A little japanese goes a long way By Akihito Shigeno

Collected by Agus Winarno

Contens

Bab 1. Perkenalan dan pernyataan singkat ........................................... 3

1-01. Osakinii and Otsukare samaa............................................... 3 1-02. Ohayoo or Ohayoo gozaimas ..................................................... 3 1-03. Kon-nichiwa" and "kom-bangwa................................................. 4 1-04. Genki des ka and Dai joob des ka? ............................................ 4 1-05. Nanika shigotoga arimaska?...................................................... 5 1-06. Mosi-mosi and phone calling ...................................................... 5 1-07. Minasan and Gohan .................................................................. 6 1-08. Gomen-ne. and Shitsurei shimashita........................................... 6 1-09. Itadaki mas ............................................................................... 7 1-10. kirai and suki ........................................................................... 7 1-11. oishii and mazui ....................................................................... 7 1-12. Kore-wa and Are-wa ................................................................. 7 1-13. Greetings ................................................................................. 8 Chapter 2. Counting, Direction, Colour ...................................................... 8 2-01. Kaz. ......................................................................................... 8 2-02. Hookoo..................................................................................... 8 2-03. Chotto .................................................................................... 10 2-04. Iro .......................................................................................... 10 2-05. Vocabulary.............................................................................. 11 Chapter 3. Dialogue ............................................................................... 12 3-01. Yuubin-kyo ku ......................................................................... 12 3-02. Tazuneru ................................................................................ 12 3-03. Rasa ...................................................................................... 13 3-04. Yakimeshi............................................................................... 14 3-05. Yakisoba ................................................................................ 14 3-06. Aitai........................................................................................ 14 3-07. te kudasai ............................................................................... 14 3-08. Shokudoo = Restorant ............................................................. 15 3-09. Kuu koo= airport...................................................................... 15 3-10. Koozui = banjir ........................................................................ 16 Chapter 4. Living japanese structure........................................................ 17 4-01. Pronouns................................................................................ 17 4-02. kono, sono, ano, dono ............................................................. 17

4-03. koko, soko, asoko, doko .......................................................... 18 4-04. kochira, sochira achira, dochira................................................. 19 4.05. kocchi, socchi, acchi, docchi ..................................................... 20 4.6. koo, soo, aa, doo....................................................................... 21 4.06. Post position -wa and -ga ....................................................... 23 4.07. Kocchi, socchi, acchi, docchi, ................................................... 23 4.08. Koitsu, soitsu, aitsu, doitsu, ...................................................... 24 4.09. Nani and Dare/ Donata............................................................. 24 4.10 Korera, Sorera, Arera................................................................ 24 4.11. kono, sono, ano....................................................................... 25 4.12. Konna, Sonna, Anna, Donna....................................................... 25 4.13. ko, so, a, do again ................................................................... 26 4.14. kochira/kocchi, sochira/socchi, dochira-sama ............................ 26 4. 15. Dore, Dono............................................................................. 27 16. Dare, Donata, Doitsu .................................................................. 27 17. Dochira, Docchi.......................................................................... 28 4.18. Naze, Nande, Dooshite ............................................................ 28 4.19. Itsu, itsugoro, ikutsu, ikutsu gurai............................................. 29 Chapter 5. Live From Yokohama ............................................................. 29 5.1. In the train station...................................................................... 29 5.2. Itsu........................................................................................... 30 5.3. Ikutsu, nansai.............................................................................. 30 5.4. Ikutsu, nan-ko............................................................................. 31 5.4. nan-ko, nan-satsu, nan-dai, nam-mai, nan-bon, nam-biki, nam-bai, nan-sai, nan-gai, nan-kai, nan-nin....................................................... 32 Chapter 6. KAKUJOSHI.......................................................................... 32 6.1. Kakujoshi.................................................................................. 32 6.2. X-ga V...................................................................................... 33 6.3 A X-ga V-o V ....................................................................... 34 6.4. X- ga Y ni V............................................................................. 35 6.5. X-ga Y-to V ............................................................................... 35 6.6. X-ga Y-kara V .......................................................................... 36 6.7. X-ni Y-ga V, X-wa Y-ga V .......................................................... 36

6.8. X-ga Y-ni Z-o V ......................................................................... 37 6.9. X-ga Y-o Z-kara V...................................................................... 37 6.10. de (Kakujoshi) ......................................................................... 38 6.11. O............................................................................................ 38 6.12. -ni .......................................................................................... 39 6.13. -e ........................................................................................... 40 6.14. de ........................................................................................ 40 6.15. -to........................................................................................ 41 6.16. yori...................................................................................... 41

Bab 1. Perkenalan dan pernyataan singkat Greetings And Short Statement 1-01. Osakinii and Otsukare samaa Inilah ungkapan bahasa jepang yang setara dengan selamat tinggal (da-dah), sampai jumpa lagi. Jika anda meninggalkan kantor setelah bekerja, anda ucapkan ungkapan seperti berikut ini. Here, some Japanese phrases which are equivalent to "bye bye, see you". When you are leaving from office after work. You would say the following phrases. Osakinii Diucapkan kepada orang-orang yang masih bekerja To the people who are still working Otsukare samaa (jawabannya) Diucapkan kepada orang-orang yang meninggalkan kantor. To the people who are also leaving office tsu mungkin sulit diucapkan , ucapkanlah seperti su dengan diawali huruf t. "tsu" maybe difficult to pronounce, say like su and start with t. Otsukare samaa Jika anda masih bekerja, dan orang-orang meninggalkan kantor, kepada orang-orang yang meninggalkan kantor kita ucapkan sama seperti diatas When you are still working, and people are leaving office, to the people who are leaving office, same as above.

1-02. Ohayoo or Ohayoo gozaimas "Ohayoo" or "Ohayoo gozaimas." Expresi ungkapan yang sempurna di pagi hari, artinya bukankah masih pagi? sehingga jika kita pikir masih pagi maka katakanlah Ohayo atau Ohayo gozaimas Are perfect greeting expressions in any morning. The meaning is "It is still early, isn't it?" So as long as you feel it is morning or early in a day, say "Ohayoo" or "Ohayaoo gozaimas". "Ohayaoo" diucapkan kepada teman-teman anda. is to your friends. "Ohayoo gozaimas" Ini lebih formal is more formal. Sebagian orang mengatakan Ohayo gozaimaas dengan ucapan a lebih panjang, ini kurang formal. Sehingga setiap pagi, jika anda melihat atau bertemu bos anda, katakanlah ohayo gozaimas Jangan menggunakan Ohayo gozaimaas kepada bos anda. Some people, say "OHayoo gozaimaas" with long a. This is less formal. So, every morning, when you see or meet, your boss, say "Ohayoo gozaimas". Better avoid "OHayoo gozaimaas" to your boss. "maas" or "gozaimaas"

Adalah bentuk pendek dari Ohayoo gozaimas, ini tidak terlalu sopan, lebih baik biasakan dengan Ohayoo gozaimas yakinkan tak ada yang mengucapkan maas kepada bos anda. is short form of "Ohayoo gozaimas". It is not really polite, It is much better to keep "Ohayoo gozaimas".Please guess nobody says "maas" to his own boss. 1-03. Kon-nichiwa" and "kom-bangwa "kon-nichiwa" Siang hari, kon-nichiwa adalah salam yang sempurna diucapkan kepada setiap orang, artinya sekarang adalah siang hari, tidak terlalu aneh artinya meskipun hal ini bisa digunakan saat hari belum gelap. Daytime, "kon-nichiwa" is perfect greeting to anybody. It means literally, "now is daytime". It is not really fantastic meaning, though.This can be used when the sky is not dark yet. "kom-bangwa" Malam hari saat sudah gelap kom-bangwa adalah ucapan sapaan yang sempurna, suaranya barangkali mirip konbanwa, namun suara kombagwa lebih baik. Artinya sekarang malam hari At night, the sky dark, "kom-bangwa". is the perfect one. This may be shown as "konbanwa", however, "kom-bangwa" sounds better I think. This means, "now is night". Ohayo (gozaimas) , kon-nichiwa dan kom-bangwa merupakan sapaan salam sehari-hari, oleh karena itu dan gunakan selalu. Ohayo (gozaimas) , kon-nichiwa and kom-bangwa would cover the all day long greeting. So, remember all and use all.

