Anatomy of Kidney

Location:-
In humans the kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, more specifically in the
paravertebral gutter and lie in a retroperitoneal position at a slightly oblique angle. There are
two, one on each side of the spine. The asymmetry within the abdominal cavity caused by the
liver typically results in the right kidney being slightly lower than the left, and left kidney
being located slightly more medial than the right. The left kidney is approximately at the
vertebral level T12 to L3, and the right slightly lower. The upper parts of the kidneys are
partially protected by the eleventh and twelfth ribs. Resting on top of each kidney is an
adrenal gland. Kidney and adrenal gland are surrounded by two layer of fat (the perirenal and
pararenal fat) and the renal fascia.
Structure:-
The kidneys has a bean shaped structure, each kidney has concave and convex
surfaces. Each adult kidney weighs between 125 and 170 grams in males and between 115
and 155 grams in females. The left kidney is slightly larger than the right. The Kidney is
approximately 11-14 cms. In length, 6 cms. wide and 4cms. thick. The concave surface, the
renal hilum, is the point at which the renal artery enters the organ, and the renal vein and
ureter leave. The kidney is surrounded by tough fibrous tissue, the renal capsule, which is
surrounded by perinephric fat, renal facia(of Gerota) and paranephric fat. The anterior border
of these tissues is the peritoneum; the posterior border is the transversalis fascia.
The superior border of the right kidney is adjacent to the liver, and the spleen, on the
left border. Therefore both move down on inhalation.
The parenchyma of the kidney is divided into superficial renal cortex and deep renal
medulla, these structures take the shape of 8 to 18 cone-shaped renal lobes, each containing
renal cortex surrounding a portion of medulla called a renal pyramid of Malpighi. Between
the renal pyramids are projections of cortex called renal columns of Bertin. Nephrons are the
functional structures of the kidney, span the cortex and medulla. The initial filtering portion
of the Nephron is the renal corpuscle, located in the cortex which is followed by a renal
tubule, that passed from the cortex in to the medullary pyramids. Part of the renal cortex, a
medullary ray is a collection of renal tubules that drain into a single collecting duct. The tip,
or papilla of each pyramid empties urine into a minor calyx, minor calyces empty into major
calyces, and major calyces empty into renal pelvis, which becomes the ureter.
Blood Supply:-
The kidneys receive blood from the renal arteries, left and right, which branch directly
from the abdominal aorta. Kidneys receive approximately 20% of the cardiac output. Each
renal artery branches in to segmental arteries, dividing further into interlobar arteries which
penetrate the renal capsule and extend through the renal columns between the renal pyramids.
The interlobar arteries then supply blood to the arcuate arteries that run through the boundary
of the cortex and the medulla. Each arcuate artery supplies several interlobular arteries that
feed into the afferent arterioles that supply the glomeruli.
The inerstitium is the fuctional space in the kidney beneath the glomeruli, which are
rich in blood vessels. The interstitium reabsorbs fluid from the tubules. Conditions that lead
to scarring and congestion of this area can cause kidney dysfunction and failure. After
filtration occurs the blood moves through a network of venules that converge into interlobular
veins. Interlobular open in to arcuate vains then back to the interlobar veins, which form the
renal vein exiting the kidney.
Innervation:-
The kidneys and nervous system communicate via the renal plexus, whose fibers
course along the renal arteries to reach the kidney. Input from the sympathetic nervous
system triggers vasoconstriction in the kidney, thereby reducing renal blood flow. The kidney
is not thought to receive input from the parasympathetic nervous system. Sensory input from
the kidney travel to the T10-11 levels of the spinal cord and is sensed in the corresponding
dermatome, Thus renal pain is referred to the flank region.
Embryology of kidney:-
The mammalian kidney develops from the intermediate mesoderm. Kidney
development, also called Nephrogenesis, proceeds through a series of three successive
phases, each marked by the development of more advanced paid of kidneys: the pronephros,
mesonephros and metanephros.
Development starts at fourth week of IUL.
Primordial Components--- pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros
Pronephros: appear as solid cell groups in cervical region, which then regresses.
Mesonephros: forms glomeruls Bowman’s capsule, which opens into mesonephric duct.
Except mesonephric duct rest of these structures regresses. Mesonephric duct forms internal
genitalia in males, an outgrowth from it forms uretericbud.
Metanephros: forms excretory part of definitive kidney upto Distal convoluted tubule.
Uretericbud forms the rest, from collecting tubule upto trigone of the blader. Intercution
between the metanephros and uretericbud initiates the development of kidney.
Ascent and Rotation of the Kidney:-
Definitive human kidney derived from the metanephros lies in the sacral region. In
subsequent development of the embryo, differential growth of the abdominal wall causes the
kidney to ascend to the Lumbar region. The metanephros at first receives blood from lateral
sacral arteries, but with its ascent definitive renal artery represents the lateral splanchnic
branch of the aorta supplies it.
The hilum of the kidney, at first, faces anteriorly. The organ gradually rotates so that the
hilum come to face medially.