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CARBODUR
CARBODUR Engineering steels
CARBODUR
CARBODUR
CARBODUR
CARBODUR
Case-hardening steels
Contents
Page 4 – 7 Carbodur – The material
Page 8 – 9 Energy industry
Page 10 – 11 Transport
Page 12 – 13 General mechanical engineering
Page 14 – 15 Steel portraits
Page 16 – 17 Steel production
Page 18 – 19 Steel processing
Material data
Page 20 – 31 Material Data Sheets
(Please note the text on the flap of the rear cover, which contains
Technical information
Page 32 – 36 Hardenability
Page 37 – 39 Machining and heat treatment
Page 40 – 43 Case-hardening treatment
Page 44 Overview of grades and chemical composition
Page 45 Melt analysis/International standards
Page 46 Forms supplied
Page 47 Hardness comparison table
Page 48 Temperature Comparison
Page 50 List of photos
3
CARBODUR
4
Carbodur
with wear problems
Consequently, case-hardening
steels or case-hardened compo-
nents are indispensable wherever
high wear resistance, high fatigue
strength and low notch sensitivity
are required.
The choice of a steel grade is
governed by the intended appli-
cation, the types of stress in-
volved and the dimensions of the
parts or the geometry of the com-
ponents in question. Technical
and economic aspects are like-
wise of decisive importance. Our
materials specialists are available
for consulations concerning the
optimum choice and most expe-
dient use of the various case-
hardening steel grades.
Spot-on
cifically targeted when first melt- hardening treatment, i.e. by car-
ing the steel. The facilities in burising, hardening and temper-
Witten and Krefeld permit a highly ing (or stress relieving). If, for
accurate and reliably repeatable
chemical composition. An ex-
example, high strength is required
in combination with high tough- right
tremely high degree of purity is ness of the core, the alloying ele-
achieved by the spot-on melt ments must be matched in such a
analysis, secondary metallurgical way that through-hardening is
treatment and vertical continuous guaranteed at a given cross-sec-
casting, or alternatively by remelt- tion and with the given heat treat-
ing. Non-metallic inclusions are ment. This steel-specific through-
virtually ruled out. hardening is offered by Carbodur,
The high degre of macroscopic even at large cross-sections.
and microscopic purity, the We are in a position to offer you
homogeneity of the microstruc- case-hardening steels manufac-
ture and the fine-grain stability of tured specifically with the hard-
our Carbodur grades cannot be ness you require. Make use of
beaten by any other manufacturer this opportunity - talk to our
of high-grade steels. materials specialists!
6
efficiency of series production is
already defined when ordering the
steel. The machinability of case-
hardening steels is influenced by
the microstructure, the strength
and the non-metallic inclusions
Made-to-measure heat
treatment
Depending on the intended appli-
cation and processing, we can
supply you with Carbodur steel
grades in a wide variety of treated
conditions, e.g. with reduced
hardness, maximum hardness or
a specific hardness range, treated
for ferrite-pearlite structure or for
spherical carbides.
Detailed technical information on
nents also have to demonstrate Good machinability forms supplied and machining
the highest possible ductility The larger the quantity of compo- can be found from Page 32
when exposed to high dynamic nents to be manufactured, the onwards.
stresses, in order to avoid brittle more important the demand for
fractures. As the impact strength good machinability of the materi-
of the component decreases with al. This means that the economic
increasing case-hardening depth,
the latter must not be too great.
7
The world of Carbodur steels is
More staying
the world of drive systems. Their
strengths are in demand wherever with Carbodur
power is transmitted. The indi-
vidual components of the mighty
transmission mechanisms used in
hydroelectric power stations, wind
turbine generators or in the off-
shore industry not only have to
withstand enormous pressures per
unit of area, they also have to run
constantly and untiringly. This calls
for wear resistance and fatigue
strength. Precision gear wheels
made of Carbodur in the propeller
drives of drilling rigs and turbine
gears of power stations reliably Here, the emphasis is not so much
withstand the stresses and, thanks on resistance to impact and shock
to their wear resistance, reliably loads as on hardness and core
guarantee the dimensional stability strength. Our chrome/nickel or
of the components. Safety takes chrome/nickel/molybdenum-
top priority in the mining sector. alloyed Carbodur grades, for ex-
The underground extraction equip- ample, offer the best prerequisites
ment essentially works non-stop for meeting the stringent require-
without a break. Malfunctions ments. Our Carbodur 17 CrNi 6-6
brought about by the failure of and Carbodur 18 Cr NiMo 7-6
transmission components not only grades, for instance, are particu-
mean expensive interruptions in larly suitable for relatively large
production, but also increase the cross-sections.
safety risk.
8
Energy industry
power –
case-hardening steels
Carbodur –
takes more, lasts longer
9
Carbodur – the winner
comes
Just as there is a wide variety of long periods, and must also be
demands on the components for capable of absorbing sudden
different types of vehicle, we also blows and shocks without losing
have a wide variety of options for any teeth. The case-hardened
precisely adapting our Carbodur parts have to display a combina-
steels to suit the prevaillign re- tion of wear resistance and fatigue
quirements. The suitable material strength in the surface layer and
for the components is selected impact strength in the core zone.
with a view to safety, economic Safety takes top priority in the
efficiency and a long service life, passenger transport sector. Con-
or the ability to withstand extreme sequently, the specific properties
stresses for short periods. of Carbodur steels are particularly
The differential of a Formula 1 car, advantageous for engines and
for example, only has to withstand gearboxes in automotive engi-
stress for a relatively short time - neering. They can be used, for
the duration of a race (at least!). example, in piston pins, speed
On the other hand, it is exposed to change gears, drive shafts, coun-
extreme stresses for short periods tershafts, synchroniser bodies,
of time as a result of the enormous ring gears, differential bevel gears,
torques transmitted. Carbodur bevel pinions and differential side
steel can be specifically “tuned” to gears.
cope with this task.
In contrast, the gear wheels of a
truck that works under the tough
conditions of a building site have
to take constant punishment over
10
Transport
when it
to extreme stresses
12
General mechanical engineering
steels –
against bad teeth
13
• Carbodur C 15 E/Carbodur C 15 R
and shafts.
14
Steel portraits
• Carbodur 15 NiCr 13 • Carbodur 17 Cr 3
NiCr-alloyed case-hardening steel for highly Cr-alloyed case-hardening steel for compo- • Carbodur 18 CrNiMo 7-6
stressed components in mechanical engi- nents in mechanical and automotive engi- CrNiMo-alloyed case-hardening steel for
neering with high demands on toughness neering with low core strength, primarily for heavy-duty and highly stressed transmis-
at low temperatures. wear stressed, e.g. piston pins and cam- sion components in mechanical engineer-
• Carbodur 17 CrNi 6-6 gear wheels, pinion gears and worm shafts
gears, shafts, pins and countershafts gears, shafts, pins and countershafts
• Carbodur 20 MnCr 5
• Carbodur 20 MnCrS 5
and countershafts
• Carbodur 20 MoCr 4
• Carbodur 20 MoCrS 4
and countershafts
• Carbodur 16 MnCrS 5 CrNi-alloyed case-hardening steel for high- NiCrMo-alloyed case-hardening steel for
CrMn-alloyed case-hardening steel for ly stressed components in mechanical and components in mechanical and automotive
components in mechanical and automotive automotive engineering with very high engineering with relatively high core strength,
engineering with relatively high core strength and toughness at relatively large e.g. gear wheels, spiders and ball cages
strength, e.g. relatively large piston pins, cross-sections, such as bevel pinions, pin- • Carbodur 22 CrMoS 3-5
camshafts and gear wheels ion gears, shafts, pins and countershafts CrMo-alloyed case-hardening steel for
spiders
delicacies à la carte
15
We make our own
Our own steel production in our
modern steelworks in Witten is recipes
able in Krefeld for the production
of case-hardening steels involving
the basis for the purity and homo- particularly stringent demands in
geneity of our case-hardening terms of homogeneity, toughness
steels. Precisely defined proper- and purity.
