Post graduate program

Mahasaraswati University Denpasar

Dr. Ir. Deden Ismail, MSi
Ir. Kt. Nadha, Msi
 Natural Resources of Indonesia
Background
 Volcanic ash creates rich soil that is ideal for growing crops, but large
areas of Indonesia cannot be cultivated because of swamps, soil
erosion, or steep slopes.
 Tropical forests cover 46 percent of the land, although this
proportion has been shrinking due to deforestation. Trees of the
Dipterocarp family, such as the meranti, are a valuable forest
resource. Also important are ramin, sandalwood, ebony, and teak.
Teak in particular is grown in plantation forests. The government has
established many national parks to conserve the natural vegetation
and native wildlife. Indonesia claims that little or no commercial
development is permitted in about half its forests.
 The more important national parks include Gunung Leuser (in
northwestern Sumatra), Kerinci Seblat (in central Sumatra), Bukit
Barisan Selatan (in southern Sumatra), Ujung Kulon (in western Java),
Tanjung Puting (in central Kalimantan), and Komodo Island (between
Sumbawa and Flores). 2
 Indonesia has significant deposits of oil and natural gas, most of which are
concentrated along the eastern coast of Sumatra and in and around
Kalimantan. Indonesia produces more than 80 percent of Southeast Asia’s oil
and more than 35 percent of the world’s liquefied gas.
 Tin on Belitung and Bangka islands, bauxite on Bintan Island, copper in Papua,
nickel on Sulawesi, and coal on Sumatra are Indonesia’s major mineral
resources. Small amounts of silver, gold, diamonds, and rubies are also found.
Large parts of Indonesia, especially in Kalimantan and Papua, have not been
intensively explored for minerals
 The seas surrounding Indonesia yield abundant saltwater fish, pearls, shells,
and agar (a substance extracted from seaweed).

Copper mining Nickel

3
HEWAN MAMALIA DILINDUNGI DI INDONESIA

4
Seas products

5
 ENERGY

 Indonesia is well endowed with energy resources. It is an important producer of

crude petroleum, yielding 421 million barrels in 2004. Refineries are located at
Cilacap in West Java and at Balikpapan in East Kalimantan. A hydrocracker unit,
which breaks down petroleum into simpler forms of energy such as gasoline, is
located at Dumai on Sumatra.
 In 2003 Indonesia produced 74.2 billion cu m (2.6 trillion cu ft) of natural gas,
mainly from Arun in northern Sumatra and Badak in East Kalimantan. Proven oil
reserves total 10.4 billion barrels, and gas reserves are equivalent to 14.5 billion
barrels of oil, much of which is located in the South China Sea near the Natuna
Islands.
 Even after the decline of oil prices in the mid-1980s, the economy has been
particularly dependent on oil exports. In 2004 fuels made up 18 percent of
Indonesia’s exports and 20 percent of its imports.
 Hydroelectric facilities, including a large dam on the Asahan River in North
Sumatra, generate 8 percent of Indonesia’s electricity. Thermal stations powered
by locally produced oil and coal provide almost all of the remaining electricity.

6
 Mining
• Mining, especially of tin, bauxite, nickel, copper, coal, manganese, and
iron ore, supplies about 10 percent of Indonesia’s GDP. Indonesia is one
of the world’s largest producers of tin, with production in 2004 of 65,772
metric tons of concentrate. Most of the tin reserves are located on the
islands of Bangka and Belitung and in the Java Sea between Sumatra and
Borneo.
• Bauxite production totals 840,318 metric tons of concentrate per year.
Coal yields are 120 million metric tons annually. Since the mid-1980s,
Indonesia has expanded its output of precious metals, especially gold. The
largest share of the total output of 93 metric tons in 2004 came from a
single mine in Papua.

