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PIC Microcontroller

Prepared by:
Ahmed Usama
References
 Group Formation

• Group of 4 persons.
• Nominate a representative.
MICROCONTROLLERS
1st DAY
 MICROCONTROLLERS
1st DAY
Review
What is the embedded system
Microprocessor , Microcontroller and FPGA.
Why a microcontroller is needed?
Variety of microcontrollers.
Why PIC microcontrollers?
Specificiations of PIC 16F877.
Programming PIC 16F877.
PIC 16F877 in circuit.
Application.
 Review
• Digital System:
– A system that works with discrete elements of information rather
than with continuous signals as in an analog system.
– This discrete information is represented in binary form.
– Data processing is carried out by means of binary logic
elements using binary signals.
– Quantities are stored in binary storage elements (memory).
There are two primary classifications of logic circuits(System):
1. Combinational logic circuits
• Circuits of this type have outputs that are functions of the inputs
(illustrated below)
• The order in which the inputs are applied is not important.
• Combinational logic circuits have no capability for memory

Inputs Combinational
Logic Outputs = f(Inputs)

Combinational Logic Circuit

8
2. Sequential logic circuits
• Circuits of this type have outputs that are functions of both inputs
and previous outputs (illustrated below)
• Sequential circuits contain some type of memory elements. As an
example, a counter must “remember” that its previous output was 6 in
order to produce its new output 7.

Inputs Combinational Outputs = f(inputs + past outputs)

Logic

Memory

Sequential Logic Circuit

9
 Embedded System
• An embedded system is a computer system designed
to perform one or a few dedicated functions(often real-
time).
• Hardware and Software expected to function without
human intervention.
• Respond, monitor, control external environment using
sensor and actuators.
• In contrast a general-purpose computer, such as a
personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to
meet a wide range of end-user needs.
 Why Embedded systems

• Low cost. Small packaging.

• Low power consumption.
• Programmable, re-programmable.
• Easy integration with circuit.
• For application in which cost, power and space are
critical
• Single-purpose
• Real-time operation.(ex: ABS (WSS) ; ECU(FI))
• Application dependent processor.
• Automation
 Automation

• Control
• Electronic circuits
• Power Electronics
• Mechanics
• A microcontroller is a specialized form of microprocessor that is designed to
be self-sufficient and cost-effective, where a microprocessor is typically
designed to be general purpose (the kind used in a PC). Microcontrollers
are frequently found in automobiles, office machines, toys, and appliances.
• Microcontroller combines onto the same chip:
The CPU core (microprocessor),Memory (both ROM and RAM) ,Some
parallel digital I/O …
• A microcontroller is part of an embedded system, which is essentially the
(Microcontroller + whole circuit board) to perform dedicated task.
• Microcontroller incorporates features of microprocessor(CPU,ALU,Register)
along with the presence of added features like RAM, ROM, I\O ports,
counter etc.
• A microcontroller controls the operation of machine using fixed program
stored in Rom that doesn't change with lifetime
 What is the difference?

• Microprocessor
• Microcontrollers
• FPGA
SO
• Microcontrollers are intelligent
electronic devices used to
control and monitor devices in
the real world

• Microcontrollers are
programmed devices.

• A program is a sequence of
instructions that tell the
microcontroller what to do.
 Why a microcontroller is needed?
Sensors Controllers Actuators
Sensors Microcontrollers Actuators

Heater

Keypad Input Valve

Microcontroller Output Valve
Level Switch
Temp. Sensor LCD

Alarm

Power
Supply
Sensors Microcontrollers Actuators
Variety of microcontrollers
 Architecture for computers:
Generally there are two types of architecture for computers

• Von Neumann Architecture where programs and data share a

single memory area that is accessed over a common bus. This
scheme works well for general use computers.

Harvard Architecture Vs PIC microcontroller uses Harvard

architecture. This architecture design uses separate memory areas
and buses for data and programs.
 Instruction Set

• CISC vs RISC
– In the early days work was done in assembly language.
Therefore CPU designers tried to make instructions that would
do as much work as possible. This design philosophy was
named Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC).
– With the advent of higher level languages, led to Reduced
Instruction Set Computer (RISC) (Simple compiler to RISC)
(simpler assembly coding).
– PIC microcontroller use RISC because there is a perception that
RISC is faster than CISC:
– Ex: A processor with MUL and other one with only ADD.
A processor with (ADD X(i),B,C) and other (ADD,Store).
 PIC Peripheral Interface Controller

Microchip Technology (www.microchip.com)

Harvard Architecture
RISC
 What is PIC microcontrollers?
• PIC Microcontrollers are small computer on a chip with some special
properties:
– CPU, code memory, data memory and IO Ports all included on a single
chip.
– Dedicated to one task.
– Small and low cost.
– Embedded in many consumer devices.
• Easy to program.
• Better online documentation.
• Low cost.
Which PIC microcontrollers?
 Specificiations of PIC

• PIC SPEED

– Can use crystals, clock oscillators, or even an RC circuit.

– Some PICs have a built in 4MHz RC clock.
– 16F877 and 16F877A
Specificiations of PIC
Max. Speed

4MHz

10MHz

20MHz

33MHz

40MHz
PIC 16F877
 Specificiations PIC 16F877
• 8 kbytes of FLASH Program Memory
• 368 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)
• 256 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory
• 20 MHz operating speed(200 ns instruction cycle)
• Max. 25 mA current from an output pin
• Low-power consumption
• Wide Operating Voltage: 2.0 – 5.0 V
• Timers
– Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler
– Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during sleep via external crystal/clock
– Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register,prescaler and postscaler
• Capture, Compare, PWM modules
– Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns
– Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns
– PWM max. resolution is 10-bit
• 10-bit multi-channel A-to-D Converter
• I2C (Inter IC)Bus
• USART for Serial Communication
• 5 I/O Ports: A, B, C, D, and E (33 input or output pins)
 Programming PIC 16F877

Languages
Parallel port
•Assembly
Serial port
•BASIC
USB port
•C
•Code Flow
Pic Basic Pro

As a result of a successful compilation

and assembling of a PIC BASIC program
the following files will be created.
- BLINK.ASM - assembly file
- BLINK.LST - program listing
- BLINK.HEX - executable file which is
written into the programming memory
 IDE(Integrated Development
Environment)

• ISE Pack (FPGA)

• MikroC
• MpLab
• Proton
• PICsimulator
 Programming Languages

• C-Language
• Assembly
• BASIC
 Minimum circuitry for
PIC16F877

• Power Supply
• Clock generation
• Reset
PIC 16F877
PIC 16F877
PIC 16F877
Minimum circuitry for PIC16F877
 TRISB("TRI-State Enable" registers for port b
One register used to define if the B is set input or output
mode of each bit (1 for an input; 0 for an output).

In this example, TRISB value may be set as:

TRISB=%01110100 binary or
TRISB=$74 hex or
TRISB=116 decimal
Exercise (PicSimulator)
PIC 16F877
Button and Leds
 Methods of Isolation
• Transistors
• Optocoupler
• Relay driver
Optocoupler
Relay driver board
Motor Direction Control
SPDT Relay (H-Bridge)
Circuit Schematic
Thank you