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OVERVIEW
Over the past few years, there has been an explosion in the growth of Internet usage. As more users gain access to high-speed connections and more applications requiring large amounts of bandwidth are developed, the demand for fast, reliable communications between end users increases. The rapid deployment of Intranets, Extranets, and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) is also driving demand for communications technologies to connect multiple users in different geographical areas. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) was developed to answer the need for increased bandwidth, seamless internetworking, and a common format for services with different bandwidth requirements. ATM is a method of formatting, switching, and multiplexing information using fixed-length cells. This technology allows for the simultaneous transmission of voice, video, and data over the same network. Because it grew from Broadband Integrated Services Data Network (B-ISDN) standards, ATM operates on existing transport technologies worldwide. It is currently an international standard administered by the ITU, ANSI, and the ATM Forum.
Traditional communication networks (Figure 1) dedicate separate technologies and systems to each application. Frame relay, used for data communications, requires specific frame relay switching equipment. Traditional voice networks use one type of switch, while video networks typically require other types of equipment. In traditional networks, installing, provisioning, maintaining, and interconnecting multiple networks is both complex and costly. An ATM network, on the other hand, has many advantages over other technologies because it combines all types of traffic and applications into a single network (Figure 2). ATM makes it possible for LANs and WANs to use a common technology with minimal adjustments when changes or improvements are needed. ATM traffic is scaleable to higher speeds and can operate over a DS1, DS3, or high-speed SONET backbone without modifying the cell format. Because ATM is asynchronous, voice, video, and data applications can run simultaneously. Combining applications allows the network to allocate bandwidth on-demand for greater efficiency.
Router
Frame Relay
Router
Mux
Mux
Video Conferencing
LAN
LAN
ATM IAD
ATM
Video Conferencing
Figure 2. The ATM network combines technologies.
Video Conferencing
ATM FUNDAMENTALS
ATM Cell Structure
An ATM network converts a bit stream of data (voice and video are also considered data) into discrete cells for transmission, and then it reassembles the data into its original form when it reaches its destination. ATM cells are based on a fixed-length, 53-byte cell. An ATM cell follows a route to its destination that is mapped by the ATM switches it passes through. Two cell structures are used in an ATM network, including the User Network Interface (UNI) and the Network to Node Interface (NNI). UNI cells transport data between the customer premises equipment and an ATM network switch. NNI cells carry data between ATM switches within a network. The first five bytes of both types of ATM cell structures contain address, error checking, and control information. These five bytes are referred to as header space. The remaining 48 bytes are allocated to the customers payload, which can be voice, video, or data signals. The structure of a UNI cell is illustrated in Figure 3, and the purpose of each field in the header is identified.
8 7 GFC VPI VCI VCI HEC PT CLP 6 ATM UNI Cell 5 4 3 VPI VCI 2 1 Byte 1 2 3 4 5 6 Information Payload (48 bytes) 53 Notes: GFC: Generic Flow Control VPI: Virtual Path Identifer VCI: Virtual Channel Identifer PT: Payload Type CLP: Cell Loss Priority HEC: Header Error Control
Cell Loss Priority The Cell Loss Priority (CLP) field is used for traffic control and is set to either 0 or 1. When it is set to 1, the cell has a low priority, allowing switches to drop the cell if the network becomes congested. Header Error Control The Header Error Control (HEC) field is used for error detection and allows for some error correction capability. HEC is calculated from the first four bytes of the header and not from the payload. A correctable HEC error occurs when a single error exists in the header. Cells with a correctable HEC error should be corrected by the ATM switch. A non-correctable HEC error occurs when multiple errors exist in the header. Cells with non-correctable HEC errors should be dropped by the ATM switch.
User cell, no congestion encountered, user-to-user indication = 0 User cell, no congestion encountered, user-to-user indication = 1 User cell, congestion encountered, user-to-user indication = 0 User cell, congestion encountered, user-to-user indication = 1 OAM end-to-end associated cell OAM end-to-end associated cell Reserved for future use
Virtual path
Figure 4. The carrier signal containing virtual paths and virtual channels.