Bauxite
mining 7
 Diamond Mining in Indonesia
 Due to the presence of valuable minerals, especially tin and
petroleum, mining is an important industry in Indonesia. Some
Indonesians are involved in small-scale forms of mineral extraction,
such as traditional diamond mining. Here on the island of Borneo,
miners wash gravel excavated from nearby pits and then examine
the sifted soil with large, conical containers to locate raw diamonds
and gemstones.
8
 Indonesian natural resources gallery (Landscape)

Tropical rain forest in Papua Sumba Island interior

Volcanoes of East Java Jakarta’s Contemporary Skyline 9

 Bali terrace’s Mountaineous Sulawesi
paddies

Toraja tomb in Sulawesi Pheasant-Tail Jacana

(Tropical bird in wetland 10
Sumber Daya Alam (SDA)
Sumber Daya Alam (biasa disingkat SDA) adalah segala sesuatu yang berasal dari
alam yang dapat digunakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan manusia.
Jenis
1. SDA dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu,SDA yang dapat diperbaharui dan SDA yang tidak
dapat diperbaharui.
 SDA yang dapat diperbaharui meliputi air, tanah, tumbuhan dan hewan.
SDA ini harus kita jaga kelestariannya agar tidak merusak keseimbangan
ekosistem.
 SDA yang tidak dapat diperbaharui itu contohnya barang tambang yang ada
di dalam perut bumi seperti minyak bumi, batu bara, timah dan nikel. Kita
harus menggunakan SDA ini seefisien mungkin. Sebab, seperti batu bara,
baru akan terbentuk kembali setelah jutaan tahun kemudian.
2. SDA juga dapat dibagi menjadi dua yaitu SDA hayati' dan SDA non-hayati.
 SDA hayati adalah SDA yang berasal dari makhluk hidup. Seperti: hasil
pertanian, perkebunan, pertambakan dan perikanan.
 SDA non-hayati adalah SDA yang berasal dari makhluk tak hidup (abiotik).
Seperti: air, tanah, barang-barang tambang.

11
Kerusakan SDA

12
 Pemanfaatan SDA:
Tumbuhan  Manfaat tumbuhan antara lain:
 Menghasilkan oksigen bagi manusia dan hewan
 Mengurangi polusi karena dapat menyerap karbondioksida yang
dipakai tumbuhan untuk proses fotosintesis
 Mencegah terjadinya erosi, tanah longsor dan banjir
 Bahan industri, misalnya kelapa sawit bahan industri minyak goreng
 Bahan makanan, misalnya padi menjadi beras Bahan minuman,
misalnya teh dan jahe
 Persebaran sumber daya alam tidak selamanya melimpah. ada
beberapa sumber daya alam yang terbatas jumlahnya. terkadang
dalam proses pembentukannya membutuhkan jangka waktu yang
relatif lama dan tidak dapat di tunggu oleh tiga atau empat generasi
keturunan manusia.
 Sumber daya alam adalah segala sesuatu yang tersedia di alam dan
dimanfaatkan untuk kebutuhan manusia. Sumber daya alam dibagi
menjadi dua, yaitu: sumber daya alam yang dapat diperbarui dan
sumber daya alam yang tidak dapat diperbarui.

13
1 Sumber daya alam yang dapat diperbarui
 Ialah sumber daya alam yang dapat diusahakan
kembali keberadaannya dan dapat dimanfaatkan
secara terus-menerus, contohnya: air, udara, tanah,
hutan, hewan dan tumbuhan.
A. Air
 Air merupakan kebutuhan utama seluruh makhluk
hidup. Bagi manusia selain untuk minum, mandi dan
mencuci, air bermanfaat juga:
1. sebagai sarana transportasi
2. sebagai sarana wisata/rekreasi
3. sebagai sarana irigasi/pengairan
4. sebagai PLTA (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air)

14
 Cekungan di daratan yang
digenangi air terjadi secara
alami disebut danau,
misalnya Danau Toba di
Sumatera Utara.
Sedangkan cekungan di
daratan yang digenangi air
terjadi karena buatan
manusia disebut waduk,
misalnya waduk Sermo di
Kulon Progo dan Waduk
Gajah Mungkur di Wonogiri
(Jateng).

15
B. Udara
 Udara yang bergerak dan berpindah tempat disebut angin. Lapisan
udara yang menyelimuti bumi disebut atmosfer. Lapisan Ozon
berfungsi untuk melindungi bumi dari sinar ultraviolet yang
dipancarkan oleh matahari.
C. Tanah
 Tanah adalah lapisan kulit bumi bagian atas yang terbentuk dari
pelapukan batuan dan bahan organik yang hancur oleh proses
alamiah. Tanah banyak dimanfaatkan untuk menanam sumber
daya alam pertanian. Pertanian meliputi tanaman untuk makanan
pokok, seperti padi, jagung dan sagu. Palawija terdiri dari ubi-ubian
dan kacang-kacangan; dan holtikultura yang meliputi berbagai jenis
sayuran dan buah-buahan.