ties are achieved by means of
exact alloying and process Electroslag remelting process Remelting facilities
the dimensions of the end prod- from the end of the electrode
uct, the steel melted in this way is through the slag and forms the Scrap 130-t-electric Ladle degas-
arc furnace sing station
cast in ingots or continuous cast new ingot in a water-cooled (VD/VOD)
Main production routes
blooms. Over 50 different mould mould below. The heat dissipa- EDELSTAHL WITTEN-KREFELD GMBH
16
Steel production
Blooming-slabbing mill
ot casting
Products
• As-cast ingots
Long forging Machining As-continuously cast
machines Finishing bloom material
departments,
forging shops • Open-die forgings
as-forged or machined
• Forged semis
Heat As-forged
LSX 55
33 MN press treatment Peeling • Forged round billets
facilities machines for tubemaking
as-forged or peeled
Finishing
LSX 25 departments, • Forged bar steel
rolling mills as-forged or machined
• Rolled semis
17
Carbodur
tailored to suit
Vacuum arc remelting process lowest possible sulphur content
The vacuum arc remelting (VAR) has to be set prior to remelting, in
process works with cast or order also to meet the most strin-
forged, self-consuming elec- gent demands on the degree of
trodes in a vacuum. sulphidic purity. Moreover, this
Using an electric arc in a vacuum, process guarantees the lowest
a melting bath is generated in a possible quantities of dissolved
copper crucible, which acts as gases in the steel and a minimum
the opposite pole to the remelting of segregation.
electrode and is connected to a
DC voltage source via current Steel processing
contacts. The blooming mill in Witten pro-
A new ingot is formed from the duces semi-finished products,
liquefied electrode material drop steel bars and wide flats. Two
by drop in a continuous process. modern finishing lines for check-
In the VAR process, refinement of ing the inner and outer surface
the steel is brought about by the condition, as well as the dimen-
reaction of the oxygen dissolved sions and identity, are available
in the steel with the carbon in the for rolled and forged products
molten material under the effect and steel bars. The forge is
of the vacuum. This results in the equipped with a 33 MN press, a
best possible degree of micro- GFM LSX 55 horizontal long forg-
scopic oxidic purity and freedom ing machine and a GFM LSX 25
from macroscopic inclusions. As long forging machine.
no desulphurisation takes place
during this remelting process, the
18
Steel processing
– Steels precisely
your applications
We work ahead
for your benefit
19
CARBODUR® C 15 E / C 15 R
Material No.
Code
Material No. Designation Material No. Designation
Chemical
composition C Si Mn P S
Hardness in various
treatment conditions
Treated for Treated Soft-annealed A Annealed to spherical Treated for ferrite-
shearing S for strength TH carbides AC pearlite structure FP
HB HB HB HB HB
Heat treatments
Type of treatment Treatment temperature Cooling
Direct hardening 3)
880 – 980 °C Water (oil), hot bath 160 – 250 °C 4)
Core refining 880 – 920 °C Water (oil), hot bath 160 – 250 °C 4)
Case refining 780 – 820 °C Water (oil), hot bath 160 – 250 °C 4)
Hardenability diagram
55
50
45
40
HRC
Härte ininHRC
35
30
Hardness
25
20
15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Abstand von der abgeschreckten Stirnfläche
Distance from quenched endininmm
mm
20
CARBODUR® 15 NiCr 13
Material No.
Code
Material No. Designation
1.5752 15NiCr13
Chemical
composition
C Si Mn P S Cr Ni
Typical analysis in % 0.14– 0.20 ≤ 0.40 0.40 – 0.70 ≤0.035 ≤0.035 0.60 – 0.90 3.60– 3.50
Hardness in various
treatment conditions
Treated for Treated Soft-annealed A Annealed to spherical Treated for ferrite-
shearing S for strength TH* carbides AC pearlite structure FP**
* For diameters up to 150 mm HB HB HB HB HB
** For diameters up to 60 mm
max. 255 179 – 229 max. 229 max. 180 166 – 217
Heat treatments
Type of treatment Treatment temperature Cooling
Case-hardening 880 – 980 °C Oil (water), hot bath 160 – 250 °C,
Carburising 2) Salt bath (580 – 650 °C), case-hardening box, air 4)
HH
max. 48 48 48 47 45 44 42 41 38 35 34 34 33
min. 43 43 43 42 40 39 36 34 29 26 26 25 25
HL
max. 46 46 46 45 43 41 38 37 33 31 30 30 29
min. 41 41 41 40 38 36 33 30 24 22 22 21 21
55 1200
1100
50 1000
HH-Sorte
HH grade
Überschneidung
Overlap of 900
45 HH+HL-Sorte
HH + HL grade AC3
HL-Sorte
HL grade 800
ino°C
C
AC1
40 700
Temperatur in
A 75 75
Temperature
75
F 75 15 25
600 70
HRC
5
Härte ininHRC
35 45 P
500
B
Ms
400 30
30 50
Hardness
90 95
90 50 20 15
300 15
M
25 200
8
Hardness values
Härtewerte
100
20 HV 10 360 352 328 313 282 277 261 245 231 228 227 192 169
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
15 Zeit
Timeinins s
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 100 101 102 103 104
Zeit ininmin
Time min
Abstand von der abgeschreckten Stirnfläche
Distance from quenched endininmm
mm 100 101 102
Zeit
Timeininh h
21
CARBODUR® 16 MnCr 5 / 16 MnCrS 5
Material No.
Code
Material No. Designation Material No. Designation
Chemical
composition
C Si Mn P S Cr
Typical analysis in %
16 MnCr 5 0.14– 0.19 ≤0.40 1.10 – 1.30 ≤0.035 ≤0.035 0.80 – 1.10
16 MnCrS 5 0.14– 0.19 ≤0.40 1.10 – 1.30 ≤0.035 0.020–0.040 0.80 – 1.10
Hardness in various
treatment conditions
Treated for Treated Soft-annealed A Annealed to spherical Treated for ferrite-
shearing S for strength TH* carbides AC pearlite structure FP**
* For diameters up to 150 mm HB HB HB HB HB
** For diameters up to 60 mm
1) 156 – 207 max. 207 max. 165 140 – 187
Heat treatments
Type of treatment Treatment temperature Cooling
Case-hardening 880 – 980 °C Oil (water), hot bath 160 – 250 °C,
Carburising 2) Salt bath (580 – 680 °C), case-hardening box, air 4)
Direct hardening 3)
880 – 980 °C Oil (water), hot bath 160 – 250 °C 4)
Core refining 860 – 900 °C Oil (water), hot bath 160 – 250 °C 4)
Case refining 780 – 820 °C Oil (water), hot bath 160 – 250 °C 4)
See flap for footnotes Tempering (stress-relieving) 5) 150 – 200 °C Air
HH
max. 47 46 44 41 39 37 35 33 31 30 29 28 27
min. 42 39 35 32 29 26 24 22 20 – – – –
HL
max. 44 43 40 37 34 32 30 28 26 25 24 23 22
min. 39 36 31 28 24 21 – – – – – – –
55 1200
1100
50
1000
HH-Sorte
HH grade
Überschneidung
Overlap of 900
45 HH+HL-Sorte
HH + HL grade AC3
HL-Sorte
HL grade 800
in o°C
C
40 700 AC1
Temperatur in
F 30 40 50 50 60 60 65
20
Temperature
3 10 15 35
3 P 40
600
HRC
Härte ininHRC
5
35 A B 10 20
35
500 37
MS 97 100
30 400
Hardness
81 80
85 77
M 65
50
300 30
15
25 93
200
Hardness values
Härtewerte
100 394 317 278 251 243 221 207 199 187 182 170 156
20 HV 10 188
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
15 Zeit inins s
Time
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 100 101 102 103 104
Zeit in min
Abstand von der abgeschreckten Stirnfläche
Distance from quenched endininmm
mm Time in min
100 101 102
Zeit ininh h
Time
22
CARBODUR® 17 Cr 3
Material No.
