Путь разума»
Книга состоит из трех частей: Логика Природы, Логика истории, Картина мира.
Облик мира XXI столетия во многом будет зависеть от Китая и китайцев, от того,
кто и как будет “дружить” с этим китайским миром. От того, не возникнет ли в тех краях
очередной катаклизм, и от того, как Китаю удастся сохранить себя как единое целое, т.е.
преодолеть внутренние противоречия, которых у него более чем достаточно. Я думаю, что
Коммунистической партии Китая (КПК) удастся сохранить целостность государства. Но
это скорее вера, а не результат анализа. Тем более, что я не владею достаточной для этого
информацией. Но и в случае распада Китая, что не столь уж маловероятно, если следовать
логике мирового рынка, неизбежно возникнет некий “мир Китая”. Будет ли в него
включена Япония, или она станет основой еще одного “мира”? Вопросы немаловажные не
только для России, но и для всей планеты.
Для реализации этих свойств необходимо сочетание рынка и антирынка, которые Моисеев
формулирует как «принцип кормчего»: «Стремясь достичь желаемой гавани, кормчий не
должен рассчитывать только на свои силы. Он в максимальной степени должен уметь
использовать могучие силы Природы - силу течений и ветра. И уж во всяком случае не
направлять свой корабль наперекор потоку. Так и в общественной жизни: главное - понять
естественные тенденции развития, стремления людей. И только с помощью такого знания
стремиться преодолеть трудности развития».
Говорить о существовании тех или иных явлений мы можем лишь тогда, когда они
наблюдаемы или являются логическими следствиями эмпирических обобщений. При этом
становится бессмысленным вопрос: “А как есть на самом деле?” Мы имеем право
говорить лишь о том, что мы способны наблюдать в доступной нам области Универсума.
Наблюдение и изучение Универсума происходит изнутри системы наблюдателем,
который сам принадлежит системе. Нам доступно лишь то, что сделалось доступным в
процессе эволюционного развития. Те возможности, которые сформировались у человека
в процессе постепенного приобретения, неотделимы от эволюционирующей системы. И
неизвестно - принципиально неизвестно - где все же проходит граница доступного для
человеческого сознания. Моисеев вновь ссылается на Вернадского: «Я широко использую
термин Вернадского “эмпирическое обобщение”. В его сути - субъективная
интерпретация существующего, т.е. интерпретация познаваемого, доступного
наблюдению. Обо всем остальном в рамках научного знания мы просто не имеем права
говорить как о чем-то существующем». В дальнейших параграфах Моисеев приводит
физические и химические основы для обоснования своих идей.
В заключении автор подводит итог, отмечая, что в будущие десятилетия
человечество сможет сохранить себя и биосферу, если экономика перестанет быть
демиургом современного общества, когда она обретет то место, которое ей уготовано
Природой, - поддерживать существование Человечества, а не определять его историю,
когда восхождение к Разуму сделается действительно главной целью нашего
биологического вида.
The book consists of three parts: Logic of Nature, Logic of History, Picture of the World.
In the process of the formation of humanity, one important pattern can be traced. Its
gradual, more or less calm development, which it is natural to call the Darwinian stage of
development, within a relatively short time is replaced by periods of catastrophic changes in the
development paradigm itself (revolutions, bifurcations, catastrophes - any names are suitable
here), when the potential of that form of evolution , which determined this "quiet" period of
development, is exhausted. The reasons for the radical restructuring of the evolutionary process
can be both external and internal.
Each of the conditional stages in the history of the Earth ended in disaster. After each of
these catastrophes, a “new planet” arose with its own characteristics of planetary life. Each time,
unpredictable evolution gave birth to new forms of organization of living matter and features of
its development. The organization of planetary life was undergoing qualitative changes. The first
bifurcation tore out one of its species from the animal world, which turned out to be able not
only to develop its brain, but also to begin to create artificial weapons and conquer fire. A
“second nature” arose on Earth, purposefully created by representatives of the living world. The
planet has been enriched with new development opportunities. The second bifurcation led to the
emergence of a qualitatively new way of behavior of living matter. A living species has
established itself on Earth, which created the foundations of morality, a species that “abandoned”
purely biological improvement in the name of the development of social forms of organization,
in the name of creating a new type of memory and, ultimately, in the name of creating Collective
Intelligence, about which I will have to tell in subsequent chapters. Finally, the third bifurcation,
when man again found himself on the verge of disappearing from the face of the planet, was
marked by the creation of artificial biosystems. A new type of evolutionary development
emerged, and mankind acquired private property and new incentives for its activity - the era of
modern civilizations began. Thus, in a relatively short time, in the Quaternary period, a
qualitative change in the nature of the evolution of the biosphere occurred at least three times,
and each time these were steps along the path of ascent to Reason.
