Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
(7 marks)
The parameters involved while considering the AC regulators are described below:
RMS Output (Load) Voltage: The rms value of the output voltage is termed as the
‘RMS output voltage’.
1
n
2
2
VO RMS 0 V 2
sin t 2
.d t
2 n m
m
Vm n
VO RMS V k VS k
2 m n i RMS
tON tON nT n
k
TO tON tOFF nT mT n m
Where = duty cycle (d).
Duty Cycle: Duty cycle is the proportion of time during which the device is operated.
tON tON nT
k
TO tON tOFF m n T
n
k
Where, m n = duty cycle (d).
PO I O2 RMS RL
Input Power Factor: The ratio of the output (load) power to the input power is called
the input power factor.
By definition,
I O2 RMS RL
PF
Vi RMS I in RMS I S I in RMS
; RMS input supply current.
n
PF k
mn
IT Avg
W av e fAverage
o r m o f T Current
h y r i s t o r Cofu rThyristor
ren t : It the forward on state current required to
iT control the power loss in a thyristor.
m
n
Im
0 2 3 t
n
I m sin t.d t
2 m n 0
IT Avg
By definition,
nI m
sin t.d t
2 m n 0
IT Avg
nI m
IT Avg cos t
2 m n 0
nI m
IT Avg cos cos 0
2 m n
nI m
IT Avg 1 1
2 m n
n
IT Avg 2Im
2 m n
Imn k .I
IT Avg m
m n
tON n Vm
k duty cycle Im
Where tON tOFF n m and RL = maximum or
peak thyristor current.
IT RMS
RMS Current of Thyristor :
1
n
2
1
nI m2
2
IT RMS sin 2
t .d t
2 n m 0
1
nI m2
1 cos 2 t d 2
IT RMS t
2 n m 0
2
1
nI m2
2
IT RMS t
4 n m 0 2 0
1
nI m2 sin 2 sin 0
2
IT RMS 0
4 n m 2
1
nI m2 2
IT RMS 0 0
4 n m
1 1
nI m2 2
nI m2 2
IT RMS
4 n m 4 n m
Im n I
IT RMS m k
2 m n 2
Im
IT RMS k
2
REFERENCE:
Q. Draw a neat diagram of a step down chopper and explain its principle in detail.
(8 marks)
A. A chopper is a static device that converts fixed dc input voltage to a variable dc output
voltage directly. It is an on/off switch that connects and disconnects the dc supply to the load
at a very fast rate. There are basically two kinds of chopper circuits:
1. Step-up Choppers
2. Step-down Choppers
Basic Principle:
The figure shows a basic dc-dc converter with its output voltage waveform. When the switch
S is closed, the supply voltage appears across and when it is open, the load is disconnected
from the supply. Thus, the average dc output voltage is controlled by controlling the switch-
on period and switch-off period.
A buck converter operates in continuous mode if the current through the inductor (IL) never
falls to zero during the commutation cycle. In this mode, the operating principle is described
below:
With VL equal to Vi − Vo during the on-state and to − Vo during the off-state. Therefore, the
increase in current during the on-state is given by:
If we assume that the converter operates in steady state, the energy stored in each component
at the end of a commutation cycle T is equal to that at the beginning of the cycle. That means
that the current IL is the same at t=0 and at t=T (see figure 4). Therefore,
REFERENCE: