis
sabazro fasi (kursi). meoreu-
li bazari iyofa sabirJo da
birJisgareSe (finansuri aqtive-
biT vaWroba `daxlze~) bazre-
bad.
qveynis sabirJo sistema Se-
iZleba iyos monocentruli
(erTi msxvili birJa, mag., did
britaneTSi, safrangeTSi), po-
licentruli (ramdenime msx-
vili birJa, mag., kanadaSi, ger-
maniaSi, avstraliaSi), garda-
mavali (erTi umsxvilesi da
ramdenime naklebad msxvili
birJa, mag., aSS--Si, iaponiaSi).
birJebis raodenobis regla-
mentireba xdeba saxelmwifos
mier. birJisgare bazarze Ziri-
Tadad mimoiqceva is fasiani
qaRaldebi, romelTa kotirebac
safondo birJaze ar xdeba, mag.,
TiTqmis yvela bankis (centra-
luris garda) da sadazRvevo
kompaniebis aqciebi, yvela saxel-
mwifo da munici paluri obli-
gacia da sxv. aq fasi yalibde-
ba saxelSekrulebo gziT. dile-
ris Semosavali dgindeba, ro-
gorc yidvisa da gayidvis fasebs
Soris sxvaoba. birJis gare ba-
zarze SesaZlebelia brokerisa
da dileris funqciebis SeT-
avseba.
fasiani qaRaldebis de po
depo zitariumi
pozitariumi
fasiani qaRaldebis bazrisa
da mTlianad mTeli ekonomikis
mniSvnelovani indikatoria
aqciebis kursis indeqsebi. ar-
sebobs mravali sxvadasxva sax-
is indeqsi. mag., aSS--Si yvelaze
cnobilia dou--jonsis indeqsi.
fasiani qaRaldebis de
de--
pozitariumi
pozitariumi (securities depo-
sitary) [<frang. depositare-- de-
pozitori, Semnaxveli] - orga-
nizacia, romelic inaxavs fa-
sian qaRaldebs klientis dava-
lebiT da axdens maTi ufleb-
is realizacias am qaRalde-
biT. depozitariums, garda fiz-
ikuri formiT (romelic mi-
moiqceva bazarze sertifikatis
saxiT) gamoSvebuli fasiani
qaRaldebisa, SeuZlia emitent-
Tan specialuri SeTanxmebiT
registraciaSi gaataros is fa-
siani qaRaldebic, romlebic
maTi gamoSvebis pirobebis mi-
xedviT ar formdeba, anu iseTebi,
romlebzec sakuTrebis ufle-
ba dadasturebulia special-
ur reestrSi. fasiani qaRalde-
bis depozitariumi klients
uxsnis specialur angariSs,
romelSic fiqsirebulia misi
kuTvnili fasiani qaRaldebi,
xolo klienti iRebs angari-
Sis amonawers. es ukanaskneli
mxolod adasturebs klientis
fasiani qaRaldebis Senaxvisa
da aRricxvis faqts fasiani qa-
395
Raldebis depozitariumSi, ma-
gram TviT fasiani qaRaldebi
ar arsebobs, ar mimoiqceva ba-
zarze. garda am funqciebisa,
fasiani qaRaldebis depozitar-
iumi axorcielebs sainkaso
operaciebs emitentebTan da
fasiani qaRaldebis mflobelebs
Soris anawilebs procentebis,
dividendebis, gasanaRdebeli
obligaciebis da a.S. Tanxas
(fasiani qaRaldebis `momsax-
urebis~ funqcia). igi axdens
erTi klientisagan meorisaTvis
fasiani qaRaldebis gadacemis
faqtis registracias, Sesabam-
isad Camowers maT erTi anga-
riSidan da Caricxavs meoreze.
aseTi saxis angariSsworebisas
fasiani qaRaldebis serti-
fikatebis fizikuri moZraoba
qaRaldebis depozitariumis
farglebSi ar xdeba. aRniSnul
organizacias SeuZlia Tavis
Tavze aiRos im teqnikuri fun-
qciebisa da procedurebis mniS-
vnelovani nawili, romlisgan
ganTavisuflebac didad umsub-
uqebs datvirTvas investoreb-
sa da fasiani qaRaldebis ba-
zris profesionalebs. momsax-
urebis es saxeoba didad gavr-
celebulia ganviTarebul qvey-
nebSi, ris gamoc fasiani qaRal-
debis mniSvnelovani nawili fa-
siani qaRaldebis depozitari-
umSia `Cawolili~. am proces-
396 fasiani qaRaldebis kur sis indeqsi
ma sazRvargareT `mobilizaci-
is~ saxelwodeba miiRo.
fasiani qaRaldebis kur-
sis indeqsi (index of securi-
ties) – kotirebis indeqsi _ um-
niSvnelovanesi aqciebis kurse-
bis saSualo maCvenebeli bir-
Jaze, romelic umeteswilad
msxvili kompaniebis kursebis
mixedviT gaiangariSeba. umarti-
vesi formiT igi fasiani qaRal-
debis SerCeuli jgufis kur-
sebis jamis SerCeuli gamoS-
vebis raodenobaze gayofiT ga-
iangariSeba.
fasis (garigebis ) valu-
ta (bargain currency) - valuta,
romliTac dgindeba fasi sa-
gareo--savaWro kontraqtebSi.
fasis efeqti (price effect)
- saqonelze moTxovnis cvli-
leba misi fasis cvlilebis Se-
degad. igi Sedgeba Semosavlisa
da Senacvlebis efeqtebisagan.
fasis mawonasworebeli
funqcia (price balancing func-
tion) - sabazro sistemaSi war-
moebis `mbrZanebel-- ganmkar-
gulebeli~ aris momxmarebeli.
ekonomikis TviTregulireba
fasismier meqanizmzea damokide-
buli. rodesac bazarze momx-
mareblebi raime arafasismieri
faqtoris zegavleniT Seicvlis
SeZenis survils, es maSinve
daetyoba saqonlis fass, vinaid-
an fasi, faqtobrivad, moTxov-
kursis
nis moculobaa. moTxovnis cvli-
lebis Sesabamisad fasi aiwevs
an daiwevs. bazarze fasis cv-
lilebebidan gamomdinare, mwar-
moeblebi cvlian warmoebis
struqturas. sabazro siste-
mis unars, mianiSnos mwarmo-
eblebs moTxovnis cvlileba-
ze da gamoiwvios maTi Sesa-
bamisi reaqcia, fasis mawonas-
worebeli funqcia ewodeba.
fasismieri diskrimina-
cia (price discrimination) - arse-
bobs fasismieri diskriminaci-
is ori ZiriTadi forma: pirve-
li gulisxmobs kompaniebis iseT
praqtikas, roca momxmarebel-
Ta sxvadasxva jgufisaTvis gan-
sxvavebuli fasebi wesdeba, me-
ore gulisxmobs erTi momx-
mareblisaTvis gansxvavebuli
fasebis dawesebas erTi da imave
saqonlis sxvadasxva erTeulze.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, roca mo-
mxmarebelTa TiToeul jgufs
aqvs gansxvavebuli moTxovnis
fasismieri elastikuroba, fir-
mas SeuZlia momxmarebelTa Ti-
Toeuli jgufisgan miRebuli
zRvruli Semosavlebis ga-
Tanabrebis gziT miiRos meti
mogeba, vidre Tanabari fasebis
pirobebSi. meore SemTxvevaSi
firmam idealSi unda amoiRos
mTlianad samomxmareblo nama-
ti anu miiRos fasismieri dis-
kriminaciis damatebiTi sarge-
faqtoringi
bloba, romelic momxmarebels
SeeZlo mieRo im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu saqonels mudmivi fasiT Sei-
Zenda. es miiRweva produqciis
TiToeul erTeulze im maqsi-
maluri fasis toli fasis
dawesebiT, romlis gadaxdis-
Tvisac momxmarebeli mzadaa
moTxovnis Sesabamisad. am gziT
firmas SeuZlia miiTvisos mTe-
li samomxmareblo namati. fa-
sismieri diskriminaciis es
forma moiTxovs yoveli momx-
mareblis moTxovnis mrudis
zust codnas, amitom igi aras-
dros ar gamoiyeneba zemoT
aRwerili formiT. aseTi dis-
kriminaciis ufro gavrcelebu-
li formaa gazisa da eleqtro-
energiis mimwodeblebis mier
gamoyenebuli ori nawilisgan
Sedgenili tarifi, romlis
drosac yidva SeiZleba ganxor-
cieldes mxolod qselSi Car-
Tvis uflebisaTvis rentis gada-
xdis Semdeg. aseTi rentuli
gadasaxdeliT xelSi igdeben
samomxmareblo namatis nawils.
faswarmoqmna (price for-
mation) - saqonlisa da momsaxu-
rebis fasebis Camoyalibebis pro-
cesi. ganasxvaveben sabazro da
saxelmwifo (centralizebul
centralizebul
centralizebul)
faswarmoqmnas.
sabazro faswarmoqmna xor-
cieldeba moTxovnisa da miwo-
debis urTierTzemoqmedebis sa-
397
fuZvelze, xolo saxelmwifo
faswarmoqmna _ saxelmwifo
organoebis mier fasebis dawese-
biT.
faqtoringi (factoring agen-
ti, Suamavali) - savaWro--sako-
misio operaciebis nairsaxeoba,
Serwymuli klientis sabrunavi
kapitalis dakreditebasTan,
romlis drosac specialize-
buli kompania _ faqtor--kom-
pania iZens klientis debito-
rul davalianebas, raTa Sem-
degSi gadaaxdevinos igi meva-
les. ufro xSirad faqtor--kom-
pania iZens klientis angariS--
faqturas im pirobiT, rom mi-
wodebis Rirebulebis 20%--mde
gadaixados dauyovnebliv, dar-
Cenili nawili (kreditisaTvis
procentis gamoklebiT) _ mkac-
rad dadgenil vadaSi. safaq-
toringo momsaxurebis Rire-
buleba damokidebulia mis sax-
eze, operaciis moculobaze,
sagadasaxado valdebulebaTa
xarisxze da a.S. aqedan gamom-
dinare, faqtoringi aRiarebu-
lia klientis momsaxurebis
universalur formad. klien-
ti faqtobrivad inarCunebs
mxolod warmoebriv funqcias.
amis Sedegad dazogili fula-
di saxsrebi xmardeba safaq-
toringo momsaxurebis amaRleb-
is anazRaurebas. klienti miRe-
bul kreditze procentis gar-
398
da ixdis sakomisios wliuri
sabrunavi Tanxis 0,75-- 4%-- is
odenobiT. faqtoringi aCqarebs
klientis kapitalis brunvas da
afarToebs sabanko kreditis
mizidvis SesaZleblobebs.
sagareo--ekonomikur urTi-
erTobebSi moklevadian dakred-
itebasa da saSuamavlo komer-
ciul saqmianobaSi farTod gam-
oiyeneba saerTaSoriso faqtor-
ingi. faqtor--kompania aTavisu-
flebs eqsportiors sakredi-
to riskisagan (gansakuTrebiT
_ auTvisebel bazrebze) da,
aqedan gamomdinare, kreditis
dazRvevasTan dakavSirebuli
xarjebisagan.
faqtor-kompania (factor--
company) - kompania, romelic
specializebulia faqtoringis
operaciebze. garda sakredito
momsaxurebisa, faqtor--kompanie-
bi ewevian sabuRaltro, sakon-
sultacio, sareklamo, sainfor-
macio, sadazRvevo, iuridiul da
a.S. momsaxurebas.
faqtoruli Semosavali
(factor income) - Semosavali,
miRebuli warmoebis faqtore-
bis gamoyenebis gziT rentis,
xelfasis, sargeblisa da moge-
bis saxiT.
faqtura (invoice, bill) [<laT.
factura gadamuSaveba, Sedgenilo-
ba] - gamyidvelis mier myidve-
lis saxelze gamowerili da
faqtor
faqtor-- kompania
saqonlis an momsaxurebis da
maTi Rirebulebis faqtobrivi
miwodebis damadasturebeli an-
gariSi.
federaluri biujeti
(federal budget) - saxelmwifo bi-
ujeti federaciuli saxelm-
wifo mowyobis qveynebSi (aSS,
gfr, Sveicaria da sxv.).
federaluri sarezervo
sistema (Federal Reserve Sys-
tem) – Sedgeba sami nawilisgan:
I. federaluri sarezervo banki,
TavianTi regionuli bankebiT;
II. mmarTvelTa sabWo 7 wevriT,
romelTagan erTi federaluri
sarezervo sistemis Tavmj-
domarea; III. federaluri Ria
bazris komiteti, 12 wevriT,
romelTagan xuTi federaluri
sarezervo regionuli bankis pre-
zidentia, xolo danarCeni Svi-
di _ mmarTvelTa sabWos wevri.
federaluri sarezervo
sistemis uflebamosileba 1978
wels kongresis mier hemfri –
houkinsis kanoniT ganisazRvra.
2000 wels kanonis moqmedebis
vada amoiwura, Tumca, kongresi
mis ganaxlebas ar Cqarobs.
federaluri sarezervo sis-
tema msoflioSi erT-erTi yve-
laze damoukidebeli centra-
luri bankia. misi biujeti kon-
gresis zedamxedvelobas ar eq-
vemdebareba.
fermeruli meurneoba
fili psis mrudi
(farm enterprise) - individualu--
ri sasoflo--sameurneo sawar-
mo, romelic meurneobas eweva
sakuTar an arendiT aRebul
miwaze.
fiducialuri fuli (fidu-
cial many) – fuli, romlis ukan
mxolod da mxolod ndobaa da
meti araferi.
fizikuri piri (physical
person, individual) - samarTa-
lurTierTobis monawile.
fizikuri saqoneli (phy-
sical goods) - realuri saqoneli,
romelic, vadiani sasaqonlo
kontraqtis amsaxveli doku-
mentisagan gansxvavebiT, iZleva
saqonlis miRebis uflebas.
fiziokratizmi (physio-
cratism) [<berZn. physis buneba +
kratos Zalaufleba) - ekonomiku-
ri mimarTuleba, romelic aR-
mocenda XVIII saukunis meore
naxevarSi safrangeTSi. fiz-
iokratizmma Secvala merkan-
tilizmi. fiziokratebi (f. kene,
a. tiurgo, v. mirabo, g. letroni,
p. diupon de nemuri da sxv.)
simdidris erTaderT wyarod
soflis meurneobis, kerZod, mi-
waTmoqmedebis ganviTarebas mi-
iCnevdnen, xolo samiwaTmoqme-
do Sromas erTaderT mwarmoe-
blur Sromad Tvlidnen. fiz-
iokratebma, pirvelad istori-
aSi, kvlevis sfero mimoqcev-
idan materialuri warmoebis
399
sferoSi gadaitanes. maTi didi
damsaxureba is aris, rom sim-
didris wyaros eZebdnen ara
mimoqcevis, aramed warmoebis
sferoSi.
fili psis mrudi (Phillips
curve) - inflaciuri moTxov-
nis modelSi asaxuli mrudi,
romelic gamoxatavs urTierT-
kavSirs inflaciasa da umuSev-
robas Soris; funqcia, romel-
ic axasiaTebs da grafikulad
gamoxatavs damokidebulebas
umuSevrobis donis dinamikasa
(abscisis RerZi) da fasebis
donis dinamikas (ordinatis
RerZi) Soris. igi Sesabamisi
statistikuri maCveneblebis
SemaerTebeli wrfea. fili psis
mrudi asaxavs umuSevrobisa da
inflaciis alternatiul urT-
ierTkavSirs: inflaciis maRal
temps unda axldes umuSevro-
bis dabali done da, piriqiT.
am or maCvenebels Soris uku-
proporciuli damokidebuleb-
is dasabuTeba cnobilia `fil-
i psis mrudis~ koncefciis sax-
iT da atarebs ingliseli ekono-
mistis, makroekonomikuri Teo-
riis sferoSi TvalsaCino mkv-
levris a. v. fili psis saxels.
fili psis mrudi gamoxatavs
realuri mep-is potenciuri-
dan gadaxras.
praqtikam cxadyo, rom fil-
i psis mrudis gamoyeneba Sesa-
400
Zlebelia mxolod mokle pe-
riodis situaciis regulireb-
isaTvis. grZelvadian period-
Si ki misi gare efeqti sawi-
naaRmdegoa: umuSevrobis maRa-
li donis miuxedavad, infla-
cia Rrmavdeba, inflaciis ga-
didebas ki Tan axlavs umuSev-
robis zrda.
finansebi (finance) - finan-
suri urTierTobebis da maTi
maregulirebeli institutebis
sistema, romelic dakavSirebu-
lia finansuri resursebis mi-
zandasaxul warmoqmnasa, ganaw-
ilebasa da gemoyenebasTan. mo-
icavs, erTi mxriv _ Sinameurne-
obebisa da firmebis finansebs,
meore mxriv _ saxelmwifo
finansebs.
finansuri kapitali (fi-
nancial capital) - likviduri aq-
tivebi, riTac igi gansxvavdeba
misi fizikuri aqtivebisgan. ko-
mpania SeiZleba flobdes sxva-
dasxva saxis finansur kapi-
tals. ZiriTadad ganasxvaveben
aqcionerul da sasesxo finan-
sur kapitals.
finansuri lizingi (finan-
cial lease) - manqanebisa da mowyo-
bilobebis arenda 10--dan 15 wlam-
de vadiT da arendis periodSi
maTi sruli amortizaciiT.
firma (firm) (ital. firma)
_ biznesis abstraqtuli erTe-
uli, mewarmeobis yvelaze zoga-
finansebi
di saxelwodeba, misi sididis,
organizaciuli Tu sakuTreb-
is formis miuxedavad. arse-
bobs firmis sami saxe: 1. erT-
pirovnuli
pirovnuli* 2. partnioruli
partnioruli*
3. korporaciuli. firmebis
umetesi nawili Seqmnilia erT-
pirovnuli sakuTrebis sa-
fuZvelze, xolo produqciis
ZiriTad masas korporaciebi awar-
moeben. mag., aSS--Si erTpirovnul
firmebze modis firmebis mTe-
li raodenobis 77%, partni-
orulze _ 8%, xolo korpo-
raciebze _ 15%, maSin rode-
sac korporaciebi qmnian mTli-
ani erovnuli produqtis 85%--
s, xolo erTpirovnuli firme-
bi _ mxolod 10%--s.
firmis Teoria (theory
of the firm) - mikroekonomikuri
Teoriis mniSvnelovani Semad-
geneli nawili, romelic xsnis
firmis qcevas da axdens misi
saqmianobis prognozirebas, gan-
sakuTrebiT faswarmoqmnasa da
produqciis gamoSvebasTan da-
kavSirebiT. igi ganixilavs ag-
reTve iseT sakiTxebs, rogori-
caa warmoebis teqnologiis
SerCeva, sareklamo saqmianoba,
produqciis ganaxleba, sainves-
ticio da sadividendo poli-
tika da a.S.
firmis likviduri sax-
srebi (liquidity assets) - saxs-
rebi, romelic Sedgeba naRdi
400
Zlebelia mxolod mokle pe-
riodis situaciis regulireb-
isaTvis. grZelvadian period-
Si ki misi gare efeqti sawi-
naaRmdegoa: umuSevrobis maRa-
li donis miuxedavad, infla-
cia Rrmavdeba, inflaciis ga-
didebas ki Tan axlavs umuSev-
robis zrda.
finansebi (finance) - finan-
suri urTierTobebis da maTi
maregulirebeli institutebis
sistema, romelic dakavSirebu-
lia finansuri resursebis mi-
zandasaxul warmoqmnasa, ganaw-
ilebasa da gemoyenebasTan. mo-
icavs, erTi mxriv _ Sinameurne-
obebisa da firmebis finansebs,
meore mxriv _ saxelmwifo
finansebs.
finansuri kapitali (fi-
nancial capital) - likviduri aq-
tivebi, riTac igi gansxvavdeba
misi fizikuri aqtivebisgan. ko-
mpania SeiZleba flobdes sxva-
dasxva saxis finansur kapi-
tals. ZiriTadad ganasxvaveben
aqcionerul da sasesxo finan-
sur kapitals.
finansuri lizingi (finan-
cial lease) - manqanebisa da mowyo-
bilobebis arenda 10--dan 15 wlam-
de vadiT da arendis periodSi
maTi sruli amortizaciiT.
firma (firm) (ital. firma)
_ biznesis abstraqtuli erTe-
uli, mewarmeobis yvelaze zoga-
finansebi
di saxelwodeba, misi sididis,
organizaciuli Tu sakuTreb-
is formis miuxedavad. arse-
bobs firmis sami saxe: 1. erT-
pirovnuli
pirovnuli* 2. partnioruli
partnioruli*
3. korporaciuli. firmebis
umetesi nawili Seqmnilia erT-
pirovnuli sakuTrebis sa-
fuZvelze, xolo produqciis
ZiriTad masas korporaciebi awar-
moeben. mag., aSS--Si erTpirovnul
firmebze modis firmebis mTe-
li raodenobis 77%, partni-
orulze _ 8%, xolo korpo-
raciebze _ 15%, maSin rode-
sac korporaciebi qmnian mTli-
ani erovnuli produqtis 85%--
s, xolo erTpirovnuli firme-
bi _ mxolod 10%--s.
firmis Teoria (theory
of the firm) - mikroekonomikuri
Teoriis mniSvnelovani Semad-
geneli nawili, romelic xsnis
firmis qcevas da axdens misi
saqmianobis prognozirebas, gan-
sakuTrebiT faswarmoqmnasa da
produqciis gamoSvebasTan da-
kavSirebiT. igi ganixilavs ag-
reTve iseT sakiTxebs, rogori-
caa warmoebis teqnologiis
SerCeva, sareklamo saqmianoba,
produqciis ganaxleba, sainves-
ticio da sadividendo poli-
tika da a.S.
firmis likviduri sax-
srebi (liquidity assets) - saxs-
rebi, romelic Sedgeba naRdi
fiSeri irving
fulis, fasiani qaRaldebis,
bankebSi angariSze arsebuli
resursebisa da sasaqonlo--ma-
terialuri maragis zogierTi
elementisagan.
fiskaluri gadasaxadi
(fiscal tax) - sabaJo gadasaxadi,
dadgenili umTavresad saxelm-
wifo biujetis Semosavlebis
Sevsebis mizniT; rogorc wesi,
ibegreba is samomxmareblo
saqoneli, romelsac mocemul
qveyanaSi ar awarmoeben.
fiskaluri politika
(fiscal policy) - sabiujeto--saga-
dasaxado politika, romelic
iTvaliswinebs gadasaxadebiTa
da saxelmwifo xarjebiT eko-
nomikuri aqtiurobis donis re-
gulirebas. Tu umuSevrobis
done dauSveblad maRalia, unda
Semcirdes saSemosavlo gada-
saxadi erToblivi moTxovnis
stimulirebisaTvis. ekonomi-
kuri aqtiuroba damokidebulia
gadasaxadebis odenobasa da
multi plikatorze. ekonomi-
kuri aqtiurobis done izrde-
ba sididiT, romelic tolia
xarjebis cvlileba gamravle-
buli multi plikatorze. rac
Seexeba saxelmwifo xarjebs, igi
ar unda aRematebodes mSp-is
40%--s (m. fridmeni). Tu saxel-
mwifo xarjebi dausabuTeblad
izrdeba, maSin igi destabili-
zaciis faqtorad iqceva.
401
fiuCeruli garigeba
(futures) - garigebis saxe saqon-
lis an safondo birJaze, gu-
lisxmobs saqonlis an fasiani
qaRaldebis winaswar Sesyid-
vas. fiuCeruli garigebis piroba
iTvaliswinebs saqonlis (fasi-
ani qaRaldebis) realizacias
kontraqtSi miTiTebuli fasiT
garigebis dadebidan gansaz-
Rvruli vadis gasvlis Semdeg.
fiqsireba (fixation) [<laT.
fixus myari, mtkice, ucvleli] -
dadgena, gansazRvra fasis, kur-
sis, ganakveTis da a.S.
fiqsirebuli (fixed) - wi-
naswar gansazRvruli fasi, kur-
si (aseve, ganakveTi da a.S), ro-
melic xelSekrulebiT daTqmul
vadaSi ar icvleba.
fiqsirebuli gacvliTi
kursi (fixed exchange rate) - sis-
tema, romlis drosac erovnu-
li valutis Tanafardoba ucx-
ourTan oficialurad dadge-
nili da ucvlelia.
fiqciuri kapitali (fic-
titious capital) - kapitali (aqci--
ebi, obligaciebi da a.S.), romel-
ic, realuri kapitalisagan (fu-
lis an mowyobilobis) gansx-
vavebiT, gulisxmobs mxolod
Semosavlis miRebis uflebas.
fiSeri irving (1867--1947)
(Fisher Irving) - gamoCenili ame-
rikeli ekonomisti, romelsac
Sumpeterma 1948 wels udide-
402
si mecnier--ekonomisti uwoda.
man samecniero saqmianoba dai-
wyo rogorc maTematikosma,
Semdeg gadaerTo ekonomikur
Teoriaze. is iyo erT--erTi fu-
Zemdebeli ekonometrikuli sa-
zogadoebis Seqmnisa da gaxda
misi pirveli prezidenti 1930
wels. misi naSromebi gamoirCeva
mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebis
praqtikaSi gamoyenebis gzebis
ZiebiT. fiSeris azriT, Teor-
ia sasargebloa mxolod ma-
Sin, rodesac igi gamo yenebiTi
gamoyenebiTi
mniSvnelobisaa. man didi wv-
lili Seitana kapitalis, sarge-
blisa da fulis Teoriebis kv-
levis sferoSi. fiSeris cno-
bili naSromebia: `kapitalisa da
Semosavlis buneba~ (1906), `fu-
lis msyidvelobiTi unari~
(1911), `sargeblis Teoria~
(1930) da a.S.
fiSeri aRiarebulia Tana-
medrove fulis raodenobrivi
Teoriis fuZemdeblad. maTema-
tikuri meTodis moSveliebiT
igi im daskvnamde mivida, rom
fulis Rirebuleba misi raode-
nobis ukuproporciulia, xolo
saqonlis fasebi _ mimoqceva-
Si arsebuli fulis pirdapir-
proporciuli. man gamoikvlia
urTierTdamokidebuleba fulis
masasa da saqonlis fasebis do-
nes Soris. cnobilia fiSeris
gacvlis formula, romelic
fiSeris gantoleba
asaxavs saqonlis SesaZenad ga-
daxdili fulis raodenobasa
da gayiduli saqonlis fasebs
Soris tolobas:
MV=EPQ,
sadac, M fulis saSualo
raodenobaa, romelic mimoiqceva
wlis ganmavlobaSi, V - fulis
brunvis saSualo ricxvi, E -
fulis is raodenoba, romelic
daxarjulia mocemul sazoga-
doebaSi saqonlis SesaZenad
gansazRvrul wels, P - calkeu-
li saqonlis saSualo gasayi-
di fasi, Q - yvela gayiduli
saqonlis raodenoba.
fiSeris gantoleba (Fish-
er equation) - gantoleba, romel-
ic gviCvenebs, rom sargeblis
nominaluri ganakveTi SeiZle-
ba Seicvalos sargeblis re-
aluri ganakveTisa da inflaci-
is tempis cvlilebis safuZ-
velze. formuliT gamoisaxeba
ase: i = r + n, sadac i sargeblis
nominaluri ganakveTia, r -
sargeblis realuri ganakveTi,
xolo n - inflaciis tempi.
atarebs amerikeli ekonomistis
irving fiSeris saxels. fiSer-
is gantolebis Tanaxmad, in-
flaciis tempis 1%--iT gazr-
da iwvevs sargeblis nominaluri
ganakveTis gadidebas 1%--iT. in-
flaciis tempsa da sargeblis
nominalur ganakveTs Soris am
franko
Tanafardobas fiSeris efeqti
ewodeba.
fiSer
fiSeris is efeqti (Fisher’s
effect) - sargeblis nominaluri
ganakveTis cvlileba inflaci-
is tempis cvlilebis Sesabam-
isad, TanafardobiT `erTi erT-
Tan~.
flobadi Semosavali (dis-
posable income) - Semosavali, ro-
melsac floben ekonomikuri
subieqtebi da iyeneben xarjeb-
isa da danazogebisaTvis. gan-
isazRvreba rogorc sxvaoba Se-
mosavlebsa da pirdapir gada-
saxadebs Soris.
fob-i (“Free on Board”--FOB
`Tavisuflad gemze~) - saqon-
lis gayidvis sabaziso piroba
sazRvao gadazidvisas saerTa-
Soriso vaWrobaSi, romlis mi-
xedviTac eqsportiori valde-
bulia, Tavisi xarjiT drou-
lad gadaitanos saqoneli im-
portioris mier dafraxtul
gemze da gadasces mas konosa-
menti. saqonlis dazRveva im-
portioris valdebulebebSi
Sedis.
forvardi (forward) - anga-
riSsworeba savaluto an sxva
saxis garigebisas xelSekru-
lebis dadebidan 1--3 da meti
Tvis Semdeg, xelSekrulebis
dadebisas daTqmuli (progno-
zebze dafuZnebuli) kursis
mixedviT.
403
forvarduli bazari (for-
-
ward market) nebismieri gari-
geba, dakavSirebuli saqonlis
an fasiani qaRaldebis yidva--
gayidvasTan kontraqtiT SeT-
anxmebuli fasiT gansazRvru-
li droisTvis momavalSi.
forvarduli valutis
bazari (forward exchange mar-
ket) - bazari, sadac ucxouri
valutis yidva-- gayidva xdeba
mocemul momentSi arsebuli
kursiT, xolo am valutis mi-
wodeba _ momavalSi dadgeni-
li TariRis mixedviT.
forfeitingi (forfeiting)
- sagareo vaWrobis (eqspor-
tis) dakrediteba msxvili
bankebis an safinanso kompanie-
bis mier eqsportiorisagan ga-
dasapirebeli Tamasuqis an sxva
sagadasaxado valdebulebebis
yidvis gziT regresis ufleb-
is gareSe, e.i. Tamasuqis myid-
veli Tavis Tavze iRebs sakredi-
to risks (gadauxdelobis mTel
risks) da ar SeuZlia preten-
zia warudginos Tamasuqis adrin-
del mflobels.
forfeitori (forfeitor) -
banki an safinanso kompania,
romelic eqsportiorisagan yid-
ulobs gadasapirebel Tamasu-
qs garkveuli diskontiT.
franko (free, franco) [<ital.
franco] - saqonlis miwodebis
sabaziso piroba vaWrobaSi. xel-
404
Sekrulebis Tanaxmad, gamyid-
veli myidvels aTavisuflebs
transportirebis xarjebisagan
gzis garkveul monakveTze.
franSiza (franchise) [<frang.
franchise SeRavaTi, upirateso-
ba] - sadazRvevo xelSekruleb-
is piroba. iTvaliswinebs dam-
zRvevis ganTavisuflebas zara-
lis anazRaurebisagan, romel-
ic gansazRvrul sidides ar
aRemateba.
franCaizeri (franchisor) -
msxvili meTauri kompania, rome-
lic mcire sawarmos _ firma--
operators aZlevs licenzias
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis war-
moebisa da realizaciis dros
sakuTari savaWro markebiT sar-
geblobisaTvis.
franCaizingi (franchise)
- saxelSekrulebo urTierTo-
baTa sistema, romlis safuZ-
velzec msxvili cnobili firma
gansakuTrebuli uflebamosi-
lebiT aRWuravs mcire, damouki-
deblad moqmed an axalSeqm-
nil sawarmos, rac konkretul
gamoxatulebas povebs garkveu-
li saxis saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis warmoebisa da re-
alizaciis dros savaWro marke-
biT sargeblobis uflebis mini-
WebaSi. saxelSekrulebo urT-
ierToba maT Soris agebulia
Semdegnairad: meTauri kompania
sawarmoo operatorisagan moi-
franSiza
Txovs erTdroul Tavdapirvel
gasamrjelos bazarze misi saxe-
liT moqmedebis uflebisaTvis.
rac Seexeba kapitaldabande-
bas, igi xorcieldeba rogorc
meTauri kompaniis mier Ziri-
Tadi kapitalis firma--opera-
torisTvis arendiT gadacemis
gziT, ise am ukanasknelis sak-
uTari an nasesxebi saSualebiT.
meTaur kompanias SeuZlia wvril
mewarmes misces krediti 2--3
wlis vadiT, aiRos misTvis sesxi
bankSi an iyos misi Tavdebi ses-
xis aRebisas. garda amisa, fran-
Caizeri saxelSekrulebo urT-
ierTobaSi Sesul sawarmoebs
uwevs sabuRaltro da statis-
tikur daxmarebas, aZlevs re-
komendaciebs savaWro operacie-
bis warmoebasTan dakavSirebiT,
organizacias uwevs kadrebis
momzadebas da sxv. Tavis mxriv,
firma-- operatorebs ekisrebaT
pasuxismgebloba maT mier war-
moebuli saqonlisa da momsax-
urebis xarisxisaTvis, savaWro
markis reputaciisaTvis da a.S.
fraxti (freight) [germ. Fracht]
- 1. qira, romelsac transpor-
tis mflobels uxdian wyal-
savali tvirTis gadazidvi-
saTvis; fraxtis anazRaurebi-
sa da odenobis wesi dgindeba
mxareTa SeTanxmebiT (safrax-
to xelSekrulebis gziT); 2.
dafraxtul (daqiravebul) gem-
fridmeni milTon
ze gadasazidi tvirTi, agreTve
TviT aseTi gadazidva.
fridmeni milTon (1912
_ 2006) (Friedman Milton) - Cika-
gos skolis mTavari warmomad-
geneli, nobelis premiis lau-
reati ekonomikis dargSi (1976).
igi Tanamedroveobis erT--erTi
yvelaze gavleniani ekonomisti
iyo. amerikis ekonomikuri aso-
ciaciis prezidentad airCies
1967 wels. misi ZiriTadi naS-
romebia: `dabegvra inflaciis
alagmvis mizniT~ (1943), `nar-
kvevebi pozitiur ekonomikaSi~
(1953), `samomxmareblo funqciis
Teoria~ (1957), `fasebis Teo-
ria~ (1962), `SeerTebuli Sta-
tebis monetaruli istoria
1867--1960 wlebi~ (1963), `in-
flaciis mizezebi da Sedege-
bi~ (1963) da sxv.
fridmeni adamianiseuli kap-
italis koncefciis SemuSaveb-
is pioneria, xolo misma `sa-
momxmareblo funqciis Teori-
am~ mniSvnelovani wvlili Seit-
ana permanentuli Semosavlis
hi poTezis formulirebaSi. po-
zitiuri ekonomikis meTodolo-
giuri dasabuTebiT, umuSevro-
bis bunebrivi donis formuli-
rebiT, ekonomikaSi fuladi faq-
torebis axleburi gaazrebiT
fridmeni daupirispirda kein-
zianelobas da mkacrad gaakri-
tika igi stabilizaciis poli-
405
tikaSi. maSin, rodesac keinzia-
nuri ekonomika Tavis gamarjve-
bas zeimobda, m. fridmeni da
monetaruli skolis sxva war-
momadgenlebi angrevdnen mis
safuZvlebs.
ana SvarcTan erTad, frid-
menma dawera `aSS--is fuladi
mimoqcevis istoria~, romelmac
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula
fulis raodenobrivi Teoriis
ganviTarebasa da ekonomikuri
sistemis stabilurobis kein-
zianamdeli rwmenis gamococx-
lebaSi. fiSeris gantolebaSi
iseTi cvladebis CarTviT, ro-
goricaa simdidre, sargeblis
ganakveTi da mosalodneli in-
flaciis tempi, fridmenma ga-
naviTara monetaruli mimarTu-
leba makroekonomikaSi. frid-
menis mimdevarTa Soris gamoir-
Cevian monetarizmis iseTi cno-
bili warmomadgenlebi, rogore-
bic arian T. Sulci, j. stig-
leri da sxvebi.
monetaristebi ekonomikur
ganviTarebaSi gadamwyvet mniS-
vnelobas fulad sferos ani-
Weben da moiTxoven ekonomika-
Si saxelmwifos Carevis yvela
formis mkveTr SezRudvas.
fridmenisa da saerTod, `Cika-
gos skolis~ Teoriaze morge-
buli ekonomikuri politika iT-
valiswinebda makroekonomikuri
regulirebis Sesustebasa da
406
sabazro Zalebis gaZlierebas,
saxelmwifo socialuri xar-
jebis Semcirebas (socialuri
programebis Sekvecis, socialu-
rad daucveli fenebisaTvis
daxmarebis Semcirebis, xelfa-
sis minimaluri ganakveTis `gay-
invis~ gziT), profkavSirebis
Sesustebasa da a.S.
milTon fridmenis mone-
taruli Teoriis naklovanebe-
bi XXI saukunis dasawyisSi
aisaxa TandaTan msoflios eko-
nomikur ganviTarebaSi. global-
uri finansuri krizisis war-
moSobis erT-erT mTavar mize-
zad makroekonomikuri regu-
lirebis mkveTr SezRudvasa da
sabiujeto-sagadasaxado regu-
lirebis ukana planze gadaw-
evaSi xedaven. qveynis fulad-
sakredito politikaSi sakredi-
to regulirebis Sesustebam,
TviTdinebaze miSvebam da wina
planze fulis fenomenis wamow-
evam gza gauxsna virtualur
ekonomikas da msoflios fin-
ansuri krizisisken ubiZga. ama-
Si fridmenis monetaruli poli-
tikis farTomasStabianma da up-
irobo gamoyenebam udidesi
roli Seasrula.
msoflio finansuri krizisi
met-naklebi zomiT aisaxa nebis-
mier qveyanaSi, rac, pirvel yov-
lisa, ekonomikuri zrdis tem-
pebis Semcirebasa da erToblivi
`friraideris~ problema
moTxovnis dacemaSi gamoixata.
aseT situaciaSi savsebiT logi-
kurad, wina planze isev kein-
zianuri Teoriis postulatebma
wamoiwia. es gamoixata ekonomi-
kaSi saxelmwifos rolis gaaq-
tiurebaSi, saxelmwifo socia-
luri xarjebis gazrdasa da
gadasaxadebis SemcirebaSi, biz-
nesis finansur mxardaWerasa
da a.S.
`friraideris~ proble-
ma (“free rider’s” problem) - prob-
lema, romelic ukavSirdeba
Semdeg situacias: xSirad ada-
miani sargeblobs iseTi produq-
tiT, romlis warmoebisTvisac
mas araviTari xarjebi ar gau-
Ria. es produqti miekuTvneba
`wminda sazogadoebriv saqo-
nels~, romelic yvela momx-
mareblisaTvis Tanabrad xelm-
isawvdomia. mag., SuqniSani, ro-
melic aregulirebs mgzavreb-
isa da manqanebis moZraobas,
mwerebis winaaRmdeg miRebuli
zomebi da a.S. yovelive amiT
sazogadoebas saxelmwifo uz-
runvelyofs, dafinanseba ki xde-
ba gadasaxadebis akrefis gziT.
fritrederoba (free trade)
- Tavisufali vaWrobis poli-
tika. iTvaliswinebs sabaJo
SezRudvebis gauqmebasa da Ta-
visufal vaWrobaze gadasvlas.
sapirispiroa _ proteqcionizmi.
friqciuli umuSevro-
fuladi baza
ba (frictional unemployment) -
droebiTi nebayoflobiTi da-
usaqmebloba, rac dakavSirebu-
lia erTi samuSaodan meoreze
gadasvlasTan, an kidev, droe-
biTi samuSaodan daTxovnasTan.
tradiciulad ganixileba
rogorc `umuSevroba samuSaos
Zebnis dros~ da im vakansiebis
tolia, romelic arsebobs Sro-
mis bazarze mocemul profe-
siebSi. imisTvis, rom muSakma
`i povos~ Tavisi samuSao, saWi-
roa dro, amitom umuSevroba da
Seuvsebeli vakansiebi yovel-
Tvis arsebobs erTdroulad.
ukanasknel periodSi friqciu-
li umuSevrobis formebad ga-
nixileba spekulaciuri da
molodinis umuSevroba.
spekulaciuri umuSevroba
warmoiqmneba realuri xelfa-
sis droebiTi dacemis Sedegad.
aseT situaciaSi zogierTi muSa-
ki, elodeba ra Sromis anazRau-
rebis ufro maRal ganakveTs,
amcirebs Tavis samuSao drois
miwodebas. es movlena ganixi-
leba rogorc pasuxi realuri
xelfasis droebiT Semcirebaze.
molodinis umuSevroba war-
moiqmneba maSin, rodesac samu-
Saos xasiaTi an Sromis xel-
Sekrulebis forma aiZulebs mu-
Saks uari Tqvas SemoTavaze-
bul samuSaoze sxva, ufro ma-
RalanazRaurebadi samuSaos
407
miRebis gamo, romelzedac mow-
yoba mas SeuZlia ufro mogvi-
anebiT.
friSi ragnar (1895--1973)
(Frisch Ragnar) - norvegieli
ekonomisti, ekonomikis dargSi
nobelis premiis pirveli lau-
reati (1969) (i. tinbergenTan
erTad) ekonomikur analizSi
maTematikuri meTodebis gamoye-
nebisaTvis. ekonometrikuli
sazogadoebis erT--erTi dama-
arsebeli. cnobilia mis mier
30--ian wlebSi Seqmnili ekono-
mikuri ciklis dinamikuri mode-
li. ekonomikuri politikis sfe-
roSi friSma SeimuSava erov-
nul angariSTa sistema, maTema-
tikuri programirebis modele-
bi da a.S. misi ZiriTadi naS-
romebia: `warmoebis Teoria~
(1965), `maqsimumi da minimumi~
(1966) da sxv.
fuladi agregati (mone-
tary aggregate) - ekonomikuri maC-
venebeli, romelic gamoxatavs
fuladi masis moculobasa da
struqturas. ix.: fuli 1 (M1);
fuli 2 (M2); fuli 3 (M3);
fuli 4 (M4).
fuladi baza (monetary
base, high--powered money) - naR-
di fulis raodenoba mimoqceva-
Si, romelic moicavs sawarmo-
Ta salaroebSi arsebul fuls
plus komerciuli bankebis re-
zervebs centralur bankSi.
408
fuladi multi plikato-
ri (money multiplier) - erTobli-
vi fuladi masis Tanafardoba
sabanko sistemis erTobliv
rezervebTan. gansazRvravs ori
maCvenebeli: 1. mimoqcevaSi ar-
sebuli fulis raodenobis Se-
fardeba depozitebis jamTan;
2. Sejamebuli sabanko rezerve-
bis Sefardeba depozitebis
jamTan.
fuladi politika (mone-
tary policy) - saxelmwifos mier
fulis erTobliv miwodebaSi
cvlilebebis gatarebis poli-
tika. fulis, rogorc ekonomi-
kuri urTierTobebis erT-erTi
yvelaze `mgrZnobiare~ elemen-
tis, mimoqcevis efeqtian regu-
lirebasa da bazris funqcion-
irebisaTvis normaluri pirobe-
bis Seqmnas emsaxureba qveynis
fuladi politika. aqedan ga-
momdinare, igi ekonomikuri ko-
niunqturis mniSvnelovani in-
strumentia, romlis sworad
warmarTviT qveynis makroeko-
nomikur regulirebaSi SesaZle-
belia Semdegi ZiriTadi amoca-
nebis gadaWra: fulze moTxov-
na-miwodebis dabalanseba, fu-
lis bazarze wonasworobis Se-
narCuneba, mimoqcevis sferoSi
fuladi masis regulireba da
kontroli, erovnuli valutis
kursisa da ekonomikuri cik-
lis regulireba, inflaciis
fuladi multi plikato
plikatorri
donis minimizacia, investireb-
is stimulireba da a.S. am
amocanebis realizaciis gareSe
fuladi politika mowyvetilia
qveynis socialur-ekonomikur
procesebs da ekonomikis desta-
bilizaciis faqtorad iqceva.
fuladi reforma (mone-
tary reform) - saxelmwifo sa-
kanonmdeblo aqti, mimarTuli
qveynis fuladi sistemis gan-
mtkicebisaken. fuladi refor-
