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1. Introduction
We are investigating the steady state temperature of a two dimensional disc.
In steady state heat temperature, the temperature of any point on an object will
remain constant. Our primary process is to transform the general heat equation into
polar coordinates and use an arbitrary function, f (theta) as a boundary condition.
Where uxx is the second partial derivative of u with respect to x,uyy is the second
partial derivative with respect to y, and ux anduy and the first partial derivatives
of u with respect to x and y. f (θ) is just a arbitrary function of θ.The first of our
steps into eventually getting the steady state solutiom, is to transform our PDE
into polar coordinates by use of the transforms:
x = r cos(θ)
y = r sin(θ)
r 2 = x2 + y 2
θ = arctan xy
ux = uθ θx + ur ru
That wasn’t so bad! Now we do the same thing for uyy (in this case, we simply
just have to change all the x’s to y’s)
uy = uθ θx + ur ru
Now a lot of those partial derivatives can actually be found, since we have x,
y, r, and θ written out explicitly for polar coordinates prior to doing our chain rules.
p
r= x2 + y 2
1 2rcos(θ)
rx = 12 (x2 + y 2 )− 2 (2x) = 2r = cos(θ)
3 r 2 cos2 (θ) cos2 (θ)
rxx = − 14 (x2 + y 2 )− 2 (4x2 ) = r3 = r
−y −sin(θ)
θx = x2 +y 2 = r
2xy 2sin(θ)cos(θ)
θxx = (x2 +y 2 )2 = r2
x cos(θ)
θy = x2 +y 2 = r
−2xy −2sin(θ)cosθ
θyy = (x2 +y 2 )2 = r2
SHORT TITLE 3
Now that we finally derived all of these partial derivatives, we can put them back
in our original equations, and get a new equation for uxx + uyy , being
∂2u 1
∂u ∂u 1
0= + +
∂θ2 r2 ∂r2 ∂r r
−r2 Y 00 − rY 0 X 00
= = −λ2
Y X
Now, cross multiplying gives us two different ODE’s that describe what happens
to the PDE. The equation for X would be
X 00 + λ2 X = 0
Now, since our solution must be 2π periodic, we know that X(θ + 2π) = X(θ),
thus this constrains λ to be a positive integer. So λ = n for n = 1, 2, 3, ...
Thus,
The equation for Y(r) is a little bit more complicated because it is has variable
coefficients. It is known as the Euler-Cauchy Differential Equation.
r2 Y 00 + rY 0 − nY = 0
Since we need solutions at r=0, we see a problem, with the dr−n solution, we
cannot get a solution because we cannot divide by zero. Thus, we throw out this
single linearly independent and keep the solution
Y (r) = crn
4 DAVID SACCO AND RILEY MADDEN
The next step is to make our solution work for our boundry condition, u(1, θ) =
f (θ). This will also let us solve for our A0n s and Bn0 s. We apply this to our solution
obtaining
∞
1 X
u(1, θ) = f (θ) = A0 + An cos(nθ) + Bn sin(nθ)
2 n=1
Which is actually just a Fourier Series, so we can solve for the constants pretty
easily, which are
1 2π
Z
An = f (φ) cos(nφ) dφ
π 0
Z 2π
1
Bn = f (φ) sin(nφ) dφ
π 0
Z 2π ∞
1 X R
1 2π
u(r, θ) = f (φ) dφ + rn π 0
f (φ)cos(nφ) dφ cos(nθ)
2π 0 n=1
R
1 2π
+ π 0
f (φ) sin(nφ) dφ sin(nθ)
Now since both the cos(nθ) term and the sin(nθ) term are both in terms of θ,
we can put them inside their integrals and then combine the integral inside the
sum (the sum of the integrals is the integral of the summed integrands of the same
integration variable).
Z 2π ∞ Z 2π
1 X 1
u(r, θ) = f (φ) dφ+ rn f (φ)[cos(nφ) cos(nθ) + sin(nφ) sin(nθ)] dφ
2π 0 n=1
π 0
Then we can use the sum and difference formula for R 2πcosine and even simplify our
equation into a single integral by ”factoring out” a 0 f (φ) dφ .
∞
Z 2π " #
1 X
n
u(r, θ) = f (φ) 1 + 2 r cos(θ − φ) dφ
2π 0 n=1
SHORT TITLE 5
The next part of this is a little tricky, using Euler’s formula, eiθ = cos(θ)+i sin(θ),
we can actually write cos(θ) in terms of complex exponentials only, being
eiθ + e−iθ
cos(θ) =
2
∞ ∞
ein(θ−φ) + e−in(θ−φ)
X X
1+2 rn cos(θ − φ) =1 + 2 rn
n=1 n=1
2
∞
X ∞
X
1+ rn (ein(θ−φ) ) + rn (ein(θ−φ) )
n=1 n=1
Realizing that both of these series can be summed up by geometric series with
a factor of n, we can write
∞
X rei(θ−φ) re−i(θ−φ)
1+2 rn cos(θ − φ) =1 + +
n=1
1 − re i(θ−φ) 1 − re−i(θ−φ)
Simplifying, as well as using the fact that 2 cos(θ − φ) = ei(θ−φ) + e−i(θ−φ) , and
putting this all back into our original expression yields the a very elegant result for
the steady state temperature in a disc.
2π
1 − r2
Z
f (φ)
u(r, θ) = dφ
2π 0 1 − r cos(θ − φ) + r2
Notice that after we evaluate this integral for a given f (φ), it will only be in
terms of r and φ.
6 DAVID SACCO AND RILEY MADDEN
3. Conclusion
This equation will yield the steady state temperature for any disc with radius
1 bounded by an arbitrary function f(θ). Given that we are solving for the steady
state, the transformation of the heat equation to polar coordinates should not be
a series solution. All the ideas used to get the final solution have been proven,
and even used on the Calculus 2 level. You’ll notice, if experimentation were to be
done on such a situation, that the heat equation would have to be modified to fit
the specific diffusion constant on the metal, However, the poisson kernal gives an
exellent approximation of what the steady state heat distribution should be.