1-04. Genki des ka and Dai joob des ka? "Genki des ka?" Apa khabar? How are you? Anda bisa ucapkan "Genki des ka?" atau "Ogenki des ka?" saat orang yang anda sapa kelihatan sedang sehat. (harfiahnya, apakah kamu sehat?) You can say "Genki des ka?" or "Ogenki des ka?" when the person you are asking looks OK. (literally, "Are you fine?") "Dai joob des ka?" Jika ia tampak sakit atau lelah, sebaiknya anda sapa dengan " Dai joob des ka?", lebih baik (harfiahnya, apakah semuanya baik-baik saja?). Bagaimana menjawab pertanyaan itu? Maka katakanlah sebagai berikut: If he/she looks sick, or tired, you would say " Dai joob des ka?" is better (literally, " Is everything OK?"). How to reply to that question. Let's say the reply is as follows : "Genki des. Okagesamade." or " Ee, okagesamade." Saya baik-baik saja atau terimakasih banyak I am fine, thank you. "Genki des" adalah " Saya baik-baik saja". "Okagesamade" means " terimakasih banyak " atau "terimakasih atas kebaikannya". "Ee" artinya "Ya". "Genki des" is "I am fine." "Okagesamade" means "Thankfully" or "Thank goodness". "Ee" means "Yes". I am fine, thank you. or I am fine and how are you? or I am not in good health condition

"Genki des, anatawa?" I am fine and how are you? or I am fine, and you? "Genki des, anatamo?" I am fine, you too fine? "Sukoshi chooshiga waruides." I am not in good health condition. "Sukoshi" " a little bit" "chooshi" " condition" "chooshiga" " condition is" "Warui" "bad" "Waruides" "bad + closing sentence" "anatamo?" The word "anatamo?", is it polite for older people or superior? The "word" anata would better avoid to use to your superior. Normally, we use his name or title for instance, "Ogenkideska, Tanaka san?" --by his name. or "Ogenkideska, Buchoo?" -- by his title buchoo = manager. 1-05. Nanika shigotoga arimaska? 1. How to say : What can I do for you ? "Nanika shigotoga arimaska? What can I do for you ? = Is there any joy for me? Asking to you your boss for your job. " nanika " = something what, "shigoto" = job, "arimas" = There is... "arimaska?" Is there...?

" Tetsudaima shooka? " = Can I help you? It is not your job, but help. "Tetsudau" = help, "...ma shooka?" = Can I do ...? 2. How to say : Any mistake Sir ? " Mondai arimaska?" Is there any problems? " mondai" = problem, "arimaska?" Is there...? " Machigai arimaska?" Is there any mistakes? " machigai" = mistake 1-06. Mosi-mosi and phone calling There are many other possibilities to express the same meaning. The following is some examples. "moshi moshi" - halo.. "Tanaka san, onegaishimas" - Can I speak to Mr Tanaka (bisa bicara dengan Pak Tanaka...) literally, Mr. Tanak, please. "Tanaka wa sekiwo hazashite imas." - ma'af Pak Tanaka sedang tidak ditempat. literally, Mr. Tanaka is not at his seat.

"Tanaka wa gaishutsu shite imas." - ma'af Pak Tanaka sedang keluar ruangan. literally, Mr. Tanaka is out of office. "Tanaka wa yasunde imas." or "Tanaka wa kite imasen." - ma'af Pak Tanaka tidak masuk hari ini. literally, Mr. Tanaka is absent. or Mt. Tanaka is has not come. "Tanaka wa kaigi chuu des." - ma'af Pak Tanaka sedang meeting. literally, Mr. Tanaka is in a meeting. " Atode denwa shimasu." or "Nochihodo denwa shimas." - saya akan telepon nanti. Literally, I telephone you later. " Suminasen, machigai denwa des." - ma'af salah sambung. literally, sorry, wrong number. " Otsunagi shimasunode, sibaraku omachi kudasai," - tunggu sebentar, saya akan transfer. Iiterally, I will connect to him, wait a moment. " Yobimas node, sibaraku omachi kudasai" - tunggu sebentar, saya akan panggilkan = literally, I will call him/her, wati a moment. "Naisen wa nii-san-yon desu." - extensionnya 234. literally, extention is 234. "Otsutae surukotowa arimas ka?" - ada pesan?.

literally, This there are any message? " Shitsurei shimas" - see you/bye. literally, Excuse me. 1-07. Minasan and Gohan Ohayoo gozaimas, minasan minasan = everybody "Gohan des." It is time to eat. "Shokuji no jikan des." more politely "Ohiru des." It is lunch time. more politely " Ohiru no jikan des." Let's try them to a Japanese around you today. 1-08. Gomen-ne. and Shitsurei shimashita "Gomen-ne." Minta maaf casual expression between friends or family members. "Gomen-nasai." less casual than above "Shitsurei shimashita" formal one. "Shitsurei-wo itashimashita" more formal. Try to Pak Tsukada, "Shitsurei-wo itashimashita", when you have some mistake.

1-09. Itadaki mas Before and after your meal, you may say the following. Before meal. Itadaki mas Thanks God, let me have what you gave me. After meal. Gochisoo sama Thanks God for what you gave me I just have taken. Who said Japanese are not religious?

"Kore-wa mazui des." or "Kore-wa mazui." This tastes bad Using des makes your statement more polite. -Sorry, I come late. "Osokunatte, suminasen" -Please tell me, what time is it now. "Ima nanji deska?" -Came on we go. "Saa, ikimashoo." -Please don't come late. "Okure-naide kudasai." -Don't be a lazy boy "Namake-naide kudasai." 1-12. Kore-wa and Are-wa "Kore-wa "Kore-wa nandeska?" = What is this?. An aswer will be like " Kore-wa neko des." = This is a cat. "neko" = cat. We do not have "a" in Japanese. "Are-wa "Are-wa nandeska?" = What is that? An answer will be like "Are-wa inu des." = That is a dog. "inu" = dog.