mis safuZvelze mimoqcevidan
iReben gaufasurebul qaRal-
dis fuls, gamoicema axali, anu
arsebuli fulis niSnebi icv-
leba axali fulis niSnebiT,
misi nominaluri Rirebulebis
SenarCunebiT, xorcieldeba
erTi fuladi sistemis meoreze
gadasvla da a.S.
fuladi sistema (mone-
tary system) - saxelmwifos mier
dadgenili qveynis fuladi mi-
moqcevis organizaciis forma.
saxelmwifo gansazRvravs fu-
lad erTeuls, fasebis masStabs,
mimoqcevaSi fuladi niSnebis
saxeebs da maTi emisiis wess,
fulis uzrunvelyofis xasi-
aTs, unaRdo sagadasaxado brun-
vis formebs, erovnuli valu-
tis kurss.
fulad - sakredito po po--
li tika (monetary policy) - eko-
litika
nomikuri politikis nawili,
romelsac axorcielebs centra-
fuli 1
luri banki fulad sistemaze
kontrolis gziT misi iseTi
maxasiaTeblebiT, rogoricaa
fuladi masis moculoba, sapro-
cento ganakveTis done da
struqtura, agreTve sxva maC-
veneblebi, romlebic gavlenas
axdenen kreditis xelmisawv-
domobaze da mimarTulia ise-
Ti umniSvnelovanesi miznebis
miRwevisaken, rogoricaa dasaqme-
bisa da fasebis stabilizacia,
ekonomikuri zrda, sagareo ga--
dasaxdelebis balansireba da
a.S. fulad--sakredito poli-
tikis instrumentebia, pirvel
rigSi, bankTaSorisi kreditis
ganakveTi, savaldebulo sarez-
ervo moTxovnebi, operaciebi Ria
bazarze.
fulad-sakredito poli-
tikis av-kargianobaze, imaze Tu
ramdenad aris igi misadagebu-
li erovnuli ekonomikis gan-
viTarebasTan da, aqedan gamom-
dinare, rogor asrulebs Tavis
amocanebs, bevradaa damokide-
buli ekonomikuri wesrigis
damyareba qveyanaSi. am Tval-
sazrisiT, optimaluri Sexame-
bis miRwevis metad rTuli
problemis gadaWra saxelmwi-
fos erT-erTi umniSvnelovane-
si funqciaa.
fulze erToblivi moTx-
ovna (aggregate demand for mon-
ey) - moTxovna, romelic gan-
409
pirobebulia saqmian garigebebSi
fulis gamoyenebiT (tranzaqci-
uli moTxovna) da moTxovna,
romelic ganpirobebulia fu-
lis dazogviT, simdidris da-
grovebis surviliT, anu sxva-
dasxva finansuri saxsrebis
SesaZenad fulis gamoyenebiT
(spekulaciuri moTxovna).
fulze realuri moTxo-
vna (real money demand) - gani-
sazRvreba nominaluri fula-
di masis SefardebiT fasebis
donesTan. fulze realuri
moTxovnis moculobis dinami-
kas safuZvlad udevs sami faq-
tori: a) realuri Semosavleb-
is cvlileba; b) fulis Senax-
vis alternatiuli xarjebis
sididis cvlileba; g) finan-
suri axalSemonaRebebi da cv-
lilebebi regulatorebSi (mag.,
sakredito baraTebi).
fuli (money) - aqtivebis
erToblioba, gamoyenebuli gari-
gebaTa dasadebad; absolutur-
ad likviduri saxsari, say-
ovelTao ekvivalenti, romelze-
dac xdeba yvela sxva saqon-
lis gacvla;
fuli 1 (M1) (narrow money)
- `fuli viwro gagebiT~-- fu-
ladi agregati, romelSic Se-
dis mimoqcevaSi arsebuli naRdi
fuli plus anabrebi mokiTx-
vamde, sagzao Cekebi da sxva
angariSebi; fulis is erTob-
410
livi raodenoba, romelic gam-
oiyeneba mimoqcevis saSuale-
bad da momsaxurebas uwevs mim-
dinare sagadasaxdelo brunvas.
fuli 2 (M2) (money 2) -
fuladi agregati, romelSic
Sedis M1 plus wvrili vadia-
ni anabrebi (arasaCeko Semnaxve-
li da moklevadiani depozitebi).
fuli 3 (M3) (broad money) -
`fuli farTo gagebiT~ _ fu-
ladi agregati, romelSic Se-
dis M2 plus grZelvadiani
anabrebi, agreTve likviduri
fasiani qaRaldebi (obligaciebi,
sertifikatebi, saxazino valde-
bulebebi) da sabiujeto, sazo-
gadoebrivi organizaciebis an-
gariSebze arsebuli Tanxa, biu-
jetis (saxelmwifo da adgi-
lobrivi) saxsrebi, kapitalda-
bandebaTa dafinansebisaTvis
gamoyofili saxsrebi.
fuli 4 (M4) (money 4) - er-
Tobliv fulad masas _ M3--s
plus bankebSi Senaxuli arafu-
ladi likviduri saxsrebi.
fulis brunvis siXqare
(velocity) - ukuproporciul da-
mokidebulebaSia ekonomikis
ganviTarebis donesa da tempeb-
Tan. rac ufro maRalia fu-
lis brunvis siCqare, miT nakle-
bi fulis masaa saWiro VIG-is
momsaxurebisaTvis. warmoebis
dabali donis pirobebSi fuli
swrafad brunavs mimoqcevaSi,
fuli 2
rac fasebis zrdis Sedegia: mi-
moqcevaSi gaSvebuli fuladi
masis sidide iTvleba fasebis
stabilizaciis madominirebel
faqtorad.
saqarTveloSi fulis brun-
vis siCqare, 2007 wlis mona-
cemebiT, 11--12--is farglebSi iyo,
rac ekonomikis dabal doneze
miuTiTebs (Tumca 2003 wels
16,3 iyo). 2011 wlis monace-
mebiT, igi 8-mde Camovida. Se-
darebisTvis, es maCvenebeli gan-
viTarebul qveynebSi 1--dan 2,5--
is farglebSia, ruseTSi 8--mde,
xolo ukrainaSi 10--mdea.
fulis endogenuri mi-
wodeba (endogenous money) -
situacia, romlis drosac mi-
wodebis done ganisazRvreba
iseTi Sinagani faqtorebiT,
rogoricaa sargeblis ganakve-
Ti da saqmiani aqtiurobis done.
aseT SemTxvevaSi centraluri
banki araviTar SezRudvebs ar
awesebs, mxolod axorcielebs
imas, rasac moiTxovs bazari.
fulis erToblivi miwo-
deba (agregate money supply,
money stock) - fulis is raode-
noba, romelic momsaxurebas
uwevs mTel ekonomikas mocemul
momentSi. moicavs mimoqcevaSi
arsebul banknotebs, monetebs,
mosaxleobis sabanko depozi-
tebs da sxva fasian qaRaldebs.
fulis Teoriebi (theo-
fulis Teoriebi
ries of money) - msoflio eko-
nomikur istoriaSi ZiriTadad
cnobilia metalisturi, nomina-
listuri, raodenobrivi, keinzia-
nuri da monetaruli Teorie-
bi.
metalisturi Teoria (sta-
fordi, meni, norsi, knisi, las-
burgi, leqsisi da a.S.) fuls
aigivebs keTilSobil li-
TonebTan da maT miawers fu-
lis Tvisebebs. misma modificir-
ebulma formam, neometalizmis
saxiT, XX saukunis 50–60-ian
wlebSi iCina Tavi, rodesac
rigi ekonomistebisa, rogoric
iyvnen j. ruefi (safrangeTi),
m. heilperini (aSS) da sxvebi
gamovidnen oqros standartis
aRdgenis ideiT. isini, Zveli
metalisturi Teoriisgan gan-
sxvavebiT, aRiarebdnen qaRal-
dis fulisa da dauxurdavebe-
li banknotebis gamoyenebis
aucileblobas, magram moiTx-
ovdnen banknotebis oqroze
Tavisufal gadaxurdavebas.
nominalisturi Teoria
Teoria,
romlis fuZemdebeli arian in-
gliseli filosofosi j. berk-
li da Sotlandieli ekono-
misti j. stiuarti, fuls wmin-
da saangariSo erTeulad miiC-
nevs da mis funqciebs mxolod
qaRaldis fulis funqciebiT
farglavs. germaneli ekonomisti
g. knapi Tavis naSromSi _ `fu-
411
lis saxelmwifo Teoria~ (1905)
_ ganaviTarebs azrs imis Sesa-
xeb, rom qaRaldis fuls aravi-
Tari kavSiri ara aqvs oqrosTan
da igi fulis umaRlesi for-
maa. knapis ideebi Semdeg ganav-
iTares j. keinzma, p. samuel-
sonma, t. krampma, j. houtrim
da sxvebma.
fulis raodenobrivi Te-
oria XVIII saukuneSi wamo-
ayenes frangma S. monteskiem
da ingliselma d. iumma, xolo
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi – d.
rikardom. igi erT-erTi yve-
laze gavrcelebuli Teoriaa,
romlis mixedviT saqonlis
fasebi da fulis Rirebuleba
ganisazRvreba mimoqcevaSi ar-
sebuli fulis raodenobiT.
amasTan, saqonlis fasebi pirda-
pirproporciul, xolo fulis
Rirebuleba ukuproporciul
damokidebulebaSia fulis rao-
denobasTan. d. iumis mtkice-
biT, mimoqcevaSi fulis raode-
nobis dausabuTebeli mateba ar
niSnavs qveynis simdidris zr-
das, igi xels uwyobs mxolod
saqonlis fasebis zrdas.
fulis raodenobrivi Teo-
riis Semdgomi ganviTareba cno-
bili amerikeli ekonomistis
irving fiSeris saxelTanaa da-
kavSirebuli. Tavis naSromSi
`fulis msyidvelobiTi unari~
(1911) igi im daskvnamde mivi-
412
da, rom fulis Rirebuleba misi
raodenobis ukuproporciulia,
xolo saqonlis fasebi – mimoq-
cevaSi arsebuli fulis pirda-
pirproporciuli. ekonometri-
kuli aparatis gamoyenebiT Seq-
mnili fiSeris gacvlis for-
mula asaxavs tolobas saqon-
lis SesaZenad gadaxdili fu-
lis raodenobasa da gayiduli
saqonlis fasebis jams Soris.
amrigad, fulis raodeno-
brivi Teoria fulsa da saqo-
nels Soris kavSirs mimoqce-
vis sferos poziciebidan ganix-
ilavs da uaryofs warmoebis
sferoSi mimdinare procesebs,
romelsac ZiriTadad Sromis
bazarze Camoyalibebuli pirobe-
biT gansazRvravs. am Teoriis
momxrea agreTve kembrijis sk-
olis warmomadgeneli a. pigu.
fulis erT-erTi Teoria
jon meinard keinzis saxelTanaa
dakavSirebuli da fulis ke-
inzianuri Teoriis saxelwo-
debiTaa cnobili.
keinzis pirveli naSromebi
fulis problemebs eZRvneboda.
1913 wels (indoeTSi mogzau-
robis Semdeg) man gamoaqveyna
wigni `Tanamedrove indoeTi da
finansebi~, 1923 wels – `fu-
ladi reforma~ da `mosazrebebi
frankis Sesaxeb~. 1930 wels
j. m. keinzma gamosca funda-
menturi naSromi `traqtati fu-
fulis Teoriebi
lis Sesaxeb~, xolo 1936 wels
msoflioSi gaxmaurebuli wigni,
XX saukunis ekonomikuri mec-
nierebis Sedevri – `dasaqmebis,
sargeblisa da fulis zogadi
Teoria~.
keinzis moZRvreba fulis
Sesaxeb fulis raodenobrivi
Teoriis modificirebuli vari-
antia, romlis mixedviT, mimo-
qcevaSi arsebuli fuladi masa,
gansxvavebuli fasebiT, iyofa
or nakadad: samomxmareblo dov-
laTisa da sainvesticio dov-
laTis moZraobis momsaxure na-
kadebad, romelTa fasebis done
erTmaneTze ar aris damokide-
buli. keinzis azriT, sanam ar-
sebobs umuSevroba, dasaqmeba
icvleba im proporciiT, ra
proporciiTac fulis raode-
noba, xolo Tu srulia dasaqme-
ba, maSin fasebi icvleba im pro-
porciiT, rogoriTac fulis
raodenoba.
keinzi fuls ganixilavda
rogorc likvidur qonebas. igi
sasesxo sargebelsa da mis nor-
mas udides mniSvnelobas ani-
Webda qveynis ekonomikaSi. kein-
zi sargeblis normas ganixilav-
da rogorc investiciebis mocu-
lobis gansazRvris erT-erT
gadamwyvet faqtors.
fulad-sakredito reguli-
rebis TeoriaSi keinzi umuSev-
robis mizezebs fulad-sakredi-
fulis Teoriebi
to faqtorebs ukavSirebda. misi
azriT, arasruli dasaqmebis
mizezi arasakmao efeqtiani
moTxovnaa
moTxovnaa, rac ZiriTadad gan-
pirobebulia investiciebis uk-
marisobiT. amis mizezad ki kein-
zi sargeblis maRal normas
asaxelebda da inflaciisa da
sargeblis ganakveTis Semcire-
bis momxre iyo. igi fulad-
sakredito sistemas saxelm-
wifo regulirebis, qveynis kriz-
isisgan dacvisa da makroeko-
nomikuri regulirebis mniS-
vnelovan berketad ganixilav-
da, magram wina planze sabi-
ujeto-sagadasaxado regu-
lirebas ayenebda
ayenebda.
j. m. keinzis Teoriis gamo-
Zaxili da misi anti podia mone-
tarizmi, romelic warmoiSva
XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis
Sua xanebSi aSS-Si. igi ikv-
levs fulis mravalwaxnagovan
aspeqtebs da mis gavlenas eko-
nomikaze. monetaruli skolis
warmomadgenlebma didi wvlili
Seitanes keinzianuri Teoriis
diskreditaciaSi. Tanamedrove
monetaruli Teoria ZiriTadad
efuZneba `Cikagos skolis~ dam-
aarseblis milTon fridmenis
gamokvlevebs. keinzisagan gan-
sxvavebiT, igi icavs debulebas
ekonomikuri sistemis TviTreg-
ulirebis Sesaxeb, xolo eko-
nomikis arastabilurobas aram-
413
yari fuladi sistemiT xsnis.
monetaristebisTvis ekonomika,
pirvel yovlisa, bazaria, romel-
zedac zemoqmedeba SesaZlebe-
lia upiratesad fuladi masis
moculobis regulirebiT. mon-
etarizmi ekonomikaSi mTavar
rols fuls aniWebs, xolo mak-
roekonomikuri wonasworobis
mTavar pirobad mimoqcevaSi fu-
ladi masis myar zrdas miiC-
nevs, wliuri 3–5%-is fargleb-
Si. m. fridmenma, i. fiSeris
Teoriaze dayrdnobiT, siaxle
Seitana fulis raodenobriv
TeoriaSi. man naSromebSi – `fu-
lis raodenobrivi Teoria. axa-
li formulireba~, `fulis mi-
moqcevis istoria amerikis Se-
erTebul StatebSi 1867–1960
wlebSi~ (a. SvarcTan erTad)
daasabuTa fulis axali roli
Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi da fu-
lad-sakredito regulirebis
prioriteti ekonomikis stabi-
lizaciaSi: naSromSi – `fula-
di analizis Teoriuli Car-
Coebi~ (1971) fridmeni Seeca-
da moeZebna kavSiri fuladi
masis dinamikasa da ekonomikis
meryeobas Soris. igi udides
rols aniWebda fulad masas
fasebis donis gansazRvraSi.
fridmenis azriT, fuladi faq-
tori gadamwyvet gavlenas ax-
dens ekonomikis ciklur xasi-
aTze, amasTan, fulis miwodebam
414
SeiZleba gamoiwvios warmoebi-
sa da dasaqmebis realur moc-
ulobaSi moklevadiani cvli-
lebebi, magram xangrZliv peri-
odSi fulis miwodebis cvli-
leba gavlenas axdens fasebis
doneze.
monetaruli Teoriis Tanax-
mad, fulis miwodebis stabi-
luri gadideba mTel ekonomi-
kas daayenebs aRmavlobis rel-
sebze, ekonomikur sistemas ki
saSualebas miscems gamoavli-
nos Tavisi bunebrivi dinamizmi.
Tu ekonomika daRma wava, Seni-
Snavs fridmeni, maSin fulis
miwodebis mudmivi mateba mox-
mardeba sabanko rezervebis ga-
didebas, xels Seuwyobs imas,
rom bankebma gascen sesxebi da,
amdenad, ekonomika gamoiyvanon
krizisidan. Tu qveyanaSi war-
moiqmneba inflaciis moulod-
neli piki, maSin fulis miwode-
bis matebis ucvleli koefi-
cienti Taviseburi lagami iqneba
inflaciis SesaCereblad. m.
fridmenis am debulebis da, saer-
Tod, miwodebis Teoriis mima-
rT skepticizms gamoxataven r.
hailbroneri da l. Tarou. maTi
azriT, fridmenis es varaudi
fataluria.
fulis esa Tu is Teoria
sxvadasxva epoqasa da droSi
aisaxa saxelmwifoebis mier dad-
genil qveynis fulad sistema-
fulis Teoriebi
sa da Sesabamis politikaSi.
magaliTad, metalisturma Te-
oriam praqtikuli asaxva pova
Rirebulebis formebis ganvi-
Tarebis umaRles safexurze,
rodesac aRmocenda misi fu-
ladi forma _ erTiani sayo-
velTao ekvivalenti da es ro-
li keTilSobilma liTonebma
_ vercxlma da oqrom dai-
sakuTra. es iyo bimetalizmis
epoqa. igi gavrcelda XVI-
XVIII saukuneebSi da arsebob-
da XIX saukuneSic ki. am peri-
odSi msoflios sxvadasxva qvey-
nebma TandaTan daiwyes oqros
valutaze gadasvla, ris gamoc
bimetaluri fuladi sistema
monometaluriT Seicvala. ma-
galiTad, aSS-Si es moxda 1832
wels, iaponiaSi _ 1897 wels,
germaniaSi _ 1875 wels, ruseT-
Si _ 1898 wels, safrangeTSi
_ 1878 wels, avstria-ungreT-
Si _ 1892 wels, belgiasa da
SveicariaSi es procesi ganx-
orcielda faqtobrivad XX
saukunis dasawyisSi. rac Se-
exeba ingliss, iq es moxda
SedarebiT adre, jer kidev
XVIII saukunis bolos.
neometalisturi Teoria
ukavSirdeba msoflio savalu-
to sistemis Camoyalibebas, ro-
melmac Tavis ganviTarebaSi oTxi
etapi ganvlo. I etapze, romel-
ic iwyeba XIX saukunis 70-
fulis Teoriebi 415
iani wlebidan da grZeldeba tebic Seadgenda. msoflio sava-
pirvel msoflio omamde, arse- luto meqanizmis ganmsazRvre-
bobda oqromoneturi stan- li ZiriTadad amerikuli dola-
darti
darti, romelic gulisxmobda ri gaxda.
ara mxolod oqros monetebis nominalisturi Teoriis
moWras, aramed maTze Rire- ZiriTadi postulatebis praq-
bulebis niSnebis Tavisufal tikuli realizacia ukavSird-
gadaxurdavebasac. oqros stan- eba msoflio savaluto siste-
dartis meore formac – oqro- mis ganviTarebaSi IV etapis da-
zoduri standartisTvisac
standartisTvisac, wyebas, rodesac CCA-is gada-
romelic moqmedebda I msof- wyvetilebiT (1976) gauqmda oq-
lio omidan 30-ian wlebamde ros pariteti (1978). iamaikis
(msoflio savaluto sistemis savaluto sistemis Camoyali-
II etapi), damaxasiaTebeli iyo bebiT moxda oqros saboloo
Rirebulebis niSnebis gadaxur- demonetizacia da igi gamovida
daveba oqros zodebze. zogi- saerTaSoriso angariSsworebis
erT qveyanaSi (metwilad kolo- sferodan. oqrosavaluto stan-
niur qveynebSi), oqros fondis darti dolaris standartiT
simciris gamo, SemoiRes oqro- (SDR) Seicvala. mTavari valu-
devizuri standarti
standarti, romel- tis statusi amerikul dola-
ic iTvaliswinebda banknoteb- rs mieniWa. es ZiriTadad gana-
is ucxour valutaze gadaxur- piroba aSS-is udidesma eko-
davebas. nomikurma potencialma da mso-
`didi depresiis~ wlebma flioSi misma yvelaze didma
didi dartyma miayena oqros oqros maragma, romelic msof-
standarts da sabolood daus- lio maragis (35,8 aTasi tona)
va wertili mis arsebobas. TiTqmis meoTxedia da 8,14 aTas
msoflio savaluto siste- tonas Seadgens.
mis III etapze breton-vudsis fulis raodenobrivi Teo-
savaluto sistemis Camoyali- ria neoklasikuri Teoriis
bebam ganapiroba oqrosavalu- safuZvladaa aRiarebuli, im
to standartis Seqmna, ri- Teoriisa, romelsac neokeinzia-
Tac safuZveli Caeyara sxva- nuri Teoriis Semdeg wamyvani
dasxva qveynis savaluto kavSi- roli eWira ganviTarebuli qvey-
rebis saxelmwifoTaSoris reg- nebis ekonomikur politikaSi.
ulirebas. savaluto rezervs fulis keinzianurma Teo-
oqrosTan erTad wamyvani valu- riam ekonomikuri zrdis kein-
416 fulis miwodebis regu lireba
zianur moZRvrebaSi mniSvnelo-
vani adgili daimkvidra da sa-
Tanadod aisaxa `keinzianur re-
voluciaSi~.
fulis monetarulma Teo-
riam, ukanasknel periodSi, msof-
lio finansuri krizisis daw-
yebamde gadamwyveti roli Sea-
srula ganviTarebuli qveyneb-
is ekonomikur politikaSi. mak-
roekonomikur regulirebaSi
monetarul Teoriaze dafuZneb-
ul fulad-sakredito politi-
kas `pirveli violinos~ fun-
qciebi hqonda dakisrebuli,
Tumca, 2008 wels dawyebulma
globalurma finansurma kriz-
isma msoflio ekonomikuri
politikis gadasinjva moiTx-
ova da keinzis `reabilitaci-
is~ konturebi gamosaxa.
milTon fridmenma Secva-
la jon meinard keinzis filo-
sofia, am ukanasknelma ki adam
smiTis filosofia. dRes msof-
lio, axali globaluri finan-
suri krizisis pirobebSi, mil-
Ton fridmenis filosofiis
Secvlis molodinSia, romlis
konturebic ukve gamoikveTa da
am cvlilebis gareSe garTul-
deba msoflio finansuri kriz-
isidan Tavis daRweva, romel-
mac saTave swored m. fridme-
nis samSobloSi _ aSS-Si aiRo.
fulis miwodebis regu-
lireba (regulation of money
regulireba
supply) - saxelmwifo politikis
erT--erTi mniSvnelovani Semad-
geneli nawili. es funqcia Zir-
iTadad centralur banks akis-
ria, romelsac ekuTvnis prio-
ritetuli roli mimoqcevaSi
arsebuli fuladi masis raode-
nobis gansazRvrasa da fulis
bazris formirebaSi. amasTan, am
procesSi mTeli sabanko sistema
monawileobs.
mimoqcevaSi fuladi masis
gakontrolebisaTvis centra-
luri banki iyenebs iseT Ziri-
Tad regulatorebs, rogoricaa:
bankTaSorisi kreditis ganakve-
Ti, savaldebulo rezervebis
norma, fasiani qaRaldebis baz-
arze saxelmwifo sagadasaxa-
do valdebulebaTa yidva--gay-
idvasTan dakavSirebuli oper-
aciebi.
centraluri banki bankTa-
Sorisi kreditis ganakveTisa da
savaldebulo rezervebis nor-
mis regulirebiT, arapirdapi-
ri gziT zemoqmedebs fulad
mimoqcevaze, xolo saxelmwifo
fasiani qaRaldebis yidva--gay-
idvasTan dakavSirebuli oper-
aciebiT uSualo gavlenas ax-
dens masze.
fulis msyidvelobiTi
unari (purchasing power) - fu-
ladi erTeulis unari, gaicva-
los saqonlisa da momsaxure-
bis garkveul raodenobaze.
fulis raodenobrivi Teoria
fulis raodenobrivi Te-
fulis
oria (quantity theory of money)
- fulze moTxovnis Teoria,
romlis mixedviTac saqonlis
fasebis done da fulis Rire-
buleba ganisazRvreba mimoqceva-
Si arsebuli fulis raodeno-
biT. es Teoria XVIII saukune-
Si wamoayena frangma S. mon-
teskiem da ingliselma d. ium-
ma, xolo XIX saukunis dasa-
wyisSi misi TvalsaCino warmo-
madgeneli gaxda d. rikardo.
fulis raodenobrivi Teo-
riis modificirebuli varian-
ti ganxiluli aqvs j. keinzs
naSromSi _ `dasaqmebis, procen-
tisa da fulis zogadi Teor-
ia~. keinzianuri variantis
mixedviT, mimoqcevaSi arsebu-
li fulis masa iyofa or na-
kadad: `samomxmareblo dovla-
Tis~ da `sainvesticio dovla-
Tis~ moZraobis momsaxure na-
kadebad, gansxvavebuli fasebiT.
keinzis azriT, fulis rao-
denobis mateba veraviTar gav-
lenas ver moaxdens fasebze
manam, sanam arsebobs umuSevroba,
vinaidan dasaqmeba izrdeba
moTxovnis gadidebis propor-
ciulad, rac gamowveulia fu-
lis raodenobis zrdiT. amasTan,
sruli dasaqmebis pirobebSi
mdgomareoba Zirfesvianad icv-
leba. aseT SemTxvevaSi fulis
raodenobisa da moTxovnis ga-
dideba veRar gamoiwvevs dasaq-
417
mebis gazrdas, magram gamoiwvevs
fasebis amaRlebas. keinzma Sem-
degnairad Camoayaliba fulis
raodenobrivi Teoria: sanam ar-
sebobs umuSevroba, dasaqmeba
Seicvleba im proporciiT, ra
proporciiTac fulis raode-
noba, xolo Tu srulia dasaqme-
ba, maSin fasebi Seicvleba imave
proporciiT, rogoriTac Seicv-
leba fulis raodenoba.
gamoCenili amerikeli ekon-
omisti irving fiSeri, romel-
sac Tanamedrove fulis raode-
nobrivi Teoriis fuZemdeblad
Tvlian, Tavis cnobil naSrom-
Si `fulis msyidvelobiTi una-
ri~ (1911) im daskvnamde mivi-
da, rom fulis Rirebuleba misi
raodenobis ukuproporciulia,
xolo saqonlis fasebi _ mimo-
qcevaSi arsebuli fulis pir-
dapirproporciuli.
m. fridmenma, i. fiSeris Te-
oriaze dayrdnobiT, axali mo-
mentebi Seitana fulis raode-
nobriv TeoriaSi. naSromSi `fu-
ladi analizis Teoriuli Ca--
rCoebi~ (1971) igi Seecada moe-
Zebna kavSiri kvlavwarmoebis
procesSi fuladi masis dinami-
kasa da ekonomikis meryeobas
Soris. m. fridmeni udides
rols aniWebs fulad masas
fasebis donis gansazRvraSi. mi-
si azriT, fuladi faqtorebi
gadamwyvet gavlenas axdens
mSp-is dinamikasa da ekonomikis
418
ciklur xasiaTze.
monetaruli Teoria gvTava-
zobs gacvlis Semdeg formu-
las: MV=PQ, sadac, M aris fu-
lis miwodeba, V - fulis brun-
vis saSualo ricxvi, P - fase-
bis done, Q - warmoebuli saqon-
lisa da momsaxurebis fizikuri
moculoba.
monetaruli Sexedulebis
Tanaxmad, fulis miwodebis (M)
cvlilebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios
warmoebisa da dasaqmebis realur
moculobaSi moklevadiani cv-
lilebebi, magram xangrZliv
periodSi M-is cvlileba gav-
lenas axdens fasebis doneze.
fulis funqciebi (functi-
ons of money) – fuli, Tavdapir-
velad, asrulebda or ZiriTad
funqcias _ Rirebulebis sazo-
misa da mimoqcevis (gacvlis)
saSualebis funqciebs. amasTan,
istoriuli ganviTarebis pro-
cesSi fulma SeiZina dagrove-
bis (dazogvis) saSualebis, ga-
daxdis saSualebisa da msof-
lio fulis funqciebi. es fun-
qciebi Tanamedrove pirobebSi
sxvagvarad gamovlindeba, vidre
winaT vlindeboda. miuxedavad
gansxvavebuli daniSnulebisa,
yvela funqcia erTmaneTTan or-
ganul kavSirSia da fulis arsi
swored am funqciebiT vlindeba.
Tavdapirvelad fuli rode-
sac zodebis saxiT iyo, TviT
fulis funqciebi
flobda Rirebulebas da as-
rulebda Rirebulebis sazo-
mis funqcias idealuri fu-
lis saxiT anu gonebiT xdebo-
da saqonlis Rirebulebis ga-
moxatva oqroTi. es SesaZlebe-
li iyo imis gamo, rom realur
sinamdvileSi arsebobda gansaz-
Rvruli Tanafardoba oqros Ri-
rebulebasa da mocemuli saqon-
lis Rirebulebas Soris. mono-
metalizmis epoqaSi saqonlis
Rirebuleba gamoixateboda oq-
ros gansazRvruli woniTi rao-
denobiT. oqros demonetizaciam
da qaRaldis fulis ganviTare-
bam gamoiwvia oqros fulis
statusis Secvla. iamaikis sa-
valuto sistemis SemoRebiT
oqros mravalsaukunovani `fu-
ladi istoria~ warsuls Cah-
barda. igi, rogorc fuli, aRar
funqcionirebs. oqros standar-
tis srul likvidacias mohyva
misi sayovelTao Secvla qaRal-
dis fulis standartiT. Tan-
amedrove pirobebSi yvela fun-
qcia xorcieldeba qaRaldis
fuliT (ix.). Tumca, imis gamo,
rom qaRaldis fuls sakuTari
Rirebuleba ara aqvs, ar Seu-
Zlia Seasrulos Rirebulebis
sazomis funqcia. man SeiZina
saangariSo erTeulis fun-
qcia
qcia.
fuli, mimoqcevis saSu-
alebis funqciis SesrulebiT
fulis Rirebuleba 419
sazogadoebas Tavidan acilebs fulis funqcias
funqcias. igi gadax-
barteruli gacvlis bevr ux- dis sayovelTao saSualebaa sa-
erxulobas. am funqcias qaRal- erTaSoriso sagadasaxado val-
dis fulTan erTad asrulebs: debulebaTa dafarvisas, yidvis
‘arakeTilSobili~ monetebi, va- sayovelTao saSualebaa sazR-
diani da uvado depozitebi, vargareT saqonlis naRdi fu-
saxelmwifo fasiani qaRalde- liT SeZenisas da sazogadoeb-
bi, saprivatizacio Cekebi, moZ- rivi simdidris sayovelTao ga-
ravi da uZravi qoneba da a.S. moxatulebaa, materializaciaa
amitomacaa, rom Tanamedrove da misi erTi qveynidan meore-
ekonomikur literaturaSi fu- Si gadatanis saSualebaa sesxe-
li ganmartebulia rogorc aq- bisa da subsidiebis saxiT. aqe-
tivebis erToblioba, gamoyeneb- dan yvelaze farTod gamoiye-
uli garigebaTa dadebisaTvis. neba fuli rogorc gadaxdis
fuli, rogorc yvelaze sayovelTao saSualeba. qveynebs
likviduri aqtivi, simdidris Soris savaWro urTierTobisas
dagrovebis mosaxerxebeli for- angariSsworeba umTavresad kli-
maa. es garemoeba mas aniWebs ringis meSveobiT xorcielde-
gansakuTrebul funqcias _ war- ba. valdebulebaTa urTierT-
moadgendes dagrovebis saSu- CaTvlisas warmoSobili sxvaoba
alebas. oqrosTan erTad qaRal- srulyofili konvertirebadi
dis fuli qmnis fulad centra- valutiT ifareba.
lizebul marags. droebiT Tavi- fulis Rirebuleba (value
sufali fuladi saxsrebis aku- of money) - fuladi erTeulis
mulacias axdenen agreTve banke- msyidvelobiTi unari; saqonlisa
bi, firmebi da individualuri da momsaxurebis is raodenoba,
pirebi. romelic SeiZleba gaicvalos
fuli gadaxdis saSuale- fulis erT erTeulze.
bis funqcias asrulebs saqon-
lis ganvadebiT gayidvis, gada-
saxadebis gadaxdis, sesxebis da-
farvis, xelfasebisa da pensie-
bis gacemisa da a.S. SemTxveva-
Si.
msoflio bazarze, saerTa-
Soriso vaWrobis momsaxurebiT,
fuli asrulebs msoflio
420
q `kapitalisturi qveynebis fu-
qaRaldis fuli (paper mo-
ney) - saxelmwifos mier gamoS-
vebuli fuladi niSani, dekre-
tuli fuli, romlis garanti
TviT saxelmwifoa. igi, rogorc
wesi, qveyanaSi arsebuli naRdi
fulis 90-- 95%-- s Seadgens,
ibeWdeba specialur qaRaldze
da daculia gayalbebisagan.
qoiava nikoloz
nikolozi i (1892--
1967) (Koiava Nikoloz) - ekonomikur
mecnierebaTa doqtori (1942),
profesori (1933), saqarTvelos
mecnierebis damsaxurebuli moR-
vawe (1961). n. qoiava iyo erT--erTi
im axalgazrdaTagani, romelic
pirveli qarTuli universite-
tis profesorTa sabWom 1918
wels datova universitetSi po-
litikuri ekonomiisa da sta-
tistikis mecnierebebSi sapro-
fesorod mosamzadeblad.
1920--1923 wlebSi n. qoia-
va berlinisa da ienis universi-
tetebSi swavlobda. 1923 wels
dabrunda saqarTveloSi da sik-
vdilamde emsaxureboda mSob-
liur universitets.
n. qoiava iyo Tsu-is finan-
sebisa da kreditis kaTedris
gamge (1930--1933; 1937--1967),
ekonomikuri fakultetis de-
kani (1945-- 1952; 1957-- 1960;
1966--1967), proreqtori (1961--
1964). misi naSromebi exeba fu-
lis mimoqcevis, kreditisa da
finansebis sakiTxebs. ZiriTadi
Sromebia: `istoriuli skola
qaRaldis fuli
ekonomikur mecnierebaSi~ (1926);
lis mimoqceva da krediti~.
naw. 1, 2. (1956--1960); `fulis
mimoqceva, krediti da finanse-
bi XVIII saukunis qarTl--kax-
eTSi~ (1963); `Sromis iaraRe-
bi da piradi moxmarebis sagne-
bi S. rusTavelis poemaSi `vefx-
istyaosani~ (1967) da a.S.
qoneba (property) - fiziku-
ri da iuridiuli pirebis mflo-
belobaSi arsebuli materialu-
ri faseuloba. ganasxvaveben moZ-
rav da uZrav (miwa da masze gan-
lagebuli obieqtebi) qonebas.
qonebrivi ufleba (owner-
ship rights) - samarTlis norme-
bi, romlebic aregulireben
qonebriv urTierTobebs, ufle-
bas qonebaze. magaliTad, naan-
derZevi qoneba, firmis balan-
sze arsebuli qoneba da a.S.
qouzis Teorema (Coase the-
orem) - r. qouzis mier wamoyene-
buli hi poTeza (da arsebiTad
ara Teorema), romlis mixed-
viT uaryofiTi gare efeqtebi
ar iwveven resursebis arara-
cionalur alokacias, Tuki ar
arsebobs transaqciuri xarje-
bi. Tu mxareebi udanaxarjod
SeTanxmdebian resursebis ga-
nawilebaze, maSin isini gada-
Wrian gare efeqtebis proble-
mas. gansazRvrul pirobebSi
gare efeqtebisa da bazris aras-
rulyofilebis koreqtireba
xdeba dainteresebuli mxaree-
bis molaparakebis gziT.
qsenofonti
`qreatiuli qseli~ (“cre-
ative net”) – axali organizaciu-
li struqtura menejmentSi. imis
gamo, rom Tanamedrove biznesma
ganicada diversifikacia, SeuZle-
beli xdeba centridan efeqti-
ani menejmentis ganxorcieleba.
es tendencia momavalSi kidev uf-
ro gaZlierdeba. amitom dRes di-
di yuradReba eqceva axali or-
ganizaciuli struqturebis Se-
qmnas. amis erT-erTi magaliTia
`qreatiuli qseli~. masSi Sema-
vali korporaciebi erTmaneTzea
damokidebuli, romelTa warma-
teba urTierTTanamSromloba-
zea agebuli. `qreatiuli qseli~
axdens masSi Semavali kompanie-
bis saqmianobis koordinacias.
didi kompaniebi (tradiciuli
ierarqiuli piramidisgan gan-
sxvavebiT) gadawyvetilebis miRe-
baSi sul ufro met pasuxism-
geblobas akisreben mcire kom-
paniebs, gadascemen maT produq-
ciis calkeul detalebs dasam-
zadeblad da a.S.
menejmentSi ganxorcielebu-
li es axali midgoma stimuls
aZlevs kompaniaTa calkeul
jgufebs siaxleebis danergvi-
saTvis, axali produqciis, mom-
saxurebis warmoebisTvis da
sxv. amitom XXI saukuneSi
`qreatiuli qselis~ ganviTare-
baze didad aris damokidebu-
li menejmentis warmateba.
qrematistika (chrematis-
tics) - fulis keTebis, qonebis
421
mopovebis xelovneba. sxvagvarad,
kapitalis dabandebisa da dagro-
vebis xelovneba. aristotele
qrematistikas upirispirebs eko-
nomikas, rogorc bunebriv--meur-
neobriv saqmianobas, dovlaTis
Seqmnis xelovnebas.
qronikuli inflacia
(chronic inflation) - ekonomikuri
situacia, rodesac xangrZlivi
periodis ganmavlobaSi SenarCu-
nebulia inflaciis maRali done.
qsenofonti (Zv. w. V s.)
(Xenophon) - antikuri xanis ber-
Zeni moazrovne. pirvelma gam-
oiyena termini `ekonomika~, ro-
melSic nagulisxmevi iyo monur
Sromaze damyarebuli Sinameur-
neobis gaZRolis xelovneba.
istoriaSi Sevida Semdegi naS-
romebiT: `kiropedia~, `saberZne-
Tis istoria~, `oikonomikosi~,
`mogonebani sokrates Sesaxeb~
da a.S. fulis funqciebidan
qsenofonti aRiarebda mxolod
mis or funqcias: fuls ro-
gorc mimoqcevis saSualebasa
da fuls rogorc ganZis da-
grovebis saSualebas.
qsenofontis Semoqmedeba
sainteresoa imiTac, rom mas aR-
werili aqvs qarTvel tomTa
(mesxebi, tibarenebi, mosinikebi,
makronebi, xalibebi, kolxebi,
sasperebi da a.S.) yofa--cxovre-
ba, wes--Cveulebebi, rac mniS-
vnelovan masalebs iZleva maTi
sameurneo saqmianobis Sesaxeb.
422
R selma filosofosma karl pop-
Ria ekonomika (open econo-
my) - qveynis ekonomika, romel-
sac gare samyarosTan aqvs far-
To savaWro--ekonomikuri Tu fi-
nansuri kavSirebi da axorci-
elebs saqonlisa da momsaxu-
rebis eqsport--imports. sapi-
rispiroa - avtarkia.
msoflio meurneobriv kav-
SirebSi qveynis monawileobis
xarisxs gansazRvravs iseTi maC-
veneblebi, rogoricaa mosaxle-
obis erT sulze eqsportis
moculoba, saeqsporto kvota,
aqtiuri sagadasaxdelo bal-
ansi da a.S.
Ria vaWroba (open auction)
- saerTaSoriso vaWroba, romel-
zec miwveulia monawileobis
msurveli yvela firma da or-
ganizacia. Cveulebriv, Tavs iy-
ris aseTi vaWrebis didi raode-
noba, rac amZafrebs konkuren-
cias da SemkveTebisaTvis xel-
sayrel pirobebs qmnis.
Ria sazogadoeba (open so-
ciety) - es termini pirvelad
gamoiyena frangma filosofosma,
nobelis premiis laureatma an-
ri bergsonma wignSi _ `reli-
giisa da moralis ori wyaro~
(1932). Ria sazogadoebis Camoy-
alibebis idea Semdeg ganaviT-
Ria ekonomika
ara cnobilma avstro-ingli-
erma wignSi _ `Ria sazogado-
eba da misi mtrebi~ (1966). a.
bergsoni cnobda ori ti pis sa-
zogadoebas da, Sesabamisad, ori
ti pis morals: `Caketilsa~ da
`Rias~. misi azriT, pirveli akma-
yofilebs socialuri instiq-
tis moTxovnilebebs da miznad
isaxavs modgmis gadarCenas, rom-
lis pirobebSic pirovneba aris
koleqtivis msxverpli, meore
ki ukavSirdeba zneobriv fa-
seulobebs, romelic modgmis
gadarCenis, misi SenarCunebis in-
teresebze maRlaa. k. poperma
`Ria~, `humanuri~ sazogadoeba
daupirispira `Caketil~, `to-
talitarul~ sazogadoebas. am
ukanasknels igi, antikumonis-
turi poziciebidan, miakuTvnebda
socialistur sazogadoebas.
Rirebuleba (cost, value) -
1. ekonomikuri faseulobis erT--
erTi forma, romelsac adgili
aqvs mxolod sasaqonlo--fula-
di urTierTobebis pirobebSi;
izomeba fuliT; 2. SromiTi
Rirebulebis Teoriis mixedviT,
saqonelSi ganivTebuli sazoga-
doebrivad aucilebeli Sroma.
Rirebulebis paradoq-
si (cost paradox) - winaaRmdego-
ba, romelic mdgomareobs Sem-
degSi: adamianis arsebobisaTvis
Rirebulebis paradoqsi 423
erT--erTi yvelaze saWiro sa-
qoneli, magaliTad, puri, bev-
rad iafi Rirs, vidre adami-
anis arsebobisaTvis gacilebiT
naklebad saWiro saqoneli -
magaliTad, musikaluri instru-
menti. meore mxriv, Tu mivmar-
TavT resursebis SezRudulo-
bis princi psa da sargebliano-
bis Teorias, puris naWers Sim-
Silisagan momakvdavi adamiani-
saTvis gacilebiT meti sargeb-
lianoba aqvs, vidre musikalur
instruments.
424
y iwvevs moxmarebis Semcirebasa
yadaRa (sequestration, attach-
ment, arrest) [arab. akrZalva, aRkve-
Ta] - qonebis SesaZlo konfiska-
ciis, CamorTmevis an gamoyenebis
SeCerebis aRsrulebis mizniT
Sesrulebuli RonisZieba. qone-
bis dayadaReba SeiZleba agreTve
jarimis an sxva gadasaxdelis
gadaxdevinebis mizniT kanoniT
dadgenili wesiT. qonebas yada-
Ras adebs sasamarTlo da kano-
niT uflebamosili aRmasrule-
beli piri. dayadaRebuli qoneba
aRiwereba da Sesabamisad gada-
ecema Senaxvaze pasuxismgebel
pirs. qonebaze yadaRis axsna Se-
iZleba sasamarTlos ganaCeniT
an momkvlevi piris dadgenile-
biT.
yairaTianoba (thriftyness) –
warmoebis momWirneobiT, ekono-
miurad gamoyeneba, gegmurze nak-
lebi danaxarjebiT ukeTesi Se-
degis miReba.
arsebobs yairaTianobis pa-
radoqsi (paradox of thrit). igi
mdgomareobs SemdegSi: Sinameur-
neobebi rac ufro yairaTiane-
bi da ekonomiurebi iqnebian re-
sursebis gamoyenebaSi, miT ufro
dabal doneze iqneba warmoeba
da dasaqmeba. es paradoqsi amtki-
cebs momWirneobis (savings) ara-
sasurvelobas imitom, rom misi
yadaRa
gazrda SinameurneobebSi gamo-
da, maSasadame, erToblivi moTx-
ovnis dacemas. vinaidan er-
Toblivi moTxovnis done gan-
sazRvravs warmoebis dones da
masTan dakavSirebul dasaqme-
bis dones, yairaTianobis zrdas
Sedegad mohyveba warmoebis da-
cema. amasTan, es efeqti gaZlier-
deba multi plikatoris moqme-