Code
Material No. Designation
1.7016 17Cr3
Chemical
composition
C Si Mn P S Cr
Typical analysis in %
0.14– 0.20 ≤0.40 0.60 – 0.90 ≤0.035 ≤0.035 0.70 – 1.00
Hardness in various
treatment conditions
Treated for Treated Soft-annealed A Annealed to spherical Treated for ferrite-
shearing S for strength TH carbides AC pearlite structure FP
HB HB HB HB HB
Heat treatments
Type of treatment Treatment temperature Cooling
Direct hardening 3) 880 – 980 °C Water (oil), hot bath 160 – 250 °C 4)
Core refining 860 – 900 °C Water (oil), hot bath 160 – 250 °C 4)
Case refining 780 – 820 °C Water (oil), hot bath 160 – 250 °C 4)
HH
max. 47 44 40 33 29 27 25 24 23 21
min. 42 38 30 24 20 – – – – –
HL
max. 44 41 35 29 25 23 21 20 – –
min. 39 35 25 20 – – – – – –
55 1200
1100
50
1000
HH-Sorte
HH grade
Überschneidung
Overlap of 900
45 HH+HL-Sorte
HH + HL grade
AC3
A
HL-Sorte
HL grade 800
ino°C
AC1
C
40 700 70 75 72
75
Temperatur in
F 30 67 20 25
25
Temperature
5 P 15
1 1 3
600
HRC
Härte ininHRC
35 MS B
15 35
500 85 65 20
15 5 3
M
30 400
Hardness
300
25
200 446
Hardness
Härtewerte
100 values 439 181
20 HV 10
368 297 236 206 160 151 141
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
15 Zeit
Timeinins s
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 100 101 102 103 104
Zeit ininmin
Time min
Abstand von der abgeschreckten Stirnfläche
Distance from quenched endin
in mm
mm 100 101 102
Zeit
Timeininh h
23
CARBODUR® 17 CrNi 6-6
Material No.
Code
Material No. Designation
1.5918 17CrNi6-6
Chemical
composition
C Si Mn P S Cr Ni
Typical analysis in %
0.14– 0.20 ≤0.40 0.50 – 0.90 ≤0.035 ≤0.035 1.40 – 1.70 1.40 – 1.70
Hardness in various
treatment conditions Treated for Treated Soft-annealed A Annealed to spherical Treated for ferrite-
shearing S for strength TH* carbides AC pearlite structure FP**
* For diameters up to 150 mm HB HB HB HB HB
** For diameters up to 60 mm
max. 255 175 – 229 max. 229 max. 178 156– 207
Heat treatments
Type of treatment Treatment temperature Cooling
Case-hardening 880 – 980 °C Oil (water), hot bath 160 – 250 °C,
Carburising 2) Salt bath (580 – 650 °C), case-hardening box, air 4)
Case refining 780 – 820 °C Oil (water), hot bath 160 – 250 °C 4)
HH
max. 47 47 46 45 43 42 41 39 37 35 34 34 33
min. 42 41 39 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 25 25 24
HL
max. 44 44 43 42 39 38 37 35 33 31 30 29 29
min. 39 38 36 35 32 30 28 26 24 22 21 20 20
55 1200
1100
50 1000
HH-Sorte
HH grade
Überschneidung
Overlap of 900
45 HH+HL-Sorte
HH + HL grade AC3
HL-Sorte
HL grade 800
in o°C
AC1
C
40 700
Temperatur in
70 75
F 60 65
Temperature
40 55 25
15 30 10 35
600 35 30
HRC
3 5 10
Härte ininHRC
35 A P
500
MS 100
100 B
100
30 400
Hardness
100 100 97
100 95 90 85
M 70
300 60 35
5
25 200
Hardness values
Härtewerte
100 409 357 297 270 262 222 175 157 154
20 HV 10 394 318 276 266 242 203 161 154
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
15 Zeit inins s
Time
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 100 101 102 103 104
Zeit ininmin
Time min
Abstand von der abgeschreckten Stirnfläche
Distance from quenched endin
in mm
mm 100 101 102
Zeit ininhh
Time
24
CARBODUR® 18 CrNi 8
Material No.
Code
Material No. Designation
1.5920 18CrNi8
Chemical
composition
C Si Mn P S Cr Ni
Typical analysis in % 0.15– 0.20 0.15–0.40 0.40 – 0.60 ≤0.035 ≤0.035 1.80 – 2.10 1.80 – 2.10
Hardness in various
treatment conditions Treated for Treated Soft-annealed A Annealed to spherical Treated for ferrite-
shearing S for strength TH* carbides AC pearlite structure FP**
* For diameters up to 150 mm HB HB HB HB HB
** For diameters up to 60 mm
max. 255 199 – 229 max. 225 max. 180 158– 205
Heat treatments
Type of treatment Treatment temperature Cooling
Case-hardening 900 – 950 °C Oil (water), hot bath 160 – 250 °C,
Carburising 2) 630 – 650 °C Salt bath (580 – 650 °C), case-hardening box, air 4)
Case refining 170 – 210 °C Oil (water), hot bath 160 – 250 °C 4)
HH
max. 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 48 47 47 46 46
min. 44 44 43 42 42 42 41 40 39 39 38 38 37
HL
max. 46 46 46 46 46 45 45 45 44 43 43 42 42
min. 41 41 40 39 39 38 37 36 35 35 34 34 33
55 1200
1100
50
1000
900
45
AC3
800
in o°C
AC1
C
40 700
Temperatur in
30
Temperature
F 10 30 5 P
600
HRC
5
Härte ininHRC
35 A
500
MS B
30 400
Hardness
Überschneidung
Overlap of
25 HH+HL-Sorte
HH + HL grade 200
HL-Sorte
HL grade Hardness values
Härtewerte
100 429 425 417 425 390 363 342 333 312 312 312 268 249
20 HV 10
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
15 Zeit inins s
Time
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 100 101 102 103 104
Zeit ininmin
Time min
Abstand von der abgeschreckten Stirnfläche
Distance from quenched endininmm
mm 100 101 102
Zeit ininh h
Time
25
CARBODUR® 18 CrNiMo 7-6
Material No.
Code
Material No. Designation
1.6587 18CrNiMo7-6
Chemical
composition
C Si Mn P S Cr Ni Mo
Typical analysis in % 0.15– 0.21 ≤0.40 0.50 – 0.90 ≤0.035 ≤0.035 1.50 – 1.80 1.40 – 1.70 0.25 – 0.35
Hardness in various
treatment conditions Treated for Treated Soft-annealed A Annealed to spherical Treated for ferrite-
shearing S for strength TH* carbides AC pearlite structure FP**
* For diameters up to 150 mm HB HB HB HB HB
** For diameters up to 60 mm
max. 255 179 – 229 max. 229 max. 180 159– 207
Heat treatments
Type of treatment Treatment temperature Cooling
Case-hardening 880 – 980 °C Oil (water), hot bath 160 – 250 °C,
Carburising 2) Salt bath (580 – 650 °C), case-hardening box, air 4)
Case refining 780 – 820 °C Oil (water), hot bath 160 – 250 °C 4)
HH
max. 48 48 48 48 47 47 46 46 44 43 42 41 41
min. 43 43 42 41 40 40 39 38 36 35 34 33 33
HL
max. 45 45 45 45 44 43 42 42 40 39 38 37 37
min. 40 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 32 31 30 29 29
55 1200
1100
50
1000
900
45 AC3
800 AC1
in o°C
C
40
Temperatur in
700 55 65
F 45
Temperature
3 5 20 30
600 30
P
HRC
Härte ininHRC
35 A
500
B
30 400 MS 60
Hardness
80 90 100
100 100 100
100
HH-Sorte
HH grade 300 97 95 80 55 15
Überschneidung M 5
25 Overlap of
HH+HL-Sorte
200
HH + HL grade
HL-Sorte
HL grade Hardness values
Härtewerte
100 425 383 343 327 261 215 175
20 HV 10 426 418 360 336
314 286 242
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
15 Zeit inins s
Time
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 100 101 102 103 104
Zeit ininmin
Time min
Abstand von der abgeschreckten Stirnfläche
Distance from quenched endininmm
mm 100 101 102
Zeit ininh h
Time
26
CARBODUR® 20 NiMoCrS 6-5
Material No.
