Hysteresis loss of a round superconductor

carrying a d.c. transport current in an

alternating transverse field
K. Kanbara

Department of Physics, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajousui

3-25-40, Setagayaku, Tokyo 156, Japan

Received 23 February 1987

The hysteresis loss in a cylindrical hard superconductor is investigated theoretically adopting

the critical state model for the case that an alternating field is applied transverse to the
conductor carrying a d.c. transport current. The shape of the cross-section of the shielded
region in the superconductor is approximated to an ellipse. To simulate the winding of
superconducting magnets, the magnetic interaction between the superconductor compo-
nents is taken into account. The total hysteresis loss is analysed as a sum of the magnetization
loss and the loss due to the dynamic resistance. The calculated losses for a wide range of
amplitude of the alternating field are given in graphs which clearly show how the transport
current and the interaction between the superconductors affect the hysteresis.

Keywords: superconductors; magnetic fields; hysteresis loss

When a non-ideal type 2 superconductor is exposed to an
alternating magnetic field, an electromagnetic energy
dissipation called hysteresis loss occurs in the super-
conductor. This loss depends clearly on the shape of the
superconductor and the amplitude of the alternating field
and its direction. In single core superconducting wire,
hysteresis loss only occurred in the wire if the eddy
currents in normal metal for stabilization were neglected.
In a multifilamentary superconducting wire, the electro-
magnetic energy dissipation consists of the hysteresis
losses and the losses generated by the coupling currents
between superconducting filaments. However, when the
alternating field was varied so slowly that the coupling
currents could be neglected each filament seemed inde-
pendent of the other filaments electrically. However,
multifilamentary superconducting wires cannot always
be used as above and the stimation of hysteresis loss is
important in various other applications of multifila-
mentary superconducting wires.
Hysteresis loss in the superconductor carrying no
transport current has already been investigated by many
authors. Morgan's theory 1 is popular with regard to the
hysteresis loss of a non-ideal type 2 superconductor of
round cross-section carrying no transport current.
Several theories have also been published by Kato et al. 2,
Ashkin 3, Wilson et al. 4 and Zenkevitch et al. 5.
Kato et alfl have adopted the critical state model s with
a constant critical current density and considered a
contour integral in the shielded region. Consequently,
they have verified that an appropriate circle can approxi-
mate to the cross-section of the shielded region and
obtained a formula for the hysteresis loss based on this
approximation. However, they have not calculated the
value of the loss based on this refined approximation
because this formula contains integrations too com-
plicated to evaluate.
Ashkin 3 determines the shape of the shielding current
region based on numerical calculation by computer. This
is based on the principle that no change of field in the
shielded region occurs corresponding to changes of the
external field. Ashkin estimates the hysteresis loss based
on this computer generated shape.
Wilson et al. 4 have introduced a formula of hysteresis
loss corresponding to the area enclosed by the magnetiz-
ation loop based on their approximation. They assume
that the critical current density is constant and the cross-
section is the same as in Figure 1. However, the relation
between the change in external field and the width of the
sheilding current region is not appropriate, since it
assumed that the maximum absolute value of the shield-
ing current density is equal to the critical current density.
In the theory described in this Paper, the value of the
shielding current density is twice that of the critical
current density, because the current turns over to shield.
Zenkevitch et al. 5 assume that the magnetization due to
the shielding current satisfies a semi-empirical formula
including three constants, which are determined from the
maximum value of the magnetization and the values of the
magnetization and the hysteresis loss corresponding to
the case where the shielding current region is minimum.
Their theory agrees with their experiment excellently;
however, it is difficult to expand their theory into the case
that the superconductor is carrying transport current, as
the semi-empirical formula takes no account of this.
In superconducting magnets, the superconducting wire
carries a current which excites the magnetic field. There-

