Q.NO:-1 What is control system?

To understand the meaning of the word control system, first we will define the
word system and then will try to define the word control system.

SYSTEM:- A system is a combination or arrangement of different physical

components act together as an entire unit to achieve certain objective.

Every physical object is actually a system. A classroom is a good

example of physical system. A room along with the combination of benches,
blackboard, fans, lighting arrangement etc. can be called a classroom which acts
as an elementary system.

CONTROL SYSTEM:- To control means to regulate, to direct or to

command. Hence a control system is an arrangement of different physical
elements connected in such a manner so as to regulate, direct or command itself
for some other system.

For Example:- If in a classroom, professor is delivering his lecture, the

combination becomes a control system as; he tries to regulate, direct or
command the students in order to achieve the objective which is to impart good
knowledge to the students.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

BASICS OF CONTROL SYSTEM:-

1. Input:- It is an applied signal or an excitation signal applied to a control
system for an external energy source in order to produce a specified
output.
2. Process:- The portion of a system which is to be controlled or regulated
is called the process.
3. Controller:- The element of the system
4. Output:- It is the particular signal of interest or to actual response
obtained from a control system when input is applied to it.

Input A = X + B
process X = A – B
output B = A – X
TYPES OF CONTROL SYSTEM:- There are two types of control
system

a. OPEN LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM:- A system in which output is

dependent on input but input is totally independent of the output or changes in
the output of the system, is called an open loop control system.

It is also called Non – feedback system e.g. washing machine, toaster

machine etc.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

ADVANTAGES:-
The advantages of open loop control system are;
1. Such systems are simple in construction.
2. Such systems are easy from maintenance point of view.
3. Such systems are simple to design and hence economical.

DISADVANTAGES:-
The disadvantages o open loop control system are;
1. Such systems are inaccurate and unreliable because accuracy of such
systems is totally dependent on the accurate process of the controller.
2. Similarly they cannot sense internal disturbances in the system, after the
controller stage.
3. To maintain the quality and accuracy, recalibration of the controller is
necessary from time to time.
 b. CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM:- A system in which the
controlling action or input is somehow dependent on the output or changes in
output is called closed loop control system.

It is also called feed back system.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:-

ADVANTAGES:-
The advantages of closed loop control system are;
1. Such systems used to reduce the error between inputs and outputs.
2. In such systems, there is reduced effect of nonlinearities and distortions.
 3. Such system increases system stability.

DISADVANTAGES:-
The disadvantages of closed loop control system are;
1. Due to feedback, system tries to correct the errors from time to time.

2. Such systems affect the sensitivity of the system.

3. Such systems are complicated and time consuming from design point of
view.

Q.NO:-1 Reference:- Control System Engineering Book By

U.A Bakshi, V.U Bakshi

a. Example of control system in industries.

Industrial Sewing Machine:-

A sewing machine is a textile machine used to stitch fabric,
cards and other material together with thread. Sewing machines were invented
during the first Industrial Revolution to decrease the amount of manual sewing
work performed in clothing companies. Since the invention of the first working
sewing machine, the sewing machine has vastly improved the efficiency and
productivity of fabric, clothing industries,needle industries.

Home sewing machines are similar designed for one person to manually sew
individual items while using a single stitch type. Modern sewing machines are
designed in such a way that the fabric easily glides in and out of the machine
without the hassle of needles and thimbles and other such tools used in hand
sewing, automating the process of stitching and saving time.

Industrial sewing machines, by contrast, are larger, faster, more complex, and
more varied in their size, cost, appearance, and task.

Reference:- From wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

There are two levels of industrial sewing machine; a house hold and industrial
level sewing machine.

I. House hold:- On sewing machine apply force through hand, so in the

process the motor rotates and we get machine in the working for, and finally
clothes rends through different process.

Block Diagram:-
Industrial Level:- In industrial level, when electric current flows in the
copper wire of sewing machine connected to the motor, the motor
rotates and we get machine in the working form and finally clothes will
be ready through different process.