Code
Material No. Designation
1.6757 20NiMoCrS6-5
Chemical
composition
C Si Mn P S Cr Ni Mo
Typical analysis in %
0.18– 0.28 max. 0.40 0.50 – 0.70 ≤0.035 0.020–0.040 0.65 – 0.85 1.50 – 1.90 0.25–0.40
Hardness in various
treatment conditions Treated for Treated Soft-annealed A Annealed to spherical Treated for ferrite-
shearing S for strength TH* carbides AC pearlite structure FP**
* For diameters up to 150 mm HB HB HB HB HB
** For diameters up to 60 mm
max. 255 170 – 220 max. 220 max. 180 155 – 205
Heat treatments
Type of treatment Treatment temperature Cooling
Case-hardening 900 – 950 °C Oil (water), hot bath 160 – 250 °C,
Carburising 2) Salt bath (580 – 650 °C), case-hardening box, air 4)
Direct hardening 3)
870 – 900 °C Oil, hot bath 160 – 250 °C 4)
HH
max. 49 49 48 47 46 45 44 44 42 41 39 38 38
min. 42 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 34 32 30 29 28
HL
max. 46 46 45 44 43 42 40 40 38 37 35 34 33
min. 39 39 38 37 36 35 33 32 30 28 26 25 23
55 1200
HH-Sorte
HH grade 1100
Überschneidung
Overlap of
50 HH+HL-Sorte
HH + HL grade 1000
HL-Sorte
HL grade
900
45
AC3
800
in o°C
AC1
C
40 700
A 3
Temperatur in
5 15 43 48 50 -F
Temperature
10 30 35 50-P
600 3 3
HRC
Härte ininHRC
35
500
B
MS
30 400
Hardness
5
20 80
85 85 85
300 90 89
87
25 M 25
200 15
72
Hardness
values
Härtewerte 468
100
20 HV 10
468 468 442 421 383 297 297 285 274 254 236 221 206 181 160
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
15 Zeit inins s
Time
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 100 101 102 103 104
Zeit ininmin
Time min
Abstand von der abgeschreckten Stirnfläche
Distance from quenched endininmm
mm 100 101 102
Zeit ininh h
Time
27
CARBODUR® 20 MnCr 5 / 20 MnCrS 5
Material No.
Code Material No. Designation Material No. Designation
Chemical
composition C Si Mn P S Cr
Typical analysis in %
20 MnCr 5 0.17– 0.22 ≤0.40 1.10 – 1. 40 ≤0.035 ≤0.035 1.00 – 1.30
20 MnCrS 5 0.17– 0.22 ≤0.40 1.10 – 1.40 ≤0.035 0.020–0.040 1.00 – 1.30
Hardness in various
treatment conditions
Treated for Treated Soft-annealed A Annealed to spherical Treated for ferrite-
shearing S for strength TH* carbides AC pearlite structure FP**
* For diameters up to 150 mm HB HB HB HB HB
** For diameters up to 60 mm
1) 170 – 217 max. 217 max. 180 152 – 201
Heat treatments
Type of treatment Treatment temperature Cooling
Case-hardening 880 – 980 °C Oil (water), hot bath 160 – 250 °C, 4)
Direct hardening 3)
880 – 980 °C Oil (water), hot bath 160 – 250 °C 4)
Core refining 860 – 900 °C Oil (water), hot bath 160 – 250 °C 4)
Case refining 780 – 820 °C Oil (water), hot bath 160 – 250 °C 4)
See flap for footnotes Tempering (stress-relieving) 5) 150 – 200 °C Air
HH
max. 49 49 48 46 43 42 41 39 37 35 34 33 32
min. 44 42 40 37 34 33 31 30 28 26 25 24 23
HL
max. 46 46 44 42 39 37 36 34 32 30 29 28 27
min. 41 39 36 33 30 28 26 25 23 21 – – –
55 1200
1100
50
1000
HH-Sorte
HH grade
Überschneidung
Overlap of 900
45 HH+HL-Sorte
HH + HL grade AC3
HL-Sorte
HL grade 800
oC
in °C
40 700 60 65 AC1
Temperaturin
60
F 60 60 60 40 40
35
Temperature
40 40
600 10 25 P
HRC
Härte ininHRC
35
35 A 40
50
500 25
B
MS 50 87
30 400 80 65
Hardness
60
M 55
300 45
25 200
15
Hardness values
Härtewerte
100 405 342 302 274 263 238 212 187 171 160 182 162 153
20 HV 10
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
15 Zeit
Timeinins s
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 100 101 102 103 104
Zeit
Timein in
minmin
Abstand von der abgeschreckten Stirnfläche
Distance from quenched endininmm
mm 100 101 102
Zeit
Timeininh h
28
CARBODUR® 20 MoCr 4 / 20 MoCrS 4
Material No.
Code
Material No. Designation Material No. Designation
Chemical
composition
C Si Mn P S Cr Mo
Typical analysis in %
20 MoCr 4 0.17– 0.23 ≤0.40 0.70 – 1.00 ≤0.035 ≤0.035 0.30 – 0.60 0.40 – 0.50
20 MoCrS 4 0.17– 0.23 ≤0.40 0.70 – 1.00 ≤0.035 0.020–0.040 0.30 – 0.60 0.40 – 0.50
Hardness in various
treatment conditions Treated for Treated Soft-annealed A Annealed to spherical Treated for ferrite-
shearing S for strength TH* carbides AC pearlite structure FP**
* For diameters up to 150 mm HB HB HB HB HB
** For diameters up to 60 mm
1) 156 – 207 max. 207 max. 165 140 – 187
Heat treatments
Type of treatment Treatment temperature Cooling
Case-hardening 880 – 980 °C Oil (water), hot bath 160 – 250 °C,4)
Carburising 2)
Direct hardening 3) 880 – 980 °C Oil, hot bath 160 – 250 °C 4)
HH
max. 49 47 44 41 38 35 33 31 28 26 25 24 24
min. 44 40 35 32 29 26 24 22 – – – – –
HL
max. 46 44 40 36 33 31 29 27 24 22 21 20 20
min. 41 37 31 27 24 22 – – – – – – –
55 1200
1100
50
1000
HH-Sorte
HH grade
Überschneidung
Overlap of 900
45 HH+HL-Sorte
HH + HL grade AC3
HL-Sorte
HL grade 800
ino°C
C
40 700 F AC1
Temperatur in
55 60 65 65 65 70 70
3 5 10 25 P
Temperature
A 15 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
5
600
HRC
Härte ininHRC
35 B
500
MS
95
30 400 95
Hardness
95 95
M 90 85
70
300 15 10 5 5 5
25 200
Hardness values
Härtewerte
100 370 283 260 240 238 228 210 189 176 165 181 152
20 HV 10 156 149
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
15 Zeit inins s
Time
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 100 101 102 103 104
Zeit
Timein in
min
min
Abstand von der abgeschreckten Stirnfläche
Distance from quenched endininmm
mm 100 101 102
Zeit ininh h
Time
29
CARBODUR® 20 NiCrMo 2-2 / 20 NiCrMoS 2-2
Material No.
