..

j--- --- . \ *W .—

Detection and Estimation of Dead-End Pore Volume in

Reservoir Rock by Conventional Laboratory Tests

I
1. FATT
MEMBER AIME u.OF CALIFORNIA
M. MALEKI fJERKELEY.CALIF.
R, N, IJPADHYAY*
JUNIOR MEMBER AlME

ABSTRACT measure of dead-end PV in laboratory-size core

plugs. Three reservoir rocks were used, two of
conventional laboratory core analysis tests on which were limestones suspected of having dead-
samples’ of two limestone reservoir rocks indicate end pore spaces and a well-known sandstone,
that about 20 per cent o~ PV is in dead-end pores. used as a comparison etandard, in which there is
These tests (electn’c logging formation /actor, believed to be little or no dead-end pore space.
mercury injection capillary pressure and miscible All the studies were designed to measure the
displacement) were carried out on ~-in, diameter natural dead-end PV; i.e., the pore space which
test plugs. Test results show a clear difference is dead-ended because of rock structure. During
between these samples and sandstone or bomo - multiphase flow in a rock without dead-end pores,
geneo%us limestone reservoir rock.” Although the some parts of one of the phases can become
amount oj dead-end pore space can be only roughly surrounded by the other, thereby giving (for
estimated, the presence of such pore space certain flow behavior) an effective dead-end PV8~9.
seems clearly indicated. Pressure transient studies Such behavior will not be described here.
also show presence of dead-end PV, Although
they do not give quantitative results, pressure FORhfAmON FACTOR
transient data yield a reasonable estimate oj the THEORY
size of the neck correcting dead-end pores to the
One of the simpIes; laboratory measurements
muin flow channels.
which can be made on core plugs is the electric J
Iogging formation factor F; By definition:
INTRODUCTION

Equations conventionally used to describe F= Ro/Rw,., . . . . . . . . . . . .(l) .

reservoir flow behavior contain the implicit
where R. is the resi stivity of the core plug
assumption that all connected pore spaces corr-
saturqted with a saline solution of resistivi~
tributed to both porosity and permeabi Iity. Several
R w. Difficulties in using this definition of F may
authors 3-7 have pointed out the changes in pressure
arise when the soIid framework of the rock is
transieg+t behavior and in electric log interpretation
electrically conducting. These difficulties may
that may result if this assumption is incorrect and,
be largely circumvented by using a highly con-
instead, dead-e-rid or cul-de-sac pores are present. ,
ducting saline solution so that the conduction
There is a need for laboratory tests that can
contribution of the solid is negligible.
detect presence of dead-end pores in core samples.
There are no useful theoretical relationships
With such information on hand the petroleum engineer
between F and the porosity +. A widely used
can make more rational use of the mathematical
empirical relation is the one given by Archie:
tools. now available for analysis of reservoir flow
behavior.
This paper describes
to detect
laboratory studies designed’
and, if possibIe, give. a quantitative , ;
F=#-m’..”.’.....’’..(*) :.
-where m. called the cementation factor, is ‘expected
1- Orlglaaf in Society of FetrOLeum
manuscript received
66, Revised manuscript
to be a &onstant for tt given type of ro~k. Pi~son10
shows, that fok reservoir rocks, m varies from
~ -.
;. 1441) WES presented ‘a?
in.Fkw abqut 1.3. ________
.?%gug~,.~ax?w%......~ ~______ for”.loosfdy.. ‘@?rnert@ “$?srsdstone.sl—.—_—
_-..—–_._— .CQ. 2..2 . .. ._. . .. ....w~..=
#b, 6-9, L966. This paper
~ 1966 American Institute for highly cemented sandstones or carbonate rocks.
—. sum Enghueers, Inc. Because res~oir socks with dead-end pores .
*Presently as satiated wLthColumbla Gas System, Columbus, are relatively uncommon, one can -assume that
Ohio, .“
3References given at end of PaPer. Archie’s empirical relatioit and the range of rn
1

1’ :(j(, sOCIETY OF PETRQLEUM EWCINEElt S JOURNAL :

 . . ..
. . —.

given by Pirson has been developed for rocks TABLE t - FORMATION FACTORS AND POROSITIES
OF LIMESTONE SAMPLES
without dead-end pores. Such pores contribute to
porosity but not much to electrical conductivity.
Sample
ik%;
- (Per Cent)
Ob served
F
~: from Eq.
3 Per Cent
[m= 22) (Pilit)
Eq. 2 can then be rewritten: —.
●

