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• The steam turbine is a prime mover

that converts the stored mechanical


energy in steam into rotational
mechanical energy.
Arrangement of blades
Flow of steam over moving blade
TYPES OF TURBINES
Basically there are two types of
turbines:
(A) Impulse Turbines: Here, the steam is
expanded in stationary turbine nozzle,
where it attains a high velocity. This high
velocity jet then flows over moving
blades without further expansion, that
is, its pressure remains constant
(B) Reaction Turbine: In this type, the
steam is expanded in both fixed blades
(nozzles) and moving blades. The
relative amount of expansion varies
with the particular design.
Types of turbines
Classification according to the direction
of flow of steam relative to the axis of
turbine shaft:
(1) Axial Flow Turbine: The steam flows
over the blades in a direction parallel to
the axis of the turbine shaft.
(2) Radial Flow Turbine: The blades are
arranged radially and steam enters at the
blade tip nearest the axis of the wheel
and flows towards the circumference.
Another way to classify steam turbines:
(a) Central-Station Turbines: These
turbines are used to drive electrical
generators at synchronous speed
(usually 3000 rev/min) and have
capacities ranging from 16 to 1500 MW.
(b) Condensing or Non-condensing
Turbines: It is depending upon whether
the back pressure is below or above
atmospheric pressure.
(c) Reheat Turbines: Steam is returned
after expansion to the boiler for resuper-
heating and then expands to back
pressure.
(d) Superposed or Topping Turbines:
These are high pressure non-conden-
sing turbines installed in existing low
pressure steam plants. They exhaust
into the existing low pressure turbines,
thus, increasing plant capacity and
overall thermal efficiency.
(e) Bleeder or Extraction Turbines:
In these turbines, part of the steam
leaves the turbine casing before the
exhaust, for feed water heating.
(j) Extraction-Induction Turbines:
These turbines have provisions for
both removing and introducing
steam into the turbine at interme-
diate points.
To get reasonable blade tip speeds in
turbines, the method known as
"Compoun-ding" is employed
known as 'Curtis stage'.
(l) Velocity Compounding: The steam is
expanded from boiler pressure to
condenser pressure in one set of
stationary blades or nozzles. However,
the total flow energy is absorbed not in
one but in a number of rows of moving
blades (2, 3 or even 4), with a row of
fixed guide blades between every pair of
them. Such an impulse turbine is
known as 'Curtis stage'.
Cogeneration with extraction-condensing turbine
Velocity
compounding
(2) Pressure Compounding: This type
is equivalent to number of simple
impulse stages in series. The
pressure drop occurring in each stage
is only a portion of the total pressure
This method of compounding is
known as 'Rateau turbines'.
Pressure
compounding
(3) Combined Velocity-Pressure Com-
pounding: It employs both types of com-
pounding. The overall pressure drop is
divided into stages and the velocity attai-
ned in each stage is also compounded. A
bigger pressure drop is allowed in each
stage, resulting in lesser number of sta-
ges, which gives a shorter turbine for a
given pressure drop. Since the pressure
during each stage remains constant, this
type of turbine is an impulse.
Velocity-
pressure
compounding
WORKDONE IN IMPULSE TURBINE
Vb = linear velocity of moving blade in
m/s.
α = nozzle angle or exit angle of fixed
blade. This is the angle which the steam
jet makes with tangent of wheel at
entrance' of moving blade.
θ = entrance angle of moving blade.
β = entrance angle of fixed blade. This is
the angle which the leaving steam jet
makes with tangent of wheel at exit of
moving blade.
Φ = exit angle of moving blade.
V1 = absolute velocity of steam entering
moving blade, m/s.
V0 = absolute velocity of steam leaving
moving blade, m/s.
Vt1=tangential component of V1, known as
velocity of whirl m/s, at entrance of
moving blade.
Vt0=tangential component of V0, known as
velocity of whirl at exit of moving blade.
Va1= axial component of V1, that is,
velocity of flow at entrance of moving
blade.
Va0 =axial component of V0, that is,
velocity of flow at exit of moving blade.
Combined velocity diagram
In impulse turbines, since, there is no fall
in steam pressure as the steam flows
over the blade and also if friction is
neglected,
Vr1  Vr0
If friction is taken into account (which is
usually 10 to 15% loss in the relative
velocity), then