Block Diagram:-

Reference:- From lectures

Stitch formation:-

Sewing machines can make a great variety of plain or patterned

stitches. Ignoring strictly decorative aspects, over three dozen distinct stitch
formations are formally recognized. Plain stitches fall into four general
categories: lockstitch, chainstitch, overlock, and coverstitch.

Lockstitch:-

Lockstitch is the familiar stitch performed by most household sewing

machines and most industrial "single needle" sewing machines from two threads,
one passed through a needle and one coming from a bobbin or shuttle. Each
thread stays on the same side of the material being sewn, interlacing with the
other thread at each needle hole by means of a bobbin driver. As a result, a
lockstitch can be formed anywhere on the material being sewn; it does not need
to be near an edge

Chainstitch:-

Chainstitch was used by early sewing machines and has 2 major

drawbacks:

1. The stitch is not self locking, and if the thread breaks at any point or isn't
tied at both ends, the whole length of stitching comes out. It’s also easily
ripped out.
2. The direction of sewing can't be changed much from one stitch to the next,
or the stitching process fails.

People soon realized a better stitch was needed, and it was found in the
lockstitch.The chainstitch is still used today in clothing manufacture, though due
to its major drawback it is generally paired with an overlock stitch along the same
seam.

Overlock:-

Overlock, also known as "serging" or "serger stitch", can be formed with

one to four threads, one or two needles, and one or two loopers. Overlock
sewing machines are usually equipped with knives that trim or create the edge
immediately in front of the stitch formation. Household and industrial overlock
machines are commonly used for garment seams in knit or stretchy fabrics, for
garment seams where the fabric is light enough that the seam does not need to
be pressed open, and for protecting edges against raveling. Machines using two
to four threads are most common, and frequently one machine can be configured
for several varieties of overlock stitch. Overlock machines with five or more
threads usually make both a chainstitch with one needle and one looper, and an
overlock stitch with the remaining needles and loopers. This combination is
known as a "safety stitch". Household overlock machines are widely used.

Coverstitch:-

Coverstitch is formed by two or more needles and one or two loopers.

Like lockstitch and chainstitch, coverstitch can be formed anywhere on the
material being sewn. One looper manipulates a thread below the material being
sewn, forming a bottom cover stitch against the needle threads. An additional
looper above the material can form a top cover stitch simultaneously. The needle
threads form parallel rows, while the looper threads cross back and forth all the
needle rows. Coverstitch is so-called because the grid of crossing needle and
looper threads covers raw seam edges, much as the overlock stitch does. It is
widely used in garment construction, particularly for attaching trims and flat
seaming where the raw edges can be finished in the same operation as forming
the seam

Feed Mechanisms:-

Besides the basic motion of needles, loopers and bobbins, the material
being sewn must move so that each cycle of needle motion involves a different
part of the material. This motion is known as feed, and sewing machines have
almost as many ways of feeding material as they do of forming stitches. For
general categories, we have: drop feed, needle feed, walking foot, puller, and
manual. Often, multiple types of feed are used on the same machine. Besides
these general categories, there are also uncommon feed mechanisms used in
specific applications like edge joining fur, making seams on caps, and blind
stitching.

Drop feed:-

Drop feed, the mechanism used by almost all household machines,

involves a mechanism below the sewing surface of the machine. When the
needle is withdrawn from the material being sewn, a set of "feed dogs" is pushed
up through slots in the machine surface, then dragged horizontally past the
needle. The dogs are serrated to grip the material, and a "presser foot" is used to
keep the material in contact with the dogs. At the end of their horizontal motion,
the dogs are lowered again and returned to their original position while the
needle makes its next pass through the material. While the needle is in the
material, there is no feed action. Almost all household machines and the majority
of industrial machines use drop feed. Differential feed is a variation of drop feed
with two independent sets of dogs, one before and one after the needle. By
changing their relative motions, these sets of dogs can be used to stretch or
compress the material in the vicinity of the needle. This is extremely useful when
sewing stretchy material, and over lock machines (heavily used for such
materials) frequently have differential feed.