A ,30.4 2e, 1 8.4 27,5

B1 24,2 71.0 3.7 1$,3
02 23.1 42,6 4.9 21*2

where q5 is total porosity and r#’ is porosity

contributed by the dead-end pores. If m is taken CAPILLARY PRESSURE
to be 2.2 for carbonate rocks without dead-end
pores, q5 is”measured gravimettically or in a THEORY
Boyle’s law apparatus, and F is measured by the Since the pioneering work of Ritter and Drake 11
the usual procedure; then r#’is the only unknown the mercury injection capillary pressure curve has
in Eq.3and can beeasily calculated from laborato~ been used as a measure of pore size distribution.
data. The calculated value of #’is not greatly ,Although there are many uncetiainti es in such
influenced by the value of m chosen as long as m interpretations and it is not yet possible to derive
is in the reasonable range of 2.o to 2.4. The a th&oretically sound relation between the capillary
observed values of F and $ require an m of 2.8 pressure curve and the pore size distribution,
to give ~‘ = O. nevertheless a comparison of capillary pressure
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE curves does allow differences in pore s~ze dis-
tribution to be observed among different rocks.
Test plugs ~-in. in diameter and l-in. long The capillary pressure curve for almost every
were cored by diamond drill from 3-in. diameter reservoir rock has the characteristic shape shown
oil field cores. The plugs were extracted with in Fig. 2. Because this curve is typical for most
toIuene in a Soxehlet extractor and then oven reservoir rocks it must be presumed to be for
dried at 130C. porous media without dead-end PV. The following
Plugs were saturated with a 5,000-ppm sodium studies ,sbow that the rocks described in Table
chloride solution by the usual procedure of 1 do not give this characteristic shape.
evacuation and then the solution was allowed to
enter the evacuated chamber and cover the plug.
Resistivity measurements were made by placing
the plug between gold-plated brass electrodes
held together by a sttx g spring. SattirPted filter
paper was placed between rock and el modes to
insure good electrical contact. Resist-. .ce of the
electrode assembly with only filter paper separating
the electrodes was measured separately and this
resistance subtracted from that of the rock and
filter paper combination.. Resistance was measured
by a Model R4 ac Wheatstorfe bridge operating at
1)000 cp and readings had a precision of 1 p~r cent.
Resistivity of the sodium chloride sohmion was
measured with a platiqiz~d dip cell and the bridge
previously described.

RESULTS
Results for two carbonate rocks suspected Qf
having dead-end pores are ~iven in Table 1.
Sample A is an oomoldic limestone* of Pennsylvania
age (Upper Carbon iferous) from an oomoldic zone
about 2,800 ft subsea .in the *Lansing-Kansas city
grovp. The formation corresponds to the Iola
limestone in th’e same group. Permeability is
about 2 md. A phototnicrograph of a thin section
of sample A is shown in Fig. 1.
Samples B1 and B2 are Cordova Shellstone.
,,~- This formation, which is also knoym as the Austin
-.--.-.—, ....%._
~’1im-eX~E<’-3*a f5C~etae~&S- Ege=Wfd=-&fWwrYp* “tiekw
I Austin, ‘f’ex. Permeability is about 36 md..
. .. . ,....
*AIY oomoldlc rock is one k“ which” the oolitef? FIG.’ 1 — PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF” SAMPLE ~ A -
dissolved away to givs the observed porosity. (OOMOLDIC LIMESTONE).
,. .
~ SEPTEMBER, 1966 z i207
 ,!
., .

.- -. . . .- -- . .

