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Chrlstos Christodoulou
Naftall (lull) Herscovlcl Department of Electrical and
AnTeg Computer Engineering
52 Agnes Drive University of New Mexico
Frominghom. MA 01901 USA Albuquerque, NM 87131-1356 USA
+ I (508) 788-5152 +1 (505) 277-6580
+ I (508) 788-6226 (Fax) + I (505)277-1439 (Fox)
tuli@ieee.org(e-mall) chrlstos@eece.unm.edu(e-moil)
Abstract
During the past few years, research covering propagation, channel characterization, and wireless system performance has
yield a substantial knowledge of the 60 GHz channel. The unlicensed 60 GHz frequency band presents many attractive prop-
erties for wireless communications. This paper addresses some wideband propagation characteristics for broadband wireless
LANs (BWLANs). Important system-design characteristics, from measured resuits obtained from two wideband 60 GHz LOS
radio links, are presented. Measurements were undertaken using the swept-frequency channel-sounding method. Analysis
from the complex frequency responses in a worst-case scenario has yielded a lower-coherence-bandwidth value of 5 MHz.
Minimum and maximum coherence bandwidths, obtained with a directional-horn transmitting antenna and an omnidirec-
tional receiving antenna, were 1.10 MHz and 105.33 MHz, respectively. It was observed that the coherence bandwidth fluctu-
ated significantly with the location of the receiver with respect to the base station. These results can be used for the modeling
and design of future BWLANs.
Keywords: Local area networks; broadband communications; land mobile radio data communication; millimeter wave
propagation: millimeter wave communication; communication channels; land mobile radio propagation factors: millimeter wave
measurements; multimedia communication
IEEE Antennosond Propogotlon Mogozine. Vol. 45, No. I , February 2003 177
the procedure used for the experiments. The last section presents converted (mixed) to a 62.4 GHz carrier, prior to transmission. The
the concluding remarks and future work. phase-locked oscillator (PLO) can be either synthesized from a
I00 MHz intemal oven-controlled crystal, or from an extemal ref-
erence. The up-converter has an IF bandwidth from dc to 6 GHz,
and can also be used as a modulator. The output of the up-
2. Services, Applications and converter consists of two sidebands at a level approximately 6-
Characteristics of 7 dB below the swept-IF signal level. The upper sideband, with
frequencies between 63.4 GHz and 64.4 GHz, is passed through a
Broadband Wireless Systems filter. The bandpass filter, with pass-hand specified at 63.4 GHz
and 65.4 GHz, also suppresses the lower sideband between
The system concepts of a WLAN (wide-area local network), 60.4 GHz and 61.4 GHz.
such as HIPERLAN, and of a broadband cellular system, such as a
BWLAN, are different: they are directed toward services and
applications that differ in many aspects. A comparison of several
systems conceming two of the key features (mobility and data rate)
is shown in Figure 1 [3], where it is clear that no overlap exists
between the two approaches. The differences are more salient
when other parameters are compared (Table 1 [3]).
3.1 Transmitter
Roquiwd Dah Rate
Figure 2 shows the block diagram of this system [14]. At the
transmitter, the synthesized output of a vector network analyzer Figure 1. A comparison of mobility and data rates for several
( V N A HP8714C) is step-swept between 1-2 GHz. This is then up- systems.
HIPERLAN BWLAN
Public and private system
LANs Mobile and wireless extension to or
replacement of fixed B-ISDN
computer Indoor and outdoor, all IBC services and
ServicesiData Rates
for asynchronous services 64 kbis up to 150 Mbis
2.048 Mhis for time-hounded services
Communication Connectionless, Connectionless and connection-oriented
Infrastructure No, only HIPERLAN nodes with functions Yes, cellular system consisting of mobile
for transmittins: and receiving, and stations, base stations comprising
optionally for forwarding, bridging, and transceivers, controller, and interworking
intemetworkin:: units
Configurations Standalone, ad.-hoc networking, integration Stand-alone, integration with B-ISDN,
or MAC-level bridging with other LANs, interworking with other networks
intemetworkinRwith other networks
Mobility Upto36k" Up to 100 kmih
Coveraee Locallv "unlimited" due to forwardine of "Unlimited" due to cellular infrastructure
1 1
I I
3.2 Receiver
At the receiver, a 62.4 GHz phase-locked oscillator is synthe-
sized from the same 100 MHz oven-controlled crystal by connect-
ing a 50 m Sucoflex flexible coaxial cable (very low loss: 0.23-
0.73 dBIm) from the transmitter to the receiver. The 1-2 GHz sig- Figure 4a. The lecture room 60 GHz broadband wireless LAN
nal is coherently detected, amplified by an LNA (low-noise ampli- environment.
fier), with bandwidth of 900-2000 MHz and 32 dB gain. It then is
fed hack through a second 50 m Sucoflex flexible coaxial cable to
the receiving port of the vector network analyzer, to measure the
channel's transfer function. The channel-sounding system was
calibrated in an anechoic chamber.
3.3 Antennas
IEEE Antennas and Pfopagation Magozine. Vol. 45. NO. I , February 2003 I79
Table 2. The statistics of the coherence-bandwidth function for
the 0.9 correlation level for the corridor and the room, for the
cases investigated.
~
lions along the center line of the corridor, thus varying its position
" . .
from the transmitter. Both the transmitting and receiving antennas 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
were placed 1.70 m above the floor, pointing in each other's direc- Disiancs from the Bare stelion jmj
tion.