debiT, romelsac aqvs jaWvuri
reaqciis Zala.
yidva-gayidvis kontraq-
ti (sale and purchase contract) -
xelSekruleba, romelsac de-
ben komerciul safuZvelze da
iTvaliswinebs saqonlis an mom-
saxurebis miwodebas. masSi dad-
genilia mxareTa garkveuli uf-
lebebi da movaleobebi. kon-
traqtSi miTiTebulia xelSek-
rulebis subieqtebi, sagani, fasi,
saerTo Tanxa, miwodebis vade-
bi da pirobebi, gamyidvelTa ga-
rantiebi, dazRveva, sajarimo san-
qciebi, arbitraJi. saerTaSoriso
vaWrobaSi am komerciuli kon-
traqtis dadebisas farTod ga-
moiyeneba miwodebis sabaziso pi-
robebi (ix. sif-i, fas-i, fob-i).
yvela saxis ekonomiku-
ri saqmianobis saerTaSo-
riso standartuli samrew-
velo klasifikacia (Interna-
tional Standart Industrial Classifi-
catoin of All Economic Activities -
yidviTunarianoba 425
ISIC) - ekonomikuri saqmianobis yidviTunarianoba (abili-
kategoriebis nakrebi, romelic ty) – gamoxatavs nominaluri xe-
gamoiyeneba statistikuri mo- lfasis realur Sinaarss, gviC-
nacemebis dajgufebisaTvis eko- venebs, Tu am TanxiT ra raode-
nomikuri saqmianobis mixedviT. nobisa da xarisxis saqonlis
saqmianobis saxeoba ganisaz- (momsaxurebis) SeZenaa SesaZle-
Rvreba im warmoebiT, romel- beli, rac, Tavis mxriv, damoki-
sac axorcielebs statisti- debulia sabazro fasebsa da ga-
kuri erTeuli. am niSniT arCe- dasaxadebis odenobaze.
uli erTeuli jgufdeba sxva
erTeulebTan sawarmoTa sta-
tistikaSi kvlevis, SerCevisa da
aRweris Casatareblad. amitom
ISIC iZleva dakvirvebis obieqte-
bis klasificirebis saSuale-
bas im ekonomikuri saqmianobis
mixedviT, romelsac isini ewe-
vian. am gansazRvrebiT ISIC-is
kategoriebi mWidro kavSirSia
dakvirvebis erTeulebis ekono-
mikuri saqmianobis organizaci-
is procesTan da am procesis
statistikuri aRweris meTo-
debTan.
ISIC warmoadgens ekonomi-
kuri saqmianobis da ara darge-
bis an produqciisa da momsaxu-
rebis klasifikacias.
ISIC gamoiyeneba sawarmoTa
registrebSi, erovnul angariSTa
sistemaSi, statistikur anga-
riSebSi, sagadasaxado samsaxu-
rebSi, licenzirebaSi da warmo-
adgens bazas ekonomikuri saqmi-
anobis klasifikaciis erovnu-
li versiebis Sesaqmnelad.
426
S nomikuri movlenebis erTmaneT-
`Savi bazari~ (black mar-
ket) - qveyanaSi moqmedi kanon-
mdeblobis darRveviT funqcio-
nirebadi bazari. faruli eko-
nomikis erT-- erTi atributi.
rogorc wesi, im sferoebSi
warmoiSoba, sadac saxelmwifos
mxriv ekonomikuri saqmianobis
mkacri administraciuli reg-
ulireba arsebobs.
Sansi (opportunity) – war-
matebis albaToba, SesaZlebloba
raimes ganxorcielebaze.
SantaJi (chantage) – gamoZal-
vis erT-erTi saxe. saxelis gam-
texi cnobebis gaxmaurebis muqa-
riT raime qonebis an qonebaze
uflebisa Tu qonebrivi gamor-
Cenis gamoZalva, an privilegi-
is miTviseba (gansakuTrebiT
mwvavea aqciebis yidva-gayidvis
dros); danaSauli, romelic
raime sargeblis miRebis mizniT
mxilebis muqaraSi, samarcxvi-
no monacemebis gaxmaurebaSi
mdgomareobs.
Sedareba (compare) – amo-
saval monacemTa urTierTdapi-
rispireba sawarmoTa sameurneo-
safinanso saqmianobis Seswav-
lis mizniT.
Sedarebis aucilebeli pi-
robaa erTgvarovneba da Sesa-
bamisoba, Sesadaris maCveneb-
`Savi bazari~
lebSi maTi ganzogadeba. eko-
Tan Sedareba movlenis xarisx-
obrivi daxasiaTebis saSuale-
bas iZleva.
ekonomikuri analizis pro-
cesSi faqtobrivi monacemebis
Sedareba xdeba gegmasTan, wina
wlebis sabaziso periodis,
saukeTeso, saSualo an sxva
analogiur maCveneblebTan.
SevaWrebiTi fasi (barga-
ining overprice) - komerciuli mo-
laparakebis mniSvnelovani rgo-
li, rodesac myidveli cdilobs
gamyidvels saqonelze fasi daak-
lebinos taqtikuri da fsiqo-
logiuri xerxebis, damajerebe-
li mosazrebebis moSveliebiT.
SezRuduli pasuxismgeb-
Sps) (li-
lobis sazogadoeba (Sps
mited liability company) - organi-
zacia, Seqmnili iuridiuli an
fizikuri pirebis SeTanxmebis
safuZvelze, maTi kapitalis ga-
erTianebis gziT sameurneo saq-
mianobis ganxorcielebis miz-
niT. Sps unda Sedgebodes ara
nakleb ori wevrisagan. sazoga-
doeba iqmneba da moqmedebs sad-
amfuZneblo xelSekrulebisa da
wesdebis safuZvelze, iZens iu-
ridiuli piris uflebas reg-
istraciis momentidan. dadge-
nili wesis Tanaxmad, Seqmnili
wminda mogeba sazogadoebis
wevrebs Soris nawildeba pro-
Sereuli ekonomika
porciulad, sawesdebo fondSi
maTi wilis Sesabamisad. sazoga-
doebis umaRlesi organoa mona-
wileTa kreba an maTi warmomad-
genlebi, romlebsac weliwad-
Si orjer irCeven. kreba gan-
sazRvravs sazogadoebis saqmi-
anobis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs,
wesdebaSi Seaqvs cvlilebebi,
amtkicebs gegmebsa da angari-
Sebs, irCevs aRmasrulebeli or-
ganoebisa da sarevizio komisiis
wevrebs.
Semavsebeli saqoneli
(complementary goods) - saqone-
li, romlis fasis gazrda iw-
vevs meore saqonelze moTxov-
nis Semcirebas.
SemTxveviTi zarali (win-
dfall loss) – moulodneli zara-
li, Semosavlis araprognozire-
buli kleba.
SemTxveviTi Semosavali
(windfall gain) – moulodneli Se-
mosavali, Semosavlis araprog-
nozirebuli mateba.
Semosavali (income) - fu-
ladi an sxva faseulobebi, miRe-
buli kerZo pirebis, firmebisa
da saxelmwifos mier drois
garkveul periodSi ama Tu im
saqmianobidan.
Semosavali mosaxleo-
bis erT sulze (incom per ca-
pita) - VIG an VTG qveynis mosax-
leobis erT sulze gaangariSe-
biT. farTod gamoiyeneba qvey-
427
nis ganviTarebisa da cxovreb-
is donis dasaxasiaTeblad, Tum-
ca, am maCveneblebma SeiZleba
ver mogvces realuri suraTi,
vinaidan ar iTvaliswinebs Se-
mosavlebis ganawilebis siste-
mas da sakuTrebis rols am
sistemaSi.
Semosavlebis da xarje-
bis nusxa (income and expediture
account) – Semosavlebisa da xar-
jebis aRricxva, buRaltruli
gegma, romelic gamoiyeneba same-
urneo saqmianobis dafinansebisa
da daniSnulebiT gasanawileb-
lad.
Semosavlis efeqti (in-
come effect) - saqonlis fasebis
cvlileba amcirebs an zrdis
momxmareblis realur Semosa-
vals. momxmarebeli realuri
Semosavlis cvlilebis sapasux-
od yidulobs nakleb (an met)
saqonels, maT Soris masac, ro-
melzedac Seicvala fasi. amas
ewodeba fasebis cvlilebiT ga-
mowveuli Semosavlis efeqti.
Semcvleli saqoneli
(substitute good) - saqoneli, rom--
lis fasis gazrda iwvevs meo--
re saqonelze moTxovnis zrdas.
Sereuli ekonomika (mixed
economy) - sakuTrebis mraval-
formianobaze dafuZnebuli
ekonomikuri organizaciis for-
ma sabazro ekonomikis qveyneb-
Si, sadac sameurneo organiza-
428
cia eyrdnoba fasismier siste-
mas (bazars), amasTan, makro-
ekonomikuri arastabilurobisa
da bazris arasrulyofilebis
daZlevisaTvis gamoiyeneba sax-
elmwifo regulirebis sxva-
dasxva forma.
Sereuli saqoneli (mixed
goods) - dovlaTi, romlis ga-
moyenebiT ar SeiZleba sarge-
blobas mxolod erTi indivi-
di iRebdes, magram igi Tanabrad
xelmisawvdomi ar aris nebismi-
erisaTvis. es saqoneli moqce-
ulia kerZo konkurentul mox-
marebasa (anu erTi individis
mier aseTi dovlaTis moxmare-
ba gamoricxavs sxvis mier mis
moxmarebas) da sazogadoebriv
saqonels Soris, romlis mox-
mareba arakonkurentulia (ase-
Ti dovlaTis moxmareba Tanab-
rad xelmisawvdomia yvela-
saTvis) da moicavs orive ti-
pis saqonlis (kerZosa da sa-
zogadoebrivis) elementebs. mag.,
acrebi daavadebis Tavidan asac-
ileblad Sereuli saqonelia,
vinaidan mas moaqvs sargeblo-
ba rogorc misi mimRebi indi-
vidisTvis, ise mTeli sazoga-
doebisTvis (amcirebs daavade-
bis risks), Tumca, es saqoneli
Tanabrad xelmisawvdomi ar
aris yvelasaTvis. aseT situa-
ciaSi Sereuli saqonlis in-
dividualuri moxmareba qmnis
Sereuli saqoneli
dadebiT gare efeqts danarCe-
ni sazogadoebisTvis.
Sermanis kanoni (Sherman
act) - erT--erTi ZiriTadi kanoni
aSS--is antitrestul kanonmde-
blobaSi, romelic miRebul iqna
1890 wels. igi sazogadoebis
aRSfoTebis Taviseburi gamoZa-
xili iyo. warmoebis koncen-
traciis zRvargadasul zrdas-
Tan dakavSirebuli qmedebebis
gamo kanoni krZalavda vaWro-
bis Tavisuflebis SemzRudvel
kontraqtebs, monopoliur gaer-
Tianebebsa da farul garige-
bebs, garda amisa, monopolizaci-
is mcdelobas. am kanonis dar-
RvevisaTvis maqsimaluri jarima
saxelmwifos sasargeblod
Tavdapirvelad 5000 dolars,
xolo Semdgom 50000 dola-
rs Seadgenda. 1974 wels am
Tanxam korporaciebisaTvis
1000000 dolars miaRwia.
SefardebiTi mogeba (re-
lative profit) - mogeba, romelsac
gamyidveli iRebs yovel gayid-
ul nawarmze danaxarjebis gamo-
qviTviT.
SefardebiTi upirate-
soba (comparative advantage) -
upiratesoba, romelic aqvs erT
qveyanas sxvebTan SedarebiT, Tu
misi saqonlis warmoebis al-
ternatiuli Rirebuleba ufro
dabalia, vidre analogiuri sa-
qonlisa sxva qveynebSi.
SefardebiTi upiratesobis Teoria
sagareo vaWrobis struq-
turas mniSvnelovnad gansaz-
Rvravs SefardebiTi da ara
absoluturi upiratesoba, Tum-
ca, ukanasknel periodSi wina
planze konkurentulma upi-
ratesobam wamoiwia.
SefardebiTi upirate-
sobis Teoria (theory of com-
parative advantage) - Teoria,
romlis mixedviTac qveyana unda
specialdebodes im saqonlis
warmoebasa da eqsportze, rom-
lis damzadebac SeiZleba Se-
darebiT dabali danaxarjebiT.
am SemTxvevaSi misTvis xel-
sayrelia im saqonlis impor-
tireba, romlis danaxarjebic
adgilze SedarebiT maRalia.
SefardebiTi upiratesobis
Teoria, romelic warmoadgens
qveynebis (agreTve calkeuli
pirovnebebis) specializaciis
safuZvels, amasTan, Tavisufa-
li vaWrobis qvakuTxeds, axsna
devid rikardom adam smiTis
absoluturi upiratesobis Te-
oriis ganviTarebis Sedegad
Semdeg magaliTze:
portugalias erTi galo-
ni Rvinis sawarmoeblad sWird-
eba 80 samuSao saaTi, xolo
erTi mln iardi maudis dasamza-
deblad _ 90 samuSao saaTi,
ingliss ki, Sesabamisad, 120 da
100 samuSao saaTi.
429
warmoebisaTvis aucilebeli
samuSao saaTebis raodenoba
gjhneufkbf byukbcb
th'b ufkjyb
qdbyj 80 120
th'b bfhlb
vfelb 90 100
amrigad, portugalias aqvs
absoluturi upiratesoba or--
ive saqonlis warmoebaSi, vi-
naidan portugaliaSi amisaTvis
naklebi xarjebia saWiro, vi-
dre inglisSi. portugalias
aqvs SefardebiTi upiratesoba
Rvinis warmoebaSi, vinaidan por-
tugaliuri Rvinis warmoebis
xarjebis Tanafardoba inglis-
Tan tolia 80 : 120 da igi
naklebia maudis analogiur
Tanafardobaze, romelic to-
lia 90 : 100. Tu portugalia
daspecialdeba SefardebiTi upi-
ratesobis Sesabamisad, maSin
yovel arawarmoebul iard ma-
udze mas SeuZlia miiRos 1 da
1/8 galoni Rvino, vinaidan ro-
gorc erTis, ise meoris sawar-
moeblad saWiroa 90 samuSao
saaTi. portugalias SeuZlia
gacvalos Tavisi 1 da 1/8 galo-
ni Rvino imave raodenobis iard
maudze. amrigad, portugalias
90 samuSao saaTis ganmavlo-
baSi SeuZlia an TviTon awar-
moos erTi iardi maudi, an
430
SemovliTi gziT miiRos 1 da
1/8 iardi maudi. portugaliis
absoluturi upiratesobis mi-
uxedavad, inglissac aseve Seu-
Zlia miiRos mogeba sagareo
vaWrobiT. yoveli galoni Rvi-
no, romelic ar iqna warmoebu-
li inglisSi, e.i. 120 samuSao
saaTi, saSualebas miscems mas,
awarmoos 1 da 1/5 iardi mau-
di, romelic sagareo vaWrobis
meSveobiT SeiZleba gardaiqm-
nas 1 da 1/5 galon Rvinod.
SefardebiTi upiratesoba
xels uwyobs msoflio ekono-
mikis ganviTarebas. rodesac esa
Tu is qveyana uSvebs im saqo-
nels, romlis warmoebac sxve-
bze naklebi xarjebiT SeuZlia,
maSin mogebulia rogorc es
qveyana, ise mTeli sazogadoeba,
radgan iqmneba erTi da imave
raodenobis resursebis xar-
jviT meti saqonlis warmoebis
SesaZlebloba.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi sa-
gareo vaWrobisagan sargeblo-
bis miRebis aucilebeli piro--
baa sxvadasxva qveyanaSi fasebis
gansxvavebuli Tanafardoba.
Svilobili kompania (sub-
sidiary company) - saTavo kompa-
niis kontroliT momuSave fil-
iali, sadac kontroli xor-
cieldeba monawileobis siste-
mis meSveobiT, e.i. saTavo ko-
mpania, rogorc holdingis rol-
Si myofi sazogadoeba, flobs
Svilobili kompania
Svilobili kompaniebis aqcieb-
is sakontrolo paketebs. Svi-
lobil kompaniebs aqvT damouki-
debeli iuridiuli piris sta-
tusi. maTi registrireba xde-
ba mocemuli qveynis kanonmde-
blobis Sesabamisad, adgilsamy-
ofelis mixedviT da am SemTx-
vevaSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, sad
aris dafuZnebuli saTavo kom-
pania.
Svilobili kompania orga--
nizebulia SezRuduli pasux--
ismgeblobis sazogadoebis fo--
rmiT, e.i. gakotrebis an gada--
xdisuunarobis SemTxvevaSi igi
Tavis valdebulebebs faravs
ara mesakuTris, aramed mxolod
kompaniis qonebiT. zogjer Svi-
lobili kompaniebi maTs daqvem-
debarebaSi arsebuli SviliSv-
ili sazogadoebebis _ ganyofi-
lebebis aqciebis sakontrolo
paketebsac floben.
Svilobil kompaniebs aqvT
damoukidebeli sabuRaltro ba-
lansi da safinanso dokumente-
bi, farTo uflebebiT sargeb-
loben sakuTari mogebis ganawi-
lebaSi, maTi reinvesticiis CaT-
vliT.
dasavleTSi transerovnu-
li korporaciebis umravleso-
ba aTobiT da asobiTac flobs
Svilobil kompaniebs, romlebic
sxvadasxva qveyanaSia ganlage-
buli. Svilobili kompania Sei-
Zleba iyos saTavo kompaniis
Sinameurneoba
srul sakuTrebaSi, sxvadasxva
qveynis kompaniebis Sereul
sakuTrebaSi an ucxouri firme-
bis kerZo sakuTrebaSi.
funqcionaluri niSnis mi-
xedviT, Svilobili kompaniebi
iyofa sabazo (asrulebs tran-
serovnul korporaciebSi Sida
korporaciuli holdingebis
rols), saeqsporto, safinanso,
mecnierul-- teqnikur da sxva
ganyofilebebad. Svilobili
kompaniis damoukideblobis xa-
risxi Zalze maRalia warmoeb-
isa da gasaRebis sferoebSi, ma-
Sin rodesac kapitaldabande-
bebis, finansebis, sacdel--sakon-
struqtoro samuSaoebis warmar-
Tvis, gadasaxadebis gadaxdis sa-
kiTxebs saTavo kompania wyvets.
Sida eqsternaliebi (inter-
nal externalities) - efeqtebi, rom-
lebic garegania mocemuli sa-
kontraqto urTierTobis mima-
rT, magram Sinagani _ Sida kon-
traqtSi monawile jgufisaTvis.
Sida lagi (inside lag) - Se-
Sid
ferxeba droSi moqmedebis auci-
leblobis dadgenis momentsa
da mis ganxorcielebas Soris.
igi politikuri lagia da SeiZ-
leba daiyos sam Semadgenel
nawilad: gamovlenis lagi, gada-
wyvetilebis miRebis lagi da
moqmedebis lagi.
Sida danaxarjebi (inter-
nal expenses) – firmis mTliani
danaxarjebis is nawili, romel-
431
ic moicavs firmis sakuTar Sida
materialur Tu SromiT resur-
sebze gaweul danaxarjebs.
Sinakeri (dishonest trader) -
arakeTilsindisieri vaWari.
Sinameurneoba (household)
- gaeros erovnuli angariSTa
sistemis mixedviT, erTad mcxov-
reb pirTa mcire jgufi, romleb-
sac gaerTianebuli aqvT (mTli-
anad an nawilobriv) TavianTi
Semosavlebi da qoneba da erTad
moixmaren garkveuli saxis sa-
qonelsa da momsaxurebas, upir-
veles yovlisa, sacxovrissa da
kvebis produqtebs. rogorc wesi,
Sinameurneobis TiToeul wevrs
aqvs garkveuli ufleba am meur-
neobis erTobliv resursebze.
Sinameurneoba xSirad iden-
turia `ojaxisa~, Tumca erTi
da igive Sinameurneobis wevrebi
ar aris savaldebulo iyos erTi
ojaxis wevrebi. aucilebel pi-
robas warmoadgens resursebis
erToblivi mflobeloba da er-
Toblivi moxmareba. igi aris
erT saerTo sacxovrebel far-
Tze da erTi saojaxo biujetiT
mcxovreb adamianTa socialur--
ekonomikuri rgoli (ujredi).
Sinameurneoba, rogorc mox-
marebis statistikis mniSvnelo-
vani statistikuri erTeuli,
gansxvavdeba mosaxleobis sta-
tistikaSi xmarebul saojaxo
meurneobisagan, rogorc mxo-
lod erTad mcxovreb pirTa er-
432 Sinameurneobebis mier sakuTari moxmarebi...
Tobliobisagan.
Sinameurneobebis mier
sakuTari moxmarebisTvis
warmoebuli produqcia da
momsaxureba (product made by
hausholds for their own consump-
tion) – daukvirvebadi ekonomikis
Semadgeneli nawili. ar Sedis
araformalur seqtorSi da ami-
tomac ganixileba daukvirve-
badi ekonomikis calke prob-
lemad. garda sasoflo-sameur-
neo produqciisa, masSi Sedis
sakuTari moxmarebisTvis war-
moebuli yvela saxis saqone-
li da momsaxureba. mag., saku-
Tari saxlebis mSenebloba, Si-
namosamsaxureTa fasiani mom-
saxureba da a.S.
Si pCandler
pCandleri i (ship--chandler)
- organizacia an firma, rome-
lic sursaTs awvdis gemebs da
amaragebs maT teqnikiT.
`Sokuri Terapia~ (shock
therapy) - sabazro ekonomikaze
gadasvlis modeli. ekonomikis
konversiis es gza gradualiz-
mis (evoluciuri gzis) anti-
podia. misTvis damaxasiaTebe-
lia radikalizmis ukiduresad
maRali done, rac, upirveles
yovlisa, fasebis liberaliza-
ciaSi, fasebis moumzadebel
Tavisufal aSvebaSi, saxelmwi-
fos maregulirebeli rolis Se-
sustebasa da wina ekonomikuri
sistemis ara mxolod insti-
tutebis, aramed materialur--
teqnikuri bazis ngrevaSi gam-
oixateba.
saqarTvelom am gziT dai-
wyo sabazro ekonomikaze gadas-
vla, magram ekonomikis Sokire-
bas Terapia ar mohyolia. es
modeli SemuSavebul iqna e.w.
vaSingtonis konsensusis mier
da TviT postvaSingtonis kon-
sensunsmac uaryofiTad Seaf-
asa. `Sokurma~ gzam ver gaamar-
Tla saqarTveloSi, ise rogorc
bevr sxva postsabWour qveya-
naSi.
SromiTi Rirebulebis
Teoria (labour theory of value)
- Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac
faswarmoqmnas safuZvlad ude-
vs saqonlis warmoebaze dax-
arjuli anu saqonelSi ganivTe-
buli sazogadoebrivad auci-
lebeli Sromis raodenoba (Sro-
mis is raodenoba, romelic au-
cilebelia warmoebis normalur
pirobebSi saqonlis dasamzade-
blad), e.i. misi Rirebuleba.
Rirebulebis mixedviT ori sx-
vadasxva saqonlis toloba ni-
Snavs imas, rom maTSi erTi da
igive raodenobis Sromaa ganiv-
Tebuli. am Teoriis ZiriTadi
postulatebia:
- gacvlis sxvadasxva pro-
duqtebs aqvT erTnairi Sinaarsi
_ Rirebuleba. amitom isini
erTmaneTs utoldebian gan-
sazRvruli sacvleli Rire-
bulebiT;
Sromis bazari
- Rirebuleba saqonelSi
ganivTebuli sazogadoebrivi
Sromaa. Rirebulebis mixedviT
produqciis toloba niSnavs
imas, rom maTSi erTi da igive
raodenobis Sromaa ganivTebu-
li;
- Tu Sroma Tvisebrivad er-
Tnairia, maSin raodenobrivad
igi izrdeba drois xangrZlivo-
biT;
- bazarze erTnairi saxeo-
bis saqonelze yalibdeba ara
individualuri, aramed sazoga-
doebrivi Rirebuleba.
SromiTi Rirebulebis Teo-
ria axasiaTebs ekonomikur kav-
Sirs, romelic SeiZleba gam-
ovsaxoT ase: mwarmoebeli _
sazogadoebrivi Sroma _ dov-
laTis sazogadoebrivi Rire-
buleba _ fasi. am TeoriaSi sa-
saqonlo--fuladi urTierTobebi
ganxilulia saqonelmwarmoeb-
lis poziciidan.
SromiTi Rirebulebis Teo-
ria ekuTvnis klasikur sko-
las. mis SeqmnaSi gansakuTre-
buli wvlili miuZRvis d. ri-
kardos, agreTve k. marqss. Sro-
miTi Rirebulebis Teorias dau-
pirispirda zRvruli sargeb-
lianobis Teoria, warmoebis
danaxarjebis Teoria, moTxov-
na--miwodebis Teoria, inglisur--
amerikuli skolis Teoria.
SromiTi Rirebulebis Teo-
riis mTlianad uaryofa mec-
433
nierulad ar aris gamarTle-
buli. igi, zRvruli sargebli-
anobis TeoriasTan erTad, safuZ-
vlad udevs faswarmoqmnas. am
Teoriebis dapirispireba gamox-
atavs ara mxolod maT urT-
ierTuaryofas, aramed urTierT-
ganpirobebulobasac, Rirebule-
basa da sargeblianobas Soris
funqcionalur kavSirs.
Sromis bazari (labor mar-
ket) - samuSao Zalis yidva--ga-
yidvasTan dakavSirebul urT-
ierTobaTa sistema. gulisxmobs
damqiraveblebsa da dasaqirave-
blebs Soris nebayoflobiT
safuZvelze agebul urTierTo-
bas, agreTve TiToeuli maTga-
nis urTierTobas sxva subieq-
tebTan. samuSao Zalis bazris
koniunqturis mniSvnelovani ma-
xasiaTebelia Tanafardoba Tavi-
sufal samuSao adgilebsa da
samuSaos aqtiurad maZieblebs
Soris. samuSao Zalis fasis
gadaxra misi Rirebulebisagan
damokidebulia warmoebis efeq-
tianobaze, ganawilebiT urTier-
Tobaze, xelfasisa da Semosav-
lebis struqturis doneze, sa-
momxmareblo bazris dinamika-
ze, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
moqmed fasebze da sxv. am
faqtorebis urTierTkavSiri da
urTierTganpirobebuloba ayal-
ibebs samuSao Zalis TviTreg-
ulirebasa da TviTmoZraobas
mimoqcevis sferoSi. ganviTare-
434
buli samuSao Zalis bazari
stimuls aZlevs warmoebis efeq-
tianobis amaRlebas, xels uwy-
obs samuSao Zalis ganawile-
bas piradi da sazogadoebrivi
moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad.
misi meSveobiT mcirdeba war-
moebis danaxarjebi, xdeba sam-
uSao Zalis Warbi rezervis ga-
danawileba meurneobis perspeq-
tiul dargebSi. samuSao Zalis
bazris sidides gansazRvravs
vakanturi samuSao adgilebi da
samuSaos aqtiurad maZiebeli
Sromisunariani mosaxleoba.
Sromis birJa (Labour ex-
change) - saxelmwifo orga-
nizacia, romelic regularu-
lad axorcielebs Suamavlur
operaciebs Sromis bazarze. igi
agreTve axdens umuSevarTa reg-
istracias.
Sromis danawileba (di-
vision of labour) - Sromis dana-
wilebis procesi saqmianobis
sferoebis mixedviT, anu sam-
uSaoTa im saxeebis mixedviT,
sadac yvelaze metad iqneba ga-
moyenebuli pirovnebis kvali-
fikacia. Sromis danawilebis
Sedegad arc erTi adamiani ar
asrulebs yvela samuSaos war-
moebaSi da TiToeuli special-
izdeba samuSaoTa im saxeebze,
romlebSic mas aqvs Sefardeb-
iTi upiratesoba.
Sromis mwarmoebluroba
(labour productivity) - SromiTi re-
Sromis birJa
sursebis, adamianiseuli kapi-
talis gamoyenebis efeqtiano-
bis maCvenebeli. ganisazRvreba
drois erTeulSi gamomuSa-
vebuli produqciis raode-
nobiT, an erTeul produq-
ciaze daxarjuli drois ra o-
rao-
denobiT.
Sromis saerTaSoriso
danawileba (international divi-
sion of labour) - calkeuli qvey-
nebis specializacia garkveu-
li saxis im saqonlis (momsax-
urebis) warmoebaSi, romelTa
damzadebisTvisac TiToeul maT-
gans sxva qveynebze ukeTesi
pirobebi (bunebrivi an SeZeni-
li) aqvs, anu aqvs absoluturi
upiratesoba ama Tu im saqon-
lis (momsaxurebis) warmoebi-
sTvis. Sromis saerTaSoriso
danawileba gulisxmobs qvey-
nebis moTxovnis dakmayofile-
bas ara mxolod sakuTari war-
moebiT, aramed sagareo vaWro-
bis saSualebiTac.
Sromis saerTaSoriso
organizacia - Sso (Interna-
tional Labour Organization - ILO)
- Seiqmna 1919 wels mosaxle-
obis Sromis pirobebisa da so-
cialuri dacvis mizniT versa-
lis xelSekrulebis safuZ-
velze. 1946 wlidan gaeros
specializebuli dawesebulebaa,
romelSic warmodgenili ari-
an rogorc wevri mTavrobebi,
ise profkavSirebi da mewarme-
Sualeduri teqnologi ebi
teqnologiebi
Ta organizaciebi.
Sso- s SemuSavebuli aqvs
Sromis bazris analizisa da
prognozirebis maCvenebelTa
sistema, indikatorebi da kri-
teriumebi. misi Stab--bina Jeneva-
Sia. ikvlevs samuSao Zalis
miwodebis, momzadebis da gamoye-
nebis, Sida da qveyanaTaSorisi
migraciuli nakadebis proble-
mebs. misi mTavari amocanaa
msoflio warmoebis zrdaze
zemoqmedeba, cxovrebis donis
amaRleba SromiTi resursebis
racionalurad gamoyenebis gziT.
SromiTi resursebis ba-
lansi (balance of manpower) - asa-
xavs qveyanaSi arsebuli Sro-
miTi resursebis raodenobas, Se-
madgenlobas, (asakis, sqesis, pro-
fesiis, dasaqmebis saxeobebis, so-
cialuri jgufebisa da a.S. mi-
xedviT) ganawilebasa da gamoye-
nebas.
Straikbrexeri (strike-
breaker) [germ. Streikbrecher,
streik gaficva + brechen damtvre-
va, mogleja] - piri, romelsac
sawarmo maSin daiqiravebs, rode-
sac misi koleqtivi gaficulia.
Strix - kodi (bar code) -
specialuri kodi, romelic
saqonlis safuTavzea ganTavse-
buli artikulis identifikaci-
isTvis.
Sualeduri moxmareba
(intermediate consumption) - war-
moebis erTi stadiis Sromis
435
produqtis gamoyeneba Sromis
sagnis saxiT warmoebis meore
stadiaze.
Sualeduri produqti
(intermediate product) - produq-
ti, romelmac gaiara garkveu-
li damuSaveba, magram jer kidev
ver miaRwia im stadias, romel-
zedac CaiTvleba saboloo pro-
duqtad. mag., foladi Suale-
duri produqtia. Sualeduri
produqti gamoiyeneba sxva pro-
duqtis sawarmoeblad.
Sualeduri teqnologi-
ebi (intermediary technologis) –
alternatiuli teqnologiebi
mowinave kapitalintensiur da
moZvelebul, Sromaintensiur
teqnologiebs Soris. termini
praqtikaSi Semoitana e. Suma-
xerma, romlis xelmZRvanelobiT
1965 wels londonSi Seiqmna
specialistTa jgufi ganviTare-
bad qveynebSi arsebuli moZvele-
buli teqnologiebis Suale-
duri teqnologiebiT Secvli-
saTvis RonisZiebebis dasaxvis
mizniT.
saqme isaa, rom ekonomikis
ganviTarebis dabali done aiZu-
lebs am qveynebs moaxdinon moZ-
velebuli teqnologiebis im-
porti, romelTa gamoyenebis
grZelvadiani Sedegebi (gare-
moze zemoqmedebisa da sxva eko-
logiuri parametrebis gaTval-
iswinebiT) Zalze uaryofiTia.
winaaRmdegoba, romelic arsebobs
436
ganviTarebuli qveynebis axal,
maRal kapitalintensiur teqno-
logiebsa da `mesame samyaros~
qveynebis moZvelebul, maRal
Sromaintensiur teqnologiebs
Soris, amJamindeli mZime eko-
logiuri situaciis Taviseburi
gamoZaxilicaa. igi Semadgeneli
nawilia Tanamedrove ekologi-
uri ekonomikis koncefciisa,
romlis erT-erTi mimarTule-
baa envaironmentaluri determi-
nizmi (environmental determinism).
ekologiuri wonasworobis aRd-
gena-SenarCunebis mizniT, mraval
sxva RonisZiebebTan erTad, yura-
dRebaa gamaxvilebuli sustad
ganviTarebul qveynebSi daxma-
rebis programebis SemuSavebisa
da konkretuli proeqtebis rea-
lizaciaSi Sualeduri, resurs-
damzogveli teqnologiebis ga-
moyenebaze.
Suamavloba (mediation) – or
mxares Soris warmoqmnil same-
warmeo konfliqtSi Careva me-
same damoukidebeli da aradain-
teresebuli mxarisa, romelic
konfliqtis mizezebis Seswav-
lis safuZvelze waradgens
rekomendaciebs misi daZlevis
mizniT (Tumca mxareebi ar ari-
an valdebulni gaiTvaliswinon
es rekomendaciebi).
Sumpeteri iozef ( 1883-
1950) (Sumpeter Joseph) – jer
bonis universitetis (1932
wlamde), xolo Semdeg sicocx-
Suamavloba
lis bolomde harvardis uni-
versitetis profesori. farTo
interesebis mqone mecnieri sazo-
gadoebriv mecnierebebSi, Tum-
ca, sxvadasxva dros iyo fin-
ansTa ministri da bankiri.
cnobilia misi naSromebi ekono-
mikuri ciklis analizSi, ker-
Zod: `saqmiani aqtiurobis cik-
li~ (1939) da `ekonomikuri
ganviTareba~ (1912). did mniS-
vnelobas aniWebda inovaciur
saqmianobas da, aqedan gamom-
dinare, iseT mewarmes, romelic
warmoebaSi nergavda axal te-
qnologiebs, qmnida produqci-
is axal saxeobebs, warmoebis
organizaciis axal meTodebs, aR-
moaCenda axal bazrebs da a.S.
am mxriv gansakuTrebul rols
monopoliebs aniWebda. misi es
debuleba cnobilia Sumpete-
ris hi poTezis saxelwodebiT.
Sumpeteris naSromSi _ `ka-
pitalizmi, socializmi da de-
mokratia~ (1947) logikuradaa
dasabuTebuli, rom kapital-
izmi adgils uTmobs so-
cializms, mag ram ara Tavi-
magram
si mankierebebis Se de
Sede gad (ro-
degad
gorc amas karl marqsi amtki-
cebda), aramed ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebiT
viTarebiT. misi bolo daumTav-
rebeli monumenturi naSromia
`ekonomikuri analizis isto-
ria~, romelic gamoica misi gar-
dacvalebis Semdeg (1954).
CaSenebuli stabiliza torebi
stabilizatorebi
C Rvawli miuZRvis finansuri
Caketili bazari (locked
market) - bazris iseTi mdgoma-
reoba, rodesac myidvelis kursi
gamyidvelis kurss utoldeba.
Caketili ekonomika (clo-
sed economy) - ekonomika, rome-
lic finanasur--ekonomikur ur-
TierTobebSi gare samyarosagan
faqtobrivad izolirebulia;
ekonomika, romelic farTod ar
monawileobs saerTaSoriso vaW-
robaSi.
Canacvlebis efeqti (sub-
stitution effect) - fasebis cvli-
lebis zemoqmedeba saqonlis
moTxovnisa da miwodebis moc-
ulobaze, ris safuZvelzec re-
aluri Semosavali ucvleli
rCeba.
CantlaZe vasil (1905--
1995) (Chantladze Vasil) - saqar-
Tvelos mecnierebaTa akademi-
is akademikosi (1979), wevr--ko-
respondenti (1974), ekonomikur
mecnierebaTa doqtori (1958),
profesori (1959), saqarTvelos
mecnierebis damsaxurebuli mo--
Rvawe (1966). daamTavra Tsu
socialur--ekonomikuri fakul-
teti (1927), moRvaweobda Tsu--
Si 1930 wlidan sicocxlis
bolomde: iyo finansebisa da
kreditis kaTedris docenti
(1930--1958), profesori, gamge
437
(1967--1985). v. CantlaZes didi
mecnierebisa da axali qarTu-
li ekonomikuri terminologi-
is ganviTarebaSi. aRsaniSnavia,
rom sulxan-- saba orbelianis
fiziokratuli Sexedulebebi
pirvelad sami saukunis Semdeg
gamoikvlia v. CantlaZem.
ZiriTadi naSromebia: `same-
urneo angariSianoba da dakred-
iteba~. Tb., 1937; `sulxan--saba--
orbelianis ekonomikuri Sexedu-
lebebi~. Tb., 1959; `finansuri
mecnierebis sagani da amocane-
bi~. Tb., 1966; `finansebis Teori-
is sakiTxebi~. Tb., 1979 (rusul
enaze); `SoTa rusTavelis eko-
nomikuri Sexedulebebi~. Tb.,
1992 da sxv.
Carteri (charter) - xel-
Sekruleba, romelsac deben xo-
maldis mflobeli da damqirave-
beli mTlianad xomaldis an
misi nawilis gansazRvruli
droiT an garkveuli reisisaT-
vis arendiT gacemis Sesaxeb.
Cartingi (charting) - grafi-
kebisa da diagramebis Sedgena
bazris analizisa da fasebis
prognozirebis mizniT.
CaSenebuli stabiliza-
torebi (implanted stabilizators)
- fiskaluri politikis meqa-
nizmi, romlis meSveobiTac
xdeba ekonomikis kerZo seqtor-
Si warmoSobili ryevebis Ser-
438
bileba. aseTi stabilizatore-
bis magaliTebia umuSevrebisad-
mi daxmareba, progresuli saSe-
mosavlo gadasaxadi da a.S. ix.
avtomaturi stabilizatorebi.
`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba
(repressive unemployment) – qro-
nikuli umuSevroba mosaxleo-
bis im nawilisa, romelmac, xan-
grZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi
mcdelobis miuxedavad, ver Se-
Zlo kvalifikaciis mixedviT da-
saqmeba, amitom ZiriTadad asru-
leben fizikur, sakuTari kvali-
fikaciisTvis Seuferebel samu-
Saos dabali anazRaurebiT.
Ceini (chain) - sigrZis er-
Teuli sazomTa inglisur sis-
temaSi, udris 22 iards anu
20,1168 m--s.
Ceki (cheque, check) - 1. dad-
genili formis fuladi doku-
menti, angariSis mflobelis
werilobiTi gankarguleba bank-
isadmi, raTa am ukanasknelma
Cekis xelis momweris angari-
Sidan gasces an gadaricxos sxva
angariSze garkveuli Tanxa; 2.
unaRdo angariSsworebis saSu-
aleba, fasiani qaRaldi; 3. sa-
calo vaWrobaSi _ salaros
qviTari, romelic adasturebs
myidvelisagan fulis miRebas.
Cemberlini edvard (1899-
1967) (Chamberlin Edward) –
amerikeli ekonomisti, harvar-
dis universitetis profesori,
`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba
gansakuTrebiT cnobilia ro-
gorc `monopolisturi konku-
renciis Teoriis~ (1933) avto-
ri. j. robinsonis (didi brita-
neTi) naSromebisgan damoukideb-
lad gaaanaliza monopolis-
turi konkurenciis sabazro
situacia, faswarmoqmnis meqaniz-
mebi, daasabuTa konkurenciisa
da monopoliis erTdroulad
arsebobis SesaZlebloba. ter-
mini _ wminda konkurencia e.
Cemberlinma Semoitana. j. robin-
sonisgan gansxvavebiT, man mo-
nopolia konkurenciis nor-
malur pirobad miiCnia da
uaryo sabazro meqanizmSi saxel-
mwifos Carevis aucilebloba.
Cerningi (churning) – koncef-
cia, romlis mixedviT axali
saqoneli Zvel saqonels an axa-
li teqnologiebi Zvel teqnol-
ogiebs da a.S. moZvelebuls
xdis.
Cveulebrivi aqcia (ordi-
nary share, ordinary stock) - aqcia,
romlis mflobelsac eniWeba
aqcioneris yvela qonebrivi da
pirovnuli ufleba: a) dividen-
dis miRebis ufleba korporaci-
is mogebis sididis mixedviT;
b) korporaciis marTvaSi monawi-
leobis ufleba krebebze xmis
micemis gziT; g) qonebrivi naw-
ilis miRebis ufleba kredi-
torebTan angariSis gasworeb-
is Semdeg, korporaciis likvi-
`Cinuri gza~
daciis SemTxvevaSi. uflebis
realizacia xdeba aqciis sid-
idis proporciulad.
`Cikagos skola~ (“Chica-
go School”) - msoflioSi cno-
bili ekonomikuri skola, neo-
konservatiuli ekonomikuri
azris erT--erTi ZiriTadi mi-
marTuleba. warmoiSva XX sau-
kunis 60--ian wlebSi. misi war-
momadgenlebi milTon fridme-
ni, f. a. fon haieki, frenk naiti,
Teodor uiliam Sulci, jorj
Jozef stigleri, henri saisredi
da sxvebi, ekonomikis efeqtiani
funqcionirebis gasaRebs saxel-
mwifo Carevisagan Tavisufal
konkurentul bazarSi xedaven.
maTi azriT: 1. konkurentuli
bazrebis funqcionireba resur-
sebis ganawilebis problemis
gadaWris yvelaze saukeTeso
(optimaluri) saSualebaa; 2.
ekonomikuri Teoria, iseve ro-
gorc sabunebismetyvelo mec-
nierebebi, Tavisufali unda iyos
SefasebiTi msjelobisagan.
Cikagos skolis warmomad-
genlebi iziareben neoklasikuri
Teoriis Sexedulebas imis Se-
saxeb, rom fasebi iZleva ekono-
mikuri sistemis funqcionire-
bis zust suraTs. isini mone-
tarizmis uryevi momxreni arian
da, aqedan gamomdinare, ekono-
mikis saxelmwifo regulireb-
is SezRudvas mtkiced uWeren
439
mxars.
skolas es saxeli ewoda im
faqtTan dakavSirebiT, rom misi
mravali cnobili warmomadge-
neli muSaobda Cikagos univer-
sitetSi.
`Cinuri gza~ (“Chineese
way”) - ukavSirdeba makroeko-
nomikuri stabilizaciis evo-
luciur models, romelic gra-
dualizmisa da struqturul
struqturul--
warmoebrivi makrostabili-
zaciis saxelwodebiTaa cno-
bili. es modeli warmatebiT
gamoiyeneba CineTSi da `Cinuri
saswaulis~ aTvlis wertiladaa
aRiarebuli. igi gamoricxavs
ukidures radikalizms da uSu-
alod gaTvlilia qveynis war-
moebrivi potencialis amaRle-
baze. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia
ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos ro-
lis mniSvnelovani SenarCunebiT,
sainvesticio da progresuli
struqturuli politikis ga-
tarebiT, erovnuli mewarmeo-
bis stimulirebiT, saxelmwifos
mier ekonomikis sakvanZo sfe-
roebis marTviT, warmoebis mod-
ernizaciiTa da a.S., Zveli
ekonomikuri sistemis elemen-
tebis gamoyenebis safuZvelze,
TandaTanobiTi, evoluciuri
gziT gardaqmna. `Cinuri gza~
`Sokuri Terapiisa~ da `orTo-
doqsuli makrostabilizaciis~
anti podia. es modeli gaTv-
440 Ciqava leo

