Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Transmission Lines
Transmission line theory is basic for any high frequency design
a b
h w
Twisted-pair
Coaxial
Waveguide
h w1 w2 Coplanar Microstrip
Bhaskar Banerjee, EE7V82 Spring 2010
TL (Zo)
For reection, a transmission line terminated in a short or open reects all power back to source
Need transmission lines for efcient power transmission Matching to characteristic impedance (Z0) is very important for low reection and efcient power transfer Measured voltage envelope depends on position along line
50 Transmission Lines
Why 50 ?
Network Characterization
Two-port network parameters
Open-circuit parameters (Z-parameters) Short-circuit parameters (Y-parameters) Hybrid parameters (H-parameters) Transmission parameters (ABCD-parameters)
Features
Based on voltage (V) and current (I) Requires open and short terminations
Z11 = Y11 = V1 I1 I1 V1 V1 I1 V1 V2 Z12 =
I2=0
V1 I2 I1 V2
Z21 =
I1=0
V2 I1 I2 V1 V1 V2 I1 V2
Z22 =
I2=0
V2 I2 I2 V2 I2 V2 I1 - I2
I1=0
Y12 =
V2=0
Y21 =
V1=0
Y22 =
V2=0
V1=0
H11 = A=
V2=0
I2 H12 = I1 V1 B= - I2
H12 =
V2=0
H22 =
I1=0
I1=0
C=
V2=0
D=
I2=0
I2=0
I1=0
Why S-Parameters?
Problems on traditional network parameters when moving to higher frequencies
Equipment is not readily available to measure total voltage and total current at the ports of the network Short and open circuit are difcult to achieve over a broad band of frequencies Active devices, such as transistors and tunnel diodes, very often will not be short and open circuit stable
10
Two-port S-parameters
Derivation
Generalized scattering parameters have been dened by K. Kurokawa Refer K. Kurokawa, Power waves and the scattering matrix, IEEE Trans. MTT,Vol. 13, No. 2. Mar. 1965
11
Multiple-Port S-parameters
Two-port S-parameter concept can be extended to multi-port
12
S-parameters Measurement
a1
Incident
21
Transmitted
DUT
b2 Z0
Load
Forward
b1
Reflected
S 11
a2 =0
S S
11
= =
b1 = a 1 b = a
2 1
a2 =0 a2 =0
S S
22
= =
b2 = a 2 b = a
1 2
a1 =0 a1 =0
21
12
a1 = 0 Z0
Load Transmitted
DUT
S 22
Reflected
b2 a2
Reverse
b1
S 12
Incident
13
S-parameters Measurement
Equipment:Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)
14
S-parameters Measurement
Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) operation
15
Smith Chart
16
Smith Chart
Impedance plot over frequency
17
R
Reflected
DUT
Transmitted
A
REFLECTION
Reflected Incident = A R
TRANSMISSION
Transmitted Incident = B R
Group Delay
Transmission Coefficient ,
18
Standing wave
Emax Emin
19
20