Liquid B. Advantages Disadvantages C.

Handling and Storage

Preparations
1.Aqueous
Solutions
-Aromatic Water -Free from empyreumatic -salting out of certain -protect from intense light and
and other foreign odors. ingredients such as very excessive heat
-used as soluble salts -stored in light-resistant and airtight
perfumed/flavored -deterioration with time thus containers.
vehicles it should be made in small
quantities
-Aqueous Acids -important in -possess incompatibilities of
pharmaceutical the anions they contain.
manufacturing analysis. -may irritate the mucous
membrane of the mouth and
attack the enamel of the
teeth.
-Solutions
-Douches - It is directed to the -should be diluted or dissolved in the
appropriate body part by appropriate amount of warm water
bulb syringes. prior to use.
-functions as a cleansing
and antiseptic agent.
-Enemas -Employed to evacuate
the bowel, influence the
general system by
absorption or affect a
local disease.
-Gargles -Treats the pharynx and -must be diluted with water prior to
nasopharynxby forcing air use
from the lungs through
the gargle that is held in
the throat.
-Mouthwashes -has therapeutic and
cosmetic use
-reduce plaque, gingivitis,
dental caries and
stomatitis; reduce bad
breath.
-Nasal Solutions -the nasal tissue is highly -keep packages tightly closed during
vascularized making it an period of nonuse.
attractive site for rapid
and efficient systemic
absorption
-Otic Solutions -remove excessive -dispensed in a container that permits
cerumen or earwax; tx of the administration of drops.
ear infections.
-Irrigation -used to wash or bathe -packaged in single-dose containers
Solutions surgical incisions, preferably Type I or Type II glass, or
wounds, or body tissues. suitable plastic containers and then
sterilized.
2.Sweet Viscid
Solution
-Syrups -possess remarkable -cause an increase dental -preserved in well-dried bottles,
taste-masking properties caries and gingivitis. preferably those that have been
for bitter or saline drugs sterilized; these bottles should not
hold more than is likely to be required
during 4-6 weeks and should be filled
completely, carefully closed and
stored in a cool dark place
-Honeys
-Mucilages -prone to decomposition,
showing appreciable
viscosity on storage; difficult
to prepare
-Jellies -used as lubricants for -prone to microbial
surgical gloves, catheters contamination
and rectal thermometers
3. Non-
aqueous
Solutions
-Elixirs -more readily prepared
and manufactured than
syrups
-Glycerins -valuable pharmaceutical
solvent
- -designed so that the
Inhalations/inhal drug is carried into the
ants respiratory tree.
-effects of the drug are
rapid
-Liniments
-Spirits
Liquid B. Advantages
Preparations
4. Medicated -contains some added
Solutions medicinal substance
Solid Dosage
Forms
1.Tablets -advantages to the
manufacturer:
(simplicity and economy
of preparation, stability
and convenience in
packaging, shipping and
dispensing)
-advantages to the
patient
(accuracy of dosage,
compactness, portability,
blandness of taste and
ease of administration)
2.Capsules -flexible: permits a choice
in prescribing a single
drug or a combination of
drugs at the exact dosage
level
-some patients find it
easier to swallow
capsules than tablets
3.Powders -flexibility in
(Paper Tabs) compounding and
relatively good chemical
stability
Semi-solids
1.Creams
2.Ointments -emollient
3.Milk and -suspending agent for
Magmas insoluble substances
4.Lotions -applied to unbroken skin
without friction
-provides moisture to the
-because it contains alcohol,
it has some incompatibilities
-hygroscopic and should be stored in
tightly closed containers
-the drug is prepared in sealed glass
vials that are covered with protective
gauze cloth.
-container should be tightly closed
after each opening to prevent loss of
drug vapors.
-should be marked with “For External
Use Only”
-should be stored in tight, light-
resistant containers and in a cool
place.
Disadvantages C. Handling and Storage
-stored at room temperature
-creeping: concentration of -an effervescent tablet requires a
the medication on the barrier to moisture
surface of the tablet caused
by capillarity and rapid
evaporation of the solvent
from the surface.
-if stored in high humidity -packed with desiccant materials
environment, capsule shells
may soften, stick together
and become distorted and
lose their shape.
-in the environment of
extreme dryness, gelatin
capsules may harden and
crack under slight pressure
-time-consuming to prepare
and are not well-suited for
dispensing the many
unpleasant tasting,
hygroscopic, or deliquescent
drugs.
-stability problem: Bleeding- “
mineral oil separate at the
top of an ointment
-slight changes in
temperature can affect the
consistency of the ointment
greatly
“Shake well” label and “Avoid
freezing”
 skin
5.Suppositories -best stored in a cool place,
Theobroma cacao should be
refrigerated.
-Glycerin and glycerinated gelatin
suppositories are often packaged in
tightly closed screwcapped glass
containers