16
D. Hewan
 Hewan di Indonesia dapat digolongkan menjadi dua, yaitu
hewan liar dan hewan piaraan. Hewan liar ialah hewan
yang hidup di alam bebas dan dapat mencari makan
sendiri, misalnya dari jenis burung, ikan dan serangga.
Hewan piaraan (pet animal) ialah hewan yang dipelihara
untuk sekadar hobi atau kesenangan semata, misalnya
burung perkutut, marmut, kucing dan kakaktua. Hewan
ternak (animal husbandry) ialah hewan yang
dikembangbiakkan untuk kemudian dimanfaatkan atau
diperjualbelikan.

17
E. Tumbuhan
a. HUTAN
 Hutan merupakan sebuah areal luas yang ditumbuhi beraneka ragam
pepohonan. Dilihat dari jenis pohonnya, hutan dapat dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu:
Hutan Homogen Ialah hutan yang ditumbuhi oleh satu jenis pohon/tanaman,
misal: hutan jati, hutan pinus, hutan cemara dll.
Hutan Heterogen Ialah hutan yang ditumbuhi oleh berbagai jenis
pohon/tanaman.

 Dilihat dari arealnya, hutan dapat dibagi menjadi lima, yaitu sebagai berikut
Hutan lindung ialah hutan yang : berfungsi melindungi tanah dari erosi, banjir
dan tanah longsor.
 Hutan produksi ialah hutan yang berfungsi untuk menghasilkan berbagai produk
industri dan bahan perlengkapan masyarakat, seperti kayu lapis, mebel, bahan
bangunan dan kerajinan tangan.
 Hutan wisata ialah hutan yang ditujukan khusus untuk menarik para wisatawan
domestik (dalam negeri) maupun wisatawan mancanegara.
 Hutan suaka alam ialah hutan yang berfungsi memelihara dan melindungi flora
(tumbuhan) dan fauna (hewan).
 Hutan Mangrove ialah hutan bakau di tepi pantai yang berfungsi untuk
menghindari daratan dari abrasi. Hasil hutan yang dapat dimanfaatkan oleh kita
yaitu: kayu (jati, pinus, cemara, cendana), damar, rotan, bambu dll.
18
b. Pertanian
 Pertanian di Indonesia menghasilkan berbagai macam
tumbuhan, antara lain padi, jagung, kedelai, sayur-sayuran,
cabai, bawang dan berbagai macam buah-buahan, seperti
jeruk, apel, mangga, dan durian. Indonesia dikenal sebagai
negara agraris karena sebagian besar penduduk Indonesia
mempunyai pencaharian di bidang pertanian atau bercocok
tanam.
c. Perkebunan
 Jenis tanaman perkebunan yang ada di Indonesia meliputi
karet, cokelat, teh tembakau, kina, kelapa sawit, kapas,
cengkih dan tebu. Berbagai jenis di antara tanaman tersebut
merupakan tanaman ekspor (kegiatan mengirim barang ke
luar negeri ) yang menghasilkan devisa (tabungan bagi negara)

19
Sumber daya alam yang tidak dapat diperbarui

Ialah sumber daya alam yang apabila digunakan secara terus-

menerus akan habis. Biasanya sumber daya alam yang tidak
dapat diperbarui berasal dari barang tambang (minyak bumi
dan batu bara) dan bahan galian (emas, perak, timah, besi,
nikel dan lain-lain).
a. Batu Bara
 Batu bara berasal dari tumbuhan purba yang telah mati
berjuta-juta tahun yang lalu. Batu bara banyak digunakan
sebagai bahan bakar untuk keperluan industri dan rumah
tangga.