0011-2275/87/110621-10 $03.00
(~'~ 1987 Butterworth & Co (Publishers) Ltd Cryogenics 1987 Vol 27 N o v e m b e r 621
Hysteresis loss of a round superconductor. K. Kanbara
\ shielding current region is very thin and the shielded
Y axis of the round cross-section. Of course, this axis is
X the shielding current region. In the following, this factor is
Figure I Approximated distribution of the shielding currents. The
shaded area indicates the shielded region with an elliptical shape
fore, it is important to estimate the loss of the super-
conductor carrying the transport current. Published
theories of the hysteresis loss for a superconductor with a
round cross-section carrying a transport current are
few 7'8. As far as we know, the round cross-section has
usually been replaced by an equivalent slab cross-section
in this case 9-11. With this procedure, some artificialities
occur, as the equivalent slab cross-section changes with
the strength of the magnetic interaction between super-
conductors in the magnet winding.
For a superconductor carrying no transport current,
hysteresis loss is equal to the area enclosed by its
magnetization loop as well as the ferromagnetic materials.
For a superconductor carrying a transport current, the
hysteresis loss is not obtained from only the magnetiz-
ation loop as the dynamic resistance lossl 2 experienced by
the source of the transport current occurs. Thus, in the
case of wires carrying transport current, the method based
on the critical state model should be selected because if the
distribution of current in a superconductor is known, the
critical state model leads us to the value of the dynamic
resistance.
In the following, the hysteresis loss is estimated based
on the critical state model for the case that a super-
conductor of round cross-section is carrying a d.c.
transport current in an alternating field which is trans-
verse and small by comparison to the bias field. For a
single core wire, the influence of the magnetic moments of
other wires in the winding is considered. For a multifila-
mentary wire, this treatment can be applied to the
magnetic interaction between filaments due to the field of
the magnetic moments of filaments.
C u r r e n t distribution
Approximation by an ellipse
In the alternating magnetic field, the shielding current is
induced on the surface of the superconductor and its
622 Cryogenics1987Vol 27 November
neighbourhood to shield the inner region from the change
of the external field. This region is called the shielding
current region and the inner region is called the shielded
region.
If the amplitude of the alternating field is very small, the
region is almost the whole of the superconductor. There-
fore, for the round superconductor, the cross-section of
the shielded region is also round. If the amplitude is very
large, so that the shielding current is induced in the whole
of the superconductor, the shielded region vanishes on an
parallel to the alternating field. Then, just before it
vanishes, the cross-section of the shielded region can be
regarded as a line segment with its length equal to the
diameter.
Accordingly, it is recognized that appropriate ellipses
are able to represent the above limits. Therefore, it is
reasonable to approximate the cross-section of any
shielded region to an ellipse as Figure 1. A non-
dimensional factor, q, is introduced from the width, W, of
used to specify the state of the superconductor
q= R_--W) 2 1
1
where R is the radius of the superconductor. The degree of
fitness of this approximation is described in the Appendix.
Magnetization process and current distribution
In the case that the superconductor in a large bias field is
exposed to the alternating field which is small by com-
parison, we can neglect the dependence of the critical
current density on the strength of the magnetic field and
may accept the approximation that it is always constant.
On the approximation of the shielded region by ellipses,
the current distributions corresponding to each state of
magnetization are explained below.
If the superconductor is carrying no transport current,
the distributions are as shown in Figures 2 and 3. The signs
in the figures of the current distribution indicate the signs
IT=0
AHA< AHr
M
Ilw
H
~ W A
Figure 2 Representation of the magnetization process and current
distribution (/T = 0, AH A < AHp)
 Hysteresis loss of a round superconductor. K. Kanbara

IT=0 IT+O +

z~HA~AHp M 1 ,
AHA< ~Hp
171

1
@
H

P
~ 3

.... Wp= D/2

Figure 3 Representationof the magnetization processand current
distribution (I T = 0, z~HA > A H p ) , where D is the diameter of the
superconductor
distribution (/T =~0, AHA < AHp)
~wA
Figure 4 Representationof the magnetization processand current