1-10. kirai and suki kirai I hate you. = " Watashi-wa anata-ga kirai des." hate = kirai I hate onion. = "Watshi-wa tamanegi-ga kirai des." onion = tamanegi suki I like you. = "Watashi-wa anata-ga suki des." like = suki I like apple. = "Watashi-wa ringo-ga suki des." apple = ringo 1-11. oishii and mazui oishii "Kore-wa oishii des." or "Kore-wa oishii." This tastes good. mazui

1-13. Greetings 1. selamat malam / good night Oyasumi or Oyasumi-nasai 2. selamat sore / good afternoon Kon-nichiwa 3. selamat pagi / goo morning Ohayoo or Ohayoo gozaimas 4. selamat makan / have a nice meal Meshiagatte kudasai = please have a meal Itadaki mas = I will have a meal, thanks god. Tabemashoo = let's eat. 5. kamu sedang apa / what are you doing Nani-wo shiteiruno? 6. sampai ketemu lagi / see you next time Mata atode ne. 7. A happy new year. Shin-nen akemashite omedetoo gozaimas. Chapter 2. Counting, Direction, Colour 2-01. Kaz. Kaz. Number

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

zero or rei ichi nii san shii or yon goo roku shichi or nana hachi kyuu jyuu

Please practice zero to ten in Japanese. And..How to speak. 1/2, 0.5, V3, 5 o'clock, + 4 (Plus minus four), 5>3>1

1/2 ni (2) bun no ichi (1) 0.5 rei (0) ten (.) go (5) _ V3 ruuto (sqrt ) san (3) 5 o'clock go (5) ji (hour) + - 4 (Plus minus four) puras mainas yon 5>3>1 go(5) wa san(3) yori (from) ookiku (greater and ), san (3) wa ichi(1) yori (from) ookii (greater). 2-02. Hookoo Let us learn directions. right = migi

left = hidari straight = massugu here = kokok turn to right = migi-ni magaru, magaru = turn Please turn to right. = Migi-ni magatte kudasai. turn to left = hidari-ni magaru. Please turn to left. = HIdari-ni magatte kudasai. He is standing at the right side of Mr. Tsukada, = Hare-wa, Tsukada-san no migi-ni tatte imas. He is standing at the left side of Mr. Tsukada, = Hare-wa, Tsukada-san no hidari-ni tatte imas. Kare = he Tatte imas = is standing "directions" = Hookoo "wrong direction" = Machigatta hookoo "turn to rightt" = Migi-ni magaru "turn to left" = Hidari-ni magaru "turn back" = Hikikaesu "Don't make a turn." = Magaranaide kudasai. "clock wise" = Tokei mawari "counter clock wise" Han-tokei mawari Interlude my friend told me that in japanese languages has many ...umm...i dont know what is the "word" for this...but some of them called: katakana, hiragana, etc.

can you explain to me a little about those...what are the different of them....thank you very much Mr. Akihito. We have three sets of characters or letters. They are called as, "hiragana", "katakana" and "kanji". We did not have our own letters in ancient times, so Japanese language was spoken only, but not written for thousand years. Chinese character set was introduced to Japan from China through Korean peninsular, some 16 centuries ago ( well I don't know when was it) , and wide shredded among ruler and intellectual classes. We still use these Chinese characters, and call them as "Kanji". These educated class were able to understand Chinese language. So, they could read and write Chinese, but could not for own Japanese. Some people started to try to borrow Chinese characters to write and read Japanese. Some other people started to modify Chinese characters for the same purpose. "katakana" and "hiragana" were developed from Chinese character set with such a process, to express our own Japanese. Around 50 hiraganas you must know before start Japanese lesson. Challenging isn't it? So, What are the meaning of "hiragana", "katakana" and "kanji"? hiragana and katakana both are phonetic letters just like Roman letters we use. Roman letters have capital letters, and small letters to express same sound in too different ways. hiragana and katakana are also two different sets of letters to express Japanese phonetics. Kanji is Chinese characters, each kanji has sounds and meanings. Do all Japanese people use all of these characters?

Japanese use all of three in mix. It is an art of a language to mix all three. And how they use these, in mix? or use as per character To explain usage is too......... difficult for me. First learn hiragana, and little by little, kanji + katakana. It need 2 or 3 years to learn all to read a newspaper, if you devote yourself to learn. 2-03. Chotto Chotto ne. There is something small or little, not inportant thing. For instance, Nani-wo shite imas ka? What are you doing? Ee, chotto ne. Well, nothing important. ( I do not want to tell you.) Chotto, matte kudasai, Wait a moment. which one is better and when I say in communication Different meaning, so there is no better than another. 2-04. Iro Iro = Colour

white = shiro Korewa shiroi neko des. This is a white cat. red = aka Are-wa akai inu des. That is a red dog. blue = ao Sore-wa aoi ink des. It is blue ink. green = midori Midori iro no me des. It is green eye. grey= hai iro Sora-wa hai iro des. The sky is gray. black = kuro Kroi kami. Black hair. brown = chairo Chairo no seetaa des. t is a brown sweater. etc.... = sonota Sonota no hito, Other people. After meal, we say I

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"gochisoo sama." Thank you for the meal. Onaka ippai I am full. onaka = stomach, ippai = full. 2-05. Vocabulary High = Takai Kore-wa nedan-ga takai. This price is high. Low = Hikui Kore-wa hikui ki desu. This is a low tree. Long = Nagai Kore-wa nagai ton-nel des. This is a long tunnel. Short = Mijikai Kore-wa mijikai enpitsu des. This is a short pencil. Fast = Hayai Are-wa hayai jidoosha des. That is a fast car. Slow = Osoi

Kore-wa osoi bas des. This is a slow bus. Hot = Atsui Kore-wa atsui ofuro des. This is a hot bath. Cool = Suzushii Eakonn-wa suzushii. Air conditioner is cool. Cold =Tsumetai Ais-kuriim wa tsumetai. Icecream is cold. Good = Yoi Kono-hito-wa yoi hito des. This guy is a god guy. Bad = Warui Ano-hito-wa warui hito des. That guy is a bad guy.

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Chapter 3. Dialogue 3-02. Tazuneru 3-01. Yuubin-kyo ku Post office = Yuubin-kyoku, Yuubin-kyoku-wa doko deska? Where is a post office? Letter = Tegami, Tegami-wo kakimasu. I write a letter Envelope = Fuutoo, Chiisai Fuutoo-wo kudasai. Give me a small envelop. Stamp = Kitte, Haku-en (100 yen) kitte-wo kudasai. Give me a 100 yen stamp. Mail Box (Post box) = Yuubin-posto, Yuubin-posto-wa akai des. Post box is red. Post-man = Yuubin-kyoku-no hito. Yuubin-kyoku-no hito-ga kimashita. Here comes a post-man Post-card = Hagaki, Hagaki-wa go-juu-en (50 yen) des. A postcard costs 50 yen. tazuneru= asking Tazunete ii deska? Can I ask you? doko = where Doko-e ikimaska? Where are you going? nani = what Nani-wo kaimashita? What did you buy? dare = who Dare-wo sagashite imaska? Who are your looking for? itsu= when Tanjoobi-wa itsu deska? When is (your) birthday? naze= why Naze konai-no? Why don't you come? dono=which Dono ko ga sukideska? Which girl (boy) do you like?

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1. Long time not communication with you Gobusata shite imas. gobusata = long time no see. shite imas = doing something 2. Can I have your name card ? Meeshi-wo itadake maska? meeshi = name card itadake masuka = can I have? 3. Do you remember me ? Watashi-wo oboete imaska? oboete imas = remember 4. Where is Mr. Junichi Tanaka's room ? Tanaka Jun-ichi san no heya-wa doko deska? heya = room doko = where 5. Where do you live ? Sumai-wa doko deska? sumai = place to live doko = where 6. What would you like to drink ? Nomimono-wa nani-ni shimas ka? nomimono = drink (noun) nani = what nani-ni shimas? = what do you want?