RESULTS MISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT

l’ercury injection capillary pressure curves THEORY

are shown for, Samples A and B in Figs. 3 and 4, During miscible displacement of one fluid by”
These curves are clearly different from the typicaI
another in a potous medium, the displacing fluid
curves in Fig. 2. The conventional methods for can mix with the displaced fluid by either mechanical
calculating pore size distribution from the capillary mixing or molecular diffusion or both. Both
pressure curve 11-13 yield bimodal distributions processes tend to cause an initialIy sharp interface
from data of Figs, 3 and 4. It is not clear that a formed in the porous medium to become diffuse.
bimodal distribution is Iinked to dead-end pores , Paat studies have shown that in reservoir rocks .
but there is certainly an unusuaI pore structure mechanical mixing is far more important than
in samples A and B. molecuIar diffusion. However, for dead-end pores
law 1 1 I 1 I I 1 i there is the possibility that only molecular
,
s diffusioir can cause mixing, thereby leaving the
the fraction of the total pote fluid in the dead-end
pores Iarge[y tinmiied by the passing displacement
front.
Many investigators have shown that a plot of
concentration. of displacing fluid in the pores vs
distance in a linear porous body will be S-shaped
and is the derivative of the normal error function.
Furthermore, the theory leads to the conclusion
that the effIuent will be a mixture of exactly one-
half displacing fIuid and ,one-half displaced fIuid
when 1 PV of displacing fIuid has been injected.
There is now the problem of defining “1 P\’” when
there are ,dead-end pores present. Should I PV be
FIG. 2 — TYPICAL CAPILLARY PRESSURE CURVE all of the voIume as measured by a gravimettic
FOR RESERVOIR ROCK.
or Boyle’s law type volumetric method?
160 In some chemical erigineering studies 1 PV is
1~
., defined from the midpoint of the S-shaped effluent
concentration curve. If the displacing fluid could
not contact the fluid initially in place in the “
140–
dead-ends, then ‘it is clear that the dead-end PV
does not contribute to the PV which appears in
the displacement theory. However, if diffusi~nal
I20 - c’ontact but not mixing takes place betweer, the
displacing fluid and ‘fluid in the dead-end pores,
then some fraction of the dead-end PV forms part ‘
of the displaced-~ iquid PV. Coats and Smith 14
I 00 -
discussed both the theoretical and experimental
u aspects of this probIem. However, their experi-
ii \ ments were conducted on porous materials not
..a. *O _
norms IIy expected to contain dead-end pores ~
hi \ therefore their results are not definitive.
u
\
$ \ Mco 1 I I 1 I I I I 1 :

: 60 - \
a 1200 t
0. ADJACENT PLUGS ‘“\
FROM SAMPLE A A\ al %
000 ,
40 –
s
E 8WI ,
L{ “.
E
;WJ
20 -“ u
K
4G0 :\\ - .. ‘
‘ ‘:

01 “ 1- 1 1 1
100 80 .60 40. 20
, s=..
-=--—-..=
——. ------’ ------- --.--..---: --.-’-”=---9 -------- --------, ------ ~. .,.s”...-— ___ ,.
PE=RCENT--IWONWE TT-fNG–PH:$SE- ‘SATtlR&T1 ON-- , w
Y 0

., (MERCURY) ‘ ‘ PERCE% NONfiETTIN%’ PHA: SAl%RAT~O% OAE&JRYl t

FIG. 3 — MERCURY INJECTION. CtiILLARY PRES- FIG. 4 - MERCURY, INJECTION CAPILLARY PR&
t ,..
SURE CURVE FOR SAMPLE A !3tlR?Z --. ..— FOR
---,. - P.tJRVR. - --- SAMPLE
------- —-—
R. . Et.. .—l , .--4 .
 9.-

.- .- . . -.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE and B2 were difficult to obtain because of fria-

Cores A, B1 and B2 were chosen for miscible bility of the rock, and presence of large vugs and
displacement studies because both formation cracks. Nevertheless, displacement runs were
factor and capillary pressure data indicated that made and a sketch showing tbe best estimate of
these materials had an unusual pore structure; the displacement curve is shown in Fig, 7,
For comparison with Figs. 5 through 7, effluent
formation factor measurements suggested that
concentration curves for Torpedo sandstone are
there might be about -20 per cdnt of the total
ahown in Fig. 8. In Run 3 the displacement front
P V in dead ends. For comparison purposes, a
Torpedo sandstone was included in the rrdscibIe
displacement tests. This sandstone has been 1.0- I ! 1 I I 1
a STOPPING FRONT AT THC
shown to have little if any dead-end PV. 14 ~-f
MIODLE FOR 21 HOURS
Details of the miscible displacement test procedure UE $.,8 _ o FIRST RUN (FROM FIG 5)

