Harvard System -

2-page Quick Guide

1.1 If the author’s name occurs naturally in the sentence the year is given in
parentheses:- e.g. In a popular study, Harvey (1992, p.556) argued that ...

1.2 If, however, the name does not occur naturally in the sentence, both name
and year are given in parentheses:-

e.g.(1) More recent studies (Bartlett,1996; James,1998) show that ...

e.g.(2) The recent evidence… is far from clear (Bartlett,1996).

1.3 When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year,
these are distinguished by adding lower case letters (a,b,c, etc.) after the year
and within the parentheses:- e.g. Johnson (1994a) discussed the subject ...

1.4 If there are two authors, the surnames of both should be given:-
e.g. Matthews and Jones (1993) have proposed that...

1.5 If there are more than two authors the surname of the first author only should be
given, followed by et al :-
e.g. Wilson et al. (1997) conclude that...

1.6 If there is no originator then “Anon” should be used:-

e.g. A recent article (Anon,1993) stated that...

However, if it is a reference to newspapers where no author is given the name of

the
paper can be used in place of author or Anon whichever seems most helpful. You
will need to use the same style in the reference list so the name of the newspaper
may be more helpful.
e.g. The Times (1996) stated that....

1.7 If you refer to a source quoted in another work you cite both in the text:-

e.g. A study by Smith (1960, cited in Jones 1994 p.24) showed that...
(You need to list the work you have used, i.e. Jones, in the main bibliography.)

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1.8 Quotations:-
A short quotation of less than a line may be included in the body of the text in
quotation marks but if it is longer start a new line and indent it. Include the
page number if desired.

Single space the quotation (assuming your normal spacing is 1.5)

e.g.: .... so “good practices must be taught” (Smith,1996, p.15) and we should...
or: Theory rises out of practice, and once validated, returns to direct or explain
the practice. (Stevens,1997, p.92)

1.9 Internet references

Look for an author in the first instance, or failing that a sponsoring organisation. If
neither is provided the source may be unreliable and perhaps should not be used.
You may need to conduct some detective word to discover a date. The date posted
may be used as a substitute if all else fails. Note the [on-line] added to the end of
the title! Many authors now incorporate hypertext references into their references
(i.e. they are ‘clickable’) so that readers can quickly access the article/web page.

Quote the full internet address on a new line and include the date accessed e.g.
Moon, J. (1999), ‘Plagiarism and Cheating among undergraduates’ [on-line]
http://www.cf.ac.uk/ls/lsp/Italic/issue2c.html [accessed dd/mm/yyyy]

• Your references should be in alphabetic order of author(s) at the end of your

assignment.

• There should be a 1:1 correspondence between the works cited and the list of references
i.e.
If it is cited in the text, then it must be included in the references at the end of your
assignment
If you have included an item in your list of references then it must have been cited in
the text (i.e. do not include books you may have read but have not cited in the text)
Your list of references should therefore only contain what you yourself have read.

Adapted by:

Mike Hart
Business Management Group
University College, Winchester

harvquik.doc

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Example of List of References

Anderson. N.H. (1972) ‘Scales and Statistics: Parametric and non-parametric’ in R. E. Kirk
(ed)., Statistical Issues: A Reader for the Behavioural Sciences, Brooks/Cole, Monterrey.

Avis,M., Bond,M. and Arthur,A. (1995), ‘Satisfying solution? A review of some unresolved
issues in the measurement of patient satisfaction’, Journal of Advanced Nursing,22: 316-322.

Baker,R. and Whitfield,M. (1992) 'Measuring patient satisfaction: a test of construct validity',
Quality in Health Care, 1(2):104-109.

Bamford,C. and Jacoby,A. (1992) 'Development of patient satisfaction questionnaires: I.

Methodological issues', Quality in Health Care, 1(3): 153-157.

Batalden,P. and Nelson,E. (1990) ‘Hospital Quality: Patient, Physician and Employee
Judgements’, International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 3(4): 7-17.

Batchelor,C., Owens,D.J., Read,M. and Bloor,M. (1994) 'Patient Satisfaction Studies:

Methodology,Management and Consumer Evaluation', International Journal of Health Care
Quality Assurance, 7(7): 22-30.

