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EE 7V82 - RF IC Design

Transmission Lines and S-Parameters Prof. Bhaskar Banerjee

Bhaskar Banerjee, EE7V82 Spring 2010

Transmission Lines
Transmission line theory is basic for any high frequency design

a b

h w

Twisted-pair

Coaxial

Waveguide

h w1 w2 Coplanar Microstrip
Bhaskar Banerjee, EE7V82 Spring 2010

Basic Concepts on Transmission Lines


A portion of the power generated by a source (Gen.) is delivered to a load (ZL) by means of a transmission line (TL) Voltage, current, and power can be considered to be in the form of waves traveling in both directions along the transmission line Incident and reected voltages on a TL results in a standing voltage wave on the line

TL (Zo)

Bhaskar Banerjee, EE7V82 Spring 2010

Termination of Transmission Lines


Waves on TL with different termination impedances
For reection, a transmission line terminated in Zo behaves like an innitely long transmission line

For reection, a transmission line terminated in a short or open reects all power back to source

Standing wave pattern does not go to zero as with short or open

Bhaskar Banerjee, EE7V82 Spring 2010

Power Transfer on Transmission Line


Low frequencies: wavelength >> wire length
Current (I) travels down wires easily for efcient power transmission Measured voltage and current not dependent on position along wire

High frequencies: wavelength << length of transmission medium

Need transmission lines for efcient power transmission Matching to characteristic impedance (Z0) is very important for low reection and efcient power transfer Measured voltage envelope depends on position along line

Bhaskar Banerjee, EE7V82 Spring 2010

Power Transfer on Transmission Line


Maximum power transfer

It should be considered in a transmitter of RF system

Bhaskar Banerjee, EE7V82 Spring 2010

Power Transfer on Transmission Line


Maximum power transfer

Bhaskar Banerjee, EE7V82 Spring 2010

50 Transmission Lines
Why 50 ?

Bhaskar Banerjee, EE7V82 Spring 2010

Network Characterization
Two-port network parameters
Open-circuit parameters (Z-parameters) Short-circuit parameters (Y-parameters) Hybrid parameters (H-parameters) Transmission parameters (ABCD-parameters)

Features
Based on voltage (V) and current (I) Requires open and short terminations
Z11 = Y11 = V1 I1 I1 V1 V1 I1 V1 V2 Z12 =
I2=0

V1 I2 I1 V2

Z21 =
I1=0

V2 I1 I2 V1 V1 V2 I1 V2

Z22 =
I2=0

V2 I2 I2 V2 I2 V2 I1 - I2

I1=0

Open termination Short termination

Y12 =
V2=0

Y21 =
V1=0

Y22 =
V2=0

V1=0

H11 = A=

V2=0

I2 H12 = I1 V1 B= - I2

H12 =
V2=0

H22 =
I1=0

I1=0

C=
V2=0

D=
I2=0

I2=0

I1=0

Bhaskar Banerjee, EE7V82 Spring 2010

Why S-Parameters?
Problems on traditional network parameters when moving to higher frequencies
Equipment is not readily available to measure total voltage and total current at the ports of the network Short and open circuit are difcult to achieve over a broad band of frequencies Active devices, such as transistors and tunnel diodes, very often will not be short and open circuit stable

Therefore, some method of characterization is necessary to overcome these problems


Scattering parameters (S-parameters) The logical variables to use at high frequencies are traveling waves rather than total voltages and currents

Bhaskar Banerjee, EE7V82 Spring 2010

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Two-port S-parameters
Derivation
Generalized scattering parameters have been dened by K. Kurokawa Refer K. Kurokawa, Power waves and the scattering matrix, IEEE Trans. MTT,Vol. 13, No. 2. Mar. 1965

Bhaskar Banerjee, EE7V82 Spring 2010

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Multiple-Port S-parameters
Two-port S-parameter concept can be extended to multi-port

Required proper termination for other ports

Bhaskar Banerjee, EE7V82 Spring 2010

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S-parameters Measurement
a1
Incident

21

Transmitted
DUT

b2 Z0
Load

Forward
b1

Reflected

S 11

a2 =0

S S

11

= =

Reected Incident Transmitted Incident

b1 = a 1 b = a
2 1

a2 =0 a2 =0

S S

22

= =

Reected Incident Transmitted Incident

b2 = a 2 b = a
1 2

a1 =0 a1 =0

21

12

a1 = 0 Z0
Load Transmitted
DUT

S 22
Reflected

b2 a2

Reverse

b1

S 12

Incident

Bhaskar Banerjee, EE7V82 Spring 2010

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S-parameters Measurement
Equipment:Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)

Agilent PNA 2008


Bhaskar Banerjee, EE7V82 Spring 2010

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S-parameters Measurement
Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) operation

Bhaskar Banerjee, EE7V82 Spring 2010

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Smith Chart

Smith Chart maps rectilinear impedance plane onto polar plane

Bhaskar Banerjee, EE7V82 Spring 2010

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Smith Chart
Impedance plot over frequency

Bhaskar Banerjee, EE7V82 Spring 2010

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Device Characterization Parameters


Incident

R
Reflected

DUT

Transmitted

A
REFLECTION
Reflected Incident = A R

TRANSMISSION
Transmitted Incident = B R

SWR S-Parameters S11,S22 Reflection Coefficient ,

Return Loss Impedance, Admittance R+jX, G+jB

Gain / Loss S-Parameters S21,S12 Insertion Phase

Group Delay

Transmission Coefficient ,

Bhaskar Banerjee, EE7V82 Spring 2010

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Device Characterization Parameters


Reection parameters
S11 and S22 Reection coefcient () Return Loss (RL) (dB) Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)

Standing wave

Emax Emin

Bhaskar Banerjee, EE7V82 Spring 2010

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Device Characterization Parameters


Transmission parameters
S21 and S12 Transmission coefcient (T) Insertion Loss (IL) or Gain Group delay

Bhaskar Banerjee, EE7V82 Spring 2010

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