3-03. Rasa bitter = nigai, kono ninnjinn wa nigai des. This carrot is bitter. sweet = amai Kono okashi-wa amai des. This cake is sweet. salty = karai, shiokarai Kono yakimeshi-wa shiokarai des. This nashigoreng is salty. sour = suppai Kono mikan-wa suppai des. This orange is sour. hot = atsui (temperature), Kono soba-wa atsui des. karai (spicy) This noodle is hot. cold = tsumetai Kono aisu-kuriimu-wa tsumetai des. This icecream is cold. soft = yarakai Kono pan-wa yarakai des. This bread is soft.

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hard, = katai Kono Pan-wa katai des. This bread is hard. 3-04. Yakimeshi When you want to eat nasigoreng, you can say, " Yakimeshi-ga tabetai."or "Yakimeshi-wo tabetai." Yakimeshi = fried rice yaki = baked or roasted , meshi = cooked rice, Tabetai = want to eat. 3-05. Yakisoba Yakisoba. Yaki = baked, fried, roasted etc. Soba = Noodles. So as you guess, Yakisoba = Mie goreng. Ohiru-ni, yakisoba-wo tabe-mashita. I ate mie goreng at lunch. Ohiru-ni = at lunch tabe-ru = eat mashita = past, make the verb in front into past. 3-06. Aitai Sometimes special occations, you,may need the following expressions. Aitai (des)

I want to see (a person). (Anata-ni) aitai. I want to see you. (Anata-wo) Koi shii I miss you because I am in love with you, ( this sounds too classic) Kis shite kudasai. Kiss me, please. Yesterdays "kis shite kudasai" was very popular among you. So, I continue the same structure to learn Japanese. 3-07. te kudasai .....te kudasai ..do to me please. Katte kudasai. buy me, please. Are=wo katte kudasai. Buy that for me, please. Itte-kudasasi. Talk ( to me) , please. Watashi-ni, itte kudasai. Talk to me, please. Itte-kudasai.

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please go. (pronounce same as talk to me) Acchi-ni itte-kudasai Please go away. Itte-kudasai can be "talk to me." or "go away," You must be careful when you talk to your pacar. 3-08. Shokudoo = Restorant To order a meal in a restaurant, Raamen hitotsu. raamen = Chinese noodle in soup. The noodles are yellow. hitotsu = one, one plate, one bowl. one cup... Rais hitotsu. rais = steamed rice. Udon hitotsu. udon = Japanese noodle in soup. The noodles are white, and much thicker than those of raamen. Tempura hitotsu. Ocha hitotsu ocha = Japanese tea, normally free of charge in a restaurant. " kudasai" can be followed to make you more polite.

Raamen hitotsu to Rais hitotsu kudasai. to = and, do not pronounce /tuu/, this must be top without p. 3-09. Kuu koo= airport When you arrive at Narita Air port, First follow other people, for passport check baggage claim and custom. Then you are already in Japan. You must find out where is bus for YCAT. Ask people this way. Rimugin-bas-no kippu-wa doko-de kaimaska? Where is the place to buy a ticket for limousine bus? kippu = ticket doko = where, kaimas = buy. Rimugin-bas-wa doko deska? Where is the limousine bus stop? At the limousine bus stop, you must know where is the bus for YCAT. YCAT-iki-wa doko deska? Where is for YCAT? YCAT-iki- wa koko deska? This is stop for YCAT? YCAT ( pronounce as wai + cat = kecin, Yokohama City Air Terminal). A large bus terminal in Yokohama connecting to Narita Air Port. When you arrived at YCAT from Narita, using a Limousine bus, you will take a taxi.

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Ask anybody. "Takushii-wa doko deska?" Where are Taxis? When you successfully get in a taxi, tell to the driver your destination " XXX Hotel, onegai shimas." XXX Hotel. please. There are many way to go to JGC. The safest way to go to JGC for the first time, take a taxi. "Minato-mirai-no, Nikki, onagai shimas." Nikki at Minato Mirai, please. Nikki (JGC) is a famous company, so all taxi draiver knows it ( I gusess). If you want to take a train, your destination is "Sakuragi-cho", "Sakuragi- cho-wa dokodeska?" Where is Sakuragi cho? or "Sakuragi-choo-eki-wa, dokodeska?" There are three "Sakuraki cho" stations with different lines, however, all three are at one place. 3-10. Koozui = banjir In Japan, we have typhoons every year, so we are ready to face banjir.

Flood = Koozui. Watashi-wa Koozui-no eekyoo-de okure-mashita. I was late because of the flood. eekyoo = effect, okurere-mashita. = was late.

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Chapter 4. Living japanese structure 4-01. Pronouns I have just copied a table from "Handbook of Japanese Grammar" for some serious learners. This is a table of pronouns used in Japanese Language.
demonstrative/interrogative pronouns

so- shows the object is near the second party = listener = you. a- shows the object is far from both the first and second partys, This ko-, so-, a- have the same function to all other pronouns. More examples will continue.. kono, sono, ano, dono kon-na, son-na, an-na, don-na (ko, so, a ) shows a distance from you. do shows a question. no shows to modify the noun. ko = within my reach Kono inu. = This dog. Kono hito = This man or woman so = within your reach Sono inu = The dog near you. Sono hito = The man or woman near you. a=out of our reach. Ano inu = That dog. Ano hito = That man or woman. do = which Dono inu = which dog? Dono hito? = Which man or woman? n-na shows an attribute Kon-na hon. = A book like this.

noun modifier attribute pronoun material human place direction adverb

demonstrative ko-series so-series a-series kono sono ano kon-na son-na an-na kore sore are koitsu soitsu aitsu koko soko asoko kochira sochira achira kocchi socchi acchi kou sou aa

interrogative dono don-na dore, nani doitsu, dare, donata doko dochira docchi dou

4-02. kono, sono, ano, dono In the first line, four pronouns are shown, Kono (this), sono (the), ano (that), dono (which). Kono hon. Sono hon. Ano hon. Dono hon? This book. The book . That book. Which book?

ko- shows the object is near the first party = speaker = I or we.

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Son-na hon. = A book like one you know, you have, near you... An-na hon = A book like that. Don-na hon? = What is the book like? What kind of book? kono, sono, ano more information kono, sono, ano will be in front of a noun. The noun can be both thing and person. kono hon. Sono hon. Ano hon. = This book. =The book near you. = That book.

This person is Mr. Tanaka. Kochira-wa Tanaka san des. This is Mr. Tanaka Sochira-wa Tanaka san des. The person near you is Mr. Tanaka. Achira-wa Tanaka san des. That person is Mr. Tanaka. kochira, sochira, achira, dochira. This group is for showing directions. however also used to indicate a person in a polite way. 4-03. koko, soko, asoko, doko (ko, so, a ) shows a distance from you. do shows a question. ko pronoun for place.

kono hon-wa jisho des. This book is a dictrionary. Kono hito. Sono hito. Ano hito. hito = person = This person. = The person near you. = That person.

Kono hito-wa Shigeno san des. This person is Mr. Shigeno. xxx san = Mr, Mrs, Miss. etc. to anybody. Kono kata = This person. Sono kata = The person near you. Ano kata = That person. kata = person, more polite than hito. Kono kata-wa Tanaka san des.

ko = within my reach so = within your reach a = out of our reach. do = which Koko des. Soko des. Asoko des. = Here is. = The place near you is. = That place is,

Koko-wa kaisha des.