IT:~O
of the z component of the current induced by the
alternating field, and the dotted areas are the regions ~H,~ ~- •Hp
shielded from the change of the field throughout the ix IT/I c M
magnetization process.
If the amplitude, AH A, of the alternating field is not
large enough to saturate the magnetization, that is, if the 1q
amplitude AH A is smaller than the amplitude AHp, the
IL
magnetization and the current distribution after a second
run are as shown in Figure 2. Here, WA is the width of the H
shielding current region which is the most developed "3
through this process. The numbers on the figure of the
current distribution indicate the magnetization state. 3
In the case that A H A is larger than AHp, the magnetiz-
ation and the current distribution after a second run are as
shown in Figure 3. If no transport current flows, the
shielding current region can develop into the whole of the
superconductor, so that its width grows up the length of ~ W p : p ( 1 - i )
the radius.
If the superconductor is carrying a d.c. transport Figure 5 Representationof the magnetization processand current
distribution (/T =#0, •H A > AHp)
current, it follows one of the magnetization processes
shown in Figures 4 and 5. The case of only unsaturated
magnetization occurring is shown in Figure 4 where the where I x, I c and i are the transport current, the critical
hatched parts are the regions shielded throughout the current, and the normalized transport current, respect-
process (as in Figure 2). The current distributions in these ively. In this case, the field induced by the transport
regions remain constant throughout the process and the current also remains throughout this process.
transport current flows in this region. Of course, the
magnetic field induced by the transport current also Shielding field and magnetic moment
remains throughout this process. Thus, WA is the width of Since the current distributions are determined as above,
the shielding current region which is the most developed based on Biot Savart's law, it is possible to estimate the
throughout this process (as in Figure 2). fields induced by the shielding current. The shielding
Ira d.c. transport current flows, the largest width, Wp, of current might consist of its z component only, therefore
the shielding current region must be shorter than the the shielding field Hso at the centre of the superconductor
radius, R, of the superconductor. Since the superconduc- is specified as an integral
tor is carrying the transport current constantly regardless
of whether the magnetization is saturated or not, it is
understood easily that Hs° = 2n dx dyJ(x, y) x2 + y2 (3)

W~ = R(1 - i) (1) where J(x, y) is the shielding current density and the
and surface integral is carried out over the whole cross-
section. It should be noted that the value of the shielding
i = IT/Ic (2) current density is 0 or + 2J c.

Cryogenics 1987 Vol 27 November 623

Hysteresis loss of a round superconductor: K. Kanbara
Using the approximation to an ellipse for the shielded A M = M ( H A.... ) - M(HA.mi.) (14)
region, this integral can be done analytically: (1) in the
case of the increasing external field 1 2 cos 2 qJ.,.- 1
Gkl = ~ RzE~.. (15)
' r
Hso - 2Jc f ; dx f R(=-x2m2)~ Y dy
,J(a- ~(1 --x2/R2)"~X2 + y2 ~'m.=Y" (16)
rmn
- ~oJc R 1 - - tan -1 q (4) r.. = (X 2 + y2)½ (17)
~ q
and (2) in the case of the decreasing external field X,,, = m A X (18)
Y. = n A Y (19)
4 ( 1 __lq)
Hso = - t~oJc R 1 tan (5)
where Gk~is the geometrical factor introduced by them, Z'
implies the sum over the whole of the winding without the
In addition, the magnetic moment, M, of the super- superconductor considered itself, and AX and A Y are
conductor per unit length induced by the shielding lattice parameters of the windings. Note that GA in
current at any time can be estimated, provided that the Equation (13) is the arithmetical average of the factor Gk~.
magnetic moment is zero when the alternating field is In the above method, it is assumed that each super-
minimum conductor in the two-dimensional lattice, as in Figure 6,
interacts with the other superconductors whose magnetic
M f f s dx dyJ(x, y)y (6) moments are the same. This method can be applied to any
winding structure in principle. However, since it is
The above integral also can be integrated analytically assumed that each magnetic moment has the same
using this approximation: (1) in the case of the increasing magnitude and direction, some restrictions originating
external field from the above assumption might occur on the estimation
R IR(1 - x2/R2) ½ of the distribution of the loss.
M = -4#oJ c
f - R