Code
Material No. Designation Material No. Designation
Chemical
composition
C Si Mn P S Cr Ni Mo
Typical analysis in %
20 NiCrMo 2-2 0.17– 0.23 ≤0.40 0.65 – 0.95 ≤0.035 ≤0.035 0.35 – 0.70 0.40 – 0.70 0.15–0.25
20 NiCrMoS 2-2 0.17– 0.23 ≤0.40 0.65 – 0.95 ≤0.035 0.020–0.040 0.35 – 0.70 0.40 – 0.70 0.15–0.25
Hardness in various
treatment conditions
Treated for Treated Soft-annealed A Annealed to spherical Treated for ferrite-
shearing S for strength TH* carbides AC pearlite structure FP**
* For diameters up to 150 mm HB HB HB HB HB
** For diameters up to 60 mm
1) 161 – 212 max. 212 max. 176 149 – 194
Heat treatments
Type of treatment Treatment temperature Cooling
Case-hardening 880 – 980 °C Oil (water), hot bath 160 – 250 °C,
Carburising 2) Salt bath (580 – 650 °C), case-hardening box, air 4)
HH
max. 49 48 45 42 36 33 31 30 27 25 24 24 23
min. 44 41 36 31 27 24 22 21 – – – – –
HL
max. 46 44 40 36 31 29 27 26 23 21 20 20 –
min. 41 37 31 25 22 20 – – – – – – –
55 1200
1100
50
1000
HH-Sorte
HH grade
Überschneidung
Overlap of 900
45 HH+HL-Sorte
HH + HL grade
HL-Sorte
HL grade 800 F AC3
ino°C
75
C
60 75
40 700 5
10
15 40 55
Temperatur in
1 10 40 40 25 25 AC1
Temperature
A 1 5
P5
600
in HRC
HRC
35
500 MS
B
Härte in
65
30 400 85
Hardness
96
M
300 97 91
84
25 200
79
49
453
Härtewerte 453 5
Hardness 234
100 values
20 HV 10 453 426 313 283 276 245 239 210 182 159 148 140
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
15 Zeit inins s
Time
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 100 101 102 103 104
Zeit
Timein in
min
min
Abstand von der abgeschreckten Stirnfläche
Distance from quenched endin
in mm
mm 100 101 102
Zeit ininh h
Time
30
CARBODUR® 22 CrMoS 3-5
Material No.
Code
Material No. Designation
1.7333 22CrMoS3-5
Chemical
composition
C Si Mn P S Cr Mo
Typical analysis in %
0.19–0.24 ≤0.40 0.70–1.00 ≤0.035 0.020–0.040 0.70 –1.00 0.40 – 0.50
Hardness in various
treatment conditions
Treated for Treated Soft-annealed A Annealed to spherical Treated for ferrite-
shearing S for strength TH* carbides AC pearlite structure FP**
* For diameters up to 150 mm HB HB HB HB HB
** For diameters up to 60 mm
max. 255 170 – 217 max. 217 max. 180 152 – 201
Heat treatments
Type of treatment Treatment temperature Cooling
Case-hardening 880 – 980 °C Oil (water), hot bath 160 – 250 °C,
Carburising 2) Salt bath (580 – 650 °C), case-hardening box, air 4)
HH
max. 50 49 48 47 45 43 41 40 37 35 34 33 32
min. 45 44 41 38 36 33 31 30 28 26 25 24 23
HL
max. 47 46 44 42 40 38 36 35 32 31 30 29 28
min. 42 41 37 33 31 28 26 25 23 22 21 20 –
Hardenability diagram
55
50
HH-Sorte
HH grade
Überschneidung
Overlap of
45 HH+HL-Sorte
HH + HL grade
HL-Sorte
HL grade
40
HRC
Härte ininHRC
35
30
Hardness
25
20
15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Abstand von der abgeschreckten Stirnfläche
Distance from quenched endininmm
mm
31
Hardenability
Effect of alloying elements Fig. 1 shows an example of the ef- For reasons of toughness, the
on hardenability fect of alloying elements on the carbon content is limited to about
Based on the composition of the hardenability of various case- 0.25%. The element silicon also
alloys, case-hardening steels can hardening steels according to increases hardenability. It is, how-
be classified as: DIN 10 084 in the end-quench ever, hardly ever used as an alloy-
• unalloyed test. The hardness at a distance ing element in case-hardening
• chrome-alloyed of 1.5 mm from the end surface is steels because it encourages sur-
• manganese-chrome and molyb- largely determined by the carbon face oxidation on carburising. In
denum-chrome-alloyed content. The shape of the rest of special cases, boron is used as
• nickel-chrome-alloyed the end-quench test curve is also an alloying element to increase
• nickel-chrome-molybdenum- influenced by the quantities of hardenabililty or impact tough-
alloyed and other elements, such as molyb- ness in chrome-manganese
• chrome-nickel-molybdenum- denum, manganese, chrome and steels.
alloyed case-hardening steels. nickel, that tend to increase hard- In the case of some unalloyed
enability. Given small cross- case-hardening steels, the effect
The alloying elements affect the sections, through-hardening is of a coarse-grain austenite struc-
hardenability of the base material possible with chrome or chrome- ture is used to increase hardness.
and the hardenability of the car- manganese steels, while higher
burised surface layer. quantities of molybdenum and
case-hardening steels
nickel must be added to 50
17 CrNi 6-6
parameter for determining
20
hardness in the core, since case- 20 MoCr 4
17 Cr 3
hardened components are only
10
16 MnCr 5
tempered at low temperatures, up
Fig. 1
to approximately 180 °C, in order Effect of alloying elements
0 10 20 30 40 50
on the hardenability of case-
Distance from quenched end in mm
to ensure high surface hardness. hardening steels
32
Technical information
Quite apart from their influence carburisation, the heating and Fig. 2 shows the case depth of
on hardness in the core, the cooling conditions during hard- various case-hardening steels
hardness and the hardness profile ening and the hardenability in the with the same carbon distribution
in the carburised surface layer carburised surface layer. in the surface layer. According to
have an important effect on the Correlations valid for the base this, case depth of the 17 Cr 3
properties of case-hardened material cannot be applied to the steel (0.80 mm) is doubled in the
components. A surface hardness hardenability of the surface layer, 17 CrNi 6-6 steel (1.56 mm) due to
of 57 - 63 HRC has proved to the since the effect of alloying ele- the different alloy contents under
best for optimum wear resistance. ments on hardenability also otherwise identical conditions.
(acc. to U. Wyss)
This degree of hardness is depends on the carbon content. %
1.16
1.52
tenite.