lilia erToblivi miwodebis rebis gziT mimaval postsab-

zrdasa da samamulo warmoeb- WoTa qveynebs Soris.
is produqciis konkurentunar- Ciqava leo (daib. 1928) (Chi-
ianobis amaRlebaze. kava Leo) - saqarTvelos mec-
CineTma imTaviTve uari Tqva nierebaTa erovnuli akademiis
`Sokur Terapiaze~ da sabazro wevr-- korespondenti (1997),
ekonomikaze gadasvla, saqarTve- ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doq-
losgan da sxva postsabWouri tori (1968), profesori (1970),
qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, daiw- saqarTvelos mecnierebis dam-
yo ara ukiduresi radikalizmi- saxurebuli moRvawe (1986),
Ta da arsebuli materialur-- saqarTvelos ekonomikur mec-
teqnikuri bazis ganadgurebiT, nierebaTa akademiis preziden-
aramed aqcenti struqturul- ti (1994), niu--iorkis mecniere-
warmoebriv makrostabiliza- baTa akademiis akademikosi, p.
ciaze gadaitana. man wina plan- guguSvilis saxelobis univer-
ze daayena qveynis warmoebrivi sitetis reqtori (1996), sa-
potencialis ganviTareba, pro- qarTvelos mecnierebaTa erov-
gresuli struqturuli poli- nuli akademiis sazogadoebriv
tikis gatareba, moqnili saga- mecnierebaTa ganyofilebis de-
dasaxado meqanizmiT mewarmeo- mografiis komisiis Tavmjdo-
bis stimulireba, ekonomikis sak- mare (2011), Tsu reqtoris mrCe-
vanZo dargebsa da sferoebSi velTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris mo-
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sxva- adgile (2011). daamTavra Tsu
dasxva formiT SenarCuneba da ekonomikis fakulteti (1950).
a.S. iyo politikuri ekonomiis kaTe-
postsabWouri qveynebisgan dris gamge, jer Tbilisis i.
radikalurad gansxvavebuli WavWavaZis saxelobis ucxo ena-
ekonomikuri politikis Sede- Ta saxelmwifo pedagogiur in-
gia is, rom dRes CineTi esoden stitutSi (1969--1974), xolo
did aRmavlobas ganicdis. gan- Semdeg _ saqarTvelos poli-
viTarebis Sedegebis mixedviT teqnikur institutSi (1974--
suraTi radikalurad gans- 1983), saqarTvelos mecniere-
xvavebulia `Cinur gzasa~ anu baTa erovnuli akademiis ekono-
gradualisturi ganviTare- mikisa da samarTlis institu-
bis gziT mimaval qveyanasa tis direqtoris moadgile
da jer `Sokur~, xolo amJa- samecniero muSaobis dargSi
mad orTodoqsuli ganviTa- (1983--1990), saqarTvelos de-
Ciqava leo
mografiis socialur--ekonomi-
kuri problemebis kvlevis cen-
tris direqtori (1990--1991),
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erov-
nuli akademiis demografiisa
da sociologiuri kvlevis
institutis direqtori (1991--
2006), saxelmwifo samsaxuris
marTvisa da mosamsaxureTa mo-
mzadebis, gadamzadebisa da kval-
ifikaciis amaRlebis centris
ufrosi (1999--2007). umaRles
saswavleblebSi pedagogiur moR-
vaweobasTan erTad eweva mec-
nierul-kvleviT saqmianobas. igi,
rogorc saqarTvelos teqnikur
universitetTan arsebuli sa-
qarTvelos sawarmoo Zalebisa
da bunebrivi resursebis Sems-
wavleli centris mTavari mec-
nier-TanamSromeli, ikvlevs
SromiTi resursebis formire-
bisa da gamoyenebis proble-
mebs regionul WrilSi.
l. Ciqava aris 180--ze meti
samecniero naSromis avtori. ma-
Ti umravlesoba eZRvneba ekono-
mikuri Teoriis, saqarTvelos
socialur-ekonomikuri ganvi-
Tarebisa da demografiis aq-
tualur problemebs. ZiriTa-
di naSromebia: `saqarTvelos
kvebis mrewvelobis adgili da
roli Sromis saerTo--sakavSiro
danawilebaSi.~ Tb., 1965; `sa-
qarTvelos kvebis mrewvelobis
teritoriuli specializaciisa
441
da ekonomikuri efeqtianobis
sakiTxebi~ (rusul enaze), Tb.,
1968; `aramaterialuri warmoe-
bis sferos politekonomiuri
aspeqtebi.~ Tb., 1987; `Sromis
mwarmoebluroba da misi amaR-
lebis gzebi~ (qarTul da ru-
sul enebze). Tb., 1986; ekono-
mikuri da demografiuli ter-
minologia (rusul--qarTuli da
qarTul--rusuli). Tb., 2001 (Ta-
naavtorobiT); `demografiuli
kategoriebi da kanonebi.~ Tb.,
2002; `inovaciuri ekonomika.~
Tb., 2006; `ekonomikuri Teoriis
mokle kursi.~ damxmare saxel-
mZRvanelo. Tb., 1997 (pirveli
gamocema); Tb., 2006 (meore gamo-
cema). originalobiT gamoirCeva
misi bolo periodSi gamoqveyne-
buli monografiuli gamokv-
levebi: `demologia da misi ka-
nonTa sistema~. Tb., 2008; `da-
saqmeba da umuSevroba saqar-
TveloSi~. Tb., 2012.
l. Ciqavas iniciativiTa da
ZalisxmeviT mravali sain-
tereso RonisZieba tardeba i.
WavWavaZis saxelobis saqarTve-
los mwignobarTa asociaciaSi,
romlis ekonomikis seqciasac
TviT xelmZRvanelobs.
sxva saqmianoba: aris Sem-
degi Jurnalebis saredaqcio
kolegiis wevri: `sazogadoeba
da ekonomika~ (rusul enaze,
moskovi), `ekonomika~, `saqarTve-
442 Crdilovani ekonomika