Vr0  k .Vr1 ( k  0.85 to 0.90 )


tangential force of wheel
= mass of steam x acceleration
= mass of steam/sec x change of velocity
of steam in direction in motion
Ft  m (Vt1 Vt0 ) newtons
Work done on blade per sec is

W.D.  Ft x dis tan ce moved per sec


 m (Vt1  Vt0 ) Vb , Nm / s
Power per blade ring
 m (Vt1 Vt0 ) Vb Watts
Blade or diagram efficiency
W .D. on blade

Energy sup pliedto blade
2
 Vb (V t1  V t0 ) x
2
V1
2Vb (V t1  V t0 )
b 
V 12
Total energy supplied per stage

 ( hs1  hs2 ) per kg of steam

Then, stage efficiency ηs is given by:


W .D. on blade
s 
Total energy sup plied per stage
Vb (Vt1  Vt0 )
s 
( hs1  hs2 )
Axial force on wheel Fa is calculated as:

Fa  m (Va1 Va0 ) newtons


De Laval Turbine
It consists of a single impulse wheel
on which the steam jets impinge from
several nozzles arranged around the
circumference. The special features of
the De Laval turbine are:

α = 200 and θ = Φ
(neglecting friction)
Vr1  Vr0

W.D. per kg of steam


V 12 V 20
  , N.m / kg
2 2

For max. W.D. β = 90o


V 12 V 20
 2
W .D.  V 
   2 2 1   0 
V 
2
Energy supplied V1  1
2
V0  V1 sin

 max  1  sin2   cos2 

α = 20o
Velocity diagram for De laval turbine
ηmax = 0.883
AB = BE
1 V cos 
Vb  Vt1  1
2 2
EFFICIENCY OF A VELOCITY COMPOUNDED TURBINE

Velocity diagram for velocity compound impulse turbine with two stages
Now total work done per stage per kg of steam
= work done by first ring + work done by second ring
= Vb  (Vt1 Vt0 )

Power per stage = mVb  (Vt1 Vt0 ) , Watts

Workdone 2 Vb  (Vt1  Vt0 )


Blade or diagram efficiency = 
V 12 V 12
2

Vb  (Vt1  Vt0 )
Stage efficiency =
hs1  hs2 

Total axial thrust = m  (Va1 Va0 )


REACTION TURBINE

Velocity diagram for reaction turbine


Enthalpydrop inmovingblade
Degree of reaction
Enthalpydrop inmovingblade Enthalpydrop in fixedblade

Area of flow = Area of end view of blade ring


=  d  h h
where d = drum diameter
h = height of blades, usually, equal to1/12

Then, quantity of steam flowing per sec is given as:


Q  Area of flow x Velocityof flow
  d  h  h x Va
Mass of steam flowing per sec
Q  d  h  h
m  Va
x vs x vs
where
x = dryness fraction of steam
vs = specific volume of steam, m3/kg
LOSSES IN STEAM TURBINES

h-s diagram for turbine stage


(1) Loss at the Governor Valve
(2) Friction and Eddy Loss
(3) Fan or Windage Loss
(4) Disc Friction Loss
(5) Leakage Loss
(6) Radiation Loss
(7) Frictional losses in bearing and the thrust block
(8) Terminal or Leaving Loss
GOVERNING OF STEAM TURBINES
(1) Throttle Governing

Throttle governing
Throttle governing
(2) Nozzle-Governing

Nozzle governing
(3) By Pass Governing

By-pass governing
TYPES OF GOVERNING SYSTEM
(1) Mechanical System
(2) Hydro-mechanical System
(3) Hydraulic System
(4) Electro-hydraulic System
LUBRICATION OF STEAM TURBINES

Schematic of an Oil-pumping System for Steam turbine


TURBINE CONTROL

Turbine control and monitoring system


Digital electrohydraulic (DEH) control system

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