33
Suitability for direct direct hardening are satisfactory steels with 1.6 to 1.8% chrome is
hardening fine-grain stability at the carburis- appreciably higher than, for exam-
An important criterion in the ing temperature and low residual ple, in the 20 MoCr 4 steel with
choice of a case-hardening steel austenite after hardening. The approximately 0.4% chrome. The
is its suitability for direct harden- residual austenite content after hardness decreases at carbon
ing. The most common methods hardening increases with increas- contents > 0.7% at the surface,
of case hardening are direct hard- ing chrome content and carburis- which increases the proportions
ening (Fig. 10, Hardening from the ing temperature. Fig. 3 illustrates of residual austenite (Fig. 4).
direct hardening
carburisation heat) and single this relationship, using the
900
hardening after cooling from the 20 MoCr 4, 20 NiMoCr 6 5,
Hardness in HV 0.5
800
case (Fig. 11). Mainly for reasons 16 MnCr 5, 20 MnCr 5, 700 Direct hardening
925 °C/oil
of cost effectiveness, direct hard- 17 CrNi 6-6 and 18 CrNi 8 600
500
ening is increasingly being given steels as examples. 20 MoCr 4
400
20 NiMoCr 6-5
preference in mass production Although differences in the 300 18 CrNi 8
16 MnCr 5
methods (see chapter on Heat proportions of residual aus- 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
Carbon Content in % by weight
Treatment). tenite in the various steels
The prerequisites for the suitability remain relatively small at carbu- Fig. 4: Hardness as a function of
the carbon content of the surface
of a case-hardening steel for rising temperatures around 900 °C layer after direct hardening
100
chrome content of the steels tested with subsequent direct hardening,
Carborising time: 3 h
20 NiMoCr 6-5
90 they increase rapidly and pro- The suitability of a steel for direct
20 MoCr 4
20 MnCr 5
16 MnCr 5
80
gressively at higher carburising hardening can also be identified
18 CrNi 8
Residual austenite content in %
70
17 CrNi 6-6
60
temperatures. For economic rea- by the range of carbon contents
Carborising
50 temperature sons, however, ever higher car- at the surface with which a cer-
in °C: 1000
40
950 burising temperatures are being tain minimum hardness can be
30
aimed at for direct hardening. achieved. According to this, the
20
10 900
Given the same carburising time 20 MoCr 4 steel is more suitable
0
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
and the same carbon potential in for direct hardening than, for
Chrome content in % by weight
the carburising medium, the pro- example, the 18 CrNi 8 steel.
Fig. 3: Residual austenite content as a portion of residual austenite in Advances in the development of
function of chrome content and carburis-
ing temperature the 17 CrNi 6-6 and 18 CrNi 8 modern gas carburising plants,
34
Technical information
with their precise, specific control remains bound in the form of car- and torsional stresses, the fatigue
of the carbon potential and the bide (Fig. 10 and 11). strength increases with increasing
carburising cycle, mean that case depth and core strength. In
practically all case-hardening Fatigue strength the unusual case of tensile/com-
steels can be direct-hardened, In addition to higher wear resis- pression stressing, the signifi-
regardless of their alloy content. tance, case-hardened steels cance of the core strength in-
Fig. 5 shows the different carbon should also exhibit high strength creases. The alloying elements
contents at the surface that have under dynamic stressing. On affect fatigue strength through the
to be chosen for various case- hardening a cross-section with a hardenability in the core and the
hardening steels in order to en- carburised surface layer, the surface layer and also through the
sure maximum surface hardness. lower-carbon core undergoes residual austenite content.
transformation before the high-
Carbon content in the surface layer in % by weight
0.9
carbon surface layer due to the
0.6
18 CrNi 8
35
Austenite grain size Toughness of the surface To date, no standard test for the
Fine-grain stability in case- layer under impact loading characterisation of the impact
hardening steels is particularly Case-hardened components must toughness of case-hardened
important at the high tempera- remain ductile under high dynam- steels has been accepted. One
tures reached during direct hard- ic stressing in order to avoid frequently used method is the
ening, due to the fact that grain brittle factures. Since the high- Brugger test, with which the
growth with coarse or mixed grain carbon martensite in the surface maximum impact strength of a
can lead to the danger of distor- layer exhibits only low toughness, case-hardened notched impact
tion and reduced toughness. By the toughness of the component specimen is measured.
selectively balancing the quanti- is determined largely by the
ties of aluminium and nitrogen, depth of the carburised surface
the inhibiting effect of aluminium layer and the toughness of the
nitride precipitations on grain core material. The impact tough-
growth can be used to achieve a ness of the component dimin-
largely stable fine-grain structure. ishes with increasing case depth.
According to DIN 17 210, fine For reasons connected with the
grain structure is assured after fatigue strength, however, the
treatment at 930 +/- 10 °C/4 h/ case depth should not be too
water. Prior hot forming and heat small. The toughnesss of the sur-
treatments can have a significant face layer can be improved by
effect on the stability of the fine choosing a nickel content > 1.5%.
grain. In disputed cases, anneal-
ing treatment at 1150 °C/30 min/
air is recommended as pre-
treatment, in order to produce a
uniform initial state.
36
Technical information
Chipless forming steels tend to “smear” and form Heat treatments for as-
Case-hardening steels are well built-up edges. In such cases, supplied conditions
suited to hot forming. Due to the heat treatment to a particular Depending on the product con-
low carbon content, they possess strength (“TH”) is of advantage. cerned and the anticipated pro-
good cold-working properties With high-alloy nickel-chrome or cessing, case-hardening steels
that, however, deteriorate with nickel-chrome-molybdenum case- can be supplied in various treated
increasing carbon and alloy con- hardening steels, the transition to conditions. The most important
tents. Depending on the chemical the ferrite-pearlite stage is often heat treatments are described
composition, the choice of a suit- incomplete, leaving traces of below. Table 1 provides an over-
able structure (AC, FP) can im- bainite and a banded structure view of the Brinell hardness
prove cold-forming properties. that reduce machinability. These values that should be chosen for
steels are therefore also ma- these conditions.
Chip machining chined in the AC-annealed condi-
Chip machining of case-harden- tion. Treatment for shearing S
ing steels is affected by the struc- (Fig. 6, Curve 1)
tural state, the strength and non- Case-hardening steels are fre- Appropriate cooling and/or
metallic inclusions (sulphides, quently produced with a con- annealing to achieve a maximum
oxides). trolled sulphur content of 0.020 - hardness of 255 HB.
0.035%. Machinability is then
Fig. 6: Schematic representation of the
Ferritic-pearlitic structures, such improved by an increase in sul- temperature/time profile when
treating for shearing (S), soft-annealing (A) and
as can be achieved with un- phide inclusions. Deliberate con- annealing to spherical carbides (AC)
3
cially well suited for chip machin- be changed for the better. 1
annealing to spherical, AC
Treating for
37
Steel grade Hardnesses in treated condition1)
22 CrMoS 3-5 1.7333 255 217 170 to 217 152 to 201 180
20 NiCrMo 2-2 1.6523 2553) 212 161 to 212 148 to 194 176
20 NiCrMoS 2-2 1.6526 2553) 212 161 to 212 148 to 194 176
20 NiMoCrS 6-5 1.6757 255 220 170 to 220 155 to 205 180
17 CrNi 6-6 1.5918 255 229 175 to 229 156 to 207 178
18 CrNi 8 1.5920 255 225 179 to 229 158 to 205 180
18 CrNiMo 7-6 1.6587 255 229 179 to 229 159 to 207 180
Soft annealing A
(Fig. 6, Curve 2)
Heat treatment for reducing the
hardness of a workpiece to
values below a certain prescribed
value.