los ekonomika~, `demografia~, traciuli procedurebis Seus-

`ekonomisti~, `axali ekonomis- ruleblobis gamo. Crdilovani
ti~, `finansebi, sabanko saqme, ekonomika arakanonier ekonomi-
investiciebi~, `ekonomika da bi- kur saqmianobasTan (narkobizne-
znesi~. si, brakonieroba, iaraRiT vaWro-
jildoebi: Rirsebis orde- ba da a.S.) erTad Seadgens fa-
ni (1998), saerTaSoriso or- rul ekonomikas.
deni saerTaSoriso biografi-
uli centridan (aSS, 2004).
amave centrma igi aRiara Tavi-
si mecnieruli SemoqmedebiT sa-
qarTvelos 2009 wlis gamor-
Ceul moRvawed; iv. javaxiSvi-
lis saxelobis medali (1988),
saqarTvelos sapatriarqos si-
geli (2007).
Crdilovani ekonomika
(shadow economy) – firmebisa
da Sinameurneobebis ekonomik-
uri saqmianobis is aralegaru-
li saxeobebi, romlebic Sinaar-
siT kanonieria, magram xelisu-
flebis saxelmwifo organoeb-
is mier aRuricxavia. Crdilo-
vani ekonomika faruli ekonomi-
kis nawilia. igi iqmneba: 1. Se-
mosavlebze gadasaxadebisgan
(dRg, mogebidan gadasaxadi da
a.S.) da socialur dazRvevaze
anaricxebisgan Tavis aridebis
mizniT; 2. sakanonmdeblo norme-
bisa da standartebis (mag.,
Sromisa da janmrTelobis usaf-
rTxoebis, minimaluri xelfa-
sis, maqsimaluri samuSao saaTe-
bisa da a.S.) dacvisgan Tavis
aridebis mizniT; 3. rigi adminis-
centraluri banki
c flebas, centrs.
calmxrivi bazari (one--
sided (one--way) market) - baza-
ri, sadac mxolod myidvelis
kursis kotireba xdeba.
cedenti (cedent) [<laT.
cedere daTmoba) - kreditori,
romelic sxva pirs uTmobs
Tavis moTxovnis uflebas.
cenzi (property qualification)
[laT. census] - 1. Zvel romSi
_ moqalaqeTa qonebis periodu-
li Sefaseba--aRwera; 2. regu-
laruli fiqsirebuli Rala
feodalizmis periodSi dasav-
leT da centralur evropaSi;
3. statistikuri aRwera.
centneri (centner) [<laT.
centum asi] - 1. masis erTeuli,
romelic udris 100 kg--s; 2.
masis erTeuli, romelic zo-
gierT qveyanaSi udris 100 gir-
vanqas; germaniaSi, daniaSi, un-
greTSi _ 50 kg--s.
centralizacia (central-
ization) - 1. raimes Tavmoyra erT
adgilze, erTis xelSi, erT cen-
trSi; 2. centralizacia kapi-
talis _ kapitalis odenobis
gazrda ramdenime kapitalis
gaerTianebis safuZvelze.
centralizmi (centralism)
- mmarTvelobis sistema, rom-
lis drosac qvemdgomi da adg-
ilobrivi organoebi eqvemde-
443
barebian centralur xelisu-
centraluri banki (cen-
tral bank) - saxelmwifo dawese-
buleba, romelic Tavisi mone-
taruli instrumentebiT axor-
cielebs fuladi mimoqcevis,
finansuri bazrebisa da insti-
tutebis regulirebasa da kon-
trols. am mizniT igi iyenebs
rogorc arapirdapir instru-
mentebs (bankTaSorisi kredi-
tis ganakveTi, savaldebulo
rezervebis norma, fasiani qa-
Raldebis bazarze saxelmwifo
sagadasaxado valdebulebebis
gayidvasTan dakavSirebuli ope-
raciebi), ise pirdapir (mizno-
brivi dakrediteba, `sakredito
Weri~, sargeblis ganakveTis do-
nisadmi pirdapiri kontroli)
instrumentebs.
bankTaSorisi kreditis ga-
nakveTiT fulad-sakredito re-
gulireba anu diskontis poli-
tika inflaciasTan brZolis
efeqtiani saSualebaa. saqme isaa,
rom bankTaSorisi kreditis ga-
nakveTi aris procenti im kred-
itze, romelsac aZlevs cen-
traluri banki yvela sxva banks.
Tuki qveyanaSi SeimCneva in-
flaciuri procesebis daCqareba,
centraluri banki maRla swevs
am ganakveTs, ris safuZvelzec
ecema fulze moTxovna da Se-
darebiT nela izrdeba mimoq-
444
cevaSi fuladi masa. marTalia,
igi uaryofiT gavlenas axdens
warmoebis ganviTarebaze, magram
saxelmwifos moqnili sagada-
saxado politikiT SesaZlebe-
lia Tanmxlebi negatiuri efeq-
tebis daZleva.
savaldebulo rezervebis
norma komerciuli bankebis fu-
ladi Tanxaa, romlis sesxad
gacemis ufleba maT ara aqvT
da valdebulni arian TavianT
angariSze iqonion centralur
bankSi. es ukanaskneli ki situ-
aciis mixedviT moqmedebs: fu-
ladi masis zrdis Senelebis
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi amaR-
lebs savaldebulo rezerveb-
is normas da, piriqiT, roca
aris imis aucilebloba, rom
mimoqcevaSi gaizardos fulis
raodenoba, maSin centraluri
banki dabla wevs savaldebu-
lo rezervebis normas, riTac
SesaZleblobas aZlevs komer-
ciul bankebs TavianTi saxsre-
bis droebiT `gayinuli~ naw-
ili gadaaqcion kreditad.
centraluri banki Ria ba-
zarze awarmoebs operaciebs sa-
xelmwifo sagadasaxado valde-
bulebebiT, romlebic samTavro-
bo fasiani qaRaldebis erTob-
liobaa da maTi meSveobiT, ara-
pirdapiri gziT, xorcieldeba
zemoqmedeba fulad-sakredito
bazarze. es valdebulebebi sa-
centraluri banki
xelmwifo valia mosaxleo-
bisadmi, romelic iyofa sabaz-
ro da arasabazro kategorie-
bad. sabazros miekuTvneba saxa-
zino Tamasuqi (sam da eqvsTvi-
ani, 91_dRiani da wliuri da-
farvis vadiT), saSualovadiani
saxazino Tamasuqi (erTidan 10
wlamde dafarvis vadiT) da
saxazino obligacia.
arasabazro fasiani qaRal-
debidan yvelaze gavrcelebu-
li formaa Semnaxveli obli-
gacia. garda amisa, mas miekuTvne-
ba agreTve samTavrobo angariSe-
bis seriebi, ucxouri samTavro-
bo seriebi, xelisuflebis adgi-
lobrivi organoebis seriebi da
sxv. am fasiani qaRaldebis yid-
va-gayidvasTan dakavSirebuli
operaciebiT centraluri banki
zemoqmedebs mimoqcevaSi arse-
bul fulad masaze, mniSvnelov-
nad gansazRvravs fulad-sakre-
dito politikis elastikuro-
basa da funqcionirebis xasi-
aTs, operaciebs Ria bazarze
da savaldebulo rezervebis po-
litikas.
diskontis politikis mi-
zania sakredito instituteb-
is refinansirebis (Zveli gr-
Zelvadiani valis dafarva axa-
li grZelvadiani sesxiT) piro-
bebis cvlilebebiT gavlena
moaxdinos fulad-sakredito
bazarze. amasve emsaxureba op-
`cxeli fuli~
eraciebi Ria bazarze, romlis
meqanizmi dafuZnebulia saxelm-
wifo fasiani qaRaldebis, sa-
banko aqceptebisa da sxva sak-
redito valdebulebebis yid-
va-gayidvaze.
civilizebul qveynebSi mon-
etaruli politikis saerTa-
Soriso standartebTan miax-
loebis dones mniSvnelovan-
wilad gansazRvravs fulad-
sakredito regulirebis pirda-
piri instrumentebidan ara-
pirdapir instrumentebze ga-
dasvlis xangrZlivoba. es uka-
naskneli gansxvavebulia qvey-
nebis mixedviT da meryeobs 1-
dan 5 wlamde, saSualod ki 3,7
welia.
cvalebadi danaxarji (va-
riable cost) - danaxarji, rom-
lis sididec icvleba warmoe-
bis moculobis cvlilebis
proporciulad. e.i. es iseTi
danaxarjia, romelic mokleva-
dian periodSi SeiZleba gaizar-
dos an Semcirdes warmoebuli
produqciis matebis an klebis
proporciulad. cvalebad dana-
xarjebs miekuTvneba: nedleu-
lis, saTbobis, energiis, trans-
portis da a.S. danaxarjebi. rac
ufro meti produqcia iqmneba,
miT metia cvalebadi danaxarji.
cikli (cycle) - ekonomikuri
aqtiurobis doneTa aRmavlo-
bisa da dacemis monacvleoba.
445
vlindeba ramdenime wlis gan-
mavlobaSi da moicavs oTx
fazas: piki, dacema, depresia da
gamococxleba.
cikluri meryeobis am-
plituda (amplitude) - termi-
ni, romelic gamoiyeneba ekono-
mikuri ciklebis TeoriaSi neb-
ismieri ciklis maRal da da-
bal wertilebs Soris dis-
tanciis aRwerisaTvis. igi Sei-
Zleba iyos erTnairi, SeiZleba
mcirdebodes da maSin amboben,
rom ciklur meryeobas Sesus-
tebisken aqvs tendencia, an kidev,
SeiZleba izrdebodes maSin, ro-
desac cikluri meryeoba Zli-
erdeba.
cikluri umuSevroba (cyc-
lical unemployment) - mokleva-
diani umuSevroba, romelic war-
moiqmneba dabali erToblivi
moTxovnis Sedegad. es movle-
na aixsneba imiT, rom ekonomi-
kuri ciklis garkveul fazeb-
Si warmoiqmneba samuSao adgi-
lebis ukmarisoba muSakTa spe-
cialobisa da kvalifikaciis-
gan damoukideblad.
`cxeli fuli~ (“hot mo-
ney”) - Tu qveyanaSi xelsayre-
li saprocento ganakveTia, xde-
ba fulis mozidva sazRvarga-
reTidan. mTavroba, rogorc wesi,
frTxilad moqmedebs `cxeli
fulis~ modinebiT sagadasaxde-
lo balansis gaumjobesebisa da
446 cxovrebis done

valutis kursis ganmtkicebis mosavlebiT, ise samomxmareblo

SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan es Sei- saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze fa-
Zleba aRmoCndes Zalze mokl- sebis cvlilebis gaTvaliswi-
evadiani. nebiT.
cxovrebis done (standard cxovrebis Rirebulebis
of life) - raodenobrivi maCve- indeqsi (cost of living index) –
neblebis sistema, romelic indeqsi, romelic axasiaTebs
gamoxatavs sazogadoebis ganvi- samomxmareblo saqonlis fase-
Tarebis mocemul etapze mo- bisa da momsaxurebis tarifebis
saxleobis erT sulze mate- cvlilebas saqonlisa da mom-
rialuri da sulieri dovla- saxurebis fiqsirebuli nakre-
Tis moxmarebis donesa da am bis mixedviT, romelic Sedis
dovlaTze moTxovnilebis dak- mosaxleobis calkeuli ka-
mayofilebis xarisxs. cxovre- tegoriis samomxmareblo kala-
bis donis amsaxveli maCveneb- TaSi.
lebia: realuri Semosavlis mo- cxovrebis indeqsis Rire-
culoba mosaxleobis erT sul- buleba (cost of living index) – sa-
ze; kvebis produqtebis, arasa- momxmareblo kalaTis saSualo
sursaTo saqonlis, momsaxurebis fasi.
moculoba da struqtura; sa-
momxmareblo saqonlis faseb-
is done da dinamika; komu-
naluri da satransporto mom-
saxurebis tarifebi; ganaTle-
bis ganviTarebis done; samedi-
cino momsaxurebis xarisxi; sa-
binao pirobebi; samuSao dRis
xangrZlivoba; sicocxlis saSu-
alo xangrZlivoba da a.S.
cxovrebis donis inde-
qsi (living standat index) – inde-
qsi, romelic axasiaTebs ro-
gorc mTlianad mosaxleobis,
ise misi calkeuli jgufebis
realuri Semosavlebis donis
cvlilebas. ganisazRvreba mo-
saxleobis rogorc fuladi Se-
`Zviri fulis~ politika
Z Tu rogor unda moxdes ba-
`Zviri fulis~ politi-
ka (policy of expencive money) -
ekonomikuri politikis Semad-
geneli nawili, neoklasikur
Teoriaze dafuZnebuli makro-
stabilizaciis orTodoqsul
modelze agebuli politika,
romelic liberalur--monetar-
istul princi pebs eyrdnoba. igi,
rogorc inflaciuri spiralis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli politika,
fulad--sakredito politikis
gamkacrebaSi gamoixateba, iTva-
liswinebs fulis miwodebis
mkveTr SezRudvas, risi erT--
erTi gzac, fulis emisiis Sez-
RudvasTan erTad, bankTaSori-
si sarezervo normis gadide-
baa. es ukanaskneli avtomatu-
rad amcirebs komerciuli ban-
kebis rezervebs, Sesabamisad,
fulad multi plikators.
`Zviri fulis~ politikam
saqarTveloSi, postvaSingtonis
konsensusis gadawyvetilebiT,
1995 wlis bolodan Secvala
`iafi fulis~ politika, romel-
sac didi wvlili miuZRvis
qveyanaSi hi perinflaciis war-
moqmnaSi.
`Zviri fulis~ politika
araefeqtiani aRmoCnda saqarTve-
losTvis. igi warmatebulia ma-
Sin, rodesac laparakia bazris
447
funqcionirebaze da ara imaze,
zris Camoyalibeba--ganviTareba.
ekonomikur TeoriaSi cno-
bilia debuleba imis Sesaxeb,
rom Teoria (da Sesabamisi po-
litikac), romelic orientire-
bulia qveynis wonasworobiT
mdgomareobaze, SeuZlebelia
qmediTunariani iyos da sarge-
bloba moutanos uwonasworo-
bis mdgomareobaSi myof qvey-
anas radikaluri ekonomikuri
cvlilebebis periodSi.
es aqsiomuri WeSmariteba
ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli saqar-
Tvelos ekonomikur politika-
Si, mecnierulad dausabuTebe-
li ekonomikuri politikis pi-
robebSi ki ekonomikis konver-
siis rangSi ayvanili reforma
imTaviTve ganwiruli iyo marcx-
isaTvis da obieqturi Tu subi-
eqturi faqtorebiT gamowveu-
li mravali negatiuri movle-
nis mizezi gaxda. saqarTvelo-
Si transformaciuli dacema ga-
daizarda Rrma ekonomikur
krizisSi, romelmac TandaTan
sistemuri krizisis saxe miiRo.
fulis deficitis gziT
laris kursis SenarCuneba ara-
efeqtiani, uperspeqtivo poli-
tikaa. igi ganapirobebs ekono-
mikis struqturul deforma-
cias, dabal investiciur aqti-
urobas, ekonomikis monopoliza-
448 ZiriTadi kapitali (naturalur...