ATM Edge Switches Installed at network edge ATM Switch Frame Relay T1 ATM Edge Device ATM Edge Switch ATM ATM Switch OC-3c OC-3c OC-3c ATM Switch OC-12 Ring ATM Switch OC-3c ATM Switch ATM ATM Switch ATM Switch
Video OC-3c Los Angeles West ATM Switch ATM Switch OC-3c ATM Switch New Tork East
Video
Physical layer testing identifies a variety of problems caused by improper line build-out, connector or cabling faults, repeater failure, optical reflections, and optical loss. Tests include pulse shape, jitter, signal measurements, BERT, optical return loss, and optical insertion loss. These tests are performed primarily at DS3 demarcation points as well as in the optical backbone. Since physical layer problems commonly cause intermittent and hard-to-find problems at higher layers, it is critical to verify DS3 and optical backbone operation during installation to prevent callbacks. SONET configuration layer testing eliminates common problems associated with SONET circuit setup. Tests include SONET timing, SONET path configuration, error and alarm reporting, and concatenated signal configuration. These tests, detailed in the SONET Testing with the Acterna FST-2310 application note, ensure that the signal is properly installed for the desired service. SONET configuration layer testing will result in reduced turn-up time and fewer maintenance calls.
ATM configuration layer testing verifies ATM Virtual Path/Virtual Channel (VP/VC) configuration. Specific tests include ATM switch configuration, endto-end channel setup, DSLAM configuration, alarm and error reporting, errored cell handling, throughput, and priority configuration. These tests are performed during the installation of the backbone ATM transport network or during the configuration of ATM service. It is important to include in-service testing since data transport problems, such as delay variation and congestion, can only be roughly simulated during out-of-service testing. The unpredictable nature of data networks can cause problems to surface even after out-of-service simulations have functioned properly. The in-service tests include monitoring ATM congestion, alarms, errors, and delay variation. This application note thoroughly tests and verifies ATM transport configuration to ensure trouble-free service turn-up.
GENERAL SETUP
Required Equipment and Options
In order to perform the tests described in this application note, the following equipment is required: Fiber Optic Cleaning Kit (Part #2550) Two FST-2310s test sets with the following options:
TB2310-OC12 SONET OC-12 TX/RX (may be required if test access is OC-12) TB2310-OC3 SONET OC-1/3/3c Transmitter and Receiver TB2310-ATM-OC12, ATM Analysis for OC-12 and/or TB2310-ATM-OC3, ATM Analysis for OC-3 and/or TB2310-ATM-DS3, ATM Analysis for DS3 and/or TB2310-ATM-DSN, ATM Analysis for DS1 and DS3
Configuration Parameters
The Acterna FST-2310s ATM functionality supports the configuration of the following settings:
For OC-3c or OC-12c ATM: three fiber optic cables (single mode or multi-mode depending on the configuration) with the proper connector (FC/PC, ST, or SC on the FST-2310 top panel) For DSLAM provisioning: one Acterna DSL-350 test set
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Errors. Verify that Non-Correctable HEC Errors = 1. Tap the Results Category button, and then select QoS. Verify that Lost Cells = 1. Verify the following results on the network ATM switch: Correctable HEC Errors value does not increment from previous result. Non-Correctable HEC Errors value increments by 1 from previous result. c) Verify proper correctable HEC error operation Set the Error Type to HEC (Corr). Tap the Correctable HEC Error button to insert one correctable error. Verify that Lost Cells = 1 (remaining from Step 3). Verify that Correctable HEC Errors = 1. Verify the following results on the network ATM switch: Correctable HEC Errors value increments by 1 from previous result. Non-correctable HEC Errors value does not increment from previous result. d) Verify proper ATM alarm operation Set the OAM Type to Segment and the Alarm Type to VC AIS (F5). Tap the Restart button. If the ATM network device does not support AIS/RDI alarms, then verify that the ATM alarms are passed through. Tap the VC AIS (F5) Alarm button. In the results category of the left results pane, select LED. Verify that the VC AIS (F5) LED is illuminated. Tap the VC AIS (F5) Alarm button again to cancel the AIS alarm. Verify that the VC AIS (F5) history LED is illuminated. Set the Alarm Type to VC RDI (F5). Tap the VC RDI (F5) Alarm button. Verify that the VC RDI (F5) LED and the VC AIS (F5) history LED are illuminated. Tap the VC RDI (F5) Alarm button again to cancel the RDI alarm. Verify that the VC RDI (F5) history LED is illuminated. If the ATM network device supports AIS/RDI alarms, then verify that ATM alarms are handled properly. Tap the VC AIS (F5) Alarm button. Verify that the VC RDI (F5) LED is illuminated. Verify that the ATM device reports the AIS alarm. Tap the VC AIS (F5) Alarm button again to cancel the AIS alarm. Verify that the VC RDI (F5) history LED is illuminated. Set the Alarm Type to VC RDI (F5). Tap the VC RDI (F5) Alarm button. Verify that the VC RDI (F5) LED is illuminated. Tap the VC RDI (F5) Alarm button again to cancel RDI alarm.