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This place is an office. This is an offce. Koko-ga kaisha des. This place is the office. This is the office. Soko-wa kaisha des. The place near you is an office. Soko-ga kaisha des. The place near you is the office. Asoko-wa kaisha des That place is an office. That is an office. Asoko-ga kaisha des. That place is the office. That is the office Kaisha-wa koko des. The office is here. Kaisha-wa soko des. The office is there, nere you. Kaisha-wa asoko des. There office is over there. Kaisha-wa doko des ka? Where is the office? post-postions -wa subject -ga subject

4-04. kochira, sochira achira, dochira

kochira, sochira achira, dochira (ko, so, a ) shows a distance from you. do shows a question. chira direction.

ko = within my reach so = within your reach a=out of our reach. do = which Kochira des. This way. (the way is om my side) Sochira des. The way closed to you. (the way is on your side) Achira des. That way. (the way is far for both of me and you) Dochira des ka? Which way? Kochira-no hooukoo des This is the direction. Sochira-no hookoo des The direction is on your side.

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Achira-no hookoo des That is the direction.. Dochira-no hookoo des ka? Which direction? hookoo ( or maybe show as houkou) = direction The two groups above may have same meaings. Kita-wa kochira des. North is in this way. Kita-wa kochira-no hookoo des. North is in this drectiion. kita = north Toire-wa kochra des. Toilet is in this way. toire = toilet post-postions -no connect two nouns or pronouns. Another post-posion des. Kore-wa inu des. (subject + predicate) This is a dog. (subject + verb + complement) -wa shows kore is subject. des shows inu is predicate. This sentence has no verb, since Japanese has no equivalent to 'be'.

4.05. kocchi, socchi, acchi, docchi Very similar to kochira, sochira, achira and dochira. (kocchi, socchi, acchi, docchi) group is less polite than (kochira, sochira, achira, dochira) group. So better always use only (kochira, sochira, achira, dochira) group. (ko, so, a ) shows a distance from you. do shows a question. cchi direction.

ko = within my reach so = within your reach a=out of our reach. do = which Kocchi des. This way. (the way is on my side) Socchi des. The way closed to you. (the way is on your side) Accchi des. That way. (the way is far for both of me and you) Docchi des ka? Which way?

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Kocchi-no hooukoo des This is the direction. Socchi-no hookoo des The direction is on your side. Acchi-no hookoo des That is the direction.. Docchi-no hookoo des ka? Which direction? hookoo ( or maybe show as houkou) = direction The two groups above may have same meanings. Minami-wa kocchi des. South is in this way. Minami-wa kocchi-no hookoo des. South is in this direction. Minami = South Jidoosha-wa kocchi des. The car is in this way. Jidoosha = car 4.6. koo, soo, aa, doo koo, soo, aa, doo (or may by written as kou, sou, aa, dou) (ko, so, a ) shows a distance from you.

do shows a question. u, a, o adverb. ko = within my reach so = within your reach a=out of our reach. do = which Koo suru. Soo suru. Aa suru. Doo suru? = Do this way. = Do the way you know. = Do that way. = What to do?

Koo shite kudasai Please do this way Soo shite kudasai Please do it with the way you know. Aaa shite kudasai Please do that way. Aaa shite kudasai Please do that way. Iya des, koo shimas No, I do not want it. I do this way. suru -shite-shimas conjugation of a one verb

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suru = do, kudasai = please ko so a do more examples. Sore-wa nan deska? What is the thing near you? What is the thing you hold? What is the thing you are talking about? Kore-wa Jisho des. This is a dictionary. Post position -wa = subject, -wa indicates Sore is the subject des = predicate, des indicates Jisho is the predicate. deska? = des + question, There are no "be" verb in these sentences. we no need a verb in Noun = Noun, or Noun = Adjective sentences. Sore-wa hon deska? Is the thing near you a book? hon = book Hai, kore-wa hon des. Yes, this is a book. hai = yes Noun + Adjective sentence examples, Sore-wa kirei des.

The thing near you is beautiful. kirei = beautiful Kore-wa kawaii des. This is pretty. kawaii = pretty Are-wa oishii des. That is tasty. oishii= tasty ko so a do more examples Kore-wa watashi-no hon des. This is my book Tanaka-san-no hon-wa dore deska? Which one is Mr. Tanaka's book ? watashi = I + post position -no watashi-no = my watahsi-no hon my book XXX des shows XXX is predicate in this sentence. Tanaka-san-no hon Mr. Tanaka's book dore = which dore deska? Which one is?

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XXX-wa shows XXX is subject in this sentence. Jimusho-wa koko des. Here is an office/our offce. Jimusho = office koko = here The first ko = this, the second ko = location koko = this location = here. Jimusho-wa doko deska? Where is the office? doko = question, where the first part do = question + second part ko = location, doko = where? deska? = predicate + questiion. doko deska? Where is? Jimusho-wa koko deska? Is this the offcie? Is here the office?

-wa -ga

Unknown information. Known information.

Dore-ga hon deska? = Which one is the book? Dare-ga sensei deska? = Who is the teacher? After an interrogative, only -ga can be used. Do not say, Dore-wa hon deska? Do not say, Dare-wa sensei deska? 4.07. Kocchi, socchi, acchi, docchi, These indicate directions, however can be used for persons. Between friends, Kocchi, socchi, acchi, docchi group is used to indicate person. Kocchi-wa Yamada san des. = This is Yamada. Socchi-wa Tanaka san des. = The person near you is Tanaka. Acchi-wa Tanigawa san des. = That is Tanigawa. Between friends, san often drops. Kocchi-wa Yamada des. des can be da. Kocchi-wa Yamada da. Or drop da. Kocchi-wa Yamada. When we are talking about Mr. Yamada, and Mr. Yamada appears. Kocchi-ga Yamada des. Use -ga, instead of -wa.

4.06. Post position -wa and -ga XXX-wa, XXX-ga shows XXX is the subject word in the sentence. Kore-wa hon des. = This is a book. Kore-ga hon des. = This is the book.

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Docchi-ga Yamada? = Which one is Yamada? (not formal) Docchi alway with -ga, not -wa. 4.08. Koitsu, soitsu, aitsu, doitsu, Pronoun for person. Between <male> friends only. Not polite. Do not use this group, unless you know Japanese very well. Koitsu-wa Yamada da. This is Yamada. Soitsu-wa Tanaka da. The person near you is Tanaka. Aitsu-wa Tanigawa da. That is Tanigawa. When we are talking about Mr. Yamada, and Mr. Yamada appears. Koitsu-ga Yamada da. This is that Yamada. Soitsu-ga Tanaka da. The person near you is that Tanaka. Aitsu-ga Tanigawa da. That is that Tanigawa. Doitsu-ga Yamada da? = Which one is Yamada? doitsu always with -ga, not -wa.

4.09. Nani and Dare/ Donata Nani (nan ), Interrogative for thing Dare/ Donata, Interrogative for person Kore-wa tokei des. = This is a watch. ==> Kore-wa nan deska? = What is this? tokei = watch, nan = what Ano kata-wa Noda san des. = That person is Mr. Noda. ==> Ano kata-wa dare deska? standard or Ano kata-wa donata deska? polite kata = person Ano kata = that person 4.10 Korera, Sorera, Arera Korera, Sorera, Arera plural for kore, sore, are. There is no plural of dore, So, do not use dorera. Kore-wa watashi-no ningyoo des This is my doll.

