2 Design Radial Inflow Turbine Using Rital

•9/28/2010
Design Radial Inlet Turbine

using RITAL™
Shuo Li, Ph.D.

Sr. Engineering Software Trainer/
Project Manager
Concepts NREC
© 2010 Concepts ETI, Inc. The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential. All rights reserved.
AgileTM Engineering Design System®
The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

© 2010 Concepts ETI, Inc. All rights reserved. •2
•1
•9/28/2010
Rital™ GUI 1
Share the same user interface with other CN radial meanline
programs

RITAL™ GUI 2
File: RITAL™ program setup
Agile: links to other Agile system programs
Standard Screens: predefined screen layouts, user
customable
Setup: general design settings, including unit system, mode,
models…etc.
Components: for current stages, detailed setting/input of
each component
Solver: run the solver and its settings

•2
•9/28/2010
RITAL™ GUI 3
Toolbar
Program setup
Exercise
 Start RITAL™ and open an example from installation directory, e.g.,
\examples\tutorial\turbine01.geo
 Explore the menu system and complete the following:
1. Basic program setup, such as preferences, unit system, etc.
2. View current design layout, find out settings for each component
3. Run the solver, view text report and display tip velocity triangle at
impeller exit
4. Try some standard screen views

A RITAL™ Stage
Station Number
0 Scroll inlet Volute
1 Scroll exit Nozzle
2 Nozzle throat Inter-space
3 Nozzle exit Rotor
4 Rotor inlet Diffuser
5 Rotor throat
6 Rotor exit
7 Diffuser exit

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•9/28/2010
Analysis Mode
Identify the flow pattern
 Subsonic
 Nozzle choke only
 Rotor choke only
 Both nozzle and rotor choked
Solve different flow patterns accordingly
Design Mode
Design volute throat Subsonic
Set the nozzle vane exit angle
Preliminary sizing

Choosing Solvers
RITAL solver: mass based subsonic solver with real gas
modeling.
RITDAP solver: transonic solver with ideal gas model,
original NREC solver
 RTP solver (recommended)
 Transonic flow;
 Real gas model;
 Pressure is adjusted for each station to balance the mass flow for
each component
 No mixing calculated, blockage preserved

•4
•9/28/2010
Basic Computation Algorithm

Calculate the critical pressures that allow nozzle and
rotor to choke.
Based on the critical pressure, identify the flow patterns:
 Subsonic;
 Rotor choked only;
 Nozzle choked only;
 Both nozzle and rotor are choked.
Solve according to different flow patterns.
Improved preliminary sizing by scaling up and down
nozzle blade height addition to throat area adjustment
(2010 release)

Preliminary Sizing Algorithm

Two approaches with little difference:
 RITADP approach using optimum specific speed and blade-to-jet ratio
 Approach based on the optimum flow coefficient and head coefficient
Assuming a rotor meridional ratio and zero rotor exit swirl, the velocity
triangle can be established
Rotor inlet angel can be set with a specified incidence
Through mass conservation, the blade inlet width can be determined
With the flow coefficient and the assumption of zero exit swirl, the rotor
exit flow area and hub tip radius, can be calculated,
blade angle can be obtained with an assumed deviation angle
Axial length to inlet tip ratio is set as:
AxLen/R4 = 0.6, if R6s/R4 > 0.7
AxLen/R4 = 0.4, if R6s/R4 > 0.4
Linear interpolation is used between values.

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•9/28/2010
Preliminary Sizing Algorithm

Blade thickness is assumed to be 2% of tip radius and clearance is set
as 1% of the inlet blade height
Nozzle exit radius to rotor inlet radius ratio is set as 1.05, the velocity
triangle could be determined from mass and angular momentum
conservation from rotor inlet.
Blade angle is set assuming 2 degree deviation angle
Nozzle exit to nozzle inlet radius ratio is set as 1.25, straight blade inlet is
assumed (inlet blade angle is zero)
Volute throat radius location and area are calculated as:
A0/r0 = (A/r1)/tan(α1)
R0=r1+(A0/π)1/2 + clearance (1% of R4, 5% of R5 for nozzleless turbine)
Diffuser is assumed to have an area ratio 1.5, divergence angle of
4.5 and R5h = 0, then the rest can be calculated as following:
R5s = (A5/π+R5h2)1/2
ALen_Dif= (R5s-R4s)/tan (DivAng)
Preliminary Sizing Default Variables

Variable Default Value Definition
 0.25 Optimum flow coefficient
 0.9 Optimum loading coefficient
 1.0 Rotor meridional velocity ratio
C6 0 Rotor exit swirl
6 5 Rotor deviation angle
R4h/R3 0.3 Ratio of rotor exit hub radius to rotor inlet radius.
R1/R2 1.25 Ratio of nozzle inlet radius to nozzle exit radius.
R5h 0 Diffuser exit hub radius.
A5/A4 1.5 Area ratio of diffuser exit to inlet.
DivAng 4.5 Diffuser divergence angle.