= - a#oJcR ~(2R - if)

dx
,)(g - R')(1 - x 2 / g 2 ) ~
y dy In the treatment used by Zenkevitch et al., the strength
of this interaction is determined by the Ga factor.
However, their estimation of this factor is inconvenient
practically, since this is represented as a summation of the
= _~l~oJcRaq(1 + q2)-i (7) terms of the interaction over the two-dimensional lattice
included by many points. Thus, it is convenient to expand
the saturated value, Mp, is simply evaluated as below
the sum to an integral and approximate the average Of Gk~
Mp = -8/~oJcRS(1 - i 2) (8) by the factor G which is the value of Gooat the centre of the
winding. Therefore, G can be specified as an integration as
and (2) in the case of decreasing external field shown in Figure 7
M = Mmi. +~#oJcRff'(2R - if) (9) 2R 2 |r Y,,dy[;XOdx [2Yz(XZ + y2)-,] _ 1
where Mini. is the minimum of the magnetization, which is G - AX AY dAY daX X 2 + y2 (20)
diamagnetic and W is width of the region shielded from
the decrease of the external field. If the magnetization is
not saturated, Mini. is evaluated from Figure 4
Y
Mmin = 8~oJcRaqA(1 + q2) 1 (10)
where qA is defined as IH Y0

qA -- (R - ~VA)2 1 (11)

If the magnetization is saturated, Mm~nis obtained easily -X 0

Mmi, = Mp (12)

Magnetic interaction between

superconductors
Since each superconductor in the winding has magnetic
moments induced by shielding currents, it is subject to the
field produced by other superconductors. Zenkevitch et
al. s first considered this effect on the estimation of the
transverse alternating field loss for single core wires. They
have suggested that there are relations between the
amplitude, AH, of the external field which affects the
winding, and the amplitude, AHA, which affects the
superconductor in the winding, considered as below
Figure 6 Two-dimensional lattice of superconductors in the co-
AH A - AH = GAAM(~R2) - 1 (13) ordinate used in an analysis of the magnetic interaction

624 Cryogenics 1987 Vol 27 November

 Hysteresis loss of a round superconductor: K. Kanbara
i i
dynamic resistance is measured to calculate the energy
j~/2 supplied from the source of the transport current, and
the magnetization loop is measured to calculate the
10
-------w energy from the power source of the magnetic field. Hence,
3 the hysteresis loss can be estimated if the loop and
2 dynamic resistance were obtained theoretically.
AY/AX= 1
Magnetization loss

< 0.5
0.3
For one cycle of the alternating field, the energy dissipa-
tion per unit length supplied from the power source of
0 0.1 the field is represented as the area of the magnetization
O4 loop

Q. = ~ M~ HA (26)

-1 and evaluated analytically as below. This integral is

classified to the following two cases. Where AH A < AHp,
-=/2 then
QM = _31~oJc
8 R 3 AHAqA(
2 1 +q2) 1
i i ¢ i i i i 32
+ po.l~.R4[(tan -~ qA)2 + (1 + q~)-i _ 1] (27)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
and using the Equations (3) and (6), we obtain
vo/x0 AHA = 4 JcR( 1 - 1 tan- 1 qA)
F i g u r e 7 The relation between factor G and the geometrical (28)
structure of the w i n d i n g rc qA
AM = -~ItoJcR3q2(l + q2) 1 (29)
The expression for the G factor is obtained from the above Substituting Equations (28) and (29)into Equation (13)
integral modifies it to contain an unknown parameter, qA, only.
2R2 / Yo AY If this equation is solved, AH A is also determined accord-
G=AX Ay~tan i -tan ing to Equation (28). Thus, the magnetization loss can
Xo Xo be estimated using Equation (27). The length of the short
axis of the shielded region can also be obtained using
-tan ~ Y" AY)
AY + t a n - i AX (21) Equation 17) and (29).
Z
Where AH A > AHp, then
If the number of lattice points is very large, the following
relations can be satisfied
QM
=31~oJcR
8 3 2
qp(l + qpZ)-I(AHA AHp)
32
AY + 3~ ItoJZ,R4[(tan-lqp)2 +(l +q~) 1 - 1 ] (30)
So ~ 0 (22)
where
~- ~ (23)
AY
qP = ( R - IVp)2 1 (31)
Then, using the packing factor, 2, of superconductors in
the lattice, the G factor is obtained as follows (1 i2) ~
= i (32)
G= 2 tan ~ - +tan ~ (24) The amplitude, AHp, of the field and the change, AM,
Xo 2 As
of the magnetic moment at that time when the saturated
). < G < £ (25) magnetic moment occurs are indicated below
4 ( , )
AHp= Jc R 1 - tan-1 qp (33)
72 qp
Hysteresis loss AM s
= -31,oJc R 3%(1
2 + qvZ)-1 (34)
It is possible to estimate the hysteresis loss of an infinite Since qp is confirmed with the transport current, AH a
cylinder carrying a d.c. transport current, since the can be directly determined using Equations (13), (33) and
knowledge of the current distributions in the supercon- (34). Hence, the magnetization loss is obtained using
ductor and the magnetic moments induced by the Equation (30).
alternating field have been obtained in the above section.
The superconductor carrying a d.c. transport current is Loss due to the dynamic resistance
supplied electromagnetic energies from the power source
of the magnetic field and the transport current. The The dynamic resistance is known from the measurement