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Korera-wa watashi-no ningyoo des These are my dolls. ningyoo =doll, We are not sensitive to singlar or plural in our language. So, you can use singlar even you mean plural. Kore-wa zembu, watashi-no ningyoo des. These are all my dolls. zembu = all This zembu shows there are many dolls here, but you can use Kore instead of Korera.

tebukuro = glove Kono akai tebukuro This red glove. or This pair of red gloves. This sound natural for us. Akai kono tebukuro This is OK, but sound strange. When kono, sono or ano is used with adjective + noun. they must be placed in front of the adjective. 4.12. Konna, Sonna, Anna, Donna Attribute of noun. Like this, like that etc.. ko = within my reach so = within your reach a = without our reach do = question nna = attribute. Koona booshi-ga hoshii des. I want a hat like this. Sonna booshi-ga hoshii des. I want a hat like one you have, or you are talking about. Anna booshi-ga hoshii des. = I want a hat like that. Donna booshi-ga hoshii deska? what type of hat do you want? booshi = hat, cap hoshii = want

4.11. kono, sono, ano Noda san-no hon. Mr. Noda's book. Kono Noda san-no hon. This Mr. Noda's book Noda san-no kono hon. This Mr. Noda's book. When kono, sono or ano is used with two nouns, they can be placed in front of either noun. akai tebukuro = red glove aka = red , noun akak = red, adjective

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4.13. ko, so, a, do again koko, soko, asoko, doko to show place kochira, sochira, achira, dochira to show direction, formal kocchi, socchi, acchi, docchi also to show direction, informal Koko-wa toshokandes. This is a library. Toshokan-wa sochira des. The library is in this way. toshokan = library building tosho = books, kan = building toshoshitsu = library room shitsu = room Toshokan-wa docchi? Which direction is to the library? Toshokan-wa socchi dayo The library is in your direction. (you are standing in the direction to the library.) Dayo = informal, same as des. Kochira, Sochira, Achira, Dochira, (ko, so, a ) = shows a distance from you.

do = question chira shows a direction kochira, sochira, achira, dochira show direction, however, can be used as place, just same as koko, soko, asoko, doko. kochire, sochira, achira, dochira group is more polite than koko. soko, asoko, doko. kyookasho-wa kochira-ni arimas. Textbook is here. Polite. kyookasho-wa koko-ni arimas. Textbook is here. Standard. Kyookasho = textbook arimas = There is. 4.14. kochira/kocchi, sochira/socchi, dochira-sama In telephone conversation, Kochira / kocchi is the place of the speaker, and sochira / socchi is the place of the listener. Kochira-wa minna gennki des. Here, everybody is fine. Sochira-wa doo deska? How about your place? minna = everybody gennki = fine doo deska? = how is everything going on?

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less polite way is. Kocchi-wa minna genki, socchi-wa doo? Here, everybody's fine. How about you guys? dochira-sama is polite way to say dare. Dochira-sama deska? / Dochira-sama de-syooka? I am afraid I do not remember who you are? de-syooka? is more polite than deska? but same meaning.

Dono hon-ga Tanigawa san-no deska? Which book is that Mr. Tanigawa has? Dono is to select one out of three or more. Kono kata-ga Akimoto san des. This person is Mr. Akimoto. Dono kata-ga Akimoto san deska? Which person is Mr. Akimoto? kata = person

4. 15. Dore, Dono. do = question re = thing, material no = connect to noun doitsu = who? Kore-ga Noda san-no hon des. This is the book Mr. Noda has. Dore-ga Noda san-no hon deska? Which one is the book Mr, Noda has? Dore is to select one out of three or more. -ga = indicates subject -no = indicates possession Kono hon-ga Tanigawa san-no des. This book is that Mr. Tanigawa has.

Dono can be used for person, to select one out of three or more. 16. Dare, Donata, Doitsu Dare, Donata, Doitsu All represent "who?" Select one from three or more persons. Dare-ga Hayashi san deska? Which one is Mr. Hayashi? standard. Donata-ga Hayashi san deska? Which one is Mr. Hayashi? polite. Doitsu-ga Hayashi da? Which one is Hayashi? Only among close friends.

You would better avoid to use Doitsu. This is very colloquial.

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17. Dochira, Docchi Dochira, Docchi Both represent "who?" or "Which person?" Select one from two persons or two things. Dochira-ga Nakagawa san deska? Which one is Mr. Nakagawa? Polite. Dochira-ga Nakagawa san-no hon deska? Which one is the book Mr. Nakagawa has? Polite. Docchi-ga Nakagawa san deska? Which one is Mr. Nakagawa? Colloquial. Docchi-ga Nakagawa san-no hon deska? Which one is the book Mr. Nakagawa has? Colloquial. Dochira-no kata is used as more polite expression in place of Dochira. Dochira-no kata-ga Nakawaga san deska? Which one is Mr Nakagawa? Polite. Dochira-no hon-ga Wada san-no deska? Which book is the one Mr. Wada has? Polite. Docchi-no hon-ga Wada san-no deska? Which book is the one Mr. Wada has? Colloquail. -no shows possession. Wada san-no hon. = a book Mr. Wada has. Dochira-no hon? = which book?

kata = person Dochira-no kata? = Which person? Polite. Dochiara-no kata deska? = Who are you?

Polite.

Please use only Polite ones. You may use colloquial ones only after you become a master of NIkongo. 4.18. Naze, Nande, Dooshite

Naze, Nande, Dooshite All three represent "why? or reason" Nande may represents "how? or means" Ogino san-wa naze koko-ni kitano deska? Why did Mr. Ogino come here? Ogino san-wa dooshite koko-ni kitano deska? Why did Mr. Ogino come here? Akimoto san-ni aitakatta kara des. Because, (I, he) wanted to see Mr. Akimoto. Subject is omitted, I or he is depend on the situation naze, nande = why koko = here kuru = come kita = came kitano = came? deska? = question

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aitai = want to see somebody aitakatta = wanted to see somebody kara = to show the reason Noda san-ni aitai. (I )want to see Mr. Noda. Noda san-ni aitakatta. ( I) wanted to see Mr. Noda. Yamada san-wa nande kokoni kitano deska? Why did Mr. Yamada come here? or How did Mr. Yamada came here? Takeuchi san-ni aitakatta kara des. Because, (I, he) wanted to see Mr. Takeuchi. or Jitensha-de kimashita. (I, he ) came here by bicycle. Nande = why or how Jitensha = bicycle kimashita = came 4.19. Itsu, itsugoro, ikutsu, ikutsu gurai Kitamura san-wa itsugoro syuppatsu suruno deska? Around when is Mr. Kitamura going to leave? Kitamura san-wa itsu syuppatsu suruno deska? When is Mr. Kitamura going to leave? itsu = when?

