Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Research Proposal of Peoples Republic of China Lizeth B. Arellano Texas A&M International University

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Executive Summary Overall, China is a beautiful country geographically surrounded by mountains and empty lands. It has an abundance of natural resources ranging from larger water sources which places it as the top country in waterpower, and well as cultivated plains that aid it in the growth of rice, and other agricultural products that make valuable profit for the country. Agriculture is an important economic segment of China and ranks first in worldwide farm output, primarily producing rice. However, even though China is rich in agriculture, with the increase of the countrys population, shortage of agricultural resources is becoming evident, threatening the countrys agriculture development and economic growth. In fact, China is the worlds most populous country representing 20% of the worlds population. China, a country where the history is as rich and its size in squared kilometers, is currently one of the top emerging countries as of today. Historically, its hard to try to reduce the vast number of events. Empires, dynasties and wars have giving China minimal time to rest, but in exchange; it has given them a very unique history. The positives and negatives of these historical events have shaped China and turn it into world potency. No doubt exists that China has grown economically, at a pace that surpasses any other country by far for the last 25 years. Industry, agriculture, import and export, oil, education, and many other sources of income had given China a place in the elite. At this pace, experts believe that in the future China can replace the United States as the most potent country on earth. With all this said, China is considered a relative poor country. Education in China is a must as the PRC dictates that all citizens should at least go 9 years to school. This increase in education will eventually bring more success. In terms of energy, China is one of the worlds largest producers of carbon dioxide, the most important greenhouse gas contributing to the greenhouse effect. In addition, China is the

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second largest oil consumer and the worlds largest producer and consumer of coal. Due to the demand for energy in the worlds most populous nation aggressive energy efficiency programs are being implemented in order to reduce the country's energy use intensity. China has also implemented important health laws that take a strict enforcement on quarantining diseases in and out of the country. In order to prevent the massive spread of infection if a disease were to sneak into the country. The health care system in PRC accounts for three traditional types of health care financing schemes and individuals not covered by these schemes have to pay out of pocket for their medical expenses. The government has sponsored rural cooperative medical system and the national target is to get everyone covered by these schemes. Moreover, vascular disease, cancer, and COPD have become the leading causes of death among Chinese adults. Prevention methods will be the control of hypertension, smoking cessation, improved nutrition and physical activity. China is governed by Communist Party. The communist party is the founding of the political part of the PRC. The legal power of the Communist Party is guaranteed by the PRC constitution. China has a major controversy regarding its International political status of Tawain, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu. The problem is whether or not these two should become united with the territories now governed by the PRC.

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Background A group of five nursing students completed a research on the Peoples Republic of China about the strengths and weakness this country has. For instance, Chinas literacy rate has increased from 20% in 1949 to 92% in 2010, but at the same time in order to go to high school students have to pay a small fee. As far as agricultural strengths this country ranks first in worldwide farm output, primarily producing rice. At the same time, with the increase of the countrys population and the development of industrialization and urbanization, shortage of agricultural resources will become a restricting factor to agricultural development. One of their health challenges is that many citizens are being diagnosed with respiratory disorders and lung diseases related to heavy cigarette smoking. This issue is one that affects most of the population in China; therefore, the following research proposal will be focused on decreasing the prevalence of respiratory disorders and lung diseases. The analysis of mortality in China by He et al., (2005) includes more than 1000 deaths per 100,000 person-years in China due to respiratory causes such as infections and COPD. The only risk factor for respiratory illness that they examined was a history of cigarette smoking. Aims This research proposal will aim to increase the education of people regarding cigarette smoking and preventing factors for respiratory disorders or lung diseases. There is no specific group that could benefit because it affects everyone in this country such as infants, women of childbearing, and those who work with exposed hazards. Women of child bearing will have healthy children by avoiding risk factors such as exposure to smoke, tobacco use, and/or poor nutrition. Infants will have a better chance of survival and a decrease incidence of respiratory failure when reducing the risk factors. According to Jiang, et al., occupational exposure to