Cryogenics 1987 Vol 27 November 625

Hysteresis loss of a round superconductor." K. Kanbara
a

YT ~Z
Jr
/ IT
/

? ~!~!i!~!i~i~!~!i~!~!i~!~!~:~:~:~:~:!~!~!~!i:!:!:~:~:~:~:~:i!:!:i~i:!:!:!:~i:!:!:!:i~:~:i:!:!:!:i~:~:~:~:i!:!:!:!:!:~:~:~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:~:~:
V ili::i::i::i::ii i i ::i::iiiii~!i~ii!i!iiii!iiiiiiii::i~iii~i~i~i~ iiii~iii :
;:i:i:!:!:ii~:~:~;:!.:i:~:~:~:~:i:i:i:i:ii~.~:!:!:i:i!~i~i~i~i!~:~:~...:~i~.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.~:::::::::~:~:~:~:!~!:~i!i!ii!i~:~:;..:ii!i!ii~:~:::~:~+.......:::::~:~:.:.~.~.:::!:!:!:!:!:i:i:i:i:i:i:i:i

II
IT

°=+ !:':::;:i:i:::::::;;i;::';'~:i;:~X':-:,X.X:7:'°.°
"

y ® y
I=,

X xl
'@ ©

l=
Y )
Y

X
i X

1 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
i~i~i:~:iiiiiii~,ii~,i~i~,i~+,ii':i::ii~iii
Figure 8 The magnetic flux which affects the source of the transport current is distributed throughout the dotted regions. (a) I T = 0,
AH A < AHp; (b) / T = 0, AN A/> AHp; (c) / T ~=0, AH A < AHp; (e) I T #=0, z~HA/> AHp

626 Cryogenics 1987 Vol 27 November

 Hysteresis loss of a round superconductor. K. Kanbara

0.4
-0.1
\ -0.1
\
0.2

0.2
G=-0.2

.1
G=-0.2

0--
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 -0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

b d

-0.1\ /#0.2

G=-0.2

0.5 2~
'0.1

G=-0.2

O I t I l I 0 1 I I I I

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Figure 9 The relations between the normalized hysteresis loss, Q*, and the transport current, i, for various amplitudes of the alternating
field: (a) AH*= 0.25; (b) AH* =0.5; (c) AH*= 1.0; (d) AH* =2.0

of the load voltage from the source of the transport
current. Data on the contour called the 'electric centre'
are necessary to estimate the load voltage. This contour is
a succession of points where the supercurrent in the
superconductor turns over. The source of the transport
current responds to the change of the magnetic flux in the
region enclosed by this contour (see Figure 8).
If the magnetic field is parallel to the x axis, the
distributions of current in the superconductor and the
magnetic flux from the source of the transport current are
expressed by the formula containing x as a single variable.
Then, the transport current density, Jx(x), in the super-
conductor and the voltage, V(x), per unit length corre-
sponding to the change of flux, are obtained from Figure 8