are given ~ Ref. 1. A’ brief description of the

a“
proc~dure follows. w
1-
Plugs ~ in. in diameter and 4 to 6 in. long were % 0.s -
u
diamond cored from oil field cores. After extraction ~
, .— —
0.
and drying, as described in the section on formation
= 0.4 -
factor mea suremenrs, the porosity and permeability ~

were measured, Porosity was calculated from the z

F
size of the plug (determined by caliper measure- ~ 02 –
~
ments) and the water-saturated and dry weights. :
Three or four phtgs of about the same porosity 0.0 . 1
and permeability (within a few per cent) were than 0.0 02 04 0.6 08 10 (2 1.4
PRODUCED FLUID, IN FRACTION OF TOTAL PORE VOLUME
mounted end-to-end in a shrinkable plastic sleeve
to give a flow unit about 1 ft long. The flow unit FIG. 6 — MISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT EFFLUENT
was saturated with a 1 gm/Iiter sodium chloride CONCENTRATION CURVE FOR SAMPLE A SHOWING
EFFECT OF STOPPING DISPLACEMENT FRONT IN
sohrtion. ~liquots of 2.5 cc were collected at the
FLOW SYSTEM FOR ~1 HOURS,
outflow end and analysed for sodium chloride
1.0
content by a dip cel I and conductivity bridge.

RESULTS

The effluent sodium chloride soiution, as a

fraction of the intrut
. ~concentration less the in-
0.6
place concentration, is plotted a,s a f&ction ,of
the effluent fluid volume in Fig. 5 for sample A.
Not~ that the produced volume is given in thi a 04

figure .as a fraction of tfle total PV. Data for

duplicate runs ,are shown. The time for the dis- 0.2
placement t front to pass through the flow unit was
~bout eight hours .- ./!, <,. ,.
0.0
Fig. 6 shows data similar to that in Fig. 5 00 02 04 0s 08 10 1.2 14

except that for one of the rms the displacement PROOUCED FLUIO, IN FRACTION OF TOTAL PORE VOLUME

front was stopped in the flow unit for 21 hours FIG. 7 — ‘MISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT EFFLUENT
after htjecting ~ PV and then flow was resumed. CONCENTRATION CURVE FOR SAMPLE B ~ (CON-
Miscible displacement data for samples BI TINUOUS l?LOiY),

.A..
1.0, I 1 f 1 1 I I
0 RUN I
o RuN 2
● RuN 3 48 HOURS STOP

. J’ I -1
F
..
f 1 $
v
O.z-

l:i-3-.-J=L==-:’.:-.ooJo-
~ ==f6=-”ye- ,’-.-;2 “‘ -)’&=
,-.:- 5 ;0 ~_L .:..:.,
-..
—.—___ =,=.,> ,...}=,+.
.:...;>
..~,= .......
. .-
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.z t.4 -’l

I PRODUCEO FI.UI O, IN ,FRACTION OF TOTAL PIXE VOLUME PRODUCEO FLUID, IN FRACTION OF TOTAL PORE vOLUME

I ,.FIG. 5 — MISCIBLE
CONCENTRATION
DISPLACEMENT
CURVE
TINUOUS
FOR’ SAMPLE
FLOW).
EFFLUENT
A (CON-
FIG. 8 — MISCIBLE
CONCENTRATION CURVES
DISPLACEMENT

STONE.
FOR TORPEDO
EFFLUENT
SAND - - .
1[
xv)
,- ,:
.,-. ~. .- l.-.I
. .... .. . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . -J_~
 . -’.’-
.-. .. .- .— .- —