20
 Underground Mine Shaft
 Underground mines are established in areas with promising ore deposits. The shaft is
the primary vertical channel through which people and ore are transported in and out
of the mine. The miners’ elevator is called a cage, and the ore reaches the surface via a
car called a skip. A ventilation system near the main shaft ensures that miners receive
fresh air and prevents the accumulation of dangerous gases. A system of crosscuts
connects the ore body to the main shaft at several levels, and these levels are, in turn,
connected by openings called raises. Stopes are the chambers where the ore is broken
and mined.
 © Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
 Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
21
 Open-Pit Copper Mine, Utah
 Metallic copper and copper ores, such as chalcopyrite and bornite, are mined
in open-pit mines from deposits near the earth’s surface. Further refining is
necessary to separate the copper from impurities such as sulfides,
carbonates, iron, and silicates. Copper is used extensively in electrical
components because of its high conductivity. Shown here is one of North
America’s largest open-pit copper mines, located in Kennecott, Utah.
 Francois Gohier/Photo Researchers, Inc.
 Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights
reserved.
22
 Giant Coal Bucket
 Strip miners often use extremely large buckets to level or move land.
The buckets have sharp, slanted teeth on the front edge and are
dragged along the surface of the ground by powerful machines. This
bucket, used in the Big Muskie coal mine in Ohio, is the size of a
small house.
 Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All
rights reserved.

23
 b. Minyak Bumi (Petroleum)
 Minyak bumi berasal dari hewan (plankton) dan jasad-jasad
renik yang telah mati berjuta-juta tahun.
 Petroleum, or crude oil, naturally occurring oily, bituminous
liquid composed of various organic chemicals. It is found in
large quantities below the surface of Earth and is used as a
fuel and as a raw material in the chemical industry.
 Modern industrial societies use it primarily to achieve a
degree of mobility—on land, at sea, and in the air—that was
barely imaginable less than 100 years ago. In addition,
petroleum and its derivatives are used in the manufacture of
medicines and fertilizers, foodstuffs, plastics, building
materials, paints, and cloth and to generate electricity.

24
Petroleum mining

25
 Oil Drill Rig and Reservoir
 The rotary drilling rig uses a series of rotating pipes, called the drill string, to tap into
oil reservoirs. The drill string is supported by a derrick, and turned by the rotary table
on its floor. Circulating, mudlike fluid driven by a pump removes cuttings as the teeth
of the drill bit dig into the rock around the reservoir. Reservoirs occur in many places.
They form as a result of intense pressure on top of layers of dead marine and land
organisms mixed with sand or silt. This reservoir abuts a salt dome, which has trapped
a layer of oil and natural gas between itself and nonporous rock. Because they have no
place to expand, the gas and crude oil are under high pressure and will tend to rush
explosively out the channel opened by the drill rig.
 © Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
26
 Offshore Drilling Rig
 A semisubmersible oil-production rig sits in the waters off
Pascagoula, Mississippi. Anchored in place, a semisubmersible
rig has legs that fill with air, allowing the production platform
to float above the surface of the water. Offshore wells
produce about 25 percent of the world’s annual output of oil.
 John Mead/Photo Researchers, Inc.
27
 Oil Refinery
 An oil refinery in Richmond, California, operates full-time
to convert crude oil into useful petroleum products by
separating out fractions of the oil to be used for different
purposes. Some fractions require further conversion or
chemical treatment to attain desired end products such
as gasoline or greases.
 Lawrence Migdale/Photo Researchers, Inc.

28
 Oil Refining and Fractional Distillation
 Crude oil is refined into products such as gasoline, asphalt, and waxes by a
process called fractional distillation. During the process, the parts, or
fractions, of crude oil are divided out successively by their increasing
molecular weight. For instance, gasoline has a low molecular weight and
vaporizes at a fairly low temperature. This means that at the appropriate
temperature, while all of the rest of the oil is still in liquid form, gasoline
may be separated out. The remaining oil goes through the same process at
a slightly higher temperature, and jet fuel is divided out. Repeating the
distillation process several times will separate out several constituents of
crude oil, which are then processed and put to a wide range of uses. 29
 Transporting Oil
 In the glare of the desert sun, a maintenance crew attends to an oil
pipeline near Ad Dammām on the Persian Gulf. Pipelines carry
petroleum from Saudi Arabia's vast Ghawar oil field (the world's
largest) and others to the port of Ras Tanura, where half a million
barrels are refined daily. These enormous oil reserves have
catapulted Saudi Arabia from an agrarian-based subsistence
economy into a wealthy and modern nation.
 Paul Rickenback/Photo Researchers, Inc.
30
Alaska Oil Pipeline
The Alaskan oil pipeline brings crude oil from the Prudhoe Bay oil field on
the North Slope to tanker ships docked in southern Alaska. Traversing
1270 km (789 mi) of Alaskan wilderness, the pipeline carries up to 2
million barrels of oil per day from the Arctic coast to the Gulf of Alaska.
Pat and Tom Leeson/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All
rights reserved.
31
c. Emas dan Perak (Gold & Silver)
• Gold, symbol Au (from Latin aurum, “gold”), soft, dense, bright yellow
metallic element. Gold is one of the transition elements of the periodic
table (see Periodic Law); its atomic number is 79. Gold has long held a
special place in human culture as one of the most valuable of all
substances.
 Pure gold is the most malleable and ductile of all the metals. It can easily
be beaten or hammered to a thickness of 0.000013 cm (0.000005 in), and
29 g (1.02 oz) could be drawn into a wire 100 km (62 mi) long. It is one of
the softest metals (hardness, 2.5 to 3) and is a good conductor of heat
and electricity. Gold is bright yellow and has a high luster. Finely divided
gold, like other metallic powders, is black; colloidally suspended gold
ranges in color from ruby red to purple

