‫القياسات في جدقيق الطاقة‬

‫‪Measurements in Energy Auditing‬‬

‫د ‪ .‬نور الدين آيث مسعودن‬

‫كرسي البحج ”المعلم محمد به الدن” ألبحاث الجودة واالوتاجيت في مجال اإلوشاءاث ‪ ،‬جامعت‬
‫حائل‬
‫‪n.messaoudene@uoh.edu.sa‬‬

‫اليوم العالمي للقياس‬

‫جدة ‪-‬السبت ‪ 21‬مايو ‪2011‬‬
 Energy audits can mean different things
depending on

Complexity of Level of
Scope economic
calculations
evaluation

General definition:

where a building or plant uses energy,

a process to evaluate

identify opportunities to reduce consumption.

 Economic and environmental
considerations

Is the subject of energy conservation and

energy efficiency important in the Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia?
 Points usually raised:
 the operating costs and the environmental impact associated with
utilizing conventional energy resources.

 economic competitiveness.

 for possible development of

.

Avoid the need to build new power plants that use

conventional energy sources.
 Additional challenge for developing countries

(from the technology and industry point of view )

as is the case for Saudi Arabia

Continuous trend toward

imposing internationally
compelling rules
Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita) Source International Energy Agency
Country 2006 2007 2008 2009 trend
1 Qatar 19,817 20,839 18,830
Iceland 13,691 15,708 16,556 17,307
Trinidad and Tobago 15,046 14,369 14,557
2 United Arab Emirates 10,722 11,832 13,030
3 Bahrain 11,124 11,525 11,896
Netherlands Antilles 10,058 11,243 11,078
4 Kuwait 9,500 9,467 9,637
Brunei Darussalam 8,619 8,627 9,251
5 Luxembourg 9,115 8,792 8,429 7,830
6 Canada 8,228 8,251 8,008 7,411
7 United States 7,692 7,748 7,503 7,075
8 Finland 7,049 6,926 6,635 6,182
9 Saudi Arabia 6,044 6,111 6,514
10 Norway 5,813 5,829 6,222 5,492
11 Australia 5,910 5,906 6,071 5,996
12 Oman 5,149 5,391 5,903
13 Belgium 5,509 5,367 5,471 5,168
14 Sweden 5,527 5,469 5,379 4,676
15 Netherlands 4,697 4,898 4,845 4,672
16 Russian Federation 4,706 4,733 4,838
United Kingdom 3,613 3,445 3,395 3,195
 Energy efficiency will more and more be considered as a strategic
issue even in oil rich countries, like the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as
per capita energy use places some of these countries among the top
raking in the world

Just think of one aspect:

Investment volume for increased power
generation capacity
In most countries, residential and commercial buildings account for a significant
portion of the total national energy consumption

almost 40% in the U.S. and in

France

Typically, buildings use electricity and a primary energy source such as natural gas or
fuel oil.

Electricity is used for lighting, appliances, and HVAC equipment.

This is the kind of

data that is
targeted in an
Energy Audit
 Energy Audit Types

Residential and commercial

Industrial facilities
buildings

standard detailed energy audit

energy audit •use of instruments to
•baseline for the measure energy-use (
walk-through utility cost whole building and/or
energy-use
audit analysis some energy systems)
•energy
conservation •evaluate and
measures recommend energy
retrofits
For Audit of Each Area

Key Parameters

Standard Audit Procedure

Instruments to be used

Measurements

Data Recording Formats

Calculation Procedures

Evaluation

Report Format
 Energy Audit Summary for commercial and
residential buildings

Thermal Systems: Electric Systems:

•HVAC •Lighting
•Hot Water •HVAC
•Appliances (cooking) •Electrical and Electronic
Equipment
Thermal energy use
distribution Structure (Demand
Weather effect distribution by type and
over time, power factor
penalty,…)
 Thermal Measurements

MEASURING BUILDING LOSES

Applications of infrared thermography

software

An infrared scan of the building envelope reveals heat losses locations

Heat Loss and Savings Calculations

Building components must be measured (area and volume) with +/- 10%.

Criteria for heat loss and savings calculations :

R-values of installed insulation shall be determined based on an actual

measurement of the insulation depth and the R-value for that product. SI units:
m².K/W (or equivalently to m².°C/W); B.S units: h.ft².°F/Btu.

Voids and gaps must be accounted for.