was stopped in the flow system for’48 hours after mount the flow ayatem as described for the
injecting % PV. displacement studies. Pressure transients were
observed in air flowing at a mean pressure about
DISCUSS1ON OF RESULTS 1/20 atm above ambient. The gradient was about
Comparison of Figs. 5 through 8 shows clearly 1/20 atm. Pressure was measured with a Wiancko
that miscible displacement behavior in samples A electronic pressure transducer and recorded
and B1 is different from that in Torpedo sandstone. continuously.
The half-concentration point for Torpedo sandatone
RESULTS
is at about 1 PV whereas for aatnples A and B
it is at 0.65 and 0.58 PV, respectively. Further- The theory of Goodknight et al states that ‘
more, stopping the front in the Torpedo sandstone pressure transients during flow of a slightly
for 48 hours caused littIe or no change in the compressible fluid in a linear porous body
displacement curve, whereas stopping the front in containing dead-end pores will obey solutions of
sample A for 21 hours shifted the ha if-concentration the following set of equatibns (see Nomenclature):
point from 0.65 to 0.75 PV. Absence of a ahift in .
2
the Torpedo sandstone showed absence of diffusion ap k
—- —— a P2
V2
effects, whereas the shift from sample A shows a n= +Ipc :x: VI at
definite effect of diffusion on concentration of
displacing fluid in the effluent.
From Figs. 5 through 8, the tentative conclusion
a 1=2
‘OAO y (P-P*) - “ “ “ “ (4)
can be drawn that in the materials of samples A -%7 = ~
and B, from 1/3 to 1/2 PV is not contacted by the
displacing fluid except through a diffusion inter-
face. The vo Iume so excluded from mixing is By assuming that the neck connecting the dead-
probably the dead-end pore space. end “pore ro the flow channel is a cylinder of
length (!0 and area A ~ it is possibIe to show from
PRESSURE TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR Goodknight’s equations that:

THEORY Ht2 = IV,A:

(5)
Fatt and Goodknight et al314 showed in a series .a 81TkAv#o “ “ “ “ “ “
of papera that dead-mid PV in porous media leads
to characteristic behavior during nonsteady-state If independent measurements give VI and V2, then
flow of fluids through these materials. ~ese the term Ao2/i?o can be calculated if HeQ/a is
authors made a mathematical analysis of the determined from a pressure transient curve described ,
equations describing such systems, They were by Goodknight.
able to verify the mathematical solutions by From the definition of th~ various terms it is
Laboratory studies on model porous’ media that t
clear than
had large ,amounts of artificiality produced dead-
end PV. None of their studies included rock
containing naturally occurring dead-end pores. VI = V-I..........(6)
#
Stewart et al 5 did show the effects of ‘dead-end ~+
pore”s on pressure transienta by using very Iarge
Ijqestone cores in an elabprate Laboratory procedure From Table 1, VI /V2 cap. be calculated to be 2.6,
but could not correlate this behavior with any 5.6 and 3.S for samples A,” B1 and B2, respectively.
easily measured rock parameter. It is now necessary to match an observed pressure
AH of the laboratory studies described in this transient curve with curves calculated for various
paper give a, meaaure of dead-end PV but are VI /V2 values and find which value of Hf2/a givea
difficult, to interpret in terms of an interracial the closet fit. Eq. 5 and the known properties of
area between the fluid in the main flow channels the materiaI then perniit an evacuation of Ao2/fo.
and that in the dead-end pores, The mathematical Figs. 9 through 11 show dimensionless piots of
model of Goodknighc et al 4 has expli cit terms in pressure transients in a linear system calculated
, the descriptive’ equations -which are. the’ aria and for various $aIues of Vx/V2”and- HI?2/tr a~ording” -
length of the neck connecting the fIow channel to to the computer program given by Goodknight.
the ,average dead-end pore and the dead-end PV. The errperimentai curve for sampIe A is shown
U“ the dead-end PV”. is obtained by some other in Fig. 12, together with the theoretical curve
“method then there is the possibility of using for VI/VZ = 2.3 and Jff??/tz = 1. This.. m?tch is -
pressure’ transient studies to determine the si~e the best a,bailabi.e’ between the experimented data
~f the neck of the ti~ersge. dead-e,nd pore. :
- .- - ..u..e.... . .. . .- . __
.....___
.... .--. . .-.- . .—-— . ...=.._-A- ._.~-— .-.. .------ ... ,-- and-----
..- fi~. theoretical
~~-.....-”..
.. . . curves of Fig. ..11. Note *at
: : ----
S,LL- --., :.x=-X—*=---:<-w ,--+-A-—=
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Figk19 tiiioug~i-~ US%;;- thjt the transterit curve I%
;ot sensi+ve ‘qo “’changes in Hl?2/a so the match
‘ Details of the experimental procedure for observ- in “Fig. 12 gives only a rough estimate of fff2/CL .
ing pressure transients on samples A and B are If Ht2/a is taken to be 1,0 in Eq, 5 then, after ‘
given in Ref. 2, Briefly, the procedutw was to substicutin~ in ali the knowit terms a vaiue of
. . .
> 210 sOCIETY OF P$TBOLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL
.:
 1,
.-