ciasa da kriminalizacias. ix., rebeli, romelic SeZenil sa-

oficialuri monetarizmis do- qonelsa da gaweul momsaxure-
ne; fulis brunvis siCqare. bas sakuTari, arakomerciuli
ZiriTadi kapitali (na-
na- miznebisaTvis iyenebs.
turalur gamoxatuleba-
Si) (capital goods) -
Senoba--nage-
bobebi, manqanebi da mowyobi-
lobebi, satransporto saSuale-
bebi da a.S. mravaljer gamoye-
nebuli warmoebis procesSi.
ZiriTadi kapitali warmoebis
ramdenime ciklSi monawileobs,
gamoiyeneba 1 welze meti xnis
ganmavlobaSi, cveTis kvaloba-
ze gadascems Tavis Rirebule-
bas mza produqcias da nawil--
nawiladve anazRaurdeba.
ZiriTadi kapitali (Ri-
Ri-
rebulebiT gamoxatuleba-
Si ) (capital stock) - sawarmos,
dargis, mTeli ekonomikis mas-
StabiT arsebuli Senobebis, man-
qana--mowyobilobebis, satrans-
porto saSualebebis, sanaSeno,
sarZeo, muSa pirutyvisa da
mravalwliani nargavebis Se-
jamebuli Rirebuleba garkveu-
li TariRisaTvis (magaliTad,
2010 wlis 1 ivnisisaTvis).
ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-
mareba (consumption capital stock)
- saangariSo periodSi Ziri-
Tadi kapitalis Rirebulebis
Semcireba misi fizikuri da
moraluri cveTis Sedegad.
ZiriTadi momxmarebeli
(basic consumer, user) - momxma-
warmoebis dacemis udablesi wertili
w amitomac sabazro sistemaSi
warmoeba (production) – war-
moebis faqtorebis saqonlad an
momsaxurebad gardaqmnis pro-
cesi.
warmoebiTi urTier-
TobebB (relations of production)
- marqsistuli kategoria, ga-
moyenebuli adamianebs Soris
warmoebis, ganawilebis, gacvlisa
da moxmarebis procesSi war-
moqmnili urTierTobebis gan-
sazRvrisaTvis. warmoebiTi urT-
ierTobebi, ekonomikuri urTi-
erTobebisagan gansxvavebiT,
eyrdnoba sakuTrebiTi urTier-
Tobis erT gabatonebul for-
mas, rac gansazRvravs klaseb-
is mdgomareobas warmoebaSi, maT
urTierTdamokidebulebasa da
produqtebis ganawilebis for-
mebs. aseTi Sinaarsis matare-
beli urTierTobebi arsebobda
sabazro ekonomikis, rogorc
ekonomikuri sistemis, Camoyali-
bebamde, sazogadoebis ganviTare-
bis nebismier sxva etapze, maT
Soris, mbrZaneblur-- adminis-
traciuli sistemis anu saxel-
mwifo--monopolisturi social-
izmis drosac. sabazro ekonomi-
ka ki Teoriulad (kanonmdeblo-
biTac) gamoricxavs sakuTre-
bis erTi romelime formis gaba-
tonebul mdgomareobas. igi ey-
449
rdnoba sakuTrebis pluralizms,
aRar arsebobs klasebi da eko-
nomikuri urTierTobac gansx-
vavebuli Sinaarsis kategoriaa.
rac Seexeba warmoebiT urTi-
erTob
erTobii s terminis gamo yenebas
gamoyenebas
Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mov-
lenebisa da procesebis kvle-
vaSi, zemoTqmulidan gamom-
dinare, aramecnierulia. am-
itomacaa, rom dasavlur eko-
nomikur literaturaSi igi ar
ixmareba.
warmoebis danaxarjebis
Teoria (the theory of produc-
tion cost) - warmomadgenlebi (d.
mak--kuloxi da sxv.) faswar-
moqmnas safuZvlad udeben ara
saqonlis warmoebaze daxarju-
li sazogadoebrivi Sromis ra-
odenobas, aramed mis mxolod im
nawils, rac gaiRo uSualod
mewarmem, e.i. saqonlis warmoe-
bis danaxarjebs. es Teoria ga-
moricxavs Rirebulebis im naw-
ils, romelic Seadgens mogebas.
warmoebis danaxarjebis Te--
oriaSi pozitiuria Rirebuleb-
is gansazRvra obieqturi faq-
torebiT _ warmoebis danaxar-
jebiT, magram naklia is, rom
igi Rirebulebis gansazRvraSi
mogebis ignorirebas axdens.
warmoebis dacemis udab-
lesi wertili (lowest turning
point) - ekonomikis mdgomareoba,
450
romelic xasiaTdeba warmoebi-
sa da ekonomikuri aqtiurobis
maqsimaluri SemcirebiT da rom-
lis Semdegac iwyeba aRmavloba.
warmoebis diversifika-
cia (diversification of production)
- mravali warmoebis erTmaneT-
Tan naklebad dakavSirebuli saxe-
ebis erTdrouli ganviTareba.
warmoebis specializa-
cia (specialization of production)
- Sromis sazogadoebrivi dana-
wilebisa da misi racionaluri
organizaciis forma. gamoxatavs
calkeuli produqciisa da misi
calkeuli nawilebis warmoebis
Tavmoyris process specialize-
bul sawarmoebsa da dargebSi.
warmoebis faqtorebi
(factors of production) - warmoe-
bis procesSi gamoyenebuli
resursebi; ZiriTadad moicavs
Sromas, kapitalsa da miwas,
amasTan, masSi, savsebiT sa-
marTlianad, Sedis samewarmeo
unari, codna da saxelmwifos
ekonomikuri roli.
warmoebis faqtorTa ba-
zrebis gaxsniloba (openess
in factor productions) - alter-
nativa, SesaZlebloba rogorc
firmebisTvis, ise samuSao Zali-
saTvis. warmoebis faqtorTa
bazrebis gaxsniloba firmebs
aZlevs SesaZleblobas airCion
Tu sad moaxdinon warmoebis
ganlageba, xolo samuSao Zalas
warmoebis diversifika cia
diversifikacia
aZlevs migraciisa da samuSaos
arCevis SesaZleblobas.
warmoebis wesi (mode of pro-
duction) – sazogadoebis ekono-
mikuri safuZvlis amsaxveli
marqsistuli termini, romel-
ic udides gavlenas axdens
socialur institutebze. war-
moadgens mizez-Sedegobriv kav-
SirurTierTobaSi myofi sawar-
moo Zalebisa da warmoebiTi
urTierTobebis erTobliobas.
warmoebrivi funqcia
(production function) - funqcia,
romelic gamoxatavs damokide-
bulebas produqciis gamoSveb-
is moculobasa da warmoebaSi
dabandebuli Sromisa da kapi-
talis raodenobas Soris.
wminda gadasaxadi (net
taxes) - sxvaoba gadasaxadebis
akrefiT miRebul samTavrobo
Semosavlebsa da samTavrobo
transferul gadasaxdelebs
Soris.
wminda diskontirebu-
li Rirebuleba (net present
value) - Tanxa, romelic miiRe-
ba mosalodneli sainvesticio
xarjebis diskontirebuli
Rirebulebis gamoqviTviT mos-
alodneli Semosavlebis dis-
kontirebuli Rirebulebidan.
wminda erovnuli dan-
azogi (net national savings) -
gaiangariSeba rogorc sxvaoba
mTlian erovnul danazogsa da
wonasworobis fasi
ZiriTadi kapitalis moxmare-
bas Soris.
wminda erovnuli pro-
duqti (net national product) -
makroekonomikuri maCvenebeli,
romelic gamoiTvleba, rogorc
sxvaoba VTG-sa da saamortiza-
cio anaricxebis Sejamebul si-
dides Soris.
wminda erovnuli Semo-
savali (net national income) -
mTlian erovnul produqts
gamoklebuli ZiriTadi kapi-
talis moxmareba.
wminda eqsporti (net ex-
port) - sxvaoba eqsportisa da
importis Rirebulebebs Soris.
wminda investicia (net
investment) - investicia amor-
tizaciis gamoklebiT.
wminda inkaso (net encash-
ment) - safinanso dokumente-
bis inkaso, romelsac ar axlavs
komerciuli dokumentebi.
wminda konkurencia (pure
competition) - igivea, rac srul-
yofili konkurencia.
wminda mimoqcevis dana-
xarji (pure cost of curculation) -
uSualod saqonlis yidva--gayid-
vasTan dakavSirebuli danaxar-
ji.
wminda mogeba (net profit) -
Tanxa, romelic rCeba firmis er-
Toblivi Semosavlidan aSkara
da faruli (implicituri) dan-
axarjebis gamoqviTvis Semdeg.
451
wminda mogeba udris buRal-
trul mogebas minus implici-
turi danaxarjebi.
wminda produqti (net pro-
duct) - ekonomikuri maCvenebe-
li, romelic gamoxatavs sawar-
moo saqmianobis Sedegebs. ga-
iangariSeba, rogorc sxvaoba
mTlian erovnul produqtsa da
ZiriTadi kapitalis cveTis
anazRaurebis xarjebs (amor-
tizacias) Soris.
wminda Semosavali (net
income) – angariSgebis period-
Si miRebuli aminagebis metoba
am amonagebis misaRebad gaweul
xarjebze. wminda Semosavalia
sxvaoba daubegravi mogebis Tan-
xasa da mogebis gadasaxadTan
dakavSirebul xarjebs Soris.
wonasworobis fasi (equi-
librium price) - warmoebisa da
realizaciis optimaluri moc-
ulobis, moTxovnisa da miwode-
bis tolobis gamomxatveli fa-
si. fasi, romlis drosac baza-
ri imyofeba wonasworobaSi. ase-
Ti fasi uzrunvelyofs bazris
Seuferxebel funqcionirebas.
452
W rTi
Warbi miwodeba (excess
supply) - situacia bazarze, ro-
desac miwodeba aRemateba moTx-
ovnas. warmoiqmneba iseT SemTx-
vevaSi, roca sabazro fasi wo-
nasworobis fasze maRla ai-
wevs. es stimuls aZlevs mwar-
moeblebs, gazardon X saqonlis
warmoeba. garkveul wertilSi
warmoebuli iqneba imaze meti,
vidre momxmareblebs surT SeiZ-
inon. bazari zedmetad gajere-
buli aRmoCndeba X saqonliT.
warmoiqmneba Warbi miwodeba, rac
gamoiwvevs fasis Semcirebas.
Warbi moTxovna (excess de-
mand) - situacia bazarze, ro-
desac moTxovna aRemateba mi-
wodebas. warmoiqmneba iseT Sem-
TxvevaSi, roca sabazro fasi
wonasworobis fasze dabla
daiwevs. momxmareblebs gauCn-
debaT survili, iyidon imaze
meti X saqoneli, vidre mwar-
moeblebs surT awarmoon. war-
moiSoba Warbi moTxovna, rac
gamoiwvevs fasis gazrdas.
Warbi rezervebi (excess
reserves) - sabanko rezervebi,
Tanxa, romliTac bankis faqtob-
rivi rezervebi aRemateba mis
savaldebulo rezervebs. igi
aris faqtobriv rezervebs mi-
nus savaldebulo rezervebi.
Warbi miwodeba
Warbi sagadasaxado tvi-
(excess burden of a tax) -
wminda sargeblobis danakargi
sazogadoebisaTvis saqonlis
warmoebisa da moxmarebis do-
nis optimalurze dabla dace-
mis Sedegad, rac gamowveulia
gadasaxadebis SemoRebiT.
Warbi umuSevrobis wli-
uri erTeuli (point-year of ex-
cess unemployment) – umuSevro-
bis faqtobriv da bunebriv do-
neebs Soris sxvaoba 1 procen-
tuli punqtiT erTi wlisaTvis.
mag., Tu umuSevrobis bunebrivi
done 6%_ia, xolo faqtobrivi
done _ 8%, maSin 4 wlisaTvis
umuSevrobis done Seesabameba
Warbi umuSevrobis 4x(8_6)=8
wliur erTeuls.
Warbwarmoeba (overproduc-
tion) - ekonomikuri viTareba, ro-
desac arsebuli fasebis piro-
bebSi saqonlis miwodeba aRema-
teba masze moTxovnas.
xarjebisa da Sedegebis analizi
x Semdeg gayidos da sakurso
xazina (treasury) - finansTa
saministrosTan arsebuli da
mis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali
specialuri saxelmwifo fin-
ansuri organo, romelic gana-
gebs biujetis sakaso (sala-
ro) Sesrulebas. xazina agreTve
uSvebs saxazino bileTebs, or-
ganizebas uwevs gadasaxadebis,
mosakreblebis akrefas.
xazinis Tamasuqi (trea-
sury bill) - samTavrobo sabazro
fasiani qaRaldi sam- da eqvs-
Tviani, 91--dRiani da wliuri
dafarvis vadiT.
xangrZlivi sargeblo-
bis saqoneli (durable goods)
- saqoneli, romelsac momx-
marebeli iyenebs xangrZlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi (aranakleb
erTi wlisa); Cveulebriv iyo-
fa warmoebrivi daniSnulebis
xangrZlivi sargeblobis saqon-
lad (manqanebi, mowyobilobebi
da a.S.) da samomxmareblo
daniSnulebis xangrZlivi sarge-
blobis saqonlad (avtomobile-
bi, macivrebi, sayofacxovrebo
teqnika da a.S.).
`xari~ (`bull~) _ birJis
makleri, romelic valutisa da
fasiani qaRaldebis kursis am-
aRlebaze TamaSobs. igi Sei-
Zens, vTqvaT, aqciebs da elode-
453
ba maTi kursis zrdas, raTa
sxvaobidan mogeba miiRos.
`xarebis~ bazari (`bull
market~) - fasiani qaRaldebis
bazari, romelic xasiaTdeba fa-
sebis zrdiT.
xarisxis sertifikati
(quality certificate) - saqonlis xa-
risxisa da standartebTan misi
Sesabamisobis damadasturebeli
oficialuri dokumenti. gas-
cemen standartizaciis saerTa-
Soriso organizaciis mier akre-
ditebuli damoukidebeli or-
ganizaciebi. gamoiyeneba saer-
TaSoriso ekonomikur urTier-
TobebSi.
xarjebis inflacia (cost
push inflation) - fasebis saerTo
donis myari zrda, gamowveuli
xarjebis warmoebisagan damo-
ukidebeli zrdiT. amas SeiZleba
adgili hqondes im SemTxveva-
Si, Tu daqiravebuli persona-
li wamoayenebs moTxovnas re-
aluri xelfasis gazrdis Se-
saxeb, an importul saqonelze
fasebi moimatebs.
xarjebisa da Sedegebis
analizi (cost--benefit analysis) _
saxelmwifo seqtorSi sainves-
ticio proeqtebis Sefasebis
sistema, romlis gamoyenebac Se-
saZlebelia kerZo seqtorSi
proeqtebis SefasebisTvis. igi,
pirdapiri finansuri Sedareb-
454
isagan gansxvavebiT, yovelgvar
xarjsa da Sedegs ganixilavs.
Sedegi am SemTxvevaSi sarge-
blianobis danamatia, xolo xar-
ji _ sargeblianobis Semcire-
ba, gazomili gansaxilveli pro-
eqtis alternatiuli Rire-
bulebiT. praqtikaSi mravali
Sedegis (rogorc dadebiTis, ise
uaryofiTis) gazomva ar Sei-
Zleba fuladi formiT (magal-
iTad, bunebrivi landSaftebis
ganadgureba, sazogadoebrivi kav-
Sirebis moSla da a.S.), maSin
rodesac xarjebi SeiZleba gai-
zomos fuladi formiT, proeq-
tis faqtobrivi RirebulebiT.
xarjTa
xarjTaR Rricxva (costs es-
timate) - sawarmoebisa da orga-
nizaciebis fuladi saxsrebis
Semosaval-- gasavlis (danaxar-
jebis) gegma, romelic dayo-
filia calkeul elementebad
da muxlebad.
`xafangis~ efeqti (entrap-
ment effect) – hi poTeza, romlis
mixedviT Sromis bazari iyofa
pirvelad da meorad bazrebad.
pirveladi seqtori xasiaTde-
ba maRali anazRaurebiT, zrdis
perspeqtivebiT, usafrTxoebiTa
da damatebiTi sargeblobiT,
maSin rodesac meoradi seq-
torisTvis niSandoblivia nak-
lebanazRaurebadi samuSao adg-
ilebi, arastabiluri samuSao,
arasruli dasaqmeba da, rogorc
xarjTaRricxva
wesi, naklebad mimzidveli. me-
oradi seqtoridan pirvelad se-
qtorSi gadasvlas aferxebs
ara imdenad adamianiseuli kap-
italisa da maRali kvalifi-
kaciis mqone muSakTa doneSi
gansxvaveba, ramdenadac insti-
tuciuri barierebi diskrimi-
naciis formiT.
hi poTeza mdgomareobs ima-
Si, rom meoreuli Sromis baz-
ris pirobebi warmoadgens muSa-
kebis mier cudi Sromis Cveve-
bis SeZenis mTavar mizezs. `cu-
di~ samuSaos mqone muSakebi
xdebian `cudi~ muSakebi. es mov-
lena ukukavSiris didi siste-
mis mxolod erTi aspeqtia.
masze gavlenas axdens rigi so-
cialur-ekonomikuri faqtore-
bisa, maT Soris, ojaxuri mdgo-
mareobac. saboloo angariSiT,
yalibdeba `xafangis~ efeqti,
romelic gamomdinareobs siRa-
ribis kulturis hi poTezidan
(culture of poverty hypothesis).
am SemTxvevaSi samTavrobo
politika unda iTvaliswineb-
des `kargi~ samuSao adgilebis
Seqmnas kanonmdeblobiT akrZa-
luli diskriminaciis nacvlad.
gansxvavebuli midgoma aqvT
neoklasikosebs, romelTa azriT,
Sromis meoreuli bazris ase-
Ti mdgomareoba aris investicie-
bis naklebobis gamoxatuleba
adamianiseul kapitalSi. Tum-
xelfasis Teoria
ca investiciebis dabali done
adamianiseul kapitalSi logi-
kuri pasuxia dabali Semosav-
lisa investiciebidan, romel-
sac muSakebi Rebuloben dis-
kriminaciis Sedegad da Ziri-
Tadad ganpirobebulia endoge-
nuri faqtorebiT.
xelfasi (wage, salary) - Sro-
mis fasi, fuladi anazRaureba
SromisaTvis. xelfasis sidide
wesdeba kontraqtis Sesabami-
sad, tarifebis ganakveTis mixed-
viT da Tanamdebobrivi sargos
saxiT, magram ar SeiZleba iyos
kanoniT dadgenili minimaluri
xelfasis doneze dabla. xel-
fasis zeda zRvari SeuzRudavia.
xelfasis Teoria (wage
theory) - Sromis neoklasikuri
Teoria, romelic dResac rCeba
xelfasis analizis dominire-
bul mecnierul paradigmad.
amasTan, neoklasikuri Teoriis
es upiratesoba ar iyo mud-
mivi da mas win uZRvoda Sro-
mis klasikuri Teoriis do-
minireba. klasikuri skolis
warmomadgenlebs mtkiced swam-
daT, rom xelfass axasiaTebs
tendencia, misi bunebrivi do-
nis an saarsebo minimumis do-
nis irgvliv meryeobisa. maT
mTavar interess warmoadgenda
xelfasis saerTo donisa da
mosaxleobis zrdis kvaloba-
ze erovnul produqtSi Sro-
455
mis wilis cvlilebis axsna.
TandaTanobiT xelfasis Teori-
isadmi midgoma Seicvala. XIX
saukunis meore naxevarSi kla-
sikuri Teoriis warmomadgenel-
Ta poziciebis mimarT damok-
idebulebam cvlileba ganica-
da ori mimarTulebiT: pirveli,
marqsistuli Teoriis ganvi-
Tarebam radikalurad Secvala
damokidebuleba klasikuri an-
alizis mimarT. amasTan, marq-
sistuli Teoriidan gamomdinare,
rom kapitalizmis dros xel-
fasis ganakveTs aqvs tenden-
cia saarsebo minimumTan miax-
loebisa, praqtikulad emTxve-
va klasikuri Teoriis warmo-
madgenelTa daskvnebs; meore,
dadga marJinalisturi rev-
oluciis periodi. maSin rode-
sac klasikuri skola warmoe-
bis danaxarjebs ganixilavda
fasis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad,
marJinalistebma fasis ganm-
sazRvrel faqtorad pirvelebma
aRiares zRvruli sargebliano-
ba. maTi azriT, Sromis anazRau-
reba unda ganisazRvros samu-
Sao Zalaze meoreuli warmoe-
buli moTxovniT, romelic, Tavis
mxriv, Sromis zRvrul produq-
tzea damokidebuli. aqedan ga-
momdinare, muSakis Sromis anaz-
Raureba unda ganxorcieldes
ara xelfasis fondidan, aramed
im saqonlis realizaciiT miRe-
456
buli amonagebidan, romlis Se-
qmnaSic es muSaki monawileobs.
Tu klasikuri Teoria Tavisi
yuradRebis koncentracias ax-
denda xelfasis saerTo done-
ze, neoklasikurma Teoriam wina
planze wamoswia mikroekono-
mikuri faqtorebi.
neoklasikosTa Semdgom ga-
mokvlevebSi, gansakuTrebiT a.
marSalis naSromebSi, naCvenebia,
rom xelfasi aris moTxovnisa
da miwodebis urTierTqmedebis
Sedegi.
xelfasis neoklasikuri Te-
oria, mniSvnelovani modifikaci-
iT, dResac rCeba mTavar orien-
tirad xelfasis ganmsazRvre-
li faqtorebis analizisas, Tum-
ca, igi, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT,
eWvqveS daayena `keinzianurma re-
voluciam~. keinzi xazs usvam-
da xelfasis araelastikuro-
bas Sromis Warbi miwodebis Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tumca, amis mizezi na-
klebad iyo dasabuTebuli. ami-
tom xelfasis keinzianurma Te-
oriam ver daCrdila neoklasi-
kuri Teoria, magram xeli Seu-
wyo xelfasis instituciuri
Teoriis ganviTarebas. es uka-
naskneli aqcents akeTebs so--
ciologiur, politikur da in-
stituciur faqtorebze da
srulad gamoricxavs ekonomi-
kur faqtorebs.
instituciurma ekonomikur-
xelfasis indeqsacia
ma Teoriam romelic farTod
gavrcelda 1890--1930 wlebSi,
xelfasis donis ganmsazRvre-
li faqtorebis analizis sfe-
roSi Tavisi sityva Tqva 1940--
1950--ian wlebSi. am Teoriis
momxreebi skeptikurad uyu-
rebdnen xelfasis neoklasikur
Teorias, Tumca, maT ver Seq-
mnes xelfasis erTiani Teoria.
amasTan, imdenad didi iyo ins-
titucionalistTa gavlena, rom
Sromis ekonomika am periodSi
didxans iyo mowyvetili ekono-
mikuri mecnierebis ganviTareb-
is ZiriTadi mimarTulebisagan.
XX saukunis 70--ian wlebis
meore naxevridan neoklasikuri
Teoriis aRorZinebis kvaloba-
ze mwvane Suqi mieca xelfa-
sis Teoriis neoklasikur mo-
dels.
xelfasis indeqsacia (wa-
ge indexation) – fasebis zrdis
sapasuxod xelfasebis avtoma-
turi gazrda.
xelfasi-fasis spirali
(wage-price spiral) – xelfasis
zrdasa da fasebis zrdas Soris
urTierTdamokidebulebis ga-
momxatveli spirali: xelfase-
bis zrda ganapirobebs fasebis
zrdas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, iw-
vevs xelfasebis Semdgom zrdas.
xelfasis standarti (la-
bour standard) – britaneli ekono-
mistis, ekonomikis dargSi (k.
xelSeuxebeli kapitali
erousTan erTad) nobelis pre-
miis laureatis (1972) j. hik-
sis mier SemoRebuli termini,
romelic ganxilulia mis naS-
romSi _ `xelfasis Teoria~
(1932) da ukavSirdeba xelfa-
sis (da, maSasadame fasebis) gan-
sazRvris wess.
hiksis azriT, Sexeduleba
imis Sesaxeb, rom xelfasi (aseve
inflacia), ganisazRvreba moTx-
ovnisa da miwodebis urTierT-
moqmedebiT, ar aris marTebu-
li. xelfasi, pirvel yovlisa,
ekonomikuri da socialuri faq-
torebis, Zalebis urTierTmo-
qmedebis Sedegia, xolo xel-
fasis done gansazRvravs mimo-
qcevaSi arsebuli fuladi ma-
sis odenobas.
xelSekruleba (agreement,
contract) - kontraqti, SeTanxmeba
or an met pirs Soris, romel-
ic iTvaliswinebs uflebaTa da
movaleobaTa dadgenas, Secvlas
an Sewyvetas.
xelSekruleba moicavs: mis
monawileTa monacemebs, mxare-
Ta valdebulebebs, garigebis sa-
gans, SeTanxmebis pirobebs, pa-
suxismgeblobis formebs, xel-
Sekrulebis vadis gagrZelebis
an gauqmebis pirobebs, mxareTa
iuridiul misamarTebs. xelSek-
ruleba mowmdeba mis monawi-
leTa sruluflebiani warmo-
madgenlebis xelis moweriT da
457
beWdiT (iuridiuli piris Sem-
TxvevaSi).
arsebobs xelSekrulebis
mravali saxeoba. maT Soris
aRsaniSnavia: generaluri xel-
Sekruleba
Sekruleba, romelsac aqvs uni-
versaluri xasiaTi da warmoad-
gens organizaciebs Soris same-
urneo xelSekrulebis saxesx-
vaobas; korespondenturi xel-
Sekruleba
Sekruleba, romelic warmoad-
gens bankebs Soris SeTanxmebas,
rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis
farglebs gareT; SromiTi xel-
Sekruleba _ xelSekruleba
damqiraveblebsa da daqirave-
bulebs Soris sameurneo xasi-
aTis, pirobebisa da anazRaure-
bis Sesaxeb; saavtoro xel-
Sekruleba
Sekruleba, romelic ideba, mag.,
nawarmoebis avtorsa da am na-
warmoebis gamomcemels Soris,
an kidev, gamogonebis avtorsa
da mis samarTalmemkvidreebs So-
ris da a.S.
xelSeuxebeli kapitali
(reserve funds) - firmis savaWro
markis Rirseba, reputacia, pres-
tiJi, myari klientura, privi-
legiebi da sxv.
458
j bisa da korespondenciebis Svid-
jarima(fine, penalty) - ga-
dasaxdeli, romelsac ixdian fi-
zikuri da iuridiuli pirebi
moqmedi kanonmdeblobis, dade-
buli xelSekrulebis an dadge-
nili wesebis darRvevisaTvis.
jarimis gadaxda ar aTavisuf-
lebs gadamxdels nakisri valde-
bulebebis Sesrulebisgan.
jevonsi uiliam (1835_1882)
(Jevons W. Stanley) – cnobili
ingliseli ekonomisti, marJi-
nalizmis TvalsaCino warmomad-
geneli. valrassa da mengerTan
erTad, didi wvlili miuZRvis
zRvruli sargeblianobis Teo-
riisa da, saerTod, politikuri
ekonomiis ganviTarebaSi. misma
Sromebma mniSvnelovani roli
Seasrula ekonometrikis sfer-
oSi.
jevonsis naSromebidan aR-
saniSnavia: `mokle SeniSvna
politikuri ekonomiis zogadi
maTematikuri Teoriis Sesax-
eb~ (1862), pamfleti _ `oqros
Rirebulebis mkveTri dacema~
(1863), `kiTxvari, romelic eris
progressa da Cveni qvanaxSiris
sabadoebis SesaZlo amolevas
exeba~, `politikuri ekonomiis
Teoria~ (1871), `mecnierebis
princi pebi~ (1874). cnobilia
agreTve 1972_1981 wlebSi
jarima
gamocemuli jevonsis statie-
tomeuli.
jevonsis `mzis laqebis~
laqebis~
Teoria (Jevons “sun spots” the-
ory) - ingliselma ekonomistma
jevonsma mniSvnelovani wvlili
Seitana ekonomikuri ciklebis
TeoriaSi Tavisi `mzis laqeb-
is~ TeoriiT: mzeze laqebi gav-
lenas axdens amindze, romelic,
aisaxeba mosavalze, razec, Tavis
mxriv, damokidebulia ekonomikis
zogadi mdgomareoba.
jinis koeficienti (Gini
Coefficient) - Semosavlebis ga-
nawilebaSi uTanabrobis xaris-
xis agregirebuli raodenobrivi
maCvenebeli. gamoiTvleba:
1 2
G  1  2 [ y1  2y2  3y3  ... nyn]^
n ny
sadac y1, y2, ..., yn individualuri
Semosavlebia klebadi saxiT, y -
saSualo Semosavali, n - indi-
videbis ricxovnoba.
jinis koeficienti miiReba
lorencis mrudisgan da war-
moadgens am mrudsa da absolu-
turi Tanasworobis xazs Soris
farTobis Sefardebas absolu--
turi Tanasworobis xazis qveS
arsebul mTlian farTobTan. ji--
nis koeficients aqvs nulis
toli minimaluri mniSvneloba
(absoluturi Tanasworoba) da
erTis toli maqsimaluri mniS-
joberi 459
vneloba (absoluturi uTanas-
woroba). rac ufro maRalia
koeficienti, miT ufro metia
uTanasworoba Semosavlebis
ganawilebaSi. rac ufro daba-
lia koeficienti, miT ufro
Tanabaria Semosavlebis ganawi-
leba.
joberi (jobber) - firma, ro-
melic Seisyidis saqonlis did
partiebs swrafad gasayidad.
460 haieki fridrix avgust fon
h (1948), `jon meinard keinzis
haieki fridrix avgust
Aon (1919--1992) (Hayek Friedrich
A. von) - daibada da ganaTleba
miiRo venaSi, xelmZRvanelobda
kaTedrebs londonis ekonomi-
kur skolaSi, Cikagos, fraibur-
gisa da zalcburgis universi-
tetebSi. 1974 wels g. miur-
dalTan erTad, mieniWa ekono-
mikis dargSi nobelis premia.
ekuTvnis fuZemdebluri na--
Sromebi fulisa da ekonomi--
kuri ryevis TeoriebSi: `fase--
bi da warmoeba~ (1931), `gza mo--
nobisaken~ (1944), `Tavisufleb-
is konstitucia~ (1960), `sti--
uart mili da herieT teilori~
(1951) da a.S.
hairingi (hiring) - manqana--
danadgarebis saSualovadiani
arenda arendatorze sakuTre-
bis uflebis gadacemis gareSe.
arendis vada 1--3 welia.
harodi roi fobs (1900--
1978) (Harrod Roy F.) - inglise-
li ekonomisti, neokeinzianelo-
bis TvalsaCino warmomadgene-
li. oqsfordis universitetis
damTavrebis Semdeg iqve kiTxu-
lobda leqciebis kurss saer-
TaSoriso ekonomikaSi. iyo `eko-
nomikuri Jurnalis~ gamomce-
meli 1945--1961 wlebSi. misi
ZiriTadi naSromebia: `ekonomi-
kuri dinamikis TeoriisaTvis~
cxovreba~ (1951), `politika in-
flaciis winaaRmdeg~ (1958),
`ekonomikuri dinamika~ (1973)
da a.S.
harodma mniSvnelovani wv-
lili Seitana konkurenciisa da
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Teorie-
bSi. amasTan, udidesi damsax-
ureba miuZRvis ekonomikuri di-
namikisa da, gansakuTrebiT, ek--
onomikuri zrdis tempebis prob-
lemaTa kvlevaSi. XX saukunis
40--ian wlebSi man Seqmna eko-
nomikuri zrdis wonasworobis
modeli, romelic misgan damou-
kideblad domarmac Camoayal-
iba da ekonomikuri zrdis Teo-
riaSi cnobilia harod--domar-
is ekonomikuri zrdis mode-
lis saxelwodebiT. harodis
ekonomikuri zrdis koncefciam
safuZveli daudo grZelvadi-
an periodSi myari ganviTare-
bis tempebis SenarCunebis Sesa-
Zleblobas.
hausholdis bloki (house-
hold block) - Sinameurneoba, ro-
melic, erTi mxriv, biznesi-
saTvis resursebis mimwodebel-
Ta meqanikuri gaerTianebaa, me-
ore mxriv ki _ mwarmoebelTa
erToblioba, warmodgenili sa-
zogadoebis saxiT.
hedonikuri Sefaseba (he-
donic pricing) – midgoma, rome-
hejireba
lic saqonels ganixilavs ro-
gorc sxvadasxva maxasiaTebel-
Ta (mag., personaluri kompiu-
teris SemTxvevaSi: procesoris
sixSire, mexsiereba, internetiT
xelmisawvdomoba, fasi da a.S.)
nakrebs, erTobliobas.
heilbroneri robert
(1916-2005) (Heilbroner Robert) -
amerikeli ekonomisti, neoin-
stitucionalizmis TvalsaCino
warmomadgeneli. sabazro eko-
nomikas miiCnevs Tanamedrove
kapitalizmis ganviTarebis axal
stadiad, romelic emyareba Tvi-
sebrivad axal teqnologiebs.
misi azriT, es ukanaskneli ga-
napirobebs mTavar socialur--
ekonomikur gardaqmnebs sazoga-
doebaSi da safuZvlad udevs
kapitalizmis transformacias.
heilbroneri sazogadoebis eli-
tarul nawils miakuTvnebs mec-
nierul-- teqnikur inteligen-
cias, akademiuri wris warmo-
madgenlebs, agreTve saxelmwifo
administracias, romlis zrdas
ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo seq-
toris zrda ganapirobebs. misi
ZiriTadi naSromebia: `ameriku-
li kapitalizmis problemebi~
(1966); `kapitalizmsa da so-
cializms Soris~ (1970) da a.S.
hendi (hand) [<ingl. hand
xelisguli] - sigrZis erTeu-
li sazomTa inglisur siste-
maSi: 1 h tolia 4 duimis an
461
10,16 sm--is.
heterodoqsuli stabi-
li zacia (heterodox stabilization)
lizacia
- makroekonomikuri stabiliza-
ciis modeli, romelic neolib-
eraluri da neokeinzianuri
Teoriebis ZiriTadi postula-
tebis meqanikuri SeerTebis ga-
moxatulebaa. igi, xelfasebisa
da fasebis `gayinviT~, iZleva
swraf antiinflaciur efeqts,
magram iwvevs fasebis deforma-
cias, axSobs warmoebis ganviTa-
rebis stimulebs, warmoqmnis sa-
saqonlo deficitsa da a.S., ri-
Tac xels uSlis sabazro urTi-
erTobebisa da Sesabamisi insti-
tutebis ganviTarebas.
heqtari (hectare) [<berZn.
hekaton asi+ari] - miwis far-
Tobis sazomi erTeuli zomis
metrul sistemaSi, udris
10000 m2-s anu 100 ars.
hejireba (hedging) - bir-
Jis erT--erTi funqcia, romel-
ic gulisxmobs fasebis Sesa-
Zlebel araxelsayrel meryeo-
basTan dakavSirebuli riskis
dazRvevas; myidvelis an gamy-
idvelis qceva momavalSi fase-
bis zrdisgan Tavisi Semosav-
lis dacvis mizniT. mag., Tu
arsebobs gaurkvevloba moma-
valSi mwarmoeblisTvis saWiro
sanedleule saqonelze faseb-
is Sesaxeb, maSin igi yidulobs
forvardul kontraqts, rome-
462
lic warmoadgens garigebas
daTqmul fasSi saqonlis an
fasiani qaRaldebis momavalSi
gansazRvrul droSi yidva--ga-
yidvis Sesaxeb.
hejireba farTodaa gavr-
celebuli valutis bazarze,
sadac igi gamoiyeneba valut-
is kursebis meryeobisgan daz-
Rvevis mizniT.
hiks jon riCard (1904_1989)
(Hiks John Richard) – bitaneli
ekonomisti, moRvaweobda ekono-
mikis londonis skolaSi, kembri-
jis, manCesterisa da oqsfor-
dis universitetebSi. 1972 wels,
kenet erousTan erTad, gaxda
nobelis premiis laureati. di-
di Rvawli miuZRvis keTildRe-
obis ekonomikuri Teoriis prob-
lemebis kvlevaSi. nobelis ko-
mitetma gansakuTrebiT gamoyo
misi naSromi `faseuloba da
kapitali~ (1939), romliTac
avtorma mniSvnelovani wvlili
Seitana sayovelTao wonasworo-
bis TeoriaSi, kerZod, gare Soke-
bis zemoqmedebiT sayovelTao
wonasworobis mdgradi siste-
mis problemebis analizSi.
hiksis naSromebidan agreTve
aRsaniSnavia: `xelfasis Teor-
ia~ (1932), `mister keinzi da
klasikosebi~ (1937), `ekonomi-
kuri ciklis TeoriisaTvis~
(1950), `moTxovnis Teoriis ga-
dasinjva~ (1956), `kapitali da
hiks jon riCard
ekonomikuri zrda~ (1965), `kein-
zianuri ekonomikuri Teoriis
krizisi~ (1974) da a.S.
hi per inflacia (hyperin-
perinflacia
flation) - inflaciis umaRlesi
done, romlis zrdis tempi
200%--ze metia, zogjer ki we--
liwadSi ramdenime aseul pro--
centsac ki aRwevs. hi perin-
flaciis dros fasebi da xel-
fasi katastrofulad scildeba
erTmaneTs. aseT pirobebSi cxo--
vrebis donis dacemas mosax--
leobis yvelaze SeZlebuli fe--
nebic ki grZnoben.
`holandiuri daavade-
ba~ (“dutch desease”) - es feno-
meni ukavSirdeba qveyanaSi ucxo-
uri valutis SeuzRudav Se-
modinebas, gamowveuls bunebrivi
resursebis eqsportis bumiT.
igi agreTve SeiZleba gamoi-
wvios saerTaSoriso finansuri
daxmarebisa da pirdapiri ucxo-
uri investiciebis moZalebam.
qveyanaSi ucxouri valutis
mozRvavebis erT-- erTi wyaro
SeiZleba iyos farTomasStabi-
ani privatizaciac.
saxelwodeba _ `holandi-
uri daavadeba~ asocirdeba ara-
gonivrulad gankargul qveynis
simdidresTan da ekonomikur
literaturaSi gamoCnda XX
saukunis 60-- iani wlebidan,
roca CrdiloeTis zRvaSi ni-
derlandis mier bunebrivi airis
`holandiuri daavadeba~
sabados aRmoCenam gamoiwvia
qveynis saeqsporto Semosavle-
bis arnaxuli zrda, erovnuli
valutis _ guldenis gamyare-
ba da tradiciuli eqsportis
konkurentunarianobis dacema. am
periodidan moyolebuli `ho-
landiuri daavadebis~ saxeliT
cnobili es movlena araerTi
qveynis `Tavis tkivili~ gaxda.
`holandiuri daavadebis~
klasikuri modeli 1982 wels
Camoayalibes m. kordenma da p.
nearvim (Corden Max W., Nearvy
Peter J. Booming Sector and
Deindustrialization in a Small open
Economy. “The Economic Journal”.
Vol. 92, 1982, pp. 825-848). misi
Sinaarsi Semdegia: bunebrivi
resursebis eqsportis bumi
arRvevs wonasworobas am seq-
tors, tradiciul saeqsporto
seqtorsa da arasaeqsporto
seqtors (mSenebloba, sacalo
vaWroba, sastumroebi, restor-
nebi da a.S.) Soris. marTalia,
Tavdapirvelad bunebrivi re-
sursebis eqsporti zrdis ucx-
ouri valutis Semodinebas
qveyanaSi da, aqedan gamomdinare,
qveynis Semosavlebs, magram misi
grZelvadiani efeqti sawinaaRm-
degoa. saqme isaa, rom Sida
valutis bazarze bunebrivi re-
sursebis eqsportidan miRebu-
li ucxouri valuta konver-
tirdeba erovnul valutaSi. Tu
463
qveyanaSi erovnuli valutis
gacvliTi kursi fiqsirebulia,
maSin konvertirebis es proce-
si moiTxovs fulis miwodebis
zrdas, rac adgilobrivi fase-
bis momatebas iwvevs, xolo
mcuravi gacvliTi kursis piro-
bebSi Sida savaluto bazarze
moTxovna--miwodebas Soris wo-
nasworobis darRveva adgilob-
rivi valutis gamyarebas gamo-
iwvevs. orive SemTxvevaSi ga-
izrdeba erovnuli valutis
realuri gacvliTi kursi, rac
imas niSnavs, rom qveynis sa-
momxmareblo bazarze ucxouri
valutis erTeuliT gacilebiT
naklebi saqonlisa da momsax-
urebis SeZena SeiZleba, vidre
es adre iyo SesaZlebeli. ase-
Ti viTareba ukugavlenas axdens
tradiciuli eqsportis momge-
bianobaze, vinaidan Sida faseb-
is zrdis gamo gaZvirebuli
saeqsporto produqcia nakleb-
konkurentunariani xdeba saer-
TaSoriso bazarze, rasac moh-
yveba tradiciul saeqsporto
seqtorSi warmoebis mkveTri
dacema, kapitalisa da samuSao
Zalis arasaeqsporto seqtor-
Si gadanacvleba (`resursebis
gadanacvlebis efeqti~). gar-
da imisa, rom amis Sedegad tra-
diciuli saeqsporto seqtori
zaraldeba, Tu ver moxerxda
arasaeqsporto seqtoris in-
464
frastruqturis ganviTareba da
kadrebis gadamzadeba, gardu-
valia umuSevrobis zrda da
masTan dakavSirebuli katakl-
izmebi. aRsaniSnavia is gare-
moebac, rom Tu zemoT ganxilu-
li gziT qveyanaSi miRebuli
ucxouri valuta importis zr-
das moxmardeba, maSin valutis
nakadebis Semodineba pirdapir
ar aisaxeba fulis miwodebaze,
Tumca, importis zRvargadasuli
zrdac gaumarTlebelia.
saqarTveloSi `holandiur-
ma daavadebam~ Tavi iCina baqo--
Tbilisi--jeihanis navTobsadenis
mSeneblobisas, magram gansakuT-
rebiT TvalsaCino gaxda `varde-
bis revoluciis~ Semdeg. oRond
klasikuri modelisagan gansx-
vavebiT, mis warmomSob mizezebSi
wina planze wamoiwia pirdapi-
ri ucxouri investiciebisa da
saerTaSoriso daxmarebis mozR-
vaveba, agreTve ucxoeTSi mcxov-
rebi, an droebiT iq dasaqmebu-
li Cveni Tanamemamuleebis mier
fuladi transferebis nakade-
bi da bolo dros qveyanaSi
ganxorcielebuli farTomas-
Stabiani privatizacia.
holdingi (holding) - aqci-
oneruli kompania, romelic
flobs sxva firmebis, kompanie-
bis aqciebis sakontrolo pa-
ketebs. ganasxvaveben wminda
holdings
holdings, romlis daniSnule-
holdingi
baa mxolod kontroli da mar-
Tva, da Sereuls
Sereuls, romelic,
amasTan, eweva samewareo saqmi-
anobas. arsebobs saxelmwifo
holdingebic
holdingebic. es aris special-
uri saxelmwifoebrivi orga-
nizaciebi, romelTa gankargule-
baSic garkveul periodSi iqm-
neba privatizebul sawarmoTa
aqciebis sakontrolo paketebi,
xolo sawarmoebi maTs far-
glebSi aqciebis jvaredini
mflobelebi xdebian.
sxva kompaniebis aqciebis na-
wilis floba holdingebs sa-
Sualebas aZlevs kontroli ga-
uwion maT saqmianobas.
holdinguri sistema moicavs
saTavo, Svilobil da SviliSvil
kompaniebs. amasTan, ar aris au-
cilebeli, rom saTavo kompania
flobdes Svilobili kompanie-
bis aqciebis 51%--s. maTi saqmia-
nobis kontrolisaTvis sakmari-
sia gacilebiT naklebi aqcia.
dasavleTSi holdinguri
kompaniebis Seqmnis erTaderTi
barieri antimonopoliuri ka-
nonmdeblobaa. amasTan, kompanie-
bis SerwymasTan SedarebiT,
holdingebis Seqmnas gacilebiT
did upiratesobas aniWeben.
holdinguri sistemis Semadgen-
lobaSi SesvliT mravali fir-
maa dainteresebuli, vinaidan igi
firmis simtkicesa da sicocx-
lisunarianobas uzrunvelyofs.
houtri ralf jorj 465
finansuri siZneleebis SemTx- Tu datovos igi miwaSi.
vevaSi, isini saTavo kompaniebi- hotelingis wess alter-
sagan iReben daxmarebas. damo- natiuli formulirebac aqvs:
ukidebeli firmebis gaerTiane- erTeuli resursis diskontire-
ba xelsayrelia holdingur buli Rirebuleba unda iyos
sistemaSi aqcionirebisTvisac, ucvleli imis miuxedavad, Tu
vinaidan igi amcirebs risks da rodis iqneba es resursi amoRe-
TiTiqmis gamoricxavs gakotre- buli miwidan.
bis safrTxes. houtri ralf jorj (1879--
hotelingis wesi (Hotel- 1975) (Hawtrey Raulf George) -
ling’s rule) - arakvlavwarmoebadi ingliseli ekonomisti, alfred
bunebrivi resursebis optima- marSalis mimdevari, kembrijis
luri gamoyenebis wesi, dadge- skolis TvalsaCino warmomad-
nili h. hotelingis mier 1931 geneli. SeimuSava ciklebisa da
wels (The Economics of Exautible krizisebis Teoria, fulad--
Resources. The Journal of Politi- sakredito politikis meTode-
cal Economy. Vol. 39, pp. 137--175). bi, mniSvnelovani wvlili Seit-
es wesi dRemde rCeba ganmsaz- ana balansirebuli ekonomikuri
Rvrelad wiaRiseulis mopovebis zrdis instrumentebis Seswav-
optimalurobis dadgenaSi. misi laSi.
arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: imi-
saTvis, rom mopoveba iyos opti-
maluri, miwaSi darCenili erTe-
uli resursis neto--fasi (gasay-
id fass minus mopovebis dan-
axarjebi) droTa ganmavloba-
Si unda gaizardos im tempiT,
ra tempiTac gaizrdeba sar-
geblis ganakveTi. ufro zus-
tad, neto--fasis zrdis tempi
ar unda aRematebodes sargeb-
lis ganakveTisas. resursis
mflobeli dgas arCevanis wina-
Se: amoiRos erTeuli resursi
da moaxdinos misi gayidviT
miRebuli Tanxis investireba
mimdinare sargeblis ganakveTiT,
466

leqsikonis statiaTa anbanur--Tematuri

saZiebeli

avansireba 13
a avansirebuli kapitali 13
abandonmenti 9
avantaJi 13
absenteizmi 9
averaJi 13
absoluturi mogeba 9
aviazednadebi 13
absoluturi upirateso- avizo 13
ba 9
a’vista 14
absoluturi piratesobis
avista 14
Teoria 10
avstriuli skola 14
absoluturi fasebi 10
avtarkia 14
absorbcia 10
avtomatizacia 14
agenti 10
avtomaturi stabilizato-
aglomeracia 10 rebi 14
agraruli revolucia 11 avtonomiuri investi-
agraruli seqtori 11 cia 15
agregireba 11 avtonomiuri xarjebi 15
agregirebuli sawarmoo avuari 16
funqcia 11 `aziuri vefxvebi~ 16
adamianis ganviTarebis akerlofi jorj 16
indeqsi 11 akvizitori 16
adamianiseuli kapitali 12 akorduli gadasaxadi 16
adaptaciis lagi 12 akreditivi 16
adgilobrivi biujeti 12 akri 16
adendumi 12 `aldagi~ 16
ad valoremi 12 ale moris 17
administraciuli lagi 12 alokaciuri efeqtiano-
administraciuli fasi 13 ba 17
avali 13 alokaciuri funqcia 17
avansi 13 alonJi 17
 467
alpari 18 araerTgvarovani kapita-
alternativa 18 li 21
alternatiuli danaxarji arainstituciuri samoqa-
(Rirebuleba) 18 laqo mosaxleoba 21
amalgamacia 18 arakanonieri warmoeba 22
ambalaJi 18 arakomerciuli organiza-
amortizacia 18 cia 22
amortizaciis norma 19 arakonkurentuli moxmar-
eba 22
ampliacia 19
aramaterialuri momsaxu-
amxanagoba 19
reba 23
anabari 19
aranivTobrivi aqtivebi 23
angariSgeba 19
arapirdapiri gadasaxadi 23
angariSi 19
arasabazro momsaxureba 24
angariSsworeba 19
arasabazro urTierTo-
angariSsworebis angari-
ba 25
Si 19
arasagadasaxado Semosava-
angariS-faqtura 20
li 26
anderaitingi 20
arasrulyofili konkuren-
anketa 20 cia 26
anketireba 20 aratradiciuli ekonomi-
antidempinguri gadasaxa- ka 26
di 20 arafasismieri konkuren-
antidempinguri kanonmde- cia 26
bloba 20 araformaluri ekonomi-
antidovlaTi 20 ka 26
antimonopoliuri kanonm- araformaluri seqto-
debloba 20 ri 27
antici pacia 21 arbitraJi 27
antrepreniori 21 arbitraJi `ad-hoki~ 27
antreprizi 21 arenda 28
anuiteti 21 arendatori 28
aJio 21 ari 28
aJiotaJi 21 arCevani alternatiuli
468
variantebidan 28 aqciebis sakontrolo
asortimenti 28 paketi 36
asociacia 28 aqcizi (aqcizuri gadasa-
auditi 28 xadi) 36
auditori 29 aqciis kursi 36
auditoruli firma 30 aqcioneri 37
autraiti 31 aqcioneruli sazogado-
eba 37
autsaideri 31
aRmavloba 37
autsorsingi 31
aSkara danaxarji 37
auqcioni 31
aSS-is saerTaSoriso gan-
auqcionuri bazari 32
viTarebis saagento 38
aqseleratori 32
axali ekonomika 38
aqseleratoris princi-
axali zrdis Teoria 38
pi 32
axali industriuli
aqseleraciis koeficien-
qveynebi 38
ti 33
axali klasikuri
aqtivi 33
makroekonomika 39
aqtiuri kapitali 33
axali mikroekonomika 39
aqtiuri sagadasaxdelo
axali Sexeduleba
balansi 34
investiciebze 40
aqtuariusi 34
axali politikuri ekono-
aqceptanti 34
mia 40
aqcepti 34
axireba 40
aqcepturi krediti 34
aqceptur-rambusnuli b
b
krediti 34
aqcia 35 badisebri gare efeqti 41
privilegiuri aqcia 289 bazari 41
saxelobiTi aqcia 360 gamyidvelis bazari 59
aqcia warmomdgenze 35 valutis bazari 146
Cveulebrivi aqcia 438 investiciis bazari 165
aqcia warmomdgenze 35 kapitalis bazari 179
konkurenciuli bazari 200
 469
likviduri bazari 209 pasiuri sagadasaxdelo ba-
meoreuli bazari 231 lansi 281
momsaxurebis bazari 241 pasiuri savaWro balansi 281
msoflio bazari 249 sagadasaxdelo balansi 313
myidvelis bazari 254 savaWro balansi 325
naRdi bazari 260 saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
oqros bazari 275 balansi 354
pirveladi bazari 285 `balansireba danis pirze~
42
`saerTo bazari~ 320
bankebis aqtiuri opera-
sasesxo kapitalis bazari
ciebi 43
348
bankebis pasiuri opera-
safraxto bazari 351
ciebi 43
saqonlis bazari 351
banki 43
fasiani qaRaldebis bazari
evropis rekonstruqciisa da
393
ganviTarebis banki 97
forvarduli bazari 403
inovaciuri banki 167
`Savi bazari~ 426
i poTekuri banki 176
Sromis bazari 433
komerciuli banki 194
Caketili bazari 437
msoflio banki 249
calmxrivi bazari 443
rekonstruqciisa da ganviTa-
`xarebis~ bazari 453
rebis saerTaSoriso banki
bazris koniunqtura 42 298
bazris fiasko 42 saerTaSoriso angariSswore-
bazris wonasworoba 42 bis banki 318
bazroba 42 saemisio banki 318
`bai-beki~ 42 sainvesticio banki 334
balansi 42 sainovacio banki 334
aqtiuri sagadasaxdelo ba- centraluri banki 443
lansi 34 bankTaSorisi kreditis
buRaltruli balansi 53 ganakveTi 43
dargTaSorisi balansi 81 bankiri 43
neto-balansi 265 banknoti 43
470
bankomati 43 biujetis proficiti 50
bankroti 44 biujetSi Senatanebi 50
baJi 44 blokirebuli angariSi 50
baratria 44 boni 50
barteri 44 bonistika 50
`baumolis daavadeba~ 44 bonifikacia 50
bekeri gari stenli 44 bonusi 50
bem-baverki oigen 45 bordero 50
beneficiari 45 bosi 51
biznes-gegma 45 brakeraJi 51
biznes-inkubatori 46 breton-vudsi 51
biznes inJineringi 46 breton-vudsis savaluto
biznesi 48 sistema 51
biznesis bloki 48 breton-vudsis konferen-
biznesis socialuri pasu- cia 51
xismgebloba 48 brokeri 51
biznesmeni 49 brokeris gasamrjelo 52
bil-brokeri 49 bruto 52
bimetalizmi 49 bunebrivi monopolia 52
birJa 49 bunebrivi resursebi 52
valutis birJa 146 bunebrivi fasi 53
kerZo birJa 188 butiki 53
safondo birJa 350 buRaltruli aRricxva 53
saqonlis birJa 352 buRaltruli balansi 53
Sromis birJa 434 buRaltruli mogeba 53
biukeneni jeims makhil 49 buSeli 53
biujeti 49
g
g
adgilobrivi biujeti 12
dabalansebuli biujeti 80 gadamanawilebeli funq-
saxelmwifo biujeti 357 cia 54
federaluri biujeti 398 gadasapirebeli Tamasuqi
biujetis deficiti 50 ( trata
trata)) 54

gadasaxadi 54
akorduli gadasaxadi 16
antidempinguri gadasaxa-
di 20
arapirdapiri gadasaxadi 23
aqcizi (aqcizuri gadasaxa-
di) 36
gadasaxadi miRebul umaR-
les ganaTlebaze 54
gayidvaze gadasaxadi 65
damatebul Rirebulebaze ga-
dasaxadi 81
importze gadasaxadi (saim-
porto baJi) 162
inflaciuri gadasaxadi 174
miwis gadasaxadi 238
pigus gadasaxadi 284
pirdapiri gadasaxadi 285
progresiuli gadasaxa-
di 288
proporciuli gadasaxadi
289
regresiuli gadasaxadi 295
uaryofiTi gadasaxadi 386
uaryofiTi saSemosavlo ga-
dasaxadi 386
fiskaluri gadasaxadi 401
wminda gadasaxadi 450
umaR--
`gadasaxadi~ miRebul umaR
les ganaTlebaze 54
gadasaxadebis struqtu-
ra 55
gadasaxadis zRvruli
ganakveTi 55
471
gadawyvetilebis miRebis
lagi 55
gadaxdis valuta 55
gadaxdisunariani moTxov-
nileba 55
gadaxdisunarianoba 55
gadaxdisunarianobis
Teoria 56
gaeros ssdk ( saerTa-
Soriso standartuli
dargobrivi klasifika-
cia
cia)) 56
gakotreba 58
galoni 58
gamovlenis lagi 58
gamoTvliTi ekonomika 58
gamoSvebis bunebrivi mo-
culoba 59
gamyidvelis bazari 59
ganawilebis Teoriebi 59
ganviTarebadi qveynebi 60
ganviTarebis strate-
gia 60
ganviTarebuli qveynebi 60
gankargvadi Semosavali 61
gankargviTi erovnuli
Semosavali 61
gankargviTi mTliani
erovnuli Semosava-
li 61
gankargviTi wminda erov-
nuli Semosavali 61
gansaxelmwifoebriveba 61
garanti 62
472
garantia 63
gardamavali periodi 63
gare danaxarjebi 63
gare efeqtebi 63
badisebri gare efeqti 38
gare efeqtis internal-
izacia 64
gare lagi 64
gasaRebis mrudi 64
gauTvaliswinebeli dana-
xarji 64
gauTvaliswinebeli in-
flacia 64
gaufasureba 64
gayidvaze gadasaxadi 65
`gacveTili fexsacmlis~
danaxarjebi 65
gacvliTi kursi 65
mcuravi gacvliTi kursi
258
nominaluri gacvliTi
kursi 265
realuri gacvliTi kursi
293
fiqsirebuli gacvliTi
kursi 401
gedonistikuri fasi 65
gelbreiTi jon keneti 65
giravnobis sigeli 66
girao 66
giraoTi uzrunvelyofili
obligacia 66
girvanqa 66
globalizacia 66
globalizaciis KOF-i
-i
-inndeq-
si 69
globaluri konkurent-
unarianobis indeqsi 71
globaluri konkurentu-
narianobis reitingi 75
gogiCaiSvili fili pe 76
gradualizmi 77
granti 77
grant-elementi 78
grZelvadiani krediti 78
guguSvili paata 78
gudvili 79
gunia avTandili 79
d
d
dabalansebuli biujeti 80
dabalansebuli zrda 80
dazogvis paradoqsi 80
dazRvevis polisi 80
dakveTa 80
dakveTebis portfeli 80
da krediteba 80
dakrediteba
`damamSvidebeli~ fasi 81
damatebul Rirebulebaze
gadasaxadi 81
damatebuli Rirebuleba 81
danazogi 81
mTliani danazogi 232
mTliani erovnuli danazo-
gi 233
 473
wminda erovnuli danazo- dafraxtva 85
gi 450 daCqarebuli inflacia 85
danazogisaken midrekile- dacema (ekonomikuri) 85
ba 81 dacemis etapi 85
danaxarji 81 debentura 85
alternatiuli danaxarji debitanti 85
(Rirebuleba) 18
debitori 85
aSkara danaxarji 38
debitoruli davaliane-
gauTvaliswinebeli danax- ba 85
arji 64
debursi 85
zednadebi danaxarji 153
devalvacia 85
zRvruli (marJinaluri)
devizi 86
danaxarji 154
dezinvesticia 86
mudmivi danaxarji 253
dezinflacia 86
saSualo danaxarji 355
dekuveri 86
stividoruli danaxarji
377 deliveri 86
faruli (implicituri) dan- delistingi 86
axarji 390 demereji 87
cvalebadi danaxarji 445 demonopolizacia 87
wminda mimoqcevis danaxar- dempingi 87
ji 451 denadobis koeficienti 87
dargTaSorisi balansi 81 denominacia 87
dargobrivi kon kurent-
konkurent- depo ziti 87
depoziti
unarianoba 82 depoziti moTxovnamde 87
dasaqmeba 84 depoziti mokiTxvamde 87
dasaqmebis bunebrivi do- depozitori 88
ne 84 deponenti 88
dasaqmebis done 84 deponireba 88
dasaqmebuli mosaxleoba 84 deporti 88
daukvirvebadi ekonomika 84 depresiuli raioni 88
dausaqmeblobis koefici- deprivatizacia 88
enti 85 desetina 88
474
deficiti 89 dualizmi 95
deficitis dafinanseba 90 dualizmis Teoria 95
deficituri valuta 90 duimi 95
deflatori 90 duopsonia 95
deflacia 90
defolti 90 ee
`didi depresia~ 90 egzogenuri mtp 96
`didi Svideuli~ 90 evro 96
diversifikacia 90 evrodolari 96
diversificirebuli port- evrokavSiri 97
feli 91
evrokavSir-saqarTvelos
dividendi 91 biznes-sabWo 97
dividendi fasiani qaRal- evroobligacia 97
debis formiT 91
evropis rekonstruqciisa
dizaJio 91 da ganviTarebis banki 97
dileri 91 evropuli gaerTianeba 98
disbalansi 91 evropuli ekonomikuri ga-
diskonti 92 erTianeba 98
diskontireba 92 evropis centraluri
diskontirebuli Rire- banki 99
buleba 92 evropuli kavSi ris
kavSiris
diskontis procenti 92 ekonomikuri saqmianobis
diskonturi obligacia 92 mTavari samrewvelo
diskrecia 92 klasifikacia 99
diskreciuli moqmedeba 92 ekiu 99
dispaSa 92 ekologiuri banki 99
dispaCi 92 ekologiuri ekonomikis
distanciuri swavleba 92 koncefcia 100
distributori 93 ekologiuri usafrTxoeba
dolari 93 100
domari evsei 94 ekonometria, ekonometri-
ka 100
dotacia biujetidan 94
ekonometrikuli mode-
dou-jonsis indeqsi 94