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•9/28/2010
Loss model categorization

Gross or bulk overall coefficients (e.g. rotor efficiency)
 Simple functions of operating parameters
Correlated coefficients
 Functions of key design parameters
Fundamental or physics-based coefficients
 Break loss into components
 Model each as function of relevant parameters
BUT
 There are only a limited number of datasets available
 It is not possible to separate the effects of different loss mechanisms
in the available data
 Division is artificial anyway: all losses are interrelated

Breakdown of losses
Divide loss into its

likely mechanisms
Correlate each
separately

•7
•9/28/2010
Nozzle and Rotor Modeling

Nozzle
 Loss: modified Rodgers loss model
 Deviation: modified cosine or Howell correlations.
Rotor modeling:
 Incidence
 Passage (friction, secondary flow, etc.)
 Trailing edge
 Tip clearance
 Supersonic expansion (shock loss)
 Windage (leakage loss)

Nozzle Models
Nozzle loss model:
 Rogers Loss Model
0.05  3sin 3b o 
   
Reb0.2  s c b
Nozzle deviation
 Modified Cosine rule
For M3 < 0.3, 3  a0  a1 cos1  o s 
For M3 > 0.3, 3  a0  a1 cos1  o s   a2  M3  0.3
 Modified Howell Correlation
  r1  r3 
  3   b3  a3   b3   b1 
ZN c
•8
•9/28/2010
Passage loss
NASA model Friction loss
  L f  C f  L D 2 W
1 1 2
L p  2 K W42 cos2 i  W62
 L    r 2  cos  

L p  K p  H
D
  0.68 1    
r
5
  4    5 
b
b5  1
c
2
 W4  W5
2
2
 
 H
    
Due to Due to
change in blade
radius turning
Profile (friction) loss Secondary flow loss

Tip clearance loss
Leakage flow:
mL  12 4U4 K x  x  r4  r6t   6U6t Kr r  z  b4  Z R
Mainstream flow:
m  4Cm 4 2r4b4  5Cm6 2r6b6
Clearance loss:
Lc 
1
2
 mL m U 2

•9
•9/28/2010
Tip clearance loss
Lc 
U43 Z R
8

K x  xC x  Kr r Cr  K xr  x r C xCr 
Axial Radial “Cross-

clearance clearance coupling”
coefficient coefficient coefficient
Trailing edge loss

2
p05  p06  Cm 6 
 1  
p05  p5  Cm 5 
Windage loss
fric  K f 14 2r42
3.7   r4 
0.1
Kf 
Re 0.5  Re  10 
5
0.102   r4 
0.1
Kf 
Re 0.2  Re  10 
5

•10
•9/28/2010
Simple volute model
Free vortex:
rC  constant  K
Continuity:
m   AC
Uniform mass flow:
  
m  m  1  
 2 
A m 1   
  1 
r  K  2 

Simple volute model
Exit flow angle:

tan 1  C1 Cm1
Free vortex and

continuity:
C1  C0 r0 r1  C0 r0 r1
m rA
Cm1   0 0 C0
r1 A1 r1 A1
1  A1 r1 
tan 1 
0  A0 r0 
•11
•9/28/2010
Refining the simple model
Blockage
m  1 A1 (1  B1 )Cm1
Swirl coefficient
r1C1  Sr0C0
Total pressure loss coefficient
p00  p01
K
p01  p1

Real Gas Computation

Real gas calculation is supported in RITAL as well as
AxCent and pbCFD.
About 79 hydrocarbons and 27 refrigerants, as well as
their mixtures, are supported by DBR or NIST.
Mollier table allows user to specify the gas property for
the special fluid that’s not supported in RITAL.

•12
•9/28/2010
Agile Link
The RITAL design can be
conveniently passed to AxCent
through Agile link. A three-
dimensional flow-path and
blade geometry is literally one
click away.
If a 3D blade geometry is
available in AxCent, the reverse
Agile link allows easy setup of
RITAL model.

Python Script: How Does It Work?
Rital Python script

User model
Hook
Yes
Input Output
No
Has Script? CETI model
• Concepts NREC will provide charged or uncharged Python hooks to customers.

• Customers are responsible for their own script implementation.

•13
•9/28/2010
Analysis Mode
Analysis mode allows performance map prediction
of an existing design.
Different analysis types available
Real gas, transonic flow analysis, which allows
multiple components running at the choking condition.
Multiple point analysis and map generation.
Easy comparison with the test data through map
overlay.