----goro = around itsugoro = around when? syuppatsu = to leave, departure noun syuppatsusuru = leave, depart verb ---- suruno deska? = question Taniguchi san-no okosan-wa oikutsu deska? How old is the child of Mr. Taniguchi, okosan = somebady's child. Taniguchi san-no okosan = Mr. Taniguchi's child. ikutsu = how old? standard oikutsu = how old? polite Yoshida san-wa keeki-o ikutsu gurai tabetano deska? Around how many pieces of the cake did Mr. Yoshida eat? ikutsu = how many gurai = around ikutsu gurai = around how many? keeki = cake taberu = eat, verb tabeta = ate, have eaten ---no deska? = question Chapter 5. Live From Yokohama 5.1. In the train station Mamonaku yonbansen-ni, Soon, at track four, kakueki teisha minami-urawa-yuki-ga mairimas. 29

Normal (slow) train, for Minami-Urawa, is coming. mamonaku = soon yonban = No. 4 sen = track, platform kakueki teisha = train which stops at every station. -yuki = for, destination mairimas = coming. Abunaideskara, = To avoid danger, kiiroi sen made osagari kudasai. Step back by the yellow line. abunai = dangerous deskara = because of abunaideskara = because of danger kiiro= yellow, noun kiiroi = yellow, adjective sen = line, kiiroi sen = yellow line, (on the platform) made = by sagaru = step back osagari kudasai = please step back. Sakuragi chooooo, Sakuragi chooooo....... Sakuragi choo, Sakuragi choo. Yonbansen, doa-ga shimarimas. At track four, the doors are closing. doa = door shimaru = close

shimarimas = is closing soon. Gochuui kudasai = Be careful / Avoid danger. chuui = attention Gochuui kudasai = Please pay attention to avoid danger 5.2. Itsu Itsu interrogative for time If you need a more specific question on time, nam-pun, nan-ji, nan-nichi, nang-gatsu are used. nam-pun = what time, in minute. nan-ji = what time, in hour nan-nichi = what date nang-gatsu =what month Tanigawa san-wa nan-ji, nam-pun ni syuppatsu shimaska? What time, hour and minutes, is Mr. Tanigawa going to leave? San-ji ni-juppun goro des. = Around 3: 20. san-ji = 3 o'clock ni-juppun = 20 minutes goro = around, about Shigeno san-wa nang-gatsu umare deska? What is Mr. Shigeno's birth month? umare = be born 5.3. Ikutsu, nansai

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Ikutsu, nansai to ask age When asking somebody's age, use ikustu or oikutsu. oikutsu is more polite. Kimura san-wa ikutsu deska? How old is Mr. Kimura? Kimura san-wa oikutsu deska? How old is Mr. Kimura? Oikutsu deska? How old are you? Noguchi san-no okusan-wa oikutsu deska? How old is Mr. Noguchi's wife? okusan = wife, polite Kimura san-wa nansai deska? How old is Mr. Kimura? Nitta san-no okosan-wa nansai deska? How old is Mr. Nitta's child? okosan = child, polite

To ask number of something countable as pieces. The pieces is shown as ko. There is no oikutsu to ask number. oikutsu is only for asking age, but not for pieces. Yoshida san-wa keeki-o sann-ko tabemashita. Mr. Yoshida ate three pieces of cake. Yoshida san-wa keeki-o ikutsu tabemashitaka? How many pieces of cake did My. Yoshida eat? keeki = cake san-ko = three pieces san = three -ko = pieces taberu = eat tabemashita = ate tabemashitaka? = ate? instead of ikutsu, you can use nan-ko. Yoshida san-wa keeki-o nan-ko tabemashitaka? How many pieces of cake did My. Yoshida eat? nan = what -ko = pieces.

5.4. Ikutsu, nan-ko Ikutsu, nan-ko

-ko is a postposition to indicate pieces. About 10 different postpostions to show number, and later we will study all of them.

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5.4. nan-ko, nan-satsu, nan-dai, nam-mai, nan-bon, nam-biki, nam-bai, nan-sai, nan-gai, nan-kai, nan-nin. All for asking numbers. nan-ko =how many pieces nan-satsu =how many (books, magazines) nan-dai =how many (cars, motorbikes, bicycles) nam-mai =how many sheets (of paper) nam-bon =how many (sticks, bottles) nam-biki =how many (dogs, cats, pigs, etc. animals) nan-sai =how many years old nan-gai =how many floors nan-kai =which number of floor nan-kai =how many times nan-nin =how many (persons) Keeki-wa nan-ko arimaska? How many pieces of cake are there? Hon-wa nan-satsu arimaska? How many book are there? Jidoosha-wa nan-dai arimaska? How many cars are there? Kami-wa nam-mai arimaska? How many sheets of paper are there? Osake-wa nan-bon arimaska? How many bottles of sake are there? Inu-wa nan-biki imaska? How many dogs are there?

Nan-sai deska? How old (is he, are you)? Nan-gai date-no ie deska? How many floors does the house have? Jimusho-wa nan-kai deska? Which floor is the office in? Oosaka-niwa, nan-kai ikimashitaka? How many times have you been to Osaka? Hito-wa nan-nin imaska? How many persons are there? I feel sorry for Nikongo learners, for such complicated way to ask numbers. However, this is a reality of Nihongo. This is an art of Nihongo. Art is long, life is short. Chapter 6. KAKUJOSHI 6.1. Kakujoshi Kakujoshi: Case Particle, Postposition to define case. Sentence pattern 1 X-ga V Yamada san-ga hashiru. = Mr. Yamada runs. hashiru = run 2A X-ga Y-wo V Yamada san-ga gohan-wo tsukuru. = Mr. Yamada cooks meal. 32

gohan = meal tsukuru = make 2B X-ga Y-ni V Yamada san-ga Shigeno san-ni hanasu. = Mr. Yamada talks to Mr. Shigeno. hanasu = talk X-ga Y-to V Yamada san-ga Shgeno san-to tatakau. = Mr. Yamada fights against Mr. Shigeno. hanasu = talk X-ga Y-kara V Yamada san-ga jimusho-kara deru. = Mr. Yamada goes out from office. jimusho = office deru = go out X-niwa Y-ga V Yamada san-niwa keshiki-wa mieru. = Mr. Yamada can see the scenery. keshiki = scenery miru = look mieru = can see X-ga Y-ni Z-wo V. Yamada san-wa Shigeno san-ni hon-wo okuru. = Mr. Yamada gifts Mr. Shigeno with a book. hon = book okuru = gift, give X-ga Y-wo Z-kara V.

Yamada san-wa, okane-wo saifu-kara dasu. = Mr. Yamada takes money out of wallet. okane = money saifu = wallet dasu = take something out.. A, Y, Z are all nouns. V is a verb. The function of each noun is defined by Kakujoshi, -ga, -wo, -ni, etc. Mastering kakujoshi is a key to learn Nihongo. We will see some in detail. 6.2. X-ga V Sentence pattern 1 X-ga V

2C

2D

X is subject. -ga indicate the X is subject. V is intransitive verb. There is no object. Yamada san-ga hashirimas. Mr. Yamada runs. Mr. Yamada will run. Polite. Yamada san-ga hashitte imas Mr. Yamada is running now. Polite. hashiru = run hashirimas = run, polite hashitte imas = is running. polite Neko-ga nakimas Cats mew. polite. Neko-ga naite imas Cats are mewing now, or a cat is mewing now. polite.

2E

3A

3B

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neko = cat naku = mew, meow Tori-ga tobimas. Birds fly or a bird flies. polite. Tori-ga tonde imas. Birds are flying now, or a bird is flying now. Polite. tori = bird tobu = fly Densha-ga kimas A train is coming. Densha = Train, electric train. kuru = come kimas = is coming, polite. Watashi tabemas. I will start eating now watashi = I taberu = eat tabemas = eat , will start eating. Polite. 6.3 A X-ga V-o V Sentence pattern 2A X-ga V-o V

-o sometimes shown as -wo. -o and -wo are same thing, and same sound. Both sound "o". Yamada san-ga Tanaka san-o korosu. Mr. Yamada kills Mr. Tanaka. Yamada san-ga Tanaka san-o koroshimas. Mr. Yamada kills Mr. Tanaka. Polite. korosu = kill koroshimas = kill, polite. Yamada san-ga Okusan-o kisu suru. Mr. Yamada kisses his wife. Yamada san-ga Okusan-o kisu shimas. Mr. Yamda kisses his wife. Polite. kisu = kiss (noun) kisu suru. = kiss kisu shimas = kiss, polite. PFN-ga puranto-o tsukuru. PFN makes plant(s). PFN-ga puranto-o tsukurimas. PFN makes plant(s). Polite. puranto = plant tsukuru = make, construct. tsukurimas = make, construct, polite. Kitachoosen-ga nihonjin-o rachi suru. North Korea kidnaps Japanese. Kitachoosen-ga nihonjin-o rachi shimas

X is subject. -ga indicates the X is subject. Y is object. -o indicates the Y is object of the V. V is transitive verb.