e) Verify BIP error operation Note: Perform the following steps for DS3/DS1 PLCP ATM only. Note the following result on the network ATM switch: Number of PLCP BIP Errors Note: The ATM switch may not have this result. Tap the Restart button. Set the DS3 or T1 Error Type to BIP. Tap the Error Insert button to send one BIP error. Verify the BIP results as follows: PLCP Frame Word Errors = 0 PLCP FEBEs = 1 Note: The switch may not support FEBEs. Therefore, this result may be 0. Verify the following results on the network ATM switch. PLCP BIP Error increments by 1 from previous result. Note: The ATM switch may not have this result. Refer to Appendix C for results interpretation. If any of the tests result in a failed response, refer to Appendix B for troubleshooting tips.
Note: When the background and foreground total less than 100%, the remaining cell traffic sent by the FST-2310 is idle. 5. At East, set the Correlation Tag to 2310. 6. At West (ignore if loopback), set the Correlation Tag to 1212. 7. Select OK.
(ms), Avg. Round Trip Delay (ms), Max. Round Trip Delay (ms) conform to the established SLAs. ATM ERRORS HEC Errors = 0 Correctable HEC Errors = 0 Non-Correctable HEC Errors = 0 For DS3 PLCP framing, also verify: PLCP Frame Word Errors = 0 PLCP BIP Errors = 0 PLCP FEBEs = 0 If a loopback exists at West, verify the following East result: Correlation Tag = 2310 If a loopback does not exist at West, verify the following results: Correlation Tag = 2310 at West Correlation Tag = 1212 at East b) Verify proper handling of loopback cells 1. At East, configure the test set for the appropriate signal rate and payload as follows: On the Application Bar, tap the Term button. Select the appropriate rate for the carrier signal being tested. Select the appropriate payload being tested. Select Stats. Complete the Configuring the FST-2310 TestPad section above. 2. Tap the Setup button. Set OAM Loopback Type to VC Loopback. Select OK. Tap the Restart button. 3. Tap the Insert Loopback button to insert the desired number of loopback cells. 4. Verify the test results as follows: In the left results pane, tap the Results Group button, and then select ATM. Tap the Results Category button, and then select Stats. Verify the following results: Loopback Cells = The number of loopback cells transmitted by the FST-2310 Timed-Out Loopback Cells = 0 Refer to Appendix C for results interpretation. If any of the tests result in a failed response, refer to Appendix B for troubleshooting tips.
West or
East
Transport Network
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ATM QoS Avg. Delay Variation (ms), Max. Delay Variation (ms), Avg. Round Trip Delay (ms), Max. Round Trip Delay (ms) conform to the established SLAs. Refer to Appendix C for results interpretation. If any of the tests result in a failed response, refer to Appendix B for troubleshooting tips.
ATM Switch
ATM Switch
FST-2310
Figure 10. Connecting the FST-2310 to the ATM switch.
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less than 100%, the remaining cell traffic sent by the FST- is idle. 4. Configure the DSL-350 350+ as follows: Tap the Setup button. Tap the Scroll Menu button until Mode is highlighted. Tap the + button until ATM Loopback is displayed. Tap the Accept button. Tap the Scroll Menu button to return to the main ADSL setup menu. Tap the Loopback button.
ATM QoS Lost Cells = 0 Mis-inserted Cells = 0 Errored Cells = 0 c) Verify compliance to established QoS Verify the following results: ATM QoS Avg. Delay Variation (ms), Max. Delay Variation (ms), Avg. Round Trip Delay (ms), Max. Round Trip Delay (ms) conform to the established SLAs.
DSLAM FST-2310
Figure 11. Connecting the FST-2310 to the DSLAM.
DSL-350
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Appendix A: Troubleshooting Tips for SONET, DS3, and DS1 Carrier Signal Testing
This appendix provides a list of items to check if your test setup or test results do not show the expected results as described in this application note.