C r y o g e n i c s 1 9 8 7 Vol 27 N o v e m b e r 627
Hysteresis loss of a round superconductor." K. Kanbara
as Note that the above formulas indicating hysteresis loss
contain only non-dimensional terms.
JT(X) = 2 J c ( R - l'Fp)(1 - x2/R2) ½ (35)
Figure 9 illustrates the relation between the normalized
IT(x) =/~o(R - l~p)(1 - xZ/R2) ~.//A (36) hysteresis loss and a d.c. transport current including the
factor G as a parameter. Figure 10 illustrates the relation
Thus, the loss due to the dynamic resistance per unit time between the normalized hysteresis loss and the amplitude
is established as the integral of of the alternating field including a d.c. transport current as
a parameter. The tendencies below all occur in these
PD = dxJT(x)~x) (37) figures:
-R
1 the influence of factor G is considerable as the
and the loss, QD, per unit length for one cycle of the
amplitude AH is small;
alternating field is
2 the influence of factor G is decreasing with the
increment of the transport current; and
QD= fc dt PD (38) 3 hysteresis loss increases rapidly with the increment of
ycle
the transport current in the case that the amplitude
where AHA < AHv, then AH is small.
Oo = 0 (39)
Conclusions
and where AH A > AHp, then
Qo = l~/ZoJc R 3i2(AHA _ AHv) (40) A theory has been proposed for the hysteresis loss which
occurs in an infinite cylindrical superconductor carrying a
Thus, the observed load voltage, Vm, per unit length is
derived based on the loss per unit time and the transport
current: (1) in the time when the magnetization is not
saturated
Cm = 0 (41)
and (2) in the time when the magnetization is saturated
i=0.9
2
¢.~ = ~ izoRi[l (42)

where the relations used are as follows

IT = ~zJcR(R - l~e) (43)
PD = IT' Vm (44)

Hysteresis loss per cycle

The hysteresis loss, Q, per unit length is obtained as the

sum of QM and Qo. Thus, the hysteresis loss can be
normalized by introducing the following parameters 0.1

= I~oJ2cR4 (45)

AH 1 = AH A
(4)1 Jc R (46)

AH* = AHp
(4)-,Jc R (47)
0.01
where Q*, AHI and A/-/* are the normalized loss, the
normalized amplitude of the alternating field and the
normalized amplitude of the field corresponding to the
appearance of the saturated magnetization, respectively.
Where AH* < AH*, then
Q* ~ - - ~AHAqA(1
4 * 2
+q2)- 1
+ ~[(tan- lqA)2 + (1 + q2)- 1__ l] (48)
and where AH~, > AH*, then
Q* = ~(AH~ - 2AH*)q2(1 + q2)-1 0 1.0 2.0
+ ~[(tan- aqv)2 + (1 + q2)- 1 _ l] Figure 10 Normalized hysteresis loss, Q*, v e r s u s the amplitude of
alternating magnetic field, AH~, where parameters, i, are specified
+ 8 ,
~(AHA - AHp)~, -2
(49) normalized critical currents of superconductors

628 Cryogenics 1987 Vol 27 November

 Hysteresis loss of a round superconductor." K. Kanbara

d.c. transport current in a small alternating field with a Hs/Hso _ __

large transversely biased field. The theory is based on the
approximation of the shielded region to an appropriate 10

ellipse. This theory has the ability to treat electromagnetic i

energy dissipation caused by external fields occurring in a 08!
magnet made from a single core superconducting wire. 06-
Furthermore, the hysteresis loss of a multifilamentary
superconducting wire can certainly be obtained using this 04 ¸

theory, if each filament is regarded as a round super-

conductor and the bundle as a winding of round Q2~

superconductors.
0 20 40 60 80 100

2x/o (0/~)
Acknowledgement
Figure 12 Variation of the shielded magnetic field, H, along the x
The author would like to thank Dr T. Ogasawara for axis. Hso denotes the shielding field, H s, at the origin
helpful discussions.
Hs/Hs0
References 1.0 ~-- 28(%)