32
 Gold Vein in Quartz Rock
 It is quite common to find
precious minerals, such as gold
or platinum, deposited in their
pure state in veins of igneous and
sedimentary rocks. Gold veins,
shown here, are often found in
quartz.
 Layne Kennedy/Corbis
Gold Leaf
Gold leaf covers this statue of the
goddess Selket, found in the tomb
of King Tutankhamun of Egypt, and
the wall behind her. Gold leaf is
made by hammering solid gold
metal until it is very thin.
Brian Brake/Photo Researchers, Inc.
33
 Panning for Gold
 The broad, shallow rivers of Alaska have proved to be lucrative sources of gold over
the last 150 years. Searching for grains of gold, and occasional nuggets, prospectors
scoop up a small amount of gravel from the river bed and expertly swill it around the
pan with water. As the sediment settles, the heavy particles of gold fall to the bottom,
and the overlying gravel is gently tipped out. Although gold rushes have been started
by the finds of panners, it is very difficult to collect more than tiny quantities of gold in
this way, and in the 20th century industrial mining techniques have completely
superseded panning as a method of industrial extraction.
 B. and C. Alexander/Photo Researchers, Inc.
34
 Perak (Silver)
 Silver, symbol Ag, white, lustrous metallic element that conducts heat and
electricity better than any other metal. Silver is one of the transition elements
of the periodic table (see Periodic Law). The atomic number of silver is 47.
 Silver has been known and valued as an ornamental and coinage metal since
ancient times. Silver mines in Asia Minor were probably worked before 2500 BC.
The alchemists called the metal Luna or Diana after the goddess of the Moon
and ascribed to it the symbol of a crescent moon. The element’s name comes
from the Anglo-Saxon word for the metal.