0.4 x 10-11 cm 3 is obtained for A. 2/l?o. If tbe rock that may play an ~mportant role in fluid flow
neck of the dead-end pore is assumed to be 2 behavior “and reservoir p~rformance. This paper .
microns long, then the above value of Ao2/go only demonstrates a possible method of app;oach
gives the neck diameter as 2 microns. There is to the problem.
no way of knowing if these dimensions are correct
but they are certainly reasonable. NOMENCLATURE
A= bulk area of linear fIow system
DISCUSSION
Ao= area of neck corm ecting dead-end pore to
Several kinds of core laboratory tests performed flow channel
on two limestone reservoir rocks all show abnormal c= compressibility
behavior of these samples when compared with cl = concentration of sodium chloride in dis-
typical. ~ese~oir rock. All of these tests can be placed flui&-=<. ,,
interpreted to idicate tiwt about 20 per cent of
crJ= concentration of sodium chloride in dis-
measured PV in these rocks is not taking part in
placing fluid
fluid flow. Although nothing quantitative can be
cm = concentration of sodium chloride in effluent
said about the fluid connection between the main
flow channels and the dead.end pores, there is
F= formation factor, defined by Eq. 1 .
evidence (for sample A, at least) that such H,= dead-end pore parameter, defined by Eq. 5
connection has dimensions of the order of severat k permeability of fIow system
microns (about the same size as small pores in k. : permeability of neck connecting d~ad-end
reservoir rock).
f? total length of Iinear flow system
The formation factor and mercury injection tests
4!0 : length of neck connecting dead-end pore
described in this paper can be performed at low
to flow channel
cost on large numbers of reservoir rock samples
L, = same as f
to uncover those that may be suspected of having
dead-end pores. ~ miscibIe displacement and m= Archie’s cementation factor
pressure transient tesrs cad then be performed P. time varying pressure at closed downstream
on the selected samples. In this way information end of linear fIow system, x = L
can be obtained on a structural feature of re setvoir

t
, , Io.fll-

F
&-
: 0.8- A J

1:’
V,/V;= 2.34
~
NuMEEXS ON CLRVES NUMSERS ON CU~VE5
$0.6 - 0.6 ARE VALUES OF Ht%
E
-p mQ
SOUNDAIW
CONDITIONS 0.4
0-
SOUNDARY CONDITIONS

s! 19.0 nil x P.o tD*o ANX P*O

$ *8 Inao X.o P.1 J_ . tp>o X.o P.. !

E ~mo
0.2 ~,.
6 1.>O X* I ax Ie>o X.1 ,x
,

O.ou I 1 1 I
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 A
lNk4S10NLESS TIME. I@ 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
01MENSIONLF2S TIME, to “

FIG, 9 — THEORETICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENTS

FROM GOODKNtGHT’S MODEL 4 FOR VI /VZ = 9 FIG, 11 - THEORETICAL PRESiURE TRANSIENTS ..
FROM GOODKNIGHT’S MODEL4 FOR V /V* = 2.34
AND VARIOUS VALUES OF if f2/t& AND VARIOUS VALUES OF Ht+a

~ o,+ “ /;~
. . .
‘--
----
@
THEORE1’lC8L C~E
:.PERI;E;TA:CUR:-I
MfilN
iAiEO.iN. FLOW-
:1-

,
“’-’

= I /i’
CHANNEL

SOUNOARY
QORE
w? am
VOLW
‘:rorfL
COROITION
‘--I t
i.

~:-=+ :.==+oy .-. .. . . ---- .:. -_:.

“ . . .. . .
~
. ..-— .