38
Technical information
transformation temperatures in
TTT-Diagram (continous)
1000
the pearlite stage for the most
900
AC3 AC3
Temperature
650
Temperature in °C
660 20 MoCr 4
640 16 MnCr 5
800
700 AC1
the austenite is trans- Annealing to spherical
F
A 1
600
P
formed completely into carbides AC (Fig. 6, Curves 3, 4)
500
B
400 MS
ferrite-pearlite. Fig. 9 Annealing with the aim of spher-
M
300
shows the shortest trans- oidising the carbides. This gener-
200
39
Case-hardening treatment
Case hardening consists of the A distinction is therefore made piece exhibit different AC3 and MS
following stages: between: temperatures and also different
1. Carburising of the surface Powder carburising, transformation behaviour.
layer to certain case depths Salt bath carburising, The most favourable hardening
and certain carbon contents in Gas carburising. temperatures for the core are
the layer. approx. 100 °C above those for
2. Subsequent hardening. The quantity of carbon introduced the surface layer (see Material
3. Tempering (stress-relieving). into the surface layer is primarily Data Sheets, Page 22 ff.). In prac-
dependent on the carburising tice, this behaviour leads to
For the carburising and hardening effect of the medium. The case various treatment cycles.
stages, there are various proven depth depends mainly on the
processing cycles that are temperature and duration of the
chosen on the basis of technical treatment. Since the rate of diffu-
and economic aspects. sion increases with rising tempe-
ratures, the time required to reach
Carburising the desired case depth is reduced
Carburising means the thermo- at higher temperatures. Similarly,
chemical treatment of a work- the gradient of the carbon con-
piece in the austenitic condition tent from the surface to the core
with the aim of enriching the sur- becomes flatter.
face layer with carbon. After this Hardening
treatment, the carbon is usually in In order for the surface hardness to (Fig.7, Curve 2)
the austenite in solid solution. be high enough and, at the same Hardening is taken to mean heat
time, for residual austenite and treatment consisting of austenitis-
Carburising takes place in a secondary cementite to be elimi- ing and cooling, under conditions
medium which releases carbon. nated as far as possible, it is nec- leading to an increase in hard-
The carburising medium can be a essary to aim for a carbon content ness due to more or less com-
solid (powder), liquid or gas. at the surface which is below that plete transformation of the aus-
of the eutectic composition. tenite into martensite and possi-
In line with their carbon content, bly bainite.
the surface and core of the work-
40
Technical information
V Hardening (oil)
workpieces of complicated de- hardening process carried out
Tempering
sign, hot bath hardening at ap- after prior carburising and cooling
Time
proximately 160 - 250 °C, fol- 10 Direkthärten Direct Hardening to ambient temperature. If car-
lowed by cooling in air, is advis- Fig. 10: Direct hardening burising is followed by isothermal
able. For coarser workpieces of transformation, this is referred to
simple design, quenching in water The time required for the case- as single hardening with isother-
can be chosen. In order to trans- hardening of steels can be con- mal transformation.
form larger proportions of residu- siderably reduced by ensuring a
al austenite into martensite after high carbon potential during the In the case of single hardening,
hardening, final subzero cooling actual carburising phase and the the carburised parts are first
to -180 °C can be carried out, e.g. subsequent diffusion period, cooled slowly in the carburising
on CrNi and CrNiMo steels. and/or by using high tempera- vessel and then hardened in the
tures. Since higher carburising usual way, possibly after interme-
Direct hardening (Fig. 10) temperatures have a negative diate treatment. The hardening
Direct hardening means quench- effect on attempts to minimise temperatures used usually lie just
ing immediately after carburising distortion when quenching, it is above the AC3 point of the surface
treatment that has been carried expedient to let the temperature layer. It is, however, also possible
out in the austenite temperature drop somewhat after carburising to choose hardening tempera-
range. and then quench from a lower tures that are just above or below
During the direct hardening of temperature that is still sufficient the AC3 point of the core.
case-hardening steels, quenching for hardening (denoted V). This is
is carried out immediately after especially true for parts with a
carburising, either directly from complex design. Distortion can
the case temperature or after a be minimised in this way.
short pause (V in Fig. 10). This
method is mainly used in connec-
tion with gas carburising in the
mass production of gearing com-
ponents.
41
Single hardening after cool- hardening lie in the fact that the face layer. Traces of residual aus-
ing from the case (Fig. 11) non-carburised area remains tenite should favour smooth run-
When hardening from tempera- machinable, even after quench- ning of gear wheels, for example,
tures just slightly above the AC3 ing, and that distortion remains and also facilitate running-in.
value for the surface, only partial negligible due to the low harden- Quite apart from that, a surface
transformation occurs in the core ing temperature. layer absolutely free of residual
The disadvantage is that austenite is, for many alloyed
Carburisation
C Ac3 (core) low toughness in the core case-hardening steels, virtually
Ac3 (surface)
Temperature
Hardening (oil)
must be expected. impossible without the use of
Cooling Tempering
(case or air) special methods (e.g. low-
Time
When hardening from tem- temperature treatments)
Fig. 11: Single hardening after cooling peratures that are above the AC3
from the case
temperature of the core (C in Fig. Single hardening after inter-
because the hardening tempera- 11), the core undergoes complete mediate annealing (Fig. 12)
ture is then under the AC3 value transformation, becomes fine- In certain cases, for example the
for the core. The core then re- grained and thus gains in strength elimination of distortion caused
mains soft and can have a coarse and toughness. Although the by carburising and cooling, it can
structure as a result of the long grain of the surface layer then be expedient to introduce an
holding time at the high carburis- becomes somewhat coars-
Carburisation
ing temperature. In the case layer, er, any cementite lattice is C Ac3 (core)
Intermediate annealing Hardening Ac3 (surface)
Temperature
42
Technical information
Pearlite stage
Salt bath (core) a lower temperature. After hardening, it is advisable to
Isothermal transformation Tempering
temper the workpieces at 150 -
Time t
13
Single hardening after isothermal transformation Double hardening is usual- 180 °C for unalloyed steels and at
Fig. 13: Single hardening after isothermal ly used when tough surface layers 170 - 210 °C for alloyed steels.
transformation
and core zones are required, Martensite tempered in this way
cracking after cooling in air from together with greater case depth. has less of a tendency to form
the case, due to differences in the Double hardening is generally grinding cracks. The hardness in
transformation rates between the carried out first from the AC3 the surface layer drops only
surface and the core. temperature of the core and then slightly (approx. 1 - 2 HRC).
from the AC3 temperature of the
surface area. The tendency to
distortion is greatest with double
hardening.
Carburisation
Ac3 (core)
Ac3 (surface)
Temperature
Hardening (oil)
Hardening
(oil) Tempering
Time
4 Double hardening
43
Overview of grades
and chemical composition
Overview of grades Chemical composition
Main alloy contents in % (typical values)
Carbodur Code name Material No. C Si Mn P max. S Cr Ni Mo
Carbodur 16 MnCr 5 16 MnCr 5 1.7131 0.14-0.19 ≤0.40 1.00-1.30 0.035 ≤0.035 0.80-1.10 – –
Carbodur 16 MnCrS 5 16 MnCrS 5 1.7139 0.14-0.19 ≤0.40 1.00-1.30 0.035 0.020-0.040 0.80-1.10 – –
Carbodur 20 MnCr 5 20 MnCr 5 1.7147 0.17-0.22 ≤0.40 1.10-1.40 0.035 ≤0.035 1.00-1.30 – –
Carbodur 20 MnCrS 5 20 MnCrS 5 1.7149 0.17-0.22 ≤0.40 1.10-1.40 0.035 0.020-0.040 1.00-1.30 – –
Carbodur 20 MoCr 4 20 MoCr 4 1.7321 0.17-0.23 ≤0.40 0.70-1.00 0.035 ≤0.035 0.30-0.60 – 0.40-0.50
Carbodur 20 MoCrS 4 20 MoCrS 4 1.7323 0.17-0.23 ≤0.40 0.70-1.00 0.035 0.020-0.040 0.30-0.60 – 0.40-0.50
Carbodur 22 CrMoS 3-5 22 CrMoS 3-5 1.7333 0.19-0.24 ≤0.40 0.70-1.00 0.035 0.020-0.040 0.70-1.00 – 0.40-0.50
Carbodur 20 NiCrMo 2-2 20 NiCrMo 2-2 1.6523 0.17-0.23 ≤0.40 0.65-0.95 0.035 ≤0.035 0.35-0.70 0.40-0.70 0.15-0.25
Carbodur 20 NiCrMoS 2-2 20 NiCrMoS 2-2 1.6526 0.17-0.23 ≤0.40 0.65-0.95 0.035 0.020-0.040 0.35-0.70 0.40-0.70 0.15-0.25
Carbodur 20 NiMoCrS 6-5 20 NiMoCrS 6-5 1.6757 0.17-0.23 0.15-0.40 0.60-0.90 0.035 0.020-0.035 0.30-0.50 1.40-1.80 0.40-0.50
Carbodur 17 CrNi 6-6 17 CrNi 6-6 1.5918 0.14-0.20 ≤0.40 0.50-0.90 0.035 ≤0.035 1.40-1.70 1.40-1.70 –
Carbodur 18 CrNi 8 18 CrNi8 1.5920 0.15-0.20 0.15-0.40 0.40-0.60 0.035 ≤0.035 1.80-2.10 1.80-2.10 –
Carbodur 18 CrNiMo 7-6 18 CrNiMo 7-6 1.6587 0.15-0.21 ≤0.40 0.50-0.90 0.035 ≤0.035 1.50-1.80 1.40-1.70 0.25-0.35
Carbodur 15 NiCr 13 15 NiCr 13 1.5752 0.14-0.20 ≤0.40 0.40-0.70 0.035 ≤0.035 0.60-0.90 3,00-3,50 –
44
Technical information
Carbodur 20 NiCrMo 2-2 1.6523 20 NiCrMo 2-2 DIN EN 10084 8620 SNCM 220 (H)
Carbodur 15 NiCr 13 1.5752 15 NiCr 13 DIN EN 10084 3310 / 3415 / 9314 SNC 815 (H)
45
Forms supplied
Bar steel 65 – 750 mm dia. DIN 7527 Semis: Lengths as Hot abrasive- Special:*)
and semis as-forged a function of cut or cold-
265 – 650 mm straightness dimensions - Rough-peeled
forged sawn
square and heat- - Turned
Bar steel: Special:*) - Milled
flat: on request treatment
to DIN within Cold abrasive-
condition
the tolerance cut
on request
limit
As-cast on request
ingots/c.c.