Needle feed:-

Needle feed, used only in industrial machines, moves the material while
the needle is in the material. In fact, the needle may be the primary feeding force.
Some implementations of needle feed rock the axis of needle motion back and
forth, while other implementations keep the axis vertical while moving it forward
and back. In both cases, there is no feed action while the needle is out of the
material. Needle feed is often used in conjunction with a modified drop feed, and
is very common on industrial two needle machines. The advantage of needle
feed over drop feed is that multiple layers of material, especially slippery
material, can not slide with respect to one another, since the needle holds all
layers together while the feed action takes place. Household machines do not
use needle feed as a general rule.

Puller feed:-

Some factory machines and a few household machines are set up with an
auxiliary puller feed, which grips the material being sewn (usually from behind the
needles) and pulls it with a force and reliability usually not possible with other
types of feed. Puller feeds are seldom built directly into the basic sewing
machine. Their action must be synchronized with the needle and feed action built
into the machine to avoid damaging the machine. Pullers are also limited to
straight seams, or very nearly so. Despite their additional cost and limitations,
pulling feeds are very useful when making large heavy items like tents and
vehicle covers.

Manual feed:-

Manual feed is used primarily in freehand embroidery, quilting, and shoe

repair. With manual feed, the stitch length and direction is controlled entirely by
the motion of the material being sewn. Frequently some form of hoop or
stabilizing material is used with fabric to keep the material under proper tension
and aid in moving it around. Most household machines can be set for manual
feed by disengaging the drop feed dogs. Most industrial machines can not be
used for manual feed without actually removing the feed dogs.

Sewing machine needle:-

Sewing machines use special needles tailored to their needs and to the
character of the material being sewn.

Reference:- From wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

b. Advantages and disadvantages of control system.

Advantages:-

The advantages of control system are;

 Accuracy of such system is always very high because controller

modifies and manipulates the actuating signal such that the error in
the system will be zero.
 Generally they are not troubled with the problems of stability.
 Such systems are easy from maintenance point of view.
 Such systems are easy to design and hence economical.
 Such system senses environmental changes, as well as internal
disturbances and accordingly modifies the error.

Disadvantages:-
The disadvantages of control system are;
 Such systems are inaccurate and unreliable because accuracy
of such systems are totally dependent on the accurate process
of the controller.
 Such systems give inaccurate results. If there are variations in
the external environment.
 Such system cannot sense environmental changes.
 Such systems are complicate and time consuming from design
point of view.
 The stability problems are severe and must be taken
care of while designing the system.

b. Reference:- Control System Engineering Book By U.A Bakshi,

V.U Bakshi
 c. Future of control system with in next 10 to 20 years:-

The future of control system includes a number of factor seem to be

influencing the current direction of control systems and these includes;
 The growing complexity of plant and systems to be controlled.
 The limitations of existing control theory to easily understand such
complexity and the suitable design tools for addressing such systems
To overcome all the difficulties and problems of control system
which we are facing today, we must need to extend the system which must be
transparent, possibly reconfigurable, systematically designed and verifiable. No
significant theory exists to address this issue a few tools are available. More
focused research and development is needed however to achieve acceptable
development and run time environments coupled with suitable operating
systems.
Design Tools:- The presently available suite for CACSD (Computer-aided
control system design) tools must be extended to provide convenient modeling
simulation tools for the systematic design of large scale systems and which can
be deal with a wide range of input data types. Special attention is also needed for
handling real-time components based design of control system which will ensure
interoperable transparent characteristics. Static analysis and abstract
interpretation in conjunction with other methodologies would need intensive
research for dependable real-time code generation and certification. Furthermore
better tool are important elements which enhance the design.

Including control systems we have some examples belong to the future of control
systems.

Reference:- www.cordis.lu/ist/ka4/ipcn/events.htm

I. Future Of Mobile Phones:- It is 2025. Your mobile is now much

more than just a communication device - more like a remote control for
your life. You still call it a "mobile" from habit, but it is an organiser,
entertainment device, payment device and security centre, all developed
and manufactured by engineers.