*
. .. ~ ., .>< _.. ;a.
,
~~~
__ ... d*:..=:. -... .,..= ~. ..=..= ... ._.

‘ 0,0 Lo 2,0 3.0 4.0

,- to
..’1 bNRENSIONLS$S TIME; ao 0.9 1.0 , 1.5
Qlt.4SNS10NLESS
TIME, ‘C*
.-..
FIG. 10- THEORE~~L ..PRESSURE TRANSD3NTS
FROM GOO13XNIGHT% MO~EL4 FOR Vi/V2 = 4 FIG. i2 - EXPERIMENTAL ,PRESWKE TRANSIENT “’”””l
? AND ~AR~OUS y~LU13S OF H@#rz. .
4,.
C~Vi3S OBTAINED FROM SAMPLE & ,
; ..-
;.,
SEPTEMBEFt. 1966 ;
{“ Zll ., 1
. . ,.,’ L

[`:-:':.`:::--:---.--:Tti-5"-TL'---':":.;<:y<y:"`>::
. . . . . . .... . . . ,. . .. . ; .. . .“..
- ;-.
..+
...... ...........-....

_____
-=.,
_.:
.-.
_.__..
__._::
-”.._’. . . . . ..— .-~,.e. ......._., -....&.. . . . . .._ . . . . . .. . . . . . . ..-.”. . . . ...- >.&,”J

& _-_..fi_. ,,: .::== .- ..

. . . . .. . . . . -- %--- - .=
 . .,,
‘

.-

P~ = constant pressure applied at open upstream injection capillary pressure curves.

-, end of linear flow system, x = O . ..-.
, ~’
P2 = pressure in” dead-end pore REFERENCES
P ~v =$average pressure in linear flow system 1. Maleki, M,: MS Thesis, U, of California, Berkeley,
R. = resistivity of a porous body saturated with Calif. (1960),
conducting solution 2. Upadbyay, R. N.: MS Thesis, U, of California,
Berkeley, Calif,, (1965),
Rw = resistivity of solution saturating porous
3. Fstt, [.: ~CPressure T~nsients in POrous Media
. . body Conte lning Dsad-End Volume ~‘, Trans., AIME
t = time (1959) Vol. 216, 449,

tD = dimensionless time 4. Goodknight, R. C., Klikoff, W. A, and Fatt, I.:

. parameter, equal to
Jour. Phys, Cbern. (1960) Vol, 64, 1162. ,
kt/q5pc
5. Stewart, C, R,, Lubinski% A, and Blenkam, “K, A.:
VI = volume of flow channels ~{The Use of Alternating Flow to Characterize
V2 = voIume of dead-end pores Porous Medie Having Storage Poreat’, Trans,, AIME
(1961) Vol. 222, 383.
v. = volume of a single dead-end pore
6. Warren, J. E, and Price, H. S.; “F1ow in Hetero-
x = distance parameter aIong linear flow geneous Porous Media”, Trans., AIME (1961) Vol.
. 222, 153.
system ~

X = dimensionless length parameter, equa~ to 7. Goddard, R. R., Gardner, G. H, F, and Wyllie,

M. R J,: Proc., Symposium on Interaction Between
.x/L
Fluids and Psrticlea, Institution of Chemical
a = k/#y.tc Engineers, London, Englsnd” (June, 1962) 326-332.

+ = total porosity, defined as total PV divided 8, Fatt, L: Science (1961) Vol. 134, 1750.
by bulk volume .. 9. Thomas, G. H., Countryman, G. R. and Fatt, 1,:
~fsome Experiments on the Flow of Mi ssible Fluids
+‘ = porosity contributed by dead-end pores, of Unequel Densi& Through Porous Media~t, Trarzs.,
defined as dead-end PV divided by bulk. AIME (1963) Vol, 229, 189.
volume 10. Pirson, S, J,: Oil Reservoir Engineering, McGraw-
“#l = prrrosi~~ contribu~d by flow channels only, Hill Publishing Co., New York, N, Y. (1958) 2Ed.,
107.
equal to + – +
11, Ritter, H. L, and Drake, L. C,: lnd, Eng, Cbem,
p = viscosity (1945) Vol. 17, 782.
12, Fatt, L: PhD Die sertatlon, U. of Southern California
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (1955).
13, Burdine, N. T., Gournay, L. S. and Reichertzj
The authors wish to thank the PetroIeum Research P. P.: “Core Size Distribution of Petroleum
Fund, administered by the American Chemical Reservoir RocksJ~, Trans., AIME (1950) Vol. 189,
Society for financial support of this research. D. 19s.
Saraf, S. Pye, A. Zanganeh’ ~d H. Iravani heIped. 14. Coats, K, H, and Smith, B. D,: 1lD’ead-End’ Pore
in collecting some of the data: California Research Volume and Dispersion in Porous Media’ ~, Trams,,
La Habra, Calif., provided the mercury AIME ( 1964) Vol. 231, 73.
Corp., .***

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