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C4.1 HV MEASUREMENTS
1
The number of end customers connected to the distribution system exceeds 800 000.
Figure C4.1 Block diagram of the example distribution system connections to the transmission
system
Figure C4.2 Dependence of the number of dips on the selected threshold value, which defines the
disturbance
The dependence of the number of dips on the selected threshold value, which defines
the disturbance, is presented in Figure C4.2. For each location it can be seen that there is a
reduction in the number of disturbances with a decrease in the threshold voltage.
Figure C4.3 Dependence of the number of dips on the selected method of aggregation
10–15 4 0 0 0 0 0
15–30 2 2 2 2 0 0
30–60 1 0 0 1 0 1
60–90 1 0 0 0 0 0
90–100 0 1 0 0 4 4
Number of recorded events: 25
3 min aggregation
10–15 4 0 0 0 0 0
15–30 2 2 2 2 0 0
30–60 1 0 0 1 0 1
60–90 0 0 0 0 0 0
90–100 0 0 0 0 3 4
Number of recorded events: 23
G 23
Phase aggregation
10–15 3 0 0 0 0 0
15–30 5 5 1 0 0 0
30–60 4 1 1 0 0 0
60–90 3 0 0 0 0 0
90–100 6 0 0 2 6 1
Number of recorded events: 38
10–15 3 0 0 2 0 0
15–30 2 6 0 2 0 0
30–60 0 0 0 0 0 0
60–90 0 0 0 0 0 0
90–100 0 0 0 0 0 0
Number of recorded events: 15
Phase aggregation
10–15 5 0 0 0 0 0
15–30 3 4 1 0 0 0
30–60 0 0 0 0 0 0
60–90 0 0 0 0 0 0
90–100 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total of recorded events: 13
G24
10–15 1 3 0 1 2 0
15–30 9 1 0 1 0 0
30–60 3 1 2 0 0 0
60–90 1 5 1 1 6 5
90–100 1 1 0 0 1 0
Number of recorded events: 46
3 min aggregation
10–15 0 2 0 1 2 0
15–30 9 1 0 2 0 0
30–60 3 1 2 0 0 0
60–90 0 6 1 1 4 2
90–100 1 1 0 0 1 0
Number of recorded events: 44
Phase aggregation
10–15 3 6 0 0 0 0
15–30 12 5 0 0 0 0
30–60 3 3 0 0 0 0
60–90 5 7 1 7 11 5
90–100 2 0 0 0 1 0
Number of recorded events: 71
1 − UA + UB + UC /3
It is equal to the average voltage dip on the three phases. For instance, for UA = UB =
UC = 0722 (pu) the sag score = 0278; for UA = 0818 UB = 0574 UC = 0823 the sag
score = 0262.5 If instead of a voltage dip, a voltage swell above 1 pu occurs on one or
two phases as a result of, say, the neutral point potential shift, then the value 1 is assumed
for calculation of the sag score. Thus all values of the sag score belong to the interval:
0.0833–1. The value 0.0833 applies to the case where UA = 075 UB = UC = 1. The greater
the value of the sag score index, the more severe the disturbance.
Also the concept of the so-called sag score target was introduced. This index is
determined for a customer who has many points of recording voltage dips. It is the sum
of sag scores for all measurement points, which is compared to the value set forth in the
contract. Mutual financial commitments are determined at the end of each year if the sag
score targets of a given customer exceed the value agreed upon by the parties to the contract.
If, for example, the sum of the sag scores is 3.28 and the limit value in the contract is 3,
the difference of 0.28 is multiplied by the agreed compensation rate.
2
This value has been chosen based on the new ITIC curve. Also customers have adopted this value as critical for
their equipment.
3
Whether the supplying line is loaded or not is decided from the current measurement at the instant of a voltage dip
occurrence. If the current value is lower than a certain level, the line is considered a hot reserve. The measurement
of current often helps to settle who caused the dip: the customer or the supplier?
4
The r.m.s. voltage values are assumed constant during the considered voltage dip. The sag score can also be a
function of time if phase voltage r.m.s. values are assumed to vary with time.
5
In the case of supply interruption, contractual provisions relevant to this disturbance are applicable. There are
two separate contracts, pertaining to voltage dips and supply interruptions.
G 26
1. An abrupt improvement of power quality factors should not be expected; such a situation
never happens in practice. The time constant of changes in the quality of power supply
is extremely long.
2. The indices characterizing voltage dips are very sensitive to atmospheric phenomena.
6
As stated in [45], the number of long and short supply interruptions was the most difficult obstacle to reaching
agreement between the parties. Many customers have had no interruptions over several years. Therefore, the
provision that allows for the possibility of a certain number of interruptions is regarded as a deterioration of the
quality of supply. This is one of the reasons for introducing customized contracts. In such a case, a provision
allowing for one interruption over three years has been introduced. Usually the number of disturbances experienced
by the customer over the last 4–5 years has been set as the permissible value.
G 27
Figure C4.4 Cumulative numbers of long and short supply interruptions on HV and LV
systems [45]
10 < U ≤ 15 90 > U ≥ 85
Y
15 < U ≤ 20 85 > U ≥ 80
20 < U ≤ 30 80 > U ≥ 70 Z1
30 < U ≤ 40 70 > U ≥ 60 X1 S
40 < U ≤ 60 60 > U ≥ 40 X2 Z2
60 < U ≤ 100 40 > U ≥ 0 T
Note: In the case of measurements on LV systems it is acceptable to set the dip threshold at 0.85 pu.
G28
which a utility should specifically address if excessive. S-type dips are not as common
as X- and Y-type events, but may occur where impedance protection schemes are used,
or where voltage recovery is delayed. Z-type dips are very uncommon in HV systems
(particularly Z2-type events), as this generally reflects problematic protection operation
[25],[26]. Voltage dips with a longer duration than 3 s are considered in [50] as undervoltage
events. This standard contains, however, no classification of undervoltage events. Based
on the classification in [50] voltage dips may be presented as total numbers that occur
differentiated on the seven categories Y, X1, X2, T, S, Z1 and Z2.
The South African standard gives limits for voltage dips in the form of a maximum
number of voltage dips per year for defined ranges of voltage dip duration and retained
voltage, designated as dip window categories (Table C4.8). All voltage dips caused by force
majeure or caused on the customer’s side (short circuits, large drive starts, etc.) are excluded
from this number. According to the document it is expected, for most of the time and most
customers, that the number of dips will be considerably less than the numbers set as the
minimum standards.
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