Rx Pulses on the top panel connector does not illuminate. Replace the possibly defective optical patch cord. Clean the optical fiber and test set connector. Verify that the optical connector keys are lined up at both ends of the jumper cable. Verify carrier signal test setup. Verify physical layer and SONET configuration. Signal LED on the front panel does not illuminate. Verify carrier signal test setup. Verify that the proper line rate is selected and that test connections are correct. Verify physical layer and SONET configuration. SONET payload is Auto or Unknown after the test starts. Verify carrier signal test setup. Verify that the proper line rate is selected and that test connections are correct. If alarm conditions exist on the FST-2310 LEDs, reconfigure the SONET network element (NE) for a concatenated signal (OC3c ATM payload) or a non-concatenated signal (DS3 ATM payload). Verify SONET configuration. Summary category indicates Path Pointer Size This indicates that the SONET NE is incorrectly configuring the pointer size bits of the H1 byte in the SONET overhead. Interconnecting this signal with other vendors equipment may cause some SONET NEs and ATM switches to alarm with Loss of Pointer (LOP). SONET BIP Errors exist. This indicates that the end-to-end carrier signal is suffering parity errors. This can cause DS3 Parity Errors, excessive retransmission of ATM traffic, and ultimately a congested network. Verify the physical and configuration test layers. For an optical carrier signal, check insertion loss and return loss to verify fiber performance is within specifications. OC-n Rx Frequency is displayed in Summary. DS3 Rx Frequency is displayed in Summary. DS1 Rx Frequency is displayed in Summary. Path Ptr LED is illuminated. Path Ptr Just is not equal to 0. This indicates that the carrier signal is not timed properly, causing problems in the asynchronous ATM network. Verify the physical and configuration test layers. Check timing source configuration on the NE to verify that the configuration is External. Verify that the SONET NE is not configured for non-revertive holdover. Data Sync on the front panel is not illuminated. For an optical carrier, verify that the Concat LED is illuminated in the SONET LEDs category. If not illuminated, reconfigure the ATM NE for concatenated signal transmission (if applicable). Verify carrier signal test setup. Check the Summary category for physical layer errors corrupting the ATM payload. If found, re-verify the carrier signal.
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Total Utilization percent is high or is 100%. When examined in-service, this indicates that the circuit does not have any excess capacity to handle bursts of data or additional capacity. This situation can place addresses on the circuit at risk, particularly those addresses with CLP=1. ATM results are unavailable. Verify the carrier signal test setup. The FST-2310 is not receiving ATM cells or is receiving ATM cells that do not match the ATM Rx Profile. Verify address setup. Lost Cells is unavailable. Mis-inserted Cells is unavailable. Out-of-Sequence Cells is unavailable. Correlation Tag is unavailable. Errored Cells is unavailable. The FST-2310 is not receiving Acterna test cells. Use Any TTCTest Cell in the ATM Search Type function to locate and use these cells. ATM categories display Results Unavailable. Verify the carrier signal test setup. For Min./Max./Avg. Delay Variation results, the ATM test must be configured for QoS. Delay Variation results are not applicable (N/A) if the receive mask is configured with an X (dont care) in the GFC, VPI, or VCI fields in the ATM Rx Profile. This configuration allows for the analysis of multiple cells and will give a confusing result. Remove the X from each of the fields and program specific addresses. % Mask CLP is not equal to 0. Verify that the specific address being analyzed is intended to have a low priority. Idle cells (address 0) will often have a CLP=1. Verify that the address is not exceeding its allocated bandwidth, causing the switch to mark it as eligible to drop. Measure utilization using Mask Cells and compare this result to the configured ATM switch port and the customers bandwidth. Delay Variation displays Unavailable. Wait a few moments for the result to stabilize. Cell rate is too low to accurately measure delay variation. Message window displays Search: Match Not Found. In Preview mode, this indicates that no active addresses were found on the circuit. Verify ATM NE configuration. In Search mode, this indicates that the specified search parameter was not found. Specified search parameters include both Acterna test cells and AIS/RDI alarms. Verify ATM NE configuration. Some ATM NEs do not support these alarms. AIS and RDI alarms exist. OAM AIS alarms indicate that an address coming into the switch has been lost. Use AIS Cells mode in the ATM Search Type function to identify the address with the alarm. Verify this address on the ATM switch as well as on the corresponding incoming signal for proper configuration. OAM RDI alarms indicate that a switch is responding to an OAM AIS alarm. Use RDI Cells mode in the ATM Search Type function to identify the address with the alarm. This address will be the return path for an address coming into the switch. Examine that incoming address for alarms and configuration.
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FST2310ATM/AN/ACC/08-04/AE/PDFONLY
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