After the Neolithic Revolution, property institutions were established on the planet. And
with them the market arose. This is a typical selection mechanism that takes into account only
momentary benefits. At the present time, we are on the brink of a new ecological crisis, and what
is very important - of a global scale. The catastrophe will consist in global warming, which will
be accelerated by human economic activity, a decline in biodiversity, urban growth and
environmental pollution, hunger. Moiseev also provides information about the mathematical
modeling of the development of the biosphere under the influence of human economic activity
carried out by him and his comrades.
Further N. Moiseev examines the evolution of cities and the development of problems
associated with urbanization. He comes to the conclusion that it will not be possible to overcome
the impending global crisis within the framework of modern civilizational paradigms.
The next chapter criticizes the policy of the international community, the concept of
sustainable development for the insufficient and feigned visibility of the fight against the
impending disaster. The next chapter reveals the introduced concept of co-evolution of man and
the biosphere. Moiseev refers to Vernadsky's idea of the noosphere (the state of the biosphere
and society, when the human mind determines their development), examining in detail the
history of the formation of this idea. Vernadsky considered the noosphere to be the next natural
stage in the development of the biosphere. Moiseev and his colleagues, based on the idea of the
noosphere, formed the concept of an ecological imperative - the border of permissible human
activity, which he has no right to cross under any circumstances. Thus, Moiseev seeks to
scientifically substantiate the idea of sustainable development. Further, he emphasizes the
importance of the gradual evolutionary transformation of the biosphere into the noosphere, using
all the intellectual achievements of mankind. This requires the formation of the Collective
Intelligence, i.e. information exchange and decision-making systems at the global level.
In the next chapter, Moiseev examines the hypothetical strategy itself, paying special
attention to the formation of a new person with a new ideology and a new system of values.
People should be aware of those cataclysms that are born of their activities and which are already
visible on the horizon. But the media, without which these problems cannot be solved, are
unlikely to give up their advertising fees and show an endless number of vulgar films that will
continue to educate people in a consumerist spirit. They will continue to indulge human
weaknesses, which is much more profitable and easier than talking about kindness, mutual
assistance, necessary hardships, and even more so giving airtime for lectures on ecology.
Modern liberalism promotes the work of sewer workers, who cleanse cities of waste, but does
not allow to engage in sewage activities in a much more dangerous sphere of pollution - in the
field of information, and especially ideology and morality. Second. The modern capitalist system
as a whole is very little interested in society being truly intelligent and educated, in imagining all
the perniciousness and danger of the unfolding scenario of social evolution, because this
contradicts the momentary benefit of those who “run the show”.
Part Two: The Logic of History: Are there Alternatives?
Moiseev examines the concept of philosophy of history, the history of its formation and
development. “When we begin to ponder the content of the development of civilizations, the
very essence of what we call the historical process, then we must come to the problems of the
evolution of the spiritual world of man. Without their study, there can be no complete picture of
the development of society. And there will be only narrow corridors of political history
according to Hegel, or economic according to Marx. At the same time, the spiritual world is the
most powerful stream of human existence. At various stages of the development of society, it can
be studied as an independent phenomenon. It has not only its own history, but also its own logic.
" In the development of the spiritual world, at least in Europeans, the tendency of the
development of individualism is very noticeable. It manifests itself in almost all spheres of
spiritual life and can be traced throughout the history of recent centuries. One of the reasons for
this phenomenon is the strengthening of creativity in the production activities of people. But this
tendency is also evident in social and political life. It would be a mistake to deduce this trend
from conditions of immediate utility. First of all, it seems to me, it manifested itself in religion,
in which the transition from conciliarity to a deeply individual perception of communication with
God was outlined long before the industrial revolution. The first industrialized countries -
England and Holland - were the mainstays of the Reformation. Calvinism formulated the
doctrine of being chosen. It is available to everyone, but its test can only be the measure of
success - only those who have found success are prepared for Salvation. And all the rest are just
animals in the form of people.
In the unthinkable interweaving and chaos of human passions, the rise and death of
peoples and civilizations, two streams of the main channel of human history are clearly visible in
this time interval. The first one is the development of forms of ownership, more precisely, the
continuous search for new forms of organization of property, its use and the struggle for its
redistribution ... which also occurs continuously! The second is the ever-accelerating
improvement and creation of new forms of "second nature" - new technology, new technologies
that stimulate the growth of productive forces, i.e. effective use of property. It is an ongoing
dynamic process. But it is intertwined with the first, and it would be a mistake to consider any of
them as determining. They are inseparable and dependent on each other. They stimulate the
intensity of each other: there are new opportunities to satisfy new, also continuously emerging
needs (a kind of autocatalysis).