li 100
ekonomika 100
faruli ekonomika 390
Ria ekonomika 422
Sereuli ekonomika 427
Caketili ekonomika 437
ekonomikis servizacia 102
ekonomikis wminda moge-
ba 102
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mo-
saxleoba 102
ekonomikurad aqtiuri
samoqalaqo mosaxleo-
ba 103
ekonomikuri adamiani 103
ekonomikuri azrovnebis
wesi 103
ekonomikuri ganviTareba 103
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
generaluri strate-
gia 104
ekonomikuri diskomfor-
tis indeqsi 106
ekonomikuri efeqtiano-
ba 107
ekonomikuri zrda 107
ekonomikuri TanamSrom-
lobisa da ganviTarebis
organizacia 107
ekonomikuri Teoria 107
ekonomikuri informacia 118
ekonomikuri kibernetika 119
ekonomikuri krizisi 119
ekonomikuri politika 119
475
ekonomikuri saqmianoba
gauTvaliswinebeli
statistikuri organoe-
bis mier ZiriTadi
monacemebis Sekrebis
sistemis naklovanebaTa
Sedegad 119
ekonomikuri sistema 120
ekonomikuri teritoria 120
ekonomikuri treningi 121
ekonomikuri usafrTxoe-
ba 121
ekonomikuri usafrTxo-
ebis kriteriumebi 121
ekonomikuri usafrTxo-
ebis strategia 121
ekonomikuri cikli 122
ekonomikuri warmoeba 122
ekonomikuri wesrigis
politika 122
ekonomikur-maTematikuri
meTodebi 123
ekonomikur-maTematikuri
modelebi 123
ekonomikur-statistikuri
meTodebi 123
ekonomiqsi 123
elastikuri moTxovna 127
elastikuroba 127
eleqtronuli fuli 128
embargo 129
emisia 129
emisiuri mogeba 129
emisiuri Semosavali 129
476
emi tenti 130
emitenti erovnuli simdidre 135
emitireba 130 erovnuli upiratesobis
engelis kanoni 130 rombi 136
engelis koeficienti 130 erovnuli Semosavali 137
endogenuri zrda 130 gankargviTi erovnuli Semo-
endogenuri mtp 130 savali 61
energotevadoba 131 gankargviTi mTliani erov-
nuli Semosavali 61
erToblivi danaxarje-
bi 131 gankargviTi wminda erov-
nuli Semosavali 61
erToblivi dasaqmebuli
mosaxleoba 131 wminda erovnuli Semosava-
li 450
erToblivi miwodeba 131
erou keneT j. 139
erToblivi miwodebis
elastikuroba 131 erou-debrios modeli
140
erToblivi miwodebis
mrudi 131 erou-pratas koeficien-
ti 140
erToblivi moTxovna 131
etatizmi 140
erToblivi moTxovnis
elastikuroba 131 efeqtiani moTxovna 140
erToblivi moTxovnis efeqtianoba 141
mrudi 132 alokaciuri efeqtianoba 17
erToblivi Semosavali 132 ekonomikuri efeqtiano-
erToblivi (agregatuli) ba 106
warmoebrivi fun- eqspatrianti 141
qcia 132 eqspluatacia 141
erToblivi xarjebi 132 eqsporti 141
erTpirovnuli mflobelo- eqstrapolacia 141
bis firma (emf) 133 eqsteritoriuli organi-
erovnuli angariSTa zaciebi da organoe-
sistema 133 bi 141
erovnuli angariSebi 134 eqsteritoriuloba 142
erovnuli angariSiano- eqsternalizacia 142
ba 134

ejourti f rensis isid-
frensis
ro 142
v
v sagareo vaWroba 315
v agneris kanoni 143
vadiani anabari 143
vadiani Tamasuqi 143
vakufi 143
valvacia 143
vali 143
valorizacia 143
valrasi leon 144
valuta 144
gadaxdis valuta 55
sarezervo valuta 347
ucxouri valuta 389
fasis (garigebis) valu-
ta 396
valutis bazarze zewo-
lis indeqsi 145
valutis bazari 146
valutis birJa 146
valutis blokireba 147
valutis kalaTa 148
valutis konvertireba
148
valutis kursi (gacvliTi
kursi) 148
valutis kursis dacema
149
valutis kursis zrda
149
varanti 149
477
vauCeri 149
vaWroba 149
sabiTumo vaWroba 311
sacalo vaWroba 355
Ria vaWroba 422
vebleni torstein 150
veblenis efeqti 150
venCuruli kapitali 151
venCuruli operaciebi 151
venCuruli (sarisko)
firma 151
virementi 151
vitaekonomika 151
viqselis kriteriumi 152
z
zarali 153
zaralis zRvruli Rire-
buleba 153
zaralis Rirebuleba 153
zarafxana 153
zednadebi danaxarji 153
zenormaluri mogeba 153
zombiekonomika 153
zrdis indeqsi 154
zrdis tempi 154
`zusti momarTva~ 154
zRvruli antisargebli-
anoba 154
zRvruli erTeuli 155
zRvruli (marJinaluri)
danaxarji 155
478
zRvruli maqsimaluri TamaSTa Teoria 160
fasi 155 Targetireba 160
zRvruli minimaluri fa- `TeTrsayeloianebi~ 160
si 155 TviTdafinanseba 160
zRvruli mwarmoebluro- `TiTqmis fuli~ 161
ba 155
zRvruli produqti 155 i
i
zRvruli produqtis
Rirebuleba 155 iardi 162
zRvruli sargebliano- `iafi fuli~ 162
ba 155 imiji 162
zRvruli sargeblianobis importze gadasaxadi
Teoria 156 (saimporto baJi) 162
zRvruli Semosavali 156 importi 162
importis Senacvleba Sida
T
T warmoebiT 162
importirebisadmi mi-
Tavdapirveli Rirebule- drekileba 163
ba 157
inglisur-amerikuli sko-
Tavisufali bazris niSne- lis Teoria 163
bi 157
indemniteti 163
Tavisufali (specialuri)
indeqsacia 163
ekonomikuri zona (Tez) 158
indeqsi 164
Tavisufali vaWroba 158
individualuri mewarmeo-
Tavisufali vaWrobis
ba 164
zona 158
ind ikaturi dagegmva 164
indikaturi
Tavisufali (erToblivi)
indosamenti 164
mewarmeobis zona 158
Tamasuqi 159 sablanko indosamenti 293
indosanti 164
gadasapirebeli Tamasuqi
(trata) 54 indosati 164
martivi Tamasuqi 223 industria 164
xazinis Tamasuqi 453 industriuli sazogadoe-
Tamasuqis diskonti 160 ba 165

inercia 165
investirebisadmi mi-
drekileba 165
investicia 165
avtonomiuri investicia 15
maragebSi investicia 220
mTliani investicia 234
ucxouri investicia 389
wminda investicia 451
investiciis bazari 165
investori 166
inkasacia 166
inkaso 166
wminda inkaso 419
inovacia 167
inovaciuri banki 167
inovaciuri ekonomika 168
inJineringi 168
institucionalizmi 170
`instituciuri mibmis~
koncefcia 170
instituciuri umuSevro-
ba 171
inteleqtualuri
sakuTreba 171
inflacia 171
gauTvaliswinebeli infla-
cia 64
daCqarebuli inflacia 85
moTxovnis inflacia 241
saimporto inflacia 334
faruli (CaxSobili) infla-
479
cia 390
qronikuli inflacia 420
xarjebis inflacia 453
inflaciis done 173
mosalodneli inflaciis
done 247
inflaciis kritikuli
wertili 173
inflaciis norma 174
inflaciis Targetire-
ba 174
inflaciis tempi 174
inflaciuri gadasaxa-
di 174
inflaciuri ekonomika 175
inflaciuri molodi-
ni 175
informaciis asimetria 176
infrastruqtura 176
i poTeka 177
i poTekur
poTekurii banki 177
i poTekur
poTekurii kr editi 177
krediti
iracionaluri moTxov-
na 177
istoriuli modelebi 177
`istoriuli skola~ 177
iuridiuli piri 177
ijara 178
kk
kadastri 179
kalkulacia 179
480
kambio 179
kani riCard 179
kapitali 179
adamianiseuli kapitali 12
avansirebuli kapitali 13
araerTgvarovani kapitali 21
aqtiuri kapitali 34
venCuruli kapitali 151
sainvesticio kapitali 334
finansuri kapitali 400
kapitalis bazari 179
kapitalis gadacemaze
gadasaxadi 180
kapitalis dagroveba 180
kapitaltevadoba 180
kapitalukugeba 181
kapitaluri aqtivebi 181
kapitalSeiaraRebis koe-
ficienti 181
karati 181
kargo 181
karteli 181
kasko 181
kaf
kaf-ii 181
keTildReobis ekonomiku-
ri Teoria 182
keTildReobis makontro-
lebeli programebi 182
`keTildReobis saxelmwi-
fos~ Teoria 183
keinzi jon meinard 184
keinzianeloba 185
keinzianuri modeli 187
keinzis efeqti 187
`kembrijis skola~ 187
kene fransua 188
kerZo birJa 188
kerZo danazogi 189
kerZo saqoneli 189
kvazifuli 189
kvota 189
kvotireba 189
klani 189
klasikuri dihotomia 190
klasikuri politikuri
ekonomia 190
klasifikacia (ekonomiku-
ri saqmianobis) 192
klasteri 192
klebadi ukugebis kanoni 193
kleitonis kanoni 193
klerki 193
kliometria 193
kliringi 193
komandituri amxanago-
ba 194
komercia 194
komercializacia 194
kombinireba 194
komerciuli bankebis
savaldebulo rezerve-
bi 194
komerciuli banki 194
komerciuli krediti 195
komerciuli saqmianoba 195
komivoiaJori 196
 481
kompanioni 196 konsolidirebuli va-
kompensacia 196 li 201
komparativizmi 196 konsorciumi 202
komplementari 196 kontrahenti 202
konglomerati 196 konfiskacia 202
konglomeracia 196 konfrontacia 202
kondicia 197 koncentracia 202
konvencia 197 koncentraciis agregatu-
konversia 197 li maCvenebeli 202
konvertirebadi obliga- koncerni 202
cia 197 koncesia 203
konvertirebadoba 197 koncesioneri 203
koniunqtura 197 kooperacia 203
konkurenti 198 koordinirebuli poli-
konkurentuli upirateso- tika 203
ba 198 koreqtirebadi gadasaxa-
konkurentuli upirateso- di 203
bis Teoria 199 koreqtirebadi subsi-
konkurentunarianoba 199 dia 203
konkurencia 200 korporacia 203
arasrulyofili konkuren- korporatiuli obliga-
cia 26 cia 204
arafasismieri konkuren- korufcia 204
cia 26 kotireba 204
monopoliuri konkuren- kouzi ronald 204
cia 246 kouzis Teorema 205
srulyofili konkuren- krediti 205
cia 375 aqcepturi krediti 34
wminda konkurencia 451 aqceptur-rambusnuli kredi-
k onkurenciuli bazari 200 ti 35
konosamenti 201 grZelvadiani krediti 78
konsaltingi 201 i poTekuri krediti 177
konsignanti 201 komerciuli krediti 195
482
roloveruli krediti 303 sasoflo-sameurneo lagi 349
sabanko krediti 310 Sida lagi 431
saerTaSoriso krediti 318 laissez-- faire 207
saeqsporto krediti 320 laJi 207
savaluto krediti 322 latarea 207
samomxmareblo krediti 341 laferis efeqti 207
kreditis dafarvis laferis mrudi 208
pirobebi 205 leveriji 208
kreditis racionireba 205 liberalizacia 208
kreditis sididis liga 209
SezRudva 205 lizingi 209
kreditis uzrunvelyo- operatiuli lizingi 269
fa 205
saeqsporto lizingi 320
kreditori 206
finansuri lizingi 400
kukis koeficienti 206
liTonis fuli 209
kumulacia 206
likviduri aqtivebi 209
komulaciuri zrdis
likviduri bazari 209
indeqsi 206
likviduri saxsrebi 209
kumulaciuri kenWisyra 206
sabanko likviduri saxsre-
kupiura 206
bi 311
kuponi 206
saxelmwifos likviduri
kuponiani obligacia 206 saxsrebi 360
kurtaJi 206 firmis likviduri saxsre-
bi 400
l
l
`likviduri `xafangi~ 210
lagi 207 likviduroba 210
adaptaciis lagi 12 upiratesobis miniWebis
administraciuli lagi 12 likviduroba 389
gadawyvetilebis miRebis likvidurobis koeficien-
lagi 55 ti 210
gamovlenis lagi 58 likvidurobis norma 210
moqmedebis lagi 248 limiti 210
 483
listingi 211 wifo komisia 220
licenzia 211 `marTvadi~ kapitaliz-
licenziari 212 mi 221
licenziati 212 marketingi 221
upatento licenzia 388 marketingis garemo 222
lozanis skola 212 markireba 222
lombardi 212 markovici hari 222
lorencis mrudi 212 marJa 222
loti 212 marJinalizmi 223
luis-feis-reinisis mode- martivi Tamasuqi 223
li 213 marqsi karl 223
marSali alfred 225
m
m marSal_lerneris piro-
ba 226
maastrixtis xelSekrule-
masStabiT ganpirobebuli
ba 214
ekonomia 226
makleri 214
masStabis efeqti 226
makroekonomika 214
matebis tempi 227
makroekonomikuri igiveo-
materialuri momsaxure-
ba 214
ba 227
makroekonomikuri
materialuri stimulire-
maCveneblebi 214
ba 2 28
228
makroekonomikuri poli- materialur-nivTobrivi
tika 215 warmoebis sfero 228
makroekonomikuri stabi- mdare saqoneli 228
lizacia 215
mdgradi ganviTareba 228
mandela-flemingis mode-
mdgradi zrda 229
li 219
megaekonomika 229
`mankieri wre~ 219
mezoekonomika 229
manqanaTmSenebloba 220
melqaZe valerian 229
manqanuri warmoeba 220
mengeri karl 230
maragebSi investicia 220
menejeri 230
maregulirebeli saxelm-
menejerizmi 230
484
menejmenti 230
meoradi resursebi 231
meoreuli bazari 231
meoreuli Sromis baza-
ri 231
merkantilizmi 231
merkantiluri 232
meryevi fasi 232
metraJi 232
mewarme 232
mewarmeoba 232
mTliani gamoSveba 232
mTliani damatebiTi Rire-
buleba 232
mTliani danazogi 232
mTliani danaxarji 233
mTliani erovnuli dana-
zogi 233
mTliani erovnuli pro-
duqti ( mep) 233
potenciuri mep 287
mep -is gamoucxadebeli
deflatoris fasebis
indeqsi 234
mep-is doneTa daSoriSore
daSoriSore--
ba ( sxvadasxvaoba
sxvadasxvaoba)) 234
mep-is indeqsi _ defla-
torebi 234
mTliani investicia 234
mTliani mogeba 234
mTliani Semosavali 235
mTliani Sida produqti
(mSp) 235
mTliani Sida produqtis
deflatori 235
mTliani Sida produqtis
struqtura 236
midrekileba danazogisad-
mi 236
midrekileba importirebi-
sadmi 236
midrekileba investirebi-
sadmi 236
midrekileba moxmarebi-
sadmi 236
miznobrivi (saorienta-
cio) fasi 236
mikroekonomika 236
mimdinare angariSi 237
mimdinare angariSis sal-
do 237
mimoqcevaSi arsebuli
fuli 237
mindobiloba 237
minimalu ri mogeba 237
minimaluri
minimaluri samomxmareb-
lo biujeti 237
minimaluri xelfasi 237
miqelaZe irakli 237
miwa 238
miwis gadasaxadi 238
miwis renta 238
miwodeba 238
erToblivi miwodeba 131
Warbi miwodeba 452
miwodebis ekonomikuri

Teoria 239
miwodebis inflacia 239
miwodebis mrudi 239
miwodebis fasi 240
miwodebis Soki 240
mogeba 240
buRaltruli mogeba 53
ekonomikis wminda mogeba 102
zenormaluri mogeba 153
mTliani mogeba 234
normaluri mogeba 267
sabalanso mogeba 310
SefardebiTi mogeba 428
wminda mogeba 451
mogebis (Semosavlis)
norma 240
modeli 240
moTxovna 240
elastikuri moTxovna 116
erToblivi moTxovna 131
efeqtiani moTxovna 140
iracionaluri moTxovna 177
Warbi moTxovna 452
moTxovna-miwodebis Teo-
ria 240
moTxovnis inflacia 241
moTxovnis mrudi 241
moTxovnis regulire-
ba 241
moTxovnis fasi 241
moklevadiani obliga-
cia 241
485
momsaxureba 241
aramaterialuri momsaxure-
ba 23
arasabazro momsaxureba 24
materialuri momsaxure-
ba 227
piradi momsaxureba 284
sabazro momsaxureba 309
socialuri momsaxureba 372
momsaxurebis bazari 241
momsaxurebis marketingis
saerTaSoriso modele-
bi 243
momsaxurebis sfero 243
monetarizmi 244
monopolia 246
monopolizacia 246
monopolisti 246
monopoliuri konkuren-
cia 246
monopoliuri konkurenci-
is Teoria 247
monopsonia 247
moraluri cveTa 247
mosalodneli inflaciis
done 247
mosalodneli mimdinare
diskontirebuli Rire-
buleba 247
mosaxleobis socialuri
dacva 248
moqmedebis lagi 248
moqnili valutis kursi 248
486
moqnili fasi 248 myidvelis bazari 255
moxalise eqspertTa saer- mcire biznesi 255
TaSoriso korpusi mcire privatizacia 258
( mesk) 248 `mcire qveynebi~ 258
moxmareba 249 mcuravi gacvliTi kur-
arakonkurentuli moxmare- si 258
ba 22 mwarmoebelTa fasebis
saboloo moxmareba 313 indeqsi 259
saxelmwifo moxmareba 358 mwarmoeblis fasi 259
Sualeduri moxmareba 435 mwarmoebluroba 259
mrewveloba 249 mwarmoeblurobis Teorie-
msoflio bazari 249 bi 259
msoflio banki 249
msoflio ekonomikuri nn
forumi 249
navTobis eqsportiori qvey-
msoflio meurneoba 250 nebis organizacia 260
msoflio savaluto sis- naturaluri meurneoba 260
tema 250
naRdi bazari 260
msoflio savaWro orga- nacionalizacia 260
nizacia 252
negocianti 260
msoflio fasi 252
nekroekonomika 260
`msxverplis~ norma 253
neoglobalizmi 261
mtacebluri, damangreveli
neokeinzianeloba 261
faswarmoqmna 253
neoklasikuri ekonomikuri
mtkice fasi 253 Teoria 262
mudmivi danaxarji 253 `neoklasikuri sinTezi~ 265
multi plikato r i 254
plikator neoliberalizmi 265
fuladi multi plikato- neto 266
ri 408 neto-balansi 266
multi plikato ruli ef
plikatoruli eq-
efeq- niu-iorkis safondo bir-
ti 254 Ja 266
munici palizacia 254 novacia 266
munici paliteti 254 nominaluri gacvliTi
 487
kursi 266 ormxrivi monopolia 270
nominaluri mTliani Sida oukenis kanoni 271
produqti 266 oferta 271
nominaluri fasi 266 oficialuri monetarizmis
nominaluri Rirebule- done 271
ba 267 ofSoruli biznesi 271
nominaluri `Ruza~ 267 ofSoruli zona 272
nominaluri cvladebi 267 ofSoruli kompania 273
nominaluri xelfasi 267 oqros bazari 275
norTi duglas sesil 267 oqros pariteti 275
normaluri mogeba 267 `oqros saukunis~ zrda 275
normaluri saqoneli 267 oqros tezavracia 275
normatiuli ekonomikuri
Teoria 267 p
p
`nou-hau~ 268
pablisiti 276
numizmati 268
pai 276
numizmatika 268
panama 276
o papava vladimeri 276
paralogizmi 279
obligacia 269 pareto-gaumjobeseba 279
konvertirebadi obliga- pareto vilfredo 279
cia 197
paretos optimumi 280
saSualovadiani obliga-
`parizis klubi~ 280
cia 355
pariteti 281
overdrafti 269
partnioroba 281
oligopolia 269
parcela 281
oligopsonia 269
pasivi 281
omologacia 269
pasiuri sagadasaxdelo
operatiuli lizingi 269
balansi 281
operaciebi Ria bazar-
pasiuri savaWro balan-
ze 270
si 281
opcioni 270
patenti 281
ormagi Sromis bazari 270
488
pat ernalizmi 281
paternalizmi preferencia 288
pauperi 282 privatizacia 289
pauSaluri Tanxa 282 mcire privatizacia 258
pensia 282 privilegiuri aqcia 289
peti uiliam 282 pr inci pali 289
princi
pigu artur 283 pr inci pi _ `vinc abin-
princi
pigus gadasaxadi 284 Zurebs, is ixdis~ 289
piki 284 prognozireba 289
pinta 284 programuli biujeti 289
piradi momsaxureba 284 progresiuli gadasaxadi 289
piradi Semosavali 284 produqti 289
pirdapiri gadasaxadi 284 produqcia 290
pirveladi bazari 285 produqciis gamoSveba 2 90
290
pirveli giravnobis sige- producenti 290
li 285 prolongacia 290
pirobiTi prognozi 285 promesa 290
plastikuri baraTi 285 prompti 290
plebisciti 285 proporciuli gadasaxa-
plebiscituri diqtatu- di 290
ra 285 proteqcionizmi 290
pozitivizmi 285 proficiti 290
pozitiuri ekonomikuri procenti 290
Teoria 285 rTuli procenti 302
polisi 285 procentis (sargeblis)
politikuri ekonomia 285 ganakveTi 291
posesia 287 procentis nominaluri
postindustriuli sazo- ganakveTi 291
gadoeba 287 procentis realuri ga-
potenciuri mep 288 nakveTi 291
potenciuri warmoebis
moculoba 288 J
J
prezentanti 288
prezentacia 288 Jenevis konferencia 292
preiskuranti 288 Jenevis raundi 2 92
292
 489
Jiranti 292 rezidenti 297
Jirati 292 reideri firma 297
Jiro 292 reiganomika 297
JiroangariSsworeba 292 reimporti 297
JiroCeki 292 rekambio 297
Jirocentrali 292 reketi 298
rekviziti 298
r reklama 298
ra, rogor, visTvis 293 rekonstruqciisa da gan-
viTarebis saerTaSori-
rantie 293
so banki 298
racionaluri molodinis
remarka 299
Teoria 293
remisia 299
racionaluri spekulaci-
uri `sapnis buSti~ 293 remitenti 299
realuri gacvliTi kur- renovacia 299
si 293 renta 299
realuri mTliani Sida rentabelobis norma 299
produqti 293 rentingi 299
realuri Semosavali 294 reparacia 300
realuri cvladebi 294 reporti 300
realuri xelfasi 294 reprivatizacia 300
registri 294 restanti 300
regionuli ekonomika 294 restitucia 300
regresi 295 restriqcia 300
regresiuli gadasaxa- restruqturizacia 300
di 295 resursebis wrebrunvis
reestri 295 modeli 301
reeqsporti 295 retrata 301
revalvacia 295 refaqcia 301
reversi 297 referendumi 301
revizia 297 referencia 301
revokacia 297 refinansireba 301
490
recepisa 301 sabanko krediti 310
recesia 301 sabanko likviduri saxs-
rTuli procenti 302 rebi 311
rikardo devid 302 sabanko rezervebi 311
rikardo-baros Teore- sabanko sesxi 311
ma 303 sabaJo TanamSromlobis
robinsoni joan 303 sabWo 311
rodi 303 sabaJo kavSiri 311
roialti 303 sabiTumo vaWroba 311
roloveluri krediti 303 sabiTumo fasi 312
` romis klubi~ 304 sabirJo saqoneli 312
rudi 304 sabiujeto-sagadasaxado
politika 312
ruzis efeqti 304
sabiujeto federaliz-
ruralizacia 304
mi 312
rutina 304
sabiujeto federalizmis
modelebi 312
s
sablanko indosamenti 313
saarsebo minimumi 305 saboloo moxmareba 313
saamortizacio anaricxebi saboloo produqti 313
305 sabrokero firma 313
sabaziso punqti 305 sabrunavi kapitali 313
sabaziso (amosavali) sagadasaxado ganakve-
fasi 305 Ti 313
sabazro ekonomika 306 sagadasaxado Semosava-
sabazro infrastruqtura li 313
308 sag adasaxdelo balan-
sabazro momsaxureba 309 si 313
sabazro fasi 310 sagadasaxdelo balansis
sabalanso angariSi 310 aqtiuri saldo 314
sabalanso mogeba 310 sagadasaxdelo balansis
sabalanso Rirebuleba 310 pasiuri saldo
(savaWro balansis
sabanko aqcepti 310
 491
deficiti) 315 savaluto anazRaure-
sagareo vali 315 ba 321
sagareo vaWroba 315 savaluto arbitraJi 321
sagareo vaWrobis balan- savaluto dempingi 321
si 315 savaluto intervencia 321
sagareo vaWrobis ekono- savaluto kliringi 321
mikuri efeqti 316 savaluto kontroli 322
sagareo vaWrobis poli- savaluto krediti 322
tika 316 savaluto operacia `svo-
sagiravno furceli 316 pi~ 322
sadazRvevo kompania 316 savaluto pozicia 322
sadepozito sertifika- savaluto rezervi 322
ti 317 savaluto riski 323
saemisio banki 318 savaluto salaro 323
saerTaSoriso angariS- savaluto sistema 323
sworebis banki 318 savaluto spekulacia 323
saerTaSoriso ekonomi- savaluto fari 323
kuri urTierTobebi 318
savaluto SezRudva 324
saerTaSoriso vaWroba 318
savaluto Sesworeba 325
saerTaSoriso krediti 318
savaWro balansi 325
saerTaSoriso savaluto
savaWro balansis dadebi-
fondi (ssf) 318
Ti saldo 325
saerTaSoriso sagadasax-
savaWro balansis defici-
delo sistema 320
ti 325
saerTaSoriso finansuri
savaWro barieri 325
korporacia 320
savaWro marka 325
`saerTo bazari~ 320
savaWro saxli 326
saeqsporto krediti 320
sazogadoebrivi danazo-
saeqsporto lizingi 320
gi 326
savaldebulo rezervebis
sazogadoebrivi mecniere-
norma (srn) 321
bebi 326
savaldebulo socialuri
sazogadoebrivi optimu-
dazRveva 321
mi 326
492
sazogadoebrivi sargeblo- dacva 339
ba ganaTlebisgan 327 saldo 339
sazogadoebrivi saqone- salicenzio sistema 340
li 327 samecniero-teqnikuri Ta-
sazogadoebrivi seqto- namSromloba 340
ri 329 samecniero-teqnikuri
sazogadoebrivi seqtoris progresi 340
ekonomika 329 samTomopovebiTi mrewve-
sazogadoebrivi seqtoris loba 340
ekonomikis mkvlevarTa samisamarTo sia 340
asociacia 333
samomxmareblo kalaTa 340
sazomTa metruli siste-
samomxmareblo kredi-
ma 334
ti 341
saTavo kompania 334
samomxmareblo fasebis
saTamaSo biznesi 334 indeqsi 341
saimporto inflacia 334 samomxmareblo xarjebi 341
sainvesticio banki 334 samoqalaqo sazogadoe-
sainvesticio kapita- ba 341
li 334 samrewvelo cikli 343
sainovacio banki 334 samuelsoni pol entoni 343
samuelsoni
sainformacio teqnolo- samuSao dro 345
giebi 334
samuSao drois saaTebis
sainformacio teqnolo- mTliani raodenoba 345
giebis dargis Rirebu- samuSao drois saaTebis
lebaTa jaWvi 336 saSualo raodenoba 345
sakvanZo kompetenturobis samuSao Zala 345
Teoria 337
samuSao Zalis wili
sakampensacio garigeba 338 (maCvenebeli) 345
sakredito baraTi 338 sanacia 346
sakredito fuli 338 sanqcia 346
sakuTreba 338 saprivatizacio Ceki 346
sakuTrebis ufleba 339 sargeblianobis Teoria 346
sakuTrebis uflebis sarezervo valuta 347

