Deflections Deflections

ƒ The conjugate–
conjugate–beam method was developed by ƒ The previous expressions relate the internal
Otto Mohr in 1860. shear and moment to the applied load.
ƒ The method is based on the similarity between ƒ The slope and deflection of the elastic curve
the relationships for loading and shear, and are related to the internal moment by the
shear and moment. following expressions
dV dM d 2M dθ M d 2y M
= −w (x ) =V ⇒ = −w = =
dx dx dx 2 dx EI dx 2
EI
M M
V = − ∫ w (x )dx M = − ∫ ∫ w (x )dx dx θ =∫ dx y = ∫∫ dx dx
EI EI

Deflections Deflections

ƒ Let’s compare expressions for shear, V, ƒ Let’s compare expressions for bending
and the slope, θ moment, M, and the displacement, y
dV dθ M d 2M d 2y M
= −w (x ) = = −w =
dx dx EI dx 2 dx 2
EI
ƒ What do you see? ƒ What do you see?
ƒ If you replace w with the term –M/EI the ƒ Just as before, if you replace w with the
expressions for shear force and slope are term –M/EI the expressions for bending
identical moment and displacement are identical

Deflections Deflections

ƒ We will use this relationship to our advantage w

by constructing a beam with the same length as w = w(x)
Real beam with applied loading.
the real beam referred to as the conjugate Determine the bending moment
(draw the bending moment
beam.
beam x diagram)

ƒ The conjugate beam is loaded with the M/EI M

diagram, simulating the external load w. EI
Conjugate beam where the
applied loading is bending
moment from the real beam

x Note the sign of loading w and

the M/EI on the conjugate
beam.
 Deflections Deflections

ƒ Therefore, the two theorems related to the ƒ Conjugate–Beam Supports

conjugate beam method are:
ƒ Theorem 1: The slope at a point in the real
beam is equal to the shear at the corresponding
point in the conjugate beam.
ƒ When the conjugate beam is drawn, it is important
that the shear and moment developed in the conjugate
beam correspond to the slope and displacement
conditions in the real beam.
Real Support Conjugate Support

ƒ Theorem 2: The displacement of a point in the V

real beam is equal to the moment at the θ

corresponding point in the conjugate beam. Pin or roller Pin or roller

Δ=0 θ≠0 M=0 V≠0

Deflections Deflections

ƒ Conjugate–Beam Supports ƒ Conjugate–Beam Supports

Real Support Conjugate Support Real Support Conjugate Support

M V θR VL VR
θL

Free end Fixed end Interior support Hinge

Δ≠0 θ≠0 M≠0 V≠0 Δ=0 θL = θR ≠ 0 M=0 VL = VR ≠ 0

VL VR
θL θR

Fixed end Free end Hinge

Interior roller
Δ=0 θ=0 θL and θR may have
M=0 V=0 Δ≠0 VL and VR may have
different values M≠0
different values

Deflections Deflections

ƒ As a rule, statically determinant real beams Procedure for analysis

have statically determinant conjugate beams
and statically indeterminate beams become
unstable conjugate beams.
ƒ However, the M/EI loading may provide the
necessary “equilibrium” to hold the conjugate
beam stable.
1. Construct the conjugate beam with the M/EI loading.
Remember when the M/EI diagram is positive the loading is upward and
when the M/EI diagram is negative the loading is downward.
2. Use the equations of equilibrium to solve for the
reactions of the conjugate beam.
This may be difficult if the moment diagram is complex.
3. Solve for the shear and moment at the point or points
where the slope and displacement are desired.
If the values are positive, the slope is counterclockwise and the
displacement is upward.
 Deflections Deflections

ƒ Draw the conjugate beam, including supports, ƒ Draw the conjugate beam, including supports,
for the following beams for the following beams

Conjugate beam and supports Conjugate beam and supports

Deflections Deflections

ƒ Draw the conjugate beam, including supports, Example: Determine the slope and the displacement at point C for
for the following beams the following beam. Assume that E = 30,000 ksi and I = 300 in4.
10 k M 50
EI k ft
10 ft 10 ft
EI
A B
C
10 ft 10 ft

Construct the conjugate beam and apply the M/EI diagram as loading
50
k ft
EI
Remember positive (+) bending
moment is a negative (-) loading on
A B the conjugate beam.
Conjugate beam and supports
10 ft C 10 ft

Deflections Deflections

Example: Determine the slope and the displacement at point C for Example: Determine the slope and the displacement at point C for
the following beam. Assume that E = 30,000 ksi and I = 300 in4. the following beam. Assume that E = 30,000 ksi and I = 300 in4.
50 50
k ft k ft
EI EI
VC
A B A B
M
10 ft C 10 ft 10Cft C 10 ft

Ay Ay 250k ft 2
By By
EI

1 ⎛ 50k ft ⎞ 250k ft 2 1 ⎛ 50k ft ⎞ ⎛ 10ft ⎞ ⎛ 250k ft ⎞

2

∑ MA = 0 = 2 ⎜⎝ EI ⎟⎠(20ft )(10ft ) + By (20ft ) By = −

EI
∑ MC = 0 = −MC + 2 ⎜⎝ EI ⎟⎠(10ft ) ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ − ⎜ EI ⎟ (10ft )
⎝ ⎠
1 ⎛ 50k ft ⎞ 250k ft 2 1,666.6k ft 3 1,666.6k ft 3 1,728in 3
MC = − = −0.32in
∑ Fy =0=
2 ⎜⎝ EI ⎟⎠
(20ft ) + By + Ay Ay = −
EI EI
=−
(30, 000ksi )(300in 4 )
⋅
ft 3
 Deflections Deflections

Example: Determine the slope and the displacement at point C for Example: Determine the slope and the displacement at point C for
the following beam. Assume that E = 30,000 ksi and I = 300 in4. the following beam. Assume that E = 30,000 ksi and I = 300 in4.
50 50
k ft k ft
EI EI
VC VC
A B A B
M M
10Cft C 10 ft 10Cft C 10 ft

Ay 250k ft 2 Ay 250k ft 2
By By
EI EI

ƒ Therefore, the displacement of the beam at point C is equal to

1 ⎛ 50k ft ⎞ ⎛ 250k ft 2 ⎞ the moment at point C on the conjugate beam and the slope is
∑ Fy =0=
2 ⎜⎝ EI ⎟⎠
(10ft ) − ⎜ ⎟ +VC VC = 0 equal to the shear in the conjugate beam.
⎝ EI ⎠
ƒ In this problem. the displacement at point C is -0.32 in and
the slope is zero.

Deflections Deflections
ƒ Example: Determine the slope and the displacement ƒ Example: Determine the maximum displacement at
at point B for the following beam. Assume that E = the mid-span of the following beam. Assume that E =
29,000 ksi and I = 800 in4 (see page 93 in notes). 30,000 ksi and I = 800 in4 (see page 94 in notes).

5k 5k

B
15 ft 15 ft A 9 ft 3 ft B
A

Deflections Deflections
ƒ Example: Determine the slope at point B and the ƒ Example: Determine the slope at A and the
displacement at point E for the following beam. Assume displacement at mid-span.
that E = 29,000 ksi and IAB = IDE = 400 in4, and IBD =
800 in4. (see page 95 in notes).
w

8k 8k
B D A
A E L B
C
10 ft 10 ft 10 ft 10 ft

ƒ Are there any disadvantages to the conjugate beam

method for uniform or high-order loading functions?
End of Defections – Part 2

Any questions?