New design wizard: Analysis mode

Choose basic analysis mode, metric unit system
Inlet conditions:
 P00=130 KPa T00=323 K
 Mass flow=0.8 Kg/s N= 11000
 Choose new semi-perfect air
Has both volute and nozzle

Volute: area= 10900 mm2 radius= 233 mm
Nozzle:
Inlet radius=150mm Exit radius= 140mm
inlet blade height= 26mm Exit blade height= 26mm
inlet inclination angle=-90 number of blades=16
Tip clearance= 0 TE thickness= 0.5mm
Exit blade angle= 79.5

•14
•9/28/2010
New design wizard: Analysis mode

Rotor
Inlet radius= 125mm Inlet blade height= 26mm
Exit radius= 40mm Exit blade height= 60mm
Inlet inclination angle= -90 Number of blades= 13
Exit inclination angle= 0 TE normal thickness= 3mm
Axial length= 90mm Axial clearance= 0.5mm
Radial length= 0.5mm Inlet blade angle= 0 deg
Exit blade angle= -54 deg
Don’t run solver and not save

Analysis Mode: Results Check

Output overview
 Text output
 Table output
Output filter
 Use filters
 Create your own filter
View velocity triangles
Plots in Rital®

•15
•9/28/2010
Analysis mode
Single point analysis
 Option to specify mass flow (basic analysis mode), calculate exit
pressure
 Option to specify exit pressure (static or total) , calculate inlet
pressure, mass flow or rotational speed
Multiple point analysis
 Specify the expansion ratio (total or static)
 Option to specify inlet pressure or exit pressure
 Up to 12 flow points
 Up to 8 values of the selected dependent variable
Exercises :
 Check the output of the design we just finished: identify the design
point data set, check geometry of impeller and summary of the stage
 Create an output filter you want to use later and save it
Design Mode: Preliminary design

To set basic geometry of a radial-inflow turbine stage based on some
user-specified design requirements
User specifies three out of four of following parameters: inlet total
pressure, exit static pressure, mass flow rate or stage power output.
Rotational speed may be calculated from the optimum specific
speed. Blade tip speed can be specified if desired.
The design algorithm can be based on the flow and loading
coefficient,.
 = CM6/U4 , default value 0.25
 = h0 / U42  ts h0 s / U42
or the specific speed and speed (blade-to-jet) ratio.
2  RPM  Q6
Ns 
60  h0 s
  U 4 / C j  U 4 / 2h0 s
•16
•9/28/2010
Design Mode: Preliminary design

If RPM is going to be calculated, it is calculated as:
30 N s h03s/ 4
RPM 
 Q6
Volute throat or nozzle exit vane angle calculation.

 With both mass flow rate and the stage expansion
ratio specified, the program calculates the volute
throat area and the exit vane angle.
A friendly design wizard helps you going through the
necessary input to set up the preliminary sizing.

New Design Wizard: Preliminary Design

Choose RTP solver, Preliminary design
Choose metric unit system
Inlet input:
 T00= 400K P00= 186 kPa Pexit= 101.3 kPa m=0.65 kg/s
Choose ideal gas
Choose based on flow coefficient (=0.25) and loading coefficient (0.92)
Choose volute and nozzle
For nozzle: R2/R3=1.25, R3/R4=1.05, number of blades= 15
Calculate blade tip speed, number of blades=12, hub to tip ratio=0.3,
rotor deviation angle 3 degree
Don’t run the solver and not save
Run the solver
Check results

•17
•9/28/2010
Design modes other than preliminary sizing

Input Pexit or P0exit to calculate nozzle exit blade angle or
volute area
Input power and Pexit or P0exit to calculate mass flow rate
and nozzle exit blade angle or volute area
Example:
 Based on the previous completed examples choose design mode of
input power and Pexit to calculate mass flow rate and nozzle exit
blade angle or volute area
 Specify the power target as 50 KW
 Check results
 Compare with previous design

•18

2 Design Radial Inflow Turbine Using Rital

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2 Design Radial Inflow Turbine Using Rital

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•9/28/2010

Design Radial Inlet Turbine

Shuo Li, Ph.D.

AgileTM Engineering Design System®

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

2 Nozzle throat Inter-space

3 Nozzle exit Rotor

4 Rotor inlet Diffuser

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

Basic Computation Algorithm

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

Preliminary Sizing Algorithm

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

Preliminary Sizing Algorithm

Preliminary Sizing Default Variables

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

Loss model categorization

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

Divide loss into its

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

Nozzle and Rotor Modeling

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

Profile (friction) loss Secondary flow loss

Tip clearance loss

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

Tip clearance loss

Axial Radial “Cross-

Trailing edge loss

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

Simple volute model

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

Simple volute model

Exit flow angle:

Free vortex and

Refining the simple model

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

Real Gas Computation

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

Python Script: How Does It Work?

Rital Python script

• Concepts NREC will provide charged or uncharged Python hooks to customers.

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

New design wizard: Analysis mode

Has both volute and nozzle

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

New design wizard: Analysis mode

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

Analysis Mode: Results Check

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

Design Mode: Preliminary design

Design Mode: Preliminary design

Volute throat or nozzle exit vane angle calculation.

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

New Design Wizard: Preliminary Design

The material contained herein is proprietary and confidential

Design modes other than preliminary sizing