blooms
Open-die Forgings forged to
forgings shape on request
(drawing)
*) Special finishes subject to further inquiry (partly dependent on quality, dimensions and condition)
46
Hardness comparison table
47
Temperature Comparison
Chart
°C °F K
measured °C X 9 /5 X + 32 X + 273
°C °F K °C °F K °C °F K
–273,15 –459,67 0,00 380,00 716,00 653,15 910,00 1670,00 1183,15
–270,00 –454,00 3,15 390,00 743,00 663,15 920,00 1688,00 1193,15
–200,00 –328,00 73,15 400,00 752,00 673,15 930,00 1706,00 1203,15
–150,00 –238,00 123,15 410,00 770,00 683,15 940,00 1724,00 1213,15
–100,00 –148,00 173,15 420,00 788,00 693,15 950,00 1742,00 1223,15
– 90,00 –130,00 183,15 430,00 806,00 703,15 960,00 1760,00 1233,15
– 80,00 –112,00 193,15 440,00 824,00 713,15 970,00 1778,00 1243,15
– 70,00 – 94,00 203,15 450,00 842,00 723,15 980,00 1796,00 1253,15
– 60,00 – 76,00 213,15 460,00 860,00 733,15 990,00 1814,00 1263,15
– 50,00 – 58,00 223,15 470,00 878,00 743,15 1000,00 1832,00 1273,15
– 40,00 – 40,00 233,15 480,00 896,00 753,15 1010,00 1850,00 1283,15
– 30,00 – 22,00 243,15 490,00 914,00 763,15 1020,00 1868,00 1393,15
– 20,00 – 4,00 253,15 500,00 932,00 773,15 1030,00 1886,00 1303,15
– 17,78 0,00 255,37 510,00 950,00 783,15 1040,00 1904,00 1313,15
– 10,00 14,00 263,15 520,00 968,00 793,15 1050,00 1922,00 1323,15
0,00 32,00 273,15 530,00 986,00 803,15 1060,00 1940,00 1333,15
10,00 50,00 283,15 540,00 1004,00 813,15 1070,00 1958,00 1343,15
20,00 68,00 293,15 550,00 1022,00 823,15 1080,00 1976,00 1353,15
30,00 86,00 303,15 560,00 1040,00 833,15 1090,00 1994,00 1363,15
40,00 104,00 313,15 570,00 1058,00 843,15 1100,00 2012,00 1373,15
50,00 122,00 323,15 580,00 1076,00 853,15 1110,00 2030,00 1383,15
60,00 140,00 333,15 590,00 1094,00 863,15 1120,00 2048,00 1393,15
70,00 158,00 343,15 600,00 1112,00 873,15 1130,00 2066,00 1403,15
80,00 176,00 353,15 610,00 1130,00 883,15 1140,00 2084,00 1413,15
90,00 194,00 363,15 620,00 1148,00 893,15 1150,00 2102,00 1423,15
100,00 212,00 373,15 630,00 1166,00 903,15 1160,00 2120,00 1433,15
110,00 230,00 383,15 640,00 1184,00 913,15 1170,00 2138,00 1443,15
120,00 248,00 393,15 650,00 1202,00 923,15 1180,00 2156,00 1453,15
130,00 266,00 403,15 660,00 1220,00 933,15 1190,00 2174,00 1463,15
140,00 284,00 413,15 670,00 1238,00 943,15 1200,00 2192,00 1473,15
150,00 302,00 423,15 680,00 1256,00 953,15 1210,00 2210,00 1483,15
160,00 320,00 433,15 690,00 1274,00 963,15 1220,00 2228,00 1493,15
170,00 338,00 443,15 700,00 1292,00 973,15 1230,00 2246,00 1503,15
180,00 356,00 453,15 710,00 1310,00 983,15 1240,00 2264,00 1513,15
190,00 374,00 463,15 720,00 1328,00 993,15 1250,00 2282,00 1523,15
200,00 392,00 473,15 730,00 1346,00 1003,15 1260,00 2300,00 1533,15
210,00 410,00 483,15 740,00 1364,00 1013,15 1270,00 2318,00 1543,15
220,00 428,00 493,15 750,00 1382,00 1023,15 1280,00 2336,00 1553,15
230,00 446,00 503,15 760,00 1400,00 1033,15 1290,00 2354,00 1563,15
240,00 464,00 513,15 770,00 1418,00 1043,15 1300,00 2372,00 1573,15
250,00 482,00 523,15 780,00 1436,00 1053,15 1310,00 2390,00 1583,15
260,00 500,00 533,15 790,00 1454,00 1063,15 1320,00 2408,00 1593,15
270,00 518,00 543,15 800,00 1472,00 1073,15 1330,00 2426,00 1603,15
280,00 536,00 553,15 810,00 1490,00 1083,15 1340,00 2444,00 1613,15
290,00 554,00 563,15 820,00 1508,00 1093,15 1350,00 2462,00 1623,15
300,00 572,00 573,15 830,00 1526,00 1103,15 1360,00 2480,00 1633,15
310,00 590,00 583,15 840,00 1544,00 1113,15 1370,00 2498,00 1643,15
320,00 608,00 593,15 850,00 1562,00 1123,15 1380,00 2516,00 1653,15
330,00 626,00 603,15 860,00 1580,00 1133,15 1390,00 2234,00 1663,15
340,00 644,00 613,15 870,00 1598,00 1143,15 1400,00 2552,00 1673,15
350,00 662,00 623,15 880,00 1616,00 1153,15 1500,00 2732,00 1783,15
360,00 680,00 633,15 890,00 1634,00 1163,15 2000,00 3632,00 2273,15
370,00 698,00 643,15 900,00 1652,00 1173,15 2500,00 4532,00 2773,15
48
Photos
Page Source Object/Motif
50
General note (liability)
51
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