(Prepared by: Muneer kaleri)

CHAPTER NO: 01

INTRODUCTION
Q#01:- What is Physics? Name some important branches of physics.

ANS:-The word 'Physics' comes from the Greek word 'physikos' meaning 'nature', introduced by the
ancient scientist ‘Aristotle'. The branch of science which is devoted to the study of nature and natural
phenomena is called Physics. It is expected that all the events in nature take place according to some basic
laws. Physics reveals these basic laws from day-to-day observations.

DEFINATION:-

Physics is an important branch of science which deals with the study of properties of matter and energy
along with their mutual interaction.

OR The science of matter and energy and the relationship between them.

Important Branches of Physics:-The following are the important branches of physics:

01. Mechanics
02. Electromagnetism
03. Electricity
04. Solid-state physics
05. Atomic physics
06. Nuclear physics
07. Plasma physics
08. Bio-physics
09. Astro physics

Q#02:- Define various branches of physics?

ANS: - branches of physics: -

01. Mechanics: - In this branch of Physics we study about the forces which are acting on matter as well
as the motion and rest of bodies.
02. Electromagnetism: - It deals with observations, principles, laws and methods that relate electricity
and magnetism.
03. Electricity: - Electricity is the branch of physics dealing with electric charges.
04. Solid-state physics: - It is concerned with the structure and properties of solid materials.
05. Atomic physics: - It is concerned with the structure and properties of the atom.
06. Nuclear physics: - This branch is concerned with the structure, properties and reactions of the
nuclei of atoms.
07. Plasma physics: - It is concerned with the properties of highly ionized atoms forming a mixture of
bare nuclei and electrons.
 08. Bio-physics: - It is concerned with the applications of physical methods and explanation to bio
physical systems and structures.
09. Astro physics: - It is concerned with the study of the physics of astronomical bodies.
Q#03:- Write a note on importance of Physics?

Ans: - The scope of physics is very large in our daily life. Physics plays a key role in the development of
all disciplines.

 The development of telephone, telegraph and telex enables us to transmit messages instantly.
 The development of radio and television satellites has revolutionized the means of communication.
 Advances in electronics (computers, calculators and lasers) have greatly enriched the society.
 Rapid means of transport are important for the society.
 Generation of power from nuclear reactors is based on the phenomenon of controlled nuclear chain
reaction.
 Digital electronics is widely used in modern technological developments.

Q#04: - Write the contribution of Muslim scientists in the field of

physics?

Ans: - Following is the account of some of the most talented Muslim scientists in history whose
contributions have left lasting marks in the annals of science, astronomy, medicine, surgery,
engineering and philosophy.

01.Abu Ali Hassan Ibn-al-Haitham

a) Life History

Abu Ali Hassan Ibn-al-Haitham was born at Basra in southern Iraq, where he received all his education.
He was great scholar of Physics, Mathematics, Engineering, Astronomy and Medicine.

b) Achievements

 He explained the nature of light first time.

 He was well aware of the refraction of light.
 He discovered the both laws of refraction of light.
 By making a small hole in the door he made the pin whole camera.
 He described the internal structure of eye. His research regarding eye is considered authentic
even today.

c) Books

Kitabul Manazir.

02.YAQUB IBNE ISHAQ AL-KINDI

a) Life History

Yaqub Ibne Ishaq al-Kindi was born at Basra around 800 A.D. His father was an official of Haroon al-
Rashid. He was a philosopher, mathematician, physicist, astronomer, physician, geographer and even an
expert in music.
b) Achievements

 His most important work was in sound and optics.

 He explained musical notes on scientific ground.
 He worked in geometrical optics which was translated in Latin.
 He discussed the nature of sound.

03.Abu Raihan Al – Biruni

a) Life History

Abu Rehan Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Beruni was born in a small town Berun in present Afghanistan in
973 A.D. Al-Biruni was a versatile scholar and scientist who had equal facility in physics, metaphysics,
mathematics, geography and history. He died in 1048 A.D.

b) Achievements

 His famous book is Qanoon-ul-Masoodi. In this book he discussed the

Measurement of earth, shape of earth, the movement of sun and moon, the
Shining of moon. Phases of moon.
 His most important work is the determination of longitude and latitude
of earth.
 He measured the circumference of earth by sitting on a mound in the
town of Pind Dadan Khan, a Tehsil in Pakistan.
 He explained the method to find the depth of river and circumference of earth.

c) Books
1) Kitab-al- Hind (History and Geography of India).
2) Al-Qanun al-Masudi (Astronomy, Trigonometry).
3) Al-Athar al-Baqia (Ancient History and Geography).
4) Al-Tafhim-li-Awail Sina'at al-Tanjim (a summary of mathematics and astronomy).

04.Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi

a) Life History

He was born around 780 A.D, in the city of Khawarzam.Kharwarizmi died in 850 A.D.

b) Achievements
 Al-Khwarizmi was one of the greatest mathematicians ever lived. He was the founder of several
branches and basic concepts of mathematics. He is also famous as an astronomer and geographer.
 He developed in detail trigonometric tables containing the sine functions, which were later
extrapolated to tangent functions.
 Al-Khwarizmi wrote a book on astronomical tables. Several of his books were translated into Latin
in the early l2th century.
 He was a first man who introduces the decimal system in mathematics.
c) Books
Al-jab-al-muqabla
.NASEER-UD-DIN MUHAMMAD BIN HASSAN TUSI
a) Life History

Naseer -ud-Din-Tusi was born in Tus (Khurasan) in 1201 A.D. He was one of the greatest scientists,
philosophers, mathematicians, astronomers, and physicians of the time and was a prolific writer.
b) Achievements
 He prepared very precise and accurate tables about the planetary motion.
  His major contribution was compilation of Trigonometry as a new subject in Mathematics.

Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan

a) Life History
st
Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan was born on 1 April 1936, at Bhopal in India. He is the undisputed hero
of Pakistan's nuclear saga, called “the father of the Islamic bomb"

b) Achievements

 After higher education he worked as an expert at Urenco Enrichment Plant in Holland.

 He returned Pakistan in 1975.
 He started working as Director and Atomic scientist in Kahuta Research Laboratories,
Islamabad.
th
 On 28 May,1998 six successful nuclear experiments were carried out in his supervision.
 He has been awarded Hilal-e-Imtiaz by the Govt: of Pakistan.

Dr. Abdul Salam.

a) Life History

Dr.abdul Salam was born in Jhang, a small city in Pakistan, in 1926. He was very intelligent from
his very childhood. Because of his good performance in education he was awarded scholarship
for higher studies in U.K.

b) Achievements
 He was awarded Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979 for his work on Grand Unification
Theory (GUT).
 He established International Center for Theoretical Physics at Trieste, Italy where
scientists from the developing countries are provided opportunities of research.