Figure 6. The coherence bandwidth for the 0.9 correlation level
Figure 5 shows the frequency-correlation functions (FCF) as a function of the receiver position in the corridor, showing a
obtained for three transmitter-receiver distances. Curve a (referred lower value of about 5 MHz.
to as the probe signal) was taken at 1.5 m, which emulates the cali-
bration geometly and could be assumed to have negligible mnlti-
path contributions. Curves h and c correspond to the freq,uency-
correlation functions obtained at 18.09 m and 37.8 m, respectively. 60 GHz frequency band. The mm-wave bands are of special inter-
The degradation with respect to the probe signal (1.50 m) of the est for indoor applications, because of the potential for frequency
frequency-correlation functions corresponding to 18.09 m and reuse. There is a massive amount of spectral space allocated
37.80 m of transmit-receive terminal distances can be seen in Fig- worldwide for dense wireless local communications. It is
ure 5. extremely important to determine exactly what information is
required from the measurements, and what are the applications.
A rapid decrease of the frequency-correlation function with Measurements should be capable of providing information pert-
respect to the frequency separation and, also, as the receiver nent to both accurate channel modeling, and to the design evalua-
moved away from the base station, were observed. The decr,:ase of tion of radio services. The 90th percentile of the coherence band-
the frequency-correlation function was not monotonic, and this width at a correlation level of 0.9 for the corridor values stayed
was due to the presence of multipath echoes in the mm-wave radio helow 38MHz. The minimnm and maximum coherence
channel. The 90th percentile ofthe coherence bandwidth at a cor- bandwidths obtained with a directional-horn transmitting antenna
relation level of 0.9 for the corridor values stayed below 38 MHz. and an omnidirectional receiving antenna were 1.10 MHz and
The minimum and maximum Bo,, coherence bandwidths, obtained 105.33 MHz, respectively. The lower coherence bandwidth value
with a directional-hom transmitting antenna and an omnidirec- obtained in a worst-case 60 GHr scenario was 5 MHz. It was
tional receiving antenna, were 1.10 MHz and 105.3 MHz, respec- observed that the coherence bandwidth fluctuated significantly
tively (Table 2). The coherence-bandwidth function for the 0.9 cor- with the location of the receiver with respect to the base station.
relation level as a function of the receiver position for the corridor The reasons for the fluctuations were shown to he due to the pres-
is shown in Figure 6. It can be observed that the coherence band- ence or absence of frequency selectivity in the channel response,
width was highly variable with changes in the location of the which varied significantly with small displacements in the position
receiver with respect to the base station [16, 171. Strictly speaking, of the receiver. The measurement results presented in this paper
the highly fluctuating coherence bandwidth means that the :system can be used to refine the existing 60 GHz channel models, and to
designer can only rely on the lower values of this param'zter in assist in the development of new models.
such an environment. From Figure 6, this is about 5 MHz.
Future research work is recommended in the following direc-
tions:
4. Conclusions and Future work Performance evaluation of 60 GHz indoor radio channels, to
include data transmission and BER measurements. This
The huge amount o f transmission capacity required for evaluation can be based on directly measurement results.
broadband wireless LANs can only be accommodated in the The application of various diversity, equalization, modula-
Deterministic modeling using ray-tracing of 60 GHz indoor 10. J. Mikkonen et al., “Emerging Wireless Broadband Networks,”
radio channels. IEEE Communications Magazine, February 1998, pp. 112-117.
a Statistical propagation modeling might he considered, based 11. Euro. Radiocommu. Comm., “Frequency Range 29.7 MHz to
on an extensive measurement data pool. 105 GHz and Associated European Table of Frequency Alloca-
tions and Utilisations,” ECR rep. 25, February 1998,
Indoor-outdoor mobile characterization in various 60 GHz http://www.ero.dk
environments, to include second-order channel statistics,
e.g., Doppler spectra, angles of arrival, and average fade 12. D. S. Polydorou, P. G. Babalis, and C. N. Capsalis, “Statistical
statistics. Characterization of Fading in LOS Wireless Channels with a Finite
Number of Dominant Paths. Application in Millimeter Frequen-
Determination of an asynchronous transfer method, tailored cies,” International Journal of Inpared and Millimerer Waves, 20,
to handle broadband information traffic in a wireless LAN. 3, March 1999, pp. 461-472.
Items such as transfer mode, duplex method, error control,
multi-access control, and OFDM could be investigated. 13. Zhimin Zhou, “Spatial and Temporal CM Equalization for
Broadband Wireless Indoor Networks at Millimeter Waves,”
Biological effects on human tissues and SAR in the human International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 22, 2,
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likely to occur in WLAN applications.
14. A. G. Siamarou, “Wireless Local Area Radio Networks: Wide-
Design of low-cost antenna solutions operating at 60 GHz. hand Characterisation and Measurements at 62.4 GHz,“ PhD the-
sis, University of Glamorgan, United Kingdom, June, 2001.
Charting out everything that should be done to pave the way
towards affordable high-voltage production of 60 GHz 15. H. B. Abdullah, “Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Omnidi-
front-end MMlCs. rectional Antennas in the Azimuth Plane for Mobile Communica-
tions,” PhD dissertation, University of Bath, UK 1994.
IEEE Antennas ond Propagallon Mogozine. Vol. 45. No. 1. February 2003 181