60(%)

1 Morgan, G. H. BNL Internal Report AADD (1968) 146 0.8 l _ _

2 Kato, Y., Hanakawa, M. and Yamafnji, K. dpn J Appl Phys (1976) 2X/D-96(~)
15 695
3 Ashkin, M. J Appl Phys (1979) SO 7060
4 Wilson, M. N. and Waiters, C. R. RL-76-038 (April 1976)
5 Zenkeviteh, V. B., Zheltov, V. V. and Romanyuk, A. S. Cryogenics
(1978} 18 93
6 Bean, C. P. Rev Mod Phys (1964) 36 31
7 Kanbara, K., Ogasawara, T., Takahasi, Y., Kubota, Y., Yasohama,
K. and Yasnkoehi, K. Cryog Eng (1981) 29
8 Noda, M., Miyahara, K., Mnta, 1., Funai, K. and Yamafnji, K. Cryog
0.4

0.2

0
f ~ i , _l , i , J

Eng (1986) 349 0 20 4'0 60 8'0 100

9 Hancnx, R. Proc IEE(1966) 113 1221 2W/D(~)
I1) Hunt, T. K. J Appl Phys (1974) 45 907
Figure 13 Shielding field, H s, plotted as a function of the
I 1 Ogasawara, T., Takahasi, Y., Kanbara, K., Knbota, Y., Yasohama,
thickness, W, of the shielding current region
K. and Yasnkochi, K. Cryogenics (1979) 19 736
12 Ogasawara, T., Yasukochi, K., Nose, S. and Sekizawa, H. Cryo-
genics (1976) 16 33 I I I I [ I I i

1.4
o o
Appendix 1.2
If we only consider the shielding current and field and the
change of an external field, according to Maxwell's ~1.0
~J
equations for the magnetic flux density in a shielded
region we obtain =°0.8
V2~=0
0.6
Y
E0.4

0.2

I I [ " I I I I

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
magnetic flux density
Figure 14 Magnetic moment normalized versus magnetic flux
density normalized. -, Values based on Ashkin's theory (see
Reference 3); ©, calculated values on the ellipsoidal shielded
regions

Therefore, each component of the flux density is

harmonic.
Two ellipsoids illustrated in Figure 11 have common
Figure 11 A cross-section of two ellipsoids with common focusses, FI( - a, 0, 0) and F2(a, 0, 0), and r, and r 2 indicate
focusses the distances between each focus and the surface. On the

Cryogenics 1987 Vol 27 November 629

Hysteresis loss of a round superconductor: K. Kanbara
surface of the ellipsoids, the function ~P below is harmonic
and equal to a constant sBIAVl dS 0

~-1 Considering the symmetry of the flux density, this

q~ = In - - equation suggests that any point in this ellipsoid is
~+1
shielded. This implies that the approximation by the
where ellipse is reasonable from an electromagnetic viewpoint.
To examine the degree of suitability of the approxim-
- rl + r 2 ation, we calculated the field induced shielding current on
2a the x axis, according to Biot-Savart's law and this
approximation. Figures 12 and 13 illustrate these results.
According to Green's theorem, this function has the Hso is the shielding field at the centre of the super-
following relation conductor and H s at the point considered.
Further, in Figure 14, we compare our results with
Ashkin's numerical results on the magnetization curve for
the virgin run. In this figure, the abscissa and ordinate are
the normalized magnetic moment and flux density ac-
where ~b is any harmonic function. cording to Ashkin's treatment. The solid line indicates
Since a limit of the ellipsoid having focusses F 1 and F 2 is Ashkin's results and the points calculated on the appro-
a straight line segment, F1F2, any ellipsoid having the x ximation. The results of the approximation by an ellipse
axis as a rotation axis and included in the shielded region agree with Ashkin's results excellently throughout the
satisfies magnetization process.

630 Cryogenics 1987 Vol 27 November