sarezervo norma 347
sareklamo saagento 347
sarisko kapitali 347
sasaqonlo niSani 348
sasaqonlo-materialuri
maragi 348
sasesxo kapitalis baza-
ri 348
sasoflo dasaxleba 348
sasoflo-sameurneo la-
gi 349
satransporto danaxar-
jebi 349
satransporto tvirTbara-
Ti 349
sauravi 349
safaqturo fasi 349
safirmo marka 349
safondo birJa 349
safraxto bazari 351
safraxto ganakveTi 351
safrontingo kompania 351
saqmiani aqtiurobis cik-
li 351
saqmiani TamaSi 351
saqoneli 351
mdare saqoneli 228
normaluri saqoneli 267
fizikuri saqoneli 399
Semavsebeli saqoneli 427
Semcvleli saqoneli 399
saqonlis bazari 351
saqonlis bazrebis gax-
493
sniloba 352
saqonlis birJa 352
saqonlis miwodebis saba-
ziso pirobebi 354
saqonlis xarisxi 354
saqonlis Strixuli ko-
di 354
saqonlisa da momsaxureb-
is balansi 354
sayovelTao wonasworo-
ba 354
saSemosavlo gadasaxa-
di 355
saSualo danaxarji 355
saSualovadiani obli-
gacia 355
sacalo vaWroba 355
sacalo fasi 355
sacnobaro fasi 356
sawarmo 356
sawarmoo Zalebi 356
sawesdebo kapitali 356
saxazino valdebulebe-
bi 357
saxazino obligacia 357
saxelmwifo biujeti 357
saxelmwifo dakveTa 358
saxelmwifo vali 358
saxelmwifo moxmareba 358
saxelmwifo obligacia 358
saxelmwifo regulire-
ba 359
saxelmwifo sagadasaxado
494
valdebuleba 359 saRiribis zRvari 367
saxelmwifo finansebi 359 siRar ibis kultur
siRaribis is hi po-
kulturis
saxelmwifo Sesyidva 359 Teza 367
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri smiTi adam 367
funqciebi 359 skonto 369
saxelmwifos likviduri smiTis Teorema 369
saxsrebi 360 solou robert 369
saxelmwifos fiasko 360 soflis meurneoba 370
saxelmwifos Semosavali softizacia 370
fulis beWdvisgan 360 socialuri dazRveva 370
saxelobiTi aqcia 360 socialuri diferenciaci-
sekvestri 361 is modelebi 370
senioraJi 361 socialuri indikatore-
servituti 361 bi 372
sertifikati 361 socialuri momsaxure-
sertifikacia 362 ba 372
sesxi 362 socialuri stratifikaci-
is Teoria 373
sesxebis repatriacia 363
spekulacia 373
seqtoruli ekonomika 363
spekulaciuri umuSevro-
svifti 363
ba 373
svopi 363
spensi maikl 374
svopingi 363
specializacia 374
sivrcobrivi koncentraci-
specializaciis koefici-
is koeficienti 363
enti 374
silagaZe avTandili 364
spoti 375
simdidre 366
spliti 375
simwifis etapi 366
spredi 375
sindikati 366
sruli dasaqmeba 375
sinqromarketingi 366
srulyofili konkuren-
siurveieri 366 cia 375
sif-i 366 stabilizaciis progra-
siRaribe 366 ma 376
 495
stabilizaciuri politi- ti 380
ka 376 tara 380
stabilizaciuri funq- tarifi 380
cia 377 tarifebisa da vaWrobis
stagnacia 377 Sesaxeb generaluri
stagflacia 377 SeTanxmeba 380
standarti 377 mso 381
statistika 377 tezavracia 381
sterlingi 377 tenderi 381
stigleri jorj 377 teqnikuri progresi 381
stividori 378 teqnologiuri dualizmi
stividoruli danaxar- 381
ji 378 teqnologiuri umuSevro-
storno 378 ba 381
struqturuli gardaqmneb- teqnoparki 381
is Teoria 378 `tvinebis gadineba~ 382
struqturuli umuSevro- todaros modeli 382
ba 378 tradiciuli ekonomika 383
subarenda 378 traibalizmi 383
subvencia 378 tranziti 383
subsidia 378 transaqcia 383
suvereniteti 379 transaqciuli xarjebi 383
surogati 379 transdorti 383
`swrafi startis~ efeq- transerovnuli (transna-
ti 379 cionaluri) korpora-
`sxva komunaluri, socia- cia 383
luri da `personaluri translacia 384
momsaxureba~ 379 transferi 384
transferuli fasi 384
t
t
transferuli Semosavle-
taim-Siti 380 bi 384
taim-Carteri 380 trasanti 385
tanzi-oliveras efeq- trasati 385
496
trata 385 universaluri fsiqolo-
traqtati 385 giuri kanoni ekonomika-
traqtacia 385 Si 388
treideri 385 unitarizmi 388
tresti 385 unitaruli saxelmwifo 388
turizmi 385 unifikacia 388
upatento licenzia 388
u upiratesobis miniWebis
likviduroba 389
uaryofiTi gadasaxadi 386
urbanizacia 389
uaryofiTi efeqtebis Sem-
cirebis xarjebi 386 utilizacia 389
uaryofiTi saSemosavlo ucxouri valuta 389
gadasaxadi 386 ucxouri investicia 389
`ubileTos~ problema 386
ukudempingi 386 f
f
umuSevroba 386
instituciuri umuSevroba faruli (implicituri)
171 danaxarji 390
spekulaciuri umuSevroba faruli ekonomika 390
373 faruli (CaxSobili)
struqturuli umuSevroba inflacia 390
377 faruli umuSevroba 390
teqnologiuri umuSevroba fasdakleba 390
381 fasebze kontroli 391
faruli umuSevroba 390 fasebis efeqti 391
friqciuli umuSevroba 407 fasebis indeqsi 391
cikluri umuSevroba 445 fasebis koreqtireba 391
CaxSobili umuSevroba 438 fasebis makrateli 391
umuSevrobis bunebrivi `fasebis revolucia~ 391
done 387
fasebis saerTo done 392
umuSevrobis bunebrivi
fasze wanamati 392
donis hi poTeza 387
fasi 392
umuSevrobis done 387
administraciuli fasi 13
unaRdo angariSsworeba 388
 497
gedonistikuri fasi 65 farva fiqsirebuli
`damamSvidebeli~ fasi 81 vadiT 393
zRvruli maqsimaluri fa- fasiani qaRaldebis arasa-
si 155 birJo bazari 393
zRvruli minimaluri fa- fasiani qaRaldebis baza-
si 155 ri 393
meryevi fasi 232 fasiani qaRaldebis de-
miznobrivi (saorientacio) pozitariumi 395
fasi 236 fasiani qaRaldebis kur-
miwodebis fasi 240 sis indeqsi 396
moTxovnis fasi 241 fasis (garigebis) valu-
ta 396
moqnili fasi 248
fasis efeqti 396
msoflio fasi 252
fasis mawonasworebeli
mtkice fasi 253
funqcia 396
mwarmoeblis fasi 259
fasismieri diskrimina-
nominaluri fasi 266
cia 396
sabaziso (amosavali) fa-
faswarmoqmna 397
si 305
faqtoringi 397
sabazro fasi 310
faqtor-kompania 398
sabiTumo fasi 312
faqtoruli Semosava-
safaqturo fasi 349
li 398
sacalo fasi 355
faqtura 398
sacnobaro fasi 355
fede raluri biujeti 398
federaluri
transferuli fasi 384
federaluri sarezervo
SevaWrebiTi fasi 426 sistema 398
wonasworobis fasi 451 fermeruli meurneoba 398
fasi sagareo-savaWro fiducialuri fuli 399
xelSekrulebebSi 392 fizikuri piri 399
fasi Semdgomi fiqsaci- fizikuri saqoneli 399
iT 392
fiziokratizmi 399
fas-i 393
fili psis mrudi 399
fasiani qaRaldebi 393
finansebi 400
fasiani qaRaldebis da-
498
finansuri kapitali 400 fritrederoba 406
finansuri lizingi 400 friqciuli umuSevroba 40 6
406
firma 400 friSi ragnar 407
firmis Teoria 400 fuladi agregati 407
firmis likviduri saxs- fuladi baza 407
rebi 400 fuladi multi plikato-
fiskaluri gadasaxadi 401 ri 408
fiskaluri politika 401 fuladi politika 408
fiuCeruli garigeba 401 fuladi reforma 408
fiqsireba 401 fuladi sistema 408
fiqsirebuli 401 fulad-sakredito poli-
fiqsirebuli gacvliTi tika 408
kursi 401 fulze erToblivi moTx-
fiqciuri kapitali 401 ovna 409
fiSeri irving 401 fulze realuri moTxov-
fiSeris gantoleba 402 na 409
fiSeris efeqti 403 fuli 409
flobadi Semosavali 403 sakredito fuli 338
fob-i 403 `cxeli fuli~ 445
forvardi 403 fuli 1 (M1) 409
forvarduli bazari 403 fuli 2 (M2) 410
forvarduli valutis fuli 3 (M3) 410
bazari 403 fuli 4 (M4) 410
forfeitingi 403 fulis brunvis siCqare 410
forfeitori 403 fulis endogenuri miwo-
franko 403 deba 410
franSiza 404 fulis erToblivi miwode-
franCaizeri 404 ba 410
franCaizingi 404 fulis Teoriebi 410
fraxti 404 fulis miwodebis reguli-
reba 416
fridmeni milTon 405
fulis msyidvelobiTi
`friraideris~ proble-
unari 416
ma 406
 499
fulis raodenobrivi Te-
oria 417 S
S
fulis funqciebi 418
fulis Rirebuleba 419 `Savi bazari~ 426
Sansi 426
q
q SantaJi 426
qaRaldis fuli 420 Sedareba 426
qoiava nikolozi 420 SevaWrebiTi fasi 426
qoneba 420 SezRuduli pasuxismgeblo-
qonebrivi ufleba 420 bis sazogadoeba (Sps) 426
qouzis Teorema 420 Semavsebeli saqoneli 427
`qreatiuli qseli~ 421 SemTxveviTi zarali 427
qrematistika 421 SemTxveviTi Semosavali 427
qronikuli inflacia 421 Semosavali 427
qsenofonti 421 arasagadasaxado Semosava-
li 26
R emisiuri Semosavali 129
mTliani Semosavali 235
Ria ekonomika 422
piradi Semosavali 284
Ria vaWroba 422
Ria sazogadoeba 422 realuri Semosavali 294
Rirebuleba 422 faqtoruli Semosavali 398
Rirebulebis paradoqsi 422 flobadi Semosavali 403
wminda Semosavali 451
y
> Semosavali mosaxleobis
erT sulze 427
yadaRa 424 Semosavlebis da xarjebis
yairaTianoba 424 nusxa 427
yidva-gayidvis kontraq- Semosavlis efeqti 427
ti 424
Semcvleli saqoneli 427
yvela saxis ekonomikuri
Sereuli ekonomika 427
saqmianobis saerTaSori-
so standartuli samrew- Sereuli saqoneli 428
velo klasifikacia 424 Sermanis kanoni 428
yidviTunarianoba 425 SefardebiTi mogeba 428
500
SefardebiTi upirateso- Sualeduri teqnologie-
ba 428 bi 435
SefardebiTi upiratesobis Suamavloba 436
Teoria 429 Sumpeteri iozef 436
Svilobili kompania 430
Sida eqsternaliebi 431 CC
Sida lagi 431
Caketili bazari 437
Sida danaxarjebi 431
Caketili ekonomika 437
Sinakeri 431
Canacvlebis efeqti 437
Sinameurneoba 431
CantlaZe vasili 437
Sinameurneobebis mier
Carteri 437
sakuTari moxmarebi-
sTvis warmoebuli Cartingi 437
produqcia da momsax- CaSenebuli stabilizato-
ureba 432 rebi 437
Si pCandler
pCandlerii 432 `CaxSobili~ umuSevroba 438
`Sokuri Terapia~ 432 Ceini 438
SromiTi Rirebulebis Ceki 438
Teoria 432 Cemberlini edvard 438
Sromis bazari 433 Cerningi 438
Sromis birJa 434 Cveulebrivi aqcia 438
Sromis danawileba 434 `Cikagos skola~ 439
Sromis mwarmoebluro- `Cinuri gza~ 439
ba 434 Ciqa va leo 440
Ciqava
Sromis saerTaSoriso da- Crdilovani ekonomika 442
nawileba 434
Sromis saerTaSoriso or- c
c
ganizacia 434
SromiTi resursebis bal- calmxrivi bazari 443
ansi 435 cedenti 443
Straikbrexeri 435 cenzi 443
Strix-kodi 435 centneri 443
Sualeduri moxmareba 435 centralizacia 443
Sualeduri produqti 435 centralizmi 443
 501
cent raluri banki 443
centraluri warmoebis dacemis udab-
cvalebadi danaxarji 445 lesi wertili 449
cikli 445 warmoebis diversifika-
cikluri meryeobis ampli- cia 450
tuda 445 warmoebis specializacia
cikluri umuSevroba 445 450
`cxeli fuli~ 445 warmoebis faqtorebi 450
cxovrebis done 446 warmoebis faqtorTa baz-
rebis gaxsniloba 450
cxovrebis donis indeq-
si 446 warmoebis wesi 450
cxovrebis Rirebulebis warmoebrivi funqcia 450
indeqsi 446 wminda gadasaxadi 450
cxovrebis indeqsis Rire- wminda diskontirebuli
buleba 446 Rirebuleba 450
wminda erovnuli danazo-
 
ZZ gi 450
wminda erovnuli produq-
`Zviri fulis~ politi- ti 451
ka 447 wminda erovnuli Semosa-
ZiriTadi kapitali (natu- vali 451
ralur gamoxatuleba- wminda eqsporti 451
Si) 448
wminda investicia 451
ZiriTadi kapitali (Ri-
wminda inkaso 451
rebulebiT gamoxatule-
wminda konkurencia 451
baSi) 448  
wminda mimoqcevis dana-
ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-
xarji 451
mareba 448
wminda mogeba 451
ZiriTadi momxmarebeli 448
wminda produqti 451
w
w wminda Semosavali 451
wonasworobis fasi 451
warmoeba 449
warmoebiTi urTierTobe- W
bi 449
warmoebis danaxarjebis Warbi miwodeba 452
Teoria 4 49
449 Warbi moTxovna 452
502
Warbi rezervebi 452 jevonsis `mzis laqebis~
Warbi sagadasaxado tvir- Teoria 458
Ti 452 jinis koeficienti 458
Warbi umuSevrobis wli- joberi 459
uri erTeuli 452
h
h
Warbwarmoeba 452
haieki fridrix avgust
x
x fon 460
hairingi 460
xazina 453 harodi roi fobs 460
xazinis Tamasuqi 453 hausholdis bloki 460
xangrZlivi sargeblobis hedonikuri Sefaseba 460
saqoneli 453
heilbroneri robert 461
`xari~ 453
hendi 461
`xarebis~ bazari 453
heterodoqsuli stabili-
xarisxis sertifikati 453
zacia 461
xarjebis inflacia 453
heqtari 461
xarjebisa da Sedegebis
hejireba 461
analizi 453
hiks jon riCard 462
xarjTaRricxva 454
hi per inflacia 462
perinflacia
`xafangis~ efeqti 454
`holandiuri daavadeba~ 462
xelfasi 455
holdingi 464
minimaluri xelfasi 220
  hotelingis wesi 465
nominaluri xelfasi 248
houtri ralf jorj 465
realuri xelfasi 274
xelfasis Teoria 455
xelfasis indeqsacia 456
xelfasi-fasis spirali 456
xelSekruleba 457
xelSeuxebeli kapitali 457

j
j
jarima 458
jevonsi uiliam 458

msoflios qveynebis reitingi
adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis mixedviT (2011)1
adamianis gganviTarebis
anviTarebis Zalian maRali indeqsis
mqone qveynebi
1. norveg
norvegia ia (Norway)
2. avstralia (Australia)
3. niderlandi (Netherlands)
4. aSS (USA)
5. axali zelandia (New
Zealand)
6. kanada (Canada)
7. irlandia (Ireland)
8. lixtenSteini (Liechten-
stein)
9. germania (Germany)
10. SvedeTi (Sweden)
11. Sveicaria (Switzerland)
12. iaponia (Japan)
13. hon kong
kongii ( CineTis Semadg.
honkong Semadg.))
(Hong Kong, China (SAR))
14. islandia (Iceland)
15. samxreTi korea (South Korea)
16. dania (Denmark)
17. israeli (Israel)
18. belg
belgiaia (Belgium)
19. avstria (Austria)
20. safrangeTi (France)
21. slovenia (Slovenia)
22. fineTi (Finland)
23. espaneTi (Spain)
24. italia (Italy)
1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
List_of_Countries_by_Human_Development_Index#Very_high_human_development
503
25. luqsemburg
luqsemburgii (Luxemburg)
26. sing apuri (Singapore)
singapuri
27. CexeTis respubli ka
respublika
(Czech Republic)
28. gaerTianebuli samefo
(United Kingdom)
29. saberZneTi (Greece)
30. arabeTis ggaerTianebuli
aerTianebuli
saamiroebi (United Arab
Emirates)
31. kviprosi (Cyprus)
32. andora (Andorra)
33. brunei (Brunei Darussalam)
34. estoneTi (Estonia)
35. slova keTi (Slovakia)
slovakeTi
36. malta (Malta)
37. yatari (Qatar)
38. ung reTi (Hungary)
ungreTi
39. poloneTi (Poland)
40. litva (Lithuania)
41. portugalia (Portugal)
portugalia
42. bahreini (Bahrain)
43. latvia (Latvia)
44. Cile (Chile)
45. argentina (Argentina)
46. xorvatia (Croatia)
47. barbadosi (Barbados)
504
adamianis gganviTarebis
anviTarebis maRali indeqsis
mqone qveynebi
48. urugvai (Uruguay)
49. palau (Palau)
50. rumineTi (Romania)
51. kuba (Cuba)
52. seiSelis kunZulebi
seiSelis
(Seychelles)
53. bahamis kunZulebi (Bahamas)
54. montenegro (Montenegro)
montenegro
55. bulgareTi (Bulgaria)
bulgareTi
56. saudis arabeTi (Saudi
Arabia)
57. meqsika (Mexico)
meqsika
58. panama (Panama)
59. serbeTi (Serbia)
60. antigua da barbuda
antigua
(Antiqua and Barbuda)
61. malai
malaizia
zia (Malaysia)
62. trinidadi da tobago
(Trinidad and Tobago)
63. quveiTi (Kuwait)
64. libia (Libya)
65. belarusi (Belarus)
66. ruseTis federacia
(Russian Federation)
67. grenada (Grenada)
68. yazaxeTi (Kazakhstan)
yazaxeTi
69. kosta rika (Costa Rica)
rika
70. albaneTi (Albania)
71. libani (Lebanon))
72. sent kits da nevisi
(Saint Kitts and Nevis)
73. venesuela (Venezuela)
74. bosnia da hercegovina
(Bosnia and Herzegovina)
75. saqarTvelo (Georgia)
76. ukraina (Ukraine)
77. maldivis respubli ka
respublika
(Mauritius)
78. makedonia (Macedonia)
makedonia
79. iamaika (Jamaica)
iamaika
80. peru (Peru)
81. dominika (Dominica)
dominika
82. sent lusia (Saint Lucia)
83. ekvadori (Ecuador)
84. brazilia (Brazil)
brazilia
85. sent-vinsent da ggrenadinebi
renadinebi
(Saint Vincebt and the Grena-
dines)
86. somxeTi (Armenia)
87. kolumbia (Colombia)
88. irani (Iran, Islamic Republic of)
89. omani (Oman)
90. tong
tongaa (Tonga)
91. azerbaijani (Azerbaijan)
92. TurqeTi (Turkey)
93. belizi (Belize)
belizi
94. tunisi (Tunisia)

adamianis gganviTarebis
anviTarebis
saSualo indeqsis mqone qveynebi
saSualo
95. iordania (Jordan)
96. alJiri (Algeria)
97. Sri lanka (Sri Lanka)
lanka
98. domini kelTa respubli
dominikelTa ka
respublika
(Dominican Republic)
99. samoa (Samoa)
100. fiji (Fiji)
101. CineTi (China)
102. TurqmeneTi (Turkmenistan)
103. tailandi (Thailand)
104. surinami (Suriname)
105. salvadori (El Salvador)
106. gaboni (Gabon)
107. paragvai (Paraguay)
108. bolivia (Bolivia)
109. maldivis kunZulebi
(Maldives)
110. monRoleTi (Mongolia)
111. moldova (Moldova)
112. filipinebi (Philippines)
113. egvipte (Egypt)
114. palestina (Palestinian
Territories)
115. uzbekeTi (Uzbekistan)
116. mikronesia (Micronesia,
mikronesia
Federated States of)
117. gaiana (Guyana)
505
118. botsvana (Botswana)
119. siria (Syrian Arab Republic)
120. namibia (Namibia)
121. hondurasi (Honduras)
122. kiribati (Kiribati)
123. samxreTi afrika (South
afrika
Africa)
124. indonezia (Indonesia)
indonezia
125. vanua tu (Vanutu)
vanuatu
126. yirg
yirgiizeTi (Kyrgyzstan)
127. taji keTi (Tajikistan)
jikeTi
taji
128. vietnami (Viet Nam)
129. nikarag
nikaragua (Nicaragua)
karagua
130. maroko (Morocco)
maroko
131. gvatemala (Guatemala)
132. erayi (Iraq)
133. kabe-verde (Cape Verde)
134. indoeTi (India)
135. gana (Ghana)
136. ekvatoruli gvinea
(Equatorial Guinea)
137. kongo (Congo)
138. laosi (Laos)
139. kamboja (Cambodia)
140. svazilendi (Swaziland)
svazilendi
141. butani (Bhutan)
506
adamianis gganviTarebis
anviTarebis
dabali indeqsis mqone qveynebi
142. solomonis kunZulebi
(Solomon Islands)
143. kenia (Kenya)
144. sautoma da pren-sipa
(São Tome and Principe)
145. pakistani (Pakistan)
pakistani
146. banglade
bangladeSi (Bangladesh)
ladeSi
147
147.. timor-leste (Timor-Leste)
148. angola (Angola)
149. mianmari (Myanmar)
150. kameruni (Cameroon)
151. madagas
madagaskari (Madagascar)
askari
152. tan zania (Tanzania)
tanzania
153. papua-axali gvinea
(Papua New Guinea)
154. iemeni (Yemen)
155. senegali (Senegal)
senegali
156. nigeria ( Nigeria)
157. nepali (Nepal)
158. haiti (Haiti)
159. mavritania (Mauritania)
160. lesoto (Lesotho)
161. uganda (Uganda)
uganda
162. togo (Togo)
163. komorosi (Comoros)
164. zambia (Zambia)
165. jibuti (Djibouti)
166. ruanda (Rwanda)
167. benini (Benin)
168. gambia (Gambia)
169. sudani (Sudan)
170. kot-d ivuari ( spilos
kot-d’ivuari
Zvlis sanapiro
sanapiro))
(Côte d’Ivoire)
171. malavi (Malawi)
172. avRaneTi (Afganistan)
173. zimbabve (Zimbabwe)
174. eTiopia (Ethiopia)
175. mali (Mali)
176. gvinea-bisau (Guinea-
Bissau)
177. eriTrea (Eritrea)
178. gvinea (Guinea)
179. centraluri afri kis
afrikis
respubli
respublikaka (Central African
Republic)
180. siera leone (Sierra Leone)
181. burkina faso (Burkina Faso)
burkina
182. liberia (Liberia)
183. Cadi (Chad)
184. mozambi
mozambiki (Mozambique)
zambiki
185. burundi (Burundi)
186. nigeri ( Niger))
187. kongos demo kra
demokra tiuli
kratiuli
respubli
respublikaka (Congo, Demo-
cratic Republic of the)
 507
qveynebisa da teritoriebis anbanuri
CamonaTvali valutebisa da kodebis CvenebiT*
qveynis an valutis kodi
qveynis teritoriis valutis
kodi Semookk l e b u l i dasaxeleba cifru-
asoiTi li
dasaxeleba
036 avstralia avstraliuri dolari AUD 036
040 avstria evro EUR 978
004 avRaneTi avRani AFN 971
031 azerbaijani az e r b a i j a n u l i m a n a T i AZM 031
008 albaneTi leki ALL 008
012 alJiri alJiruli dinari DZD 012
016 amerikis samoa aS S d o l a r i USD 840
024 angola kvanza AOA 973
660 angilia aRmosavleT karibuli
dolari XCD 951
020 andora evro EUR 978
028 antigua-
- barbuda aRmosavleT karibuli
dolari XCD 951
784 arabTa gaerTianebuli
emiratebi dirhemi AED 784
032 argentina argentinuli p e s o ARS 032
533 aruba a r u b u l i gu l d e n i AWG 533
554 axali zelandia axal zelandiuri dolari
axalzelandiuri NZD 554
540 axali kaledonia fran
franki ki CFP XPF 953
050 bangladeSi t aakk a BDT 050
052 barbadosi barbadosuli dolari BBD 052
044 bahamebi bahamuri dolari BSD 044
048 bahreini bahreinuli dinari BHD 048
112 belorusia belorusuli rubli BYR 112
056 belgia evro EUR 978
084 belizi b e l iizzuri dolari BZD 084
204 benini fran
franki ki CFA BCEAO XOF 952
060 bermuda birmuduli dolari BMD 060
068 bolivia boliviano BOB 068
070 bosnia-
- herw
w ogovina konvertirebadi mar rkk a BAM 977
072 botsvana fula BWP 072
076 brazilia b r aaz
ziliuri reali BRL 986
086 britaneTis teritoria
indoeTis okeaneSi aS S d o l a r i USD 840
096 brunei bruneis dolari BND 096
100 bulgareTi levi BGN 975
074 buve n o r v e ggii u l i k r o n a NOK 578
854 burkina-
- faso fran
franki ki CFA BCEAO XOF 952

*valutebis klasifikatori. oficialuri gamocema. saqarTvelos standar-

tizaciis, metrologiisa da sertifikaciis saxelmwifo departamenti. Tb.,
2004.
508
valutis kodi
qveynis qveynis an terito- valutis
k o d i riis Semo klebuli
Semoklebuli
dasaxeleba
cifru-
dasaxeleba asoiTi li
108 burundi b u r u n d u l i f r a nnkk i BIF 108
064 butani n ggu
ultrumi BTN 064
induri rupi INR 356
266 gaboni fran
franki ki CFA BCEAO XAF 950
826 gaerTianebuli samefo g i r v a n q a s t e r l i n ggii GBP 826
328 gaiana ga i a n u r i d o l a r i GYD 328
270 gambia dalasi GMD 270
288 gana sedi GHC 288
276 germania evro EUR 978
312 gvadelupa evro EUR 978
320 gvatemala qveTsali GTQ 320
324 gvinea g v i n e u r i f r a nnkk i GNF 324
624 gvinea-
- bisau gvinea-bisaus peso GWP 624
fran
franki ki CFA BCEAO XOF 952
292 gibraltari gi b r a l t a r u l i f u n t i GIP 292
308 grenada aRmosavleT karibuli
dolari XCD 951
304 grenlandia daniuri krona DKK 208
316 guami aS S d o l a r i USD 840
208 dania daniuri krona DKK 208
732 dasavleTi sahara maro okk o u l i d i r h e m i MAD 504
212 dominika aRmosavleT karibuli
dolari XCD 951
214 dominikelTa respublika domini
dominikanurikanuri p e s o DOP 214
818 egvipte egvipturi funti EGP 818
231 eTiopia eTiopiuri b i r i ETB 230
218 ekvadori aS S d o l a r i USD 840
226 ekvatoruli gvinea fran
franki ki CFA BEAC XAF 950
368 erayi erayuli dinari IQD 368
232 eritrea n aakk f a ERN 232
724 espaneTi evro EUR 978
233 estoneTi kroni EEK 233
548 vanuatu vatu VUV 548
336 vatikani evro EUR 978
862 venesuela bolivari VEB 862
704 vietnami d o n ggii VND 704
850 virjiniis kunZulebi^^ aSS aS S d o l a r i USD 840
092 virjiniis kunZulebi^^
britaneTi aS S d o l a r i USD 840
894 zambia kvaCa ZMK 894
716 zimbabve zimbabvis dolari ZWD 716
796 Terqs-
- qaiqosis kunZulebi aS S d o l a r i USD 840
792 TurqeTi Turquli lira TRL 792
795 TurqmeneTi manaTi TMM 795
388 iamaika i a m a iikk u r i d o l a r i JMD 388
392 iaponia ieni JPY 392
887 iemeni iemenis reali YER 886
 509
valutis kodi
qveynis an terito-
qveynis riis Semo klebuli
Semoklebuli valutis
kodi dasaxeleba dasaxeleba asoiTi cifru-
li
356 indoeTi induri rupi INR 356
360 indonezia indone
indoneziuriziuri rupi IDR 360
400 iordania iordanuli dinari JOD 400
364 irani iranuli riali IRR 364
372 irlandia evro EUR 978
352 islandia islandiuri krona ISK 352
376 israeli axali israeluri Sekeli ILS 376
380 italia evro EUR 978
132 kaboverde k a b o v e r d e s e sskk u d o CVE 132
136 kaimanis kunZulebi kaimanis kunZ.-is dolari KYD 136
116 kamboja rieli KHR 116
120 kameruni fran
franki ki CFA BEAC XAF 950
124 kanada kanaduri dolari CAD 124
404 kenia k e n i u r i S i l i n ggii KES 404
196 kviprosi kviprosuli fun ti CYP 196
296 kiribati avstraliuri dolari AUD 036
170 kolumbia kolumbiuri peso COP 170
174 komorebi k o m o r e b i s f r a nnkk i KMF 174
178 kongo fran
franki ki CFA BEAC XAF 950
180 kongos demokratiuli
respublika k o n g o s f r a nnkk i CDF 976
410 korea voni KRW 410
408 koreis saxalxo demokra-
tiuli resp&& Crdilo-koreuli voni KPW 408
188 kosta-
- rika k o s t a r iikk u l i k o l o n i CRC 188
384 kot-
- d’ivuari fran
franki ki CFA BEAC XOF 952
192 kuba kuburi p e s o CUP 192
184 kukis kunZulebi axal zelandiuri dolari
axalzelandiuri NZD 554
833 kunZuli meni gi r v a n q a s t e r l i n ggii GBP 826
418 laosi kipi LAK 418
428 latvia latviuri lati LVL 428
426 lesoTo loti LSL 426
rendi ZAR 710
422 libani l i b a n u r i f un ti LBP 422
430 liberia liberiuli dolari LRD 430
434 libia libiuri dinari LYD 434
440 litva litvuri liti LTL 440
438 lixtenStaini S v e i c a r i u l i f r a nnkk i CHF 756
442 luqsemburgi evro EUR 978
450 madagaskari m a l a ggaa s i u r i f r a nnkk i MGF 450
480 mavriki m a v r iikk i u l i r u p i MUR 480
478 mavritania u ggii a MRO 478
446 makau p a t aakk a MOP 446
807 makedonia dinari MKD 807
454 malavi kvaCa MWK 454
458 malaizia m a l a iiz z i u r i r i n ggii t i MYR 458
510
valutis
qveynis qveynis an terito- valutis
kodi
k o d i riis Semo klebuli
Semoklebuli
dasaxeleba cifru-
dasaxeleba asoiTi l i

462 maldivebi rufia MVR 462

466 mali fran
franki ki CFA BCEAO XOF 952
470 malta malturi lira MTL 470
504 maroko maro okk o u l i d i r h e m i MAD 504
474 martinika evro EUR 978
584 marSalis kunZulebi aS S d o l a r i USD 840
175 meioti evro EUR 978
484 meqsika m e q s iikk u r i p e s o MXN 484
104 mianma kiati MMK 104
583 mikronezia aS S d o l a r i USD 840
508 mozambiki m e t iikk a l i MZM 508
498 moldaveTi moldovuri lei MDL 498
492 monako evro EUR 978
496 monRoleTi t u ggr r iikk i MNT 496
500 monserati aRmosavleT karibuli
dolari XCD 951
516 namibia rendi ZAR 710
namibiuri dolari NAD 516
520 nauru avstraliuri dolari AUD 036
524 nepali nepalis rupi NPR 524
562 nigeri fran
franki ki CFA BCEAO XOF 952
566 nigeria naira NGN 566
528 niderlandi evro EUR 978
530 niderlandis antilebi a n t i l i u r i gu l d e n i ANG 532
558 nikaragua kordoba oro NIO 558
570 niue axal zelandiuri dolari
axalzelandiuri NZD 554
578 norvegia n o r v e ggii u l i k r o n a NOK 578
574 norfolki avstraliuri dolari AUD 036
512 omani omanis riali OMR 512
586 pakistani pa kistanuri rupia
pakistanuri PKR 586
585 palau aS S d o l a r i USD 840
591 panama aS S d o l a r i USD 840
598 papua-
- axali gvinea kina PGK 598
600 paragvai gvarani PYG 600
604 peru axali soli PEN 604
612 pitkerni axal zelandiuri dolari
axalzelandiuri NZD 554
616 poloneTi zloti PLN 985
620 portugalia evro EUR 978
630 puerto-
- riko aS S d o l a r i USD 840
638 rieunioni evro EUR 978
646 ruanda r u a n d i s f r a nnkk i RWF 646
642 rumineTi lei ROL 642
643 ruseTi rusuli rubli RUB 643
300 saberZneTi evro EUR 978
222 salvadori salvadoruli koloni SVC 222
aS S d o l a r i USD 840
 511
qveynis an valutis
qveynis teritoriis kodi
valutis
kodi Semookk l e b u l i dasaxeleba cifru-
dasaxeleba asoiTi l i

882 samoa tala WST 882

710 samxreTi afrika rendi ZAR 710
239 samxreTi jorjia -
samxreT sendviCis kunZulebi g i r v a n q a s t e r l i n ggii GBP 826
674 sanmarino evro EUR 978
678 sautoma-
- presnipa dobra STD 678
682 saudis arabeTi sauduri riali SAR 682
250 safrangeTi evro EUR 978
254 safrangeTis gviana evro EUR 978
260 safrangeTis samxreTi
teritoriebi evro EUR 978
258 safrangeTis polinezia fran
franki ki CFP XPF 953
268 saqarTvelo lari GEL 981
690 seiSelebi sei Selis rupi
seiSelis SCR 690
686 senegali fran
franki ki CFA BCEAO XOF 952
654 sentelena s e n t e l e n i s fun ti SHP 654
670 sentvinsent-
- grenadinebi aRmosavleT karibuli
dolari XCD 951
659 sentkits-
- nevisi aRmosavleT karibuli
dolari XCD 951
662 sentlusia aRmosavleT karibuli
dolari XCD 951
666 senpier-
- mikeloni evro EUR 978
891 serbia-
- montenegro serbiuli dinari CSD 891
748 svazilendi lilangeni SZL 748
744 svalbard-
- ianmaieni n o r v e ggii u l i k r o n a NOK 578
694 siera-
- leone leone SLL 694
702 singapuri s i n ggaa p u r i s d o l a r i SGD 702
760 siria siriuli funti SYP 760
703 slovakeTi s l o v aakk u r i k r o n a SKK 703
705 slovenia tolari SIT 705
090 solomonis kunZulebi solomonis kunZulebis
dolari SBD 090
706 somali s o m a l i u r i S i l i n ggii SOS 706
051 somxeTi somxuri drami AMD 051
736 sudani sudanuri dinari SDD 736
740 surinami s u r i n a m u l i gu l d e n i SRG 740
158 taivani axali taivanuri dolari TWD 901
764 tailandi bati THB 764
834 tanzania tan zaniuri Siling Silingii TZS 834
762 tajikeTi somoni TJS 972
626 timor-
- leste aS S d o l a r i USD 840
768 togo fran
franki ki CFA BCEAO XOF 952
772 tokelau axal zelandiuri dolari
axalzelandiuri NZD 554
776 tonga p a a n ggaa TOP 776
780 trinidad-
- tobago trinidad-tobagos dolari TTD 780
512
qveynis an valutis
qveynis teritoriis valutis kodi
kodi Semookk l e b u l i dasaxeleba
asoiTi cifru-
dasaxeleba li
798 tuvalu avstraliuri dolari AUD 036
788 tunisi tunisuri d i n a r i TND 788
800 uganda ug
ugaa n d u r i S i l i n ggii UGX 800
860 uzbekeTi uz b e k u r i s u m i UZS 860
804 ukraina gr i v n a UAH 980
348 ungreTi forinti HUF 348
876 uolis-
- futuna fran
franki ki CFP XPF 953
858 urugvai urugvais p e s o UYP 858
234 fareris kunZulebi daniuri krona DKK 208
608 filipinebi filipinuri peso PHP 608
246 fineTi evro EUR 978
242 fiji fijis dolari FJD 242
238 foklendis (malvinis)) fo
okk l e n d i s k u n Z u l e b i s
kunZulebi funti FKP 238
166 qoqosis ( kilingis))
kunZulebi avstraliuri dolari AUD 036
162 qristmasi avstraliuri dolari AUD 036
414 quveiTi quveiTuri dinari KWD 414
398 yazaxeTi tenge KZT 398
634 yatari yataris riali QAR 634
417 yirgizeTi somi KGS 417
840 SeerTebuli Statebi aS S d o l a r i USD 840
581 SeerTebuli Statebis
Sorsmdebare mw
w ire
kunZulebi aS S d o l a r i USD 840
752 SvedeTi Sveduri krona SEK 752
756 Sveiw
w aria S v e i c a r i u l i f r a nnkk i CHF 756
144 Sri-
- lanka Srilan
Srilankk u r i rupi LKR 144
148 Cadi fran
franki ki CFA BEAC XAF 950
203 CexeTi Cexuri koruna CZK 203
152 Cile Ciles peso CLP 152
156 CineTi iuanrenminbi CNY 156
580 CrdiloeT marianis
kunZulebi aS S d o l a r i USD 840
140 w entraluri afrikis
respublika franki
fran ki CFA BEAC XAF 950
191 xorvatia kuna HRK 191
262 jibuti j i b u t i s f r a nnkk i DJF 262
332 haiti aS S d o l a r i USD 840
334 herd-
- makdonaldis kun-
-
Zulebi avstraliuri dolari AUD 036
340 hondurasi lempira HNL 340
344 honkongi (CineTis Sem&)
&) h o nnkk o n ggu
uri dolari HKD 344
 513

Sinaarsi
recenziis magier ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
3
winasityvaoba ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
5
leqsikonSi gamoyenebuli abreviaturebi ○ ○ ○ ○
7
qarTuli anbani ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
8
a ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
9
b ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
41
g ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
54
d ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
80
e ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
96
v ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
143
z ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
153
T ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
157
i ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
162
k ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 179
l ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
207
m ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
214
n ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
260
o ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
269
p ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 276
J ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
292
r ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 293
s ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
305
t ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
380
u ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
386
f ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
390
q ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
419
R ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
422
y ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
424
514
S ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
426
C ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
437
c ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
443
Z ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
447
w ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
449
W ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 452
x ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 453
j ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
458
h ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 460
leqsikonis statiaTa anbanur-Tematuri sa-
Ziebeli ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
466
msoflios qveynebis reitingi adamianis gan-
viTarebis indeqsis mixedviT ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 503
qveynebisa da teritoriebis anbanuri Camo
Camo--
naTvali valutebisa da kodebis CvenebiT ○ ○ ○
507
 Rozeta Asatiani

ENCYCLOPAEDIC
DICTIONARY
OF MODERN ECONOMY
(in Georgian Language)
Publishing Company "Siakhle"
Tbilisi 2012

sabeWdi qaRaldi 60X92 1/16;

saaRricxvo-sagamomcemlo Tabaxi 35,00.

gamomcemloba `siaxle~, Tbilisi 0162, yifSiZis q. 10.

tel.: 599530487^ E-mail: siakhle@gmail.com