Blalock, H. M. (1979) Social Statistics [Revised 2nd edition],McGraw-Hill Kogakusha,

London.

Carr-Hill, R. (1992), ‘The measurement of patient satisfaction’, Journal of Public Health

Medicine, 14(3): 236-249.

Carr-Hill,R., Humphries,K. and McIver,S (1987) Wolverhampton: a picture of health, York,

Centre for Health Economics.(mimeograph)

College of Health (1994) Consumer Audit Guidelines, College of Health.,London

Dalrymple,J.F., Donnelly, M., Wisniewski,M and Curry,A.C. (1995), ‘Measuring service

quality in local government’ in G.K. Kanji (ed), Total Quality Management, Chapman and
Hall, London.

DHSS(1983), Enquiry into NHS Management, (The Griffiths Report), HMSO, London.

Eccles,M., Jacoby,A. and Bamford,C. (1992) 'Development of patient satisfaction

questionnaires: II. Collaboration in practice', Quality in Health Care, 1(3): 158-160.

Ellis,R. and Whittington,D. (1994), 'Health Care Quality Assurance: Techniques and
Approaches', Public Money and Management, 14(2):23-29.

Evason,E. and Whittington,D. (1991) 'Patient Satisfaction Studies:Problems and Implications

Explored in a Pilot Study in Northern Ireland', Health Education Journal, 50(2): 73-77.

Fitzpatrick,R. (1991a) 'Surveys of Patient satisfaction:I-Important general considerations',

British Medical Journal, 302: 887-889.

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Fitzpatrick,R. (1991b) 'Surveys of Patient satisfaction:II-Designing a Questionnaire and
Conducting a Survey', British Medical Journal, 302: 1129-1132.

Hand, D.J. (1996) ‘Statistics and the theory of measurement’, Journal of the Royal Statistical
Society, Series A, 159(3), pp. 445-492.

Kind,P., Leese,B., Cameron, I. and Carpenter,J. (1993),’Quantifying Quality - Measuring

Quality in the Provision of Health Care’ in, M. Malek, P.Vacani, J.Rasquinha and P. Davey
(eds). Managerial Issues in the Reformed NHS, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

Linder-Pelz,S. (1982) 'Toward a theory of patient satisfaction', Social Science and Medicine,
16: 577.

Locker,D. and Dunt,D. (1978) 'Theoretical and methodological issues in sociological studies
of consumer satisfaction with medical care', Social Science and Medicine, 12: 283-292.

Lodge,M. (1981) Magnitute Scaling [Sage University Paper Series on Quantitative

Applications in the Social Sciences No. 25], Beverly Hills, Sage

Lord, F,M. (1972) ‘On the statistical treatment of football numbers’ in R.E. Kirk (ed).,
Statistical Issues: A Reader for the Behavioural Sciences, Brooks/Cole, Monterrey.

NHS Management Executive (1992), Local Voices - The Views of Local People in
Purchasing for Health, EL(92)1, January

Parasuraman,A., Zeithaml,V. and Berry,L. (1985) 'A Conceptual Model of Service Quality
and its implications for Future Research', Journal of Marketing, 49 (Fall): 41-50.

Parasuraman,A., Zeithaml,V. and Berry,L. (1988) 'SERVQUAL: A Multiple-Item Scale for

Measuring Perceptions of Service Quality', Journal of Retailing, 64: 12-40.

Rigge,M. (1995) 'Does public opinion matter ? (Yes/No/Don't know'), Health Service
Journal, 7 September: 26-27.

Scott,A. and Smith,R. (1994), ‘Keeping the Customer Satisfied: Issues in the Interpretation
and Use of Patient Satisfaction Surveys’, International Journal for Quality in Health Care,
6(4),: 353-359.

Siegel, S. and Castellan.N.J. (1988) Nonparametric Statistics [2nd edition], McGraw-Hill,

New York.

Stevens,S.S. ‘On the theory of scales of measurement’, Science, 103, 677-680.

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Zeithaml,V., Parasuraman,A. and Berry,L. (1990) Delivering Service Quality, Free Press,
New York.