On a typical day it will start work even before you wake. Because it knows your
travel schedule it can check for problems on the roads or with the trains and
adjust the time it wakes you up accordingly, giving you the best route into work. It
can control your home, re-programming the central heating if you need to get up
earlier and providing remote alerts if the home security system is triggered. It is
your payment system - just by placing the phone near a sensor on a barrier, like
the Oyster card readers in use on London transport, you can pay for tickets for
journeys or buy items in shops. With an understanding of location, the mobile can
also provide directions, or even alert the user to friends or family in the vicinity.
What we do need is better mobiles and more intelligence. Mobiles will continue to
get steadily better, with higher resolution touch-screens, speech recognition that
really works and much greater memory and storage capabilities. Increasingly
intelligent software will be running on these mobiles, and also on home and wide-
area networks, able to learn behaviour, predict needs and integrate with a
growing number of databases, such as transport updates from major providers.
So, instead of the train company just sending you a text to tell you of delays, your
mobile will analyzes it in conjunction with your travel plans and modify those
plans if needs be.

This evolution will be a slow but steady one as every few years mobiles get
slightly better, intelligent software evolves and the various providers of all the
necessary input data - such as transport organizations and shops - gradually
make the data available in formats that become increasingly useful.

Ten years ago the mobile was purely a device for making voice calls. Now it is a
camera, MP3 player, organiser and texting device. This is only the start of an
evolution that will turn it into our trusted and indispensable companion in life.

Reference:- www.independent.co.uk

II. The Future Of Power Steering:- Since the power-steering pump on

most cars today runs constantly, pumping fluid all the time, it wastes
horsepower. This wasted power translates into wasted fuel.

You can expect to see several innovations that will improve fuel economy. One of
the coolest ideas on the drawing board is the "steer-by-wire" or "drive-by-wire"
system. These systems would completely eliminate the mechanical connection
between the steering wheel and the steering, replacing it with a purely electronic
control system. Essentially, the steering wheel would work like the one you can
buy for your home computer to play games. It would contain sensors that tell the
car what the driver is doing with the wheel, and have some motors in it to provide
the driver with feedback on what the car is doing. The output of these sensors
would be used to control a motorized steering system. This would free up space
in the engine compartment by eliminating the steering shaft. It would also reduce
vibration inside the car.

General Motors has introduced a concept car, the Hy-wire, that features this type
of driving system. One of the most exciting things about the drive-by-wire system
in the GM Hy-wire is that you can fine-tune vehicle handling without changing
anything in the car's mechanical components -- all it takes to adjust the steering
is some new computer software. In future drive-by-wire vehicles, you will most
likely be able to configure the controls exactly to your liking by pressing a few
buttons, just like you might adjust the seat position in a car today. It would also
be possible in this sort of system to store distinct control preferences for each
driver in the family.
In the past fifty years, car steering systems haven't changed much. But in the
next decade, we'll see advances in car steering that will result in more efficient
cars and a more comfortable ride.

Reference:- auto.howstuffworks.com

III. Future Of Flight Control System (Using Zigbee Wireless

Sensors):- The future concept of flight control system that is named as
Fly-By-Sensors (FBS) flight control system. It can be used for controlling
and monitoring of an in-flight functions, taking off and landing, voice
communication et, and can be employed on any kind of air vehicle
including Unmanned Air Vehicles, Quad rotor, Aerial Vehicles, Drones, Jet
air craft, commercial air craft etc. Nowadays, a fly-by-wire (FBW) flight
control system of Air vehicles is employed for last few years in aircrafts
through which the internal and external functions of air craft are controlled
and monitor by electrical signals which are transmitted and received by
electrical wires. The proposed idea is based on Zigbee Wireless Sensors
that are low cast, low power, reliable and secure to control and monitor
the internal and external functions of air vehicles. The electrical signals for
controlling and monitoring of internal and external functions of air vehicles,
in Fly-By-Sensors (FBS) Flight control system will be transmitted and
received using Zigbee wireless sensors networks. The proposed idea will
bring remarkable improvements in the field of avionics and aerospace.

Reference:- ieeexplore.ieee.org