Windows and doors must be measured and assigned appropriate R-values

consistent with the ratings established by the National Fenestration Rating Council
(NFRC). Take into account the Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC).
 HVAC Measurements

Air Velocity Measurement

The following suggests the preference, suitability of particular equipment.

Anemometer (deflecting vane or revolving vane)—good indication of air movement
with acceptable order of accuracy. Considered useful.

Pitot tube—a standard air measurement device with good levels of accuracy. Considered
essential. Must be used with a manometer.

Heated thermocouple—these units are sensitive, accurate, but costly. A rather high cost,
can only be justified for regular use in a large plant.

Hot wire anemometer—not recommended. Too costly and too complex.

Temperature Measurement
The temperature devices most commonly used are as follows:

Glass thermometers
accurate, convenient, but fragile.

Resistance thermometers
considered to be very useful for A/C testing.
Accuracy is good,
reliable and convenient to use.

Thermocouples .
Chrome-Alum or iron types are the most useful
satisfactory accuracy and repeatability.
Optical pyrometers
only suitable for furnace settings
limited in use.

 Infrared thermometers
use for recording room or space temperature
Reasonably accurate.
 Pressure Measurement
(absolute and differential)
 Accuracy, range, application, and limitations are discussed in relation to HVAC work.

Absolute pressure manometer

Diaphragm to HVAC not really suited test work
Barometer (Hg manometer)

Micro manometer—not usually portable, but suitable for fixed measurement of pressure
differentials across filter, coils, etc.

Draft gauges— can be portable and used for either direct pressure or pressure differential.

Manometers—can be portable. Used for direct pressure reading and with Pitot tubes for
air flows. Very useful.

Swing Vane gauges—can be portable. Usually used for air flow.

Air Movement, Quality and Leaks

A blower door test setup for both pressurization and depressurization.

 Chemical Smoke

used to find the sources and direction of

air movement.

show possible air infiltration routes.

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

A CO2 sensor used in conjunction with a

data logger can be used to record and
document ventilation system effectiveness
due to changes in occupancy.
 Humidity Measurement

Psychrometers
with a handle for revolving in air.
Not very convenient

Now: digital
Based on indirect measurement:
e.g.: Electrical conductivity.

can be compact and portable but of higher

cost.
Very convenient to use.
 Electrical Measurements

Portable wattmeter

Power Quality Meters : can provide digital read-outs of

the power factor,
energy usage in both kWh and kW Demand or in Dollars
and Cents…

Stroboscope: To measure the speed of

the driven equipment and motor.
 SOME ESSENTIAL MEASURES FOR EFFICIENT ENERGY MANAGEMENT: ENERGY
CONSERVATION MEASURES

Classical methods

 Building envelope

 Lighting

 Office Equipment

 Motors

 HVAC Systems

 Indoor Water Management

 New Technologies

Building-Envelope Technologies.

 Spectrally selective glasses

 Chromogenic glazings (similar to sunglasses that become dark in sunlight)

 Building integrated photovoltaic panels

Light-Pipe Technologies.

“piping” of light from roof or wall mounted collectors to interior spaces

Energy Management Controls (EMCS)

automated control of a wide range of energy systems within commercial and industrial
buildings.

Novel HVAC Systems

Thermal comfort controls based on thermal comfort sensors used to generate comfort
indicators such as predicted mean vote (PMV) and/or predicted percent dissatisfied
(PPD).

Heat recovery technologies, such rotary heat wheels and heat pipes, can recover 50–
80% of the energy-used to heat or cool ventilation air supplied to the building.

Geothermal heat pumps.

Thermal energy storage (TES) systems.

 CONCLUSION
 As energy market turmoil impacts industry’s performance, more companies
are becoming interested in reducing their energy waste.

 Energy audits are not often thought of as the first step in finding solutions.

 Education is the key to addressing industry’s low awareness of energy

solutions.

 Results of an energy audit will depend on the auditor’s grasp of the client’s
needs and expectations.

 Quantitative as well as qualitative audits are much more useful in providing

needed data for a comprehensive assessment of energy uses and losses

 Such audits cannot be realized without reliable measurements.

References
Krarti, M., Energy Audit of Building Systems: An Engineering Approach, CRC Press,
Boca Raton, FL, 2000.)

Thumann, Albert, Handbook of energy audits , 7th ed, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,
2007