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chemical fumes and dust is another risk factor for respiratory illness. The overall goal is to minimize the exposure to the risk factors that contribute to a respiratory illness which include tobacco use, exposure to smoke, other indoor air pollutants, outdoor air pollutants, allergens, and occupational agents. Methods In order to improve health, it is important to state what the problem is. China is exposed to all of the risk factors that contribute to a respiratory disease due its large population, pollution, overcrowding, and smoking problem. The best way to start to find a solution is by using the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of a community-based nursing teaching. For instance, the primary level of prevention will include teachings to the people who are at higher risk of respiratory illness such as those with a chronic illness, children younger than 5, people 50 years of age and/ older, live in a nursing home, occupational exposure to chemical fumes, and people who have smoked more than 5 years. The population will gain knowledge and understand the importance to keep a healthy lifestyle and what it consists of such as maintain a good nutritional status, regular exercise, and avoidance of airway irritants and allergens. Another method would be television advertisement that will demonstrate the importance of smoking cessation. The advertisement can give information of community care setting that can help the public achieve the cessation of smoking. The distribution of brochures and flyers providing information about the risk factors of contracting a respiratory illness can help prevent further incidence. Secondary prevention involves the diagnostic of people who have a respiratory illness to prevent further complications and give treatment on time. The people will benefit from preclinical conditions which are most often detected by disease screening and follow-up care of the findings. The people of China will benefit from programs for the early detection of COPD

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since its the most common reparatory illness. Tertiary Prevention will target populations who have the experienced disease and focus on limitation of complications. As a nurse, I would advocate for the increase of funds to provide medications for those who dont have money to pay. In addition, provide fairs where people who have a respiratory illness can get their early influenza vaccine for free and prevent further complications. Factors from the International Future Model that would present a barrier for the primary, secondary, tertiary prevention to be accomplished are the health insurance status, education, and countrys population. In China, there are three traditional types of health care financing schemes in which they are the labor insurance medical care scheme, the public service medical care scheme, and the cooperative medical care scheme. Those individuals not covered by these schemes have to pay out of pocket for medical care and most of them may not afford it. In regards to education, if people dont have the readiness to learn the teaching will serve no purpose. A person who is well education has the initiative to learn new things but when there is a low lever of education the person wont take the information given useful. In regard to population, China has an overcrowding problem which many of the times contribute to the high levels of respiratory illness. People are constantly close to each other in their homes, stores, buss station, or work place that the transmission of illness makes it easier and faster to transmit. Expected Results In order to evaluate the change on health of the Chinas population, I would gather information of the amount of people with respiratory illness and later compare results preventive measures mentioned have been established. This is process that could take years or even decades to show improvement due to the mass population that is in China. Infant mortality can also be another tool to evaluate results. A decrease of infant mortality and respiratory illnesses can

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demonstrate a progress of decreased exposure to risk factors and understanding of healthy lifestyle changes. While completing the teaching using focus groups, questionnaires can be developed after each teaching to demonstrate that the people had an understanding of the information being presented. The community nurse should also go back to reevaluate the same area that the teaching were at to maintain the knowledge that was learned. Summary The main problem in China is the increase risk of respiratory illness due to the high prevalence of smoking, environmental pollution, mass population leading to overcrowding, and occupational agents. The methods used to provide a solution were primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention while at the same time taking into consideration possible barriers such as health insurance status, population and education. This will be a very challengeable goal to accomplish but with the right method enforced it is possible achieve. The problem will always be there until someone has the courage to act up on it and commit to it.

References

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Jiang, H., Dongfeng, G., Xigui, W., Reynolds, K., Xiufang, D., Chonghua, Y., Jialiang, W., Chen, C., Jing, C., Wildman, R., Klag, M., & Whelton, P. (2005). Major Causes of Death among Men and Women in China. The New England Journal of Medicine. 352(11), 1124-1134.