Silver Teapot
Silver has long been valued for
tableware because of its high luster and
beauty. Frequent polishing is needed to
maintain silver’s shine because of
tarnishing caused by sulfur and sulfides,
which are found in small amounts in the
atmosphere and in large quantities in
foods such as eggs. This formal silver
teapot was designed in 1790 by Hester
Bateman of London.
Bridgeman Art Library, London/New
York 35
 Silver Deposit
 A soft, white metal in its pure form, silver usually occurs in nature as
a wiry aggregate associated with other mineral ores. Most of the
silver produced today is mined in conjunction with lead and copper,
both of which yield silver as a by-product. The Kongsberg mines in
Norway are renowned for their specimens of delicate native silver
wires, such as the ones shown here.
 Dorling Kindersley 36
d. Besi (Iron) dan Timah (Tin)
 Iron, symbol Fe (Latin ferrum, “iron”), magnetic, malleable, silvery white
metallic element. The atomic number of iron is 26; iron is one of the
transition elements of the periodic table (see Periodic Law). Iron is the
second most abundant metal in Earth’s crust after aluminum.
 Metallic iron was known and used for ornamental purposes and weapons in
prehistoric ages; one of the earliest specimens still extant, a group of
oxidized iron beads found in Egypt, dates from about 4000 BC. The
archaeological term Iron Age properly applies only to the period when iron
was used extensively for utilitarian purposes, as in tools, as well as for
ornamentation (see Metalwork). The beginnings of modern processing of
iron can be traced back to central Europe in the mid-14th century BC.
 Besi berasal dari bahan yang bercampur dengan tanah, pasir dan sebagainya.
Besi merupakan bahan endapan dan logam yang berwarna putih. Timah
berasal dari bijih-bijih timah yang tersimpan di dalam bumi.
Timah terdiri dari 2 macam yaitu Timah hitam /Lead(Pb) dan Timah putih /Tin
(Sn)
• Tin, symbol Sn, metallic element that has been used by people since ancient
times. Tin is in group 14 (or IVa) of the periodic table (see Periodic Law). The
atomic number of tin is 50.
37
 Tin is highly ductile and malleable at a temperature of 100°C (212°F). It is
attacked by strong acids. Ordinarily a silver-white metal sometimes called
white tin, at temperatures below 13°C (55°F) it often changes into an
allotropic (distinctly different) form known as gray tin. Gray tin is an
amorphous, grayish powder with a specific gravity of 5.75. Because of the
mottled appearance of tin objects undergoing this decomposition, the action
is commonly referred to as tin disease or tin pest. Ordinary bar tin, when
bent, issues a crackling sound called tin cry, caused by the friction of the tin
crystals.
 Lead, symbol Pb (Latin plumbum, a lead weight), dense, bluish-gray metallic
element that was one of the first known metals. The atomic number of lead
is 82; the element is in group 14 (or IVa) of the periodic table (see Periodic
Law).
 Lead was mentioned in the Old Testament (Bible). It was used by the
Romans for making water pipes, soldered with an alloy of lead and tin.
 Waste material, such as battery scrap, recovered from various industrial
processes, is also smelted and constitutes an important source of lead.
Because galena often has other minerals associated with it, the crude lead,
or pig lead, that is obtained from the smelting processes contains metals
such as copper, zinc, silver, and gold as impurities.

38
 Tin is important in the production of the common alloys bronze (tin and copper), solder (tin and
lead), and type metal (tin, lead, and antimony) (see Metalwork). It is also used as an alloy with
titanium in the aerospace industry and as an ingredient in some insecticides. Stannic sulfide,
known also as mosaic gold, is used in powdered form for bronzing articles made of plaster of
paris or wood.

Galena
 Lead sulfide (PbS), or galena, provides an excellent source of lead. Galena usually occurs with
small amounts of other metals such as copper, zinc, silver, and gold, which are economically
recoverable by mining. As shown here, galena exhibits perfect cubic cleavage.
 Thomas R. Taylor/Photo Researchers, Inc.
39
 Oxidation: A Chemical Reaction
 Iron, in the presence of water, combines with
atmospheric oxygen to form a hydrated iron oxide,
commonly called rust. This process has slowly been
transforming these old Pontiacs in New Mexico.
John Mead/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.

40
Manfaat dan Peta Persebaran Sumber Daya Alam
Jenis Sumber Daya Alam
Barang Tambang
 Minyak Bumi
1. Cepu, Blora dan Cilacap di Jawa Tengah.
2. Sungai Gerong dan Plaju di Palembang.
3. Dumai dan Sungai Pakning (Riau)
4. Tanjung Pura, Langkat (Sumatera Utara)
5. Tarakan, Balikpapan dan Kutai (Kalimantan Timur)
Hasil Manfaat
1. Avtur untuk bahan bakar pesawat terbang
2. Bensin untuk bahan bakar kendaraan bermotor
3. Kerosin untuk bahan baku lampu minyak
4. Solar untuk bahan bakar kendaraan diesel
5. LNG (Liquid Natural Gas) untuk bahan bakar kompor gas
6. Oli ialah bahan untuk pelumas mesin
7. Vaselin ialah salep untuk bahan obat
8. Parafin untuk bahan pembuat lilin
9. Aspal untuk bahan pembuat jalan (dihasilkan di Pulau Buton)

41
 Erosi ialah pengkisan tanah yang disebabkan
oleh air hujan.

 Reboisasi ialah penanaman/penghijauan

kembali hutan yang telah gundul.
 Abrasi ialah penyempitan daratan akibat
pengikisan tanah yang disebabkan oleh air
laut.
 Korosi ialah pengikisan daratan yang
disebabkan oleh angin

42
Pengelolaan SDA yang salah
(Tragedi Situ Gintung)

43