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North Korea kidnaps Japanese. Polite. Kitachoosen = North Korea nihonjin = Japanese person, people. rachi = abduction rachi suru = abduct rachi shimas = abduct. Keisatsu-ga anata-o taiho suru. Police arrests you. Keisatsu-ga anata-o taiho shimas. Police arrests you. Keisatsu = police anata = you taiho = arrest (noun) taiho suru = arrest (verb) taiho shinmas = arrest (verb) , polite. 6.4. X- ga Y ni V Sentence pattern 2 B X-ga Y-ni V

I touch you. sawaru = touch sawarimas = touch, polite Nitta san-ga Yokohama-ni tsukimashita. Mr. Nitta arrived at Yokohama. tsuku = arrive tsukimas = arrive, polite tsuita = arrived tsukimashita = arrived, polite Inoue san-ga watashi-ni hanashikakemashita. Mr. Inoue started to talk to me. hanashikakeru = start to talk to somebody hanashikakemas = same as above, polite hanashikaketa = started to talk to somebody. hanashikakemashita= started to talk to somebody. polite Kisetsu-ga haru-ni kawarimas. The season changes to the spring. Kisetsu = season haru = spring kawaru = change kawarimas = change, polite 6.5. X-ga Y-to V Sentence pattern 2C X-ga Y-to V

A, Y are nouns. V is a verb. Yamada san-ga Shigeno san-ni hanasu. Mr. Yamada talks to Mr. Shigeno. Yamada san-ga Shigeno san-ni hanashimas. Mr. Yamada talks to Mr. Shigeno. Polite hanasu = talk hanashimas = talk polite Watashi-ga anata-ni sawarimas.

A, Y are nouns. V is a verb. Yamada san-ga Shigeno san-to kekkon suru

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Yamada-san marries Shigeno-san. (san for both male and female) Yamada san-ga Shigeno san-to kekkon shimas Yamada-san marries Shigeno-san. Polite. kekkon = marriage kekkon suru = marry kekkon shimas = marry, polite Okaasan-ga Otoosan-to rikonn shimas My mother divorces (or will divorce) my father. okaasan = mother otoosan = father rikon = divorce (noun) rikon suru = divorce (verb) rikon shimas = divrce (verb), polite. Oniisan-ga otootosan to kenka shimas Elder brother quarrel with younger brother. oniisan = elder brother otooto or ottotosan = younger brother kenka = quarrel (noun) kenka suru = quarrel (verb) kenka shimas = quarrel (verb), polite 6.6. X-ga Y-kara V Sentence pattern 2 D X-ga Y-kara V

Yamada san-ga jidoosha-kara demas. Mr. Yamada goes out of a car. Polite Yamada san-ga jidosha-kara deta Mr. Yamada went out of a car. Yamada san-ga jidosha-kara demashita. Mr. Yamada went out of a car. Polite jidoosha = car deru = be out, go out , come out Tanaka san-ga byooin-kara damashita. Mr. Tanaka is out of hospital. Noguchi san-ga keimusho-kara demasu. Mr. Noguchi is going out of a jail. byooin = hospital keimusho = jail 6.7. X-ni Y-ga V, X-wa Y-ga V Sentence pattern 2 E X-ni Y-ga V, X-wa Y-ga V

A, Y are nouns. V is a verb. Anata-ni soto ga mieru. You can see outside. Anata = you soto = outside miru = see, look mieru = can see, can look

A, Y are nouns. V is a verb. Yamada san-ga jidoosha-kara deru. Mr. Yamada goes out of a car.

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Kare-wa nihongo-ga wakaru. He understands Japanese language. kare = he wakaru = understand Watashi-wa eigo-ga dekimas. I can use English. Watashi = I eigo = English language dekiru = can do dekimas = can do 6.8. X-ga Y-ni Z-o V Sentence pattern 3 A

I put money to a wallet. saifu = wallet ireru = put (something) into iremas = put (something) into, polite iremashita = put (something) into, past and polite. Majo-wa Ooji-wo Kaeru-ni kaemashita The witch turned the prince into a frog. majo = witch ooji = price kaeru = frog kaeru = change into kaemas = change into, polite kaemashita = changed into, polite.

X-ga Y-ni Z-o V

A, Y, Z are nouns. V is a verb. Anata-ga watashi-ni okane-o haraimashita. You paid me money. anata = you watashi = I okane = money harau = pay haraimas = pay, polite haratta = paid haraimashita = paid, polite Watashi-ga saifu-ni okane-o iremashita. 6.9. X-ga Y-o Z-kara V Sentence pattern 3 B X-ga Y-o Z-kara V A, Y, Z are nouns. V is a verb. Anata-ga okane-o saifu-kara dashimashita. = You took out money from a wallet. anata = you okane = money saifu = wallet dasu = take out dashimas = take out, polite

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dashita = took out dashimashita = took out ,polite 6.10. de (Kakujoshi)

kakujoshi "de" changes the meaning or function with the noun in front of "de". 6.11. O Kakujoshi: Case Particle, Postposition to define case. -o sometimes expressed as -wo, however, the sound is -o.

Kakujoshi: Case Particle, Postposition to define case. 1 Toshi-kun-wa gakkoo-de ningyoo-o tsukutta. a doll at school. (location) 2 Toshi-kun-wa kami-de ningyoo-o tsukutta. Toshi made a doll with paper. (material) 3 Toshi-kun-wa chookokutoo-de ningyoo-o tsukutta. a doll with a chisel. (means) 4 Toshi-kun-wa ichinichi-de ningyoo-o tsukutta. a doll with one day. (duration) 5 Toshi-kun-wa hitori-de ningyoo-o tsukutta. a doll alone. (number of persons) 6 Toshi-kun-wa shukudai-de ningyoo-o tsukutta. Toshi made a doll as homework. (purpose) tsukuru = make tsukutta = made ningyoo = doll gakkoo = school kami = paper chokokutoo = chisel, carving knife ichinichi = one day hitori = alone shkudai = homework, Toshi made

Toshi made Toshi made Toshi made

1 Watathi-wa hashi-o wataru. I cross a bridge. (location to pass ) Watashi-wa kooen-o hashiru. I run in a park, (location ) 2 Watashi-wa natsuyasumi-o Hawaii-de sogosu. I spend a summer holiday in Hawaii. ( duration) 3 Watashitachi-no fune-wa mitato-o hanareru. Our ship leaves the port. ( location to leave) Watashi-wa bas-o oriru. I get off a bus. ( location to leave) 4 Watashi-wa shita-o muku. I face downward. ( direction) Watashi-wa kare-no hoo-o miru. I look toward him. (direction) watashi = I hashi = bridge wataru = to cross kooen = park hashiru = to run natsuyasumi = summer holiday sogosu = to spend time watashitachi = we watashitachi-no = our fune = ship, boat

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minato = port bas = bus oriru = to get off shita = below, down muku = to face miru = look, see kakujoshi "-o" changes the meaning or function with the noun in front of "-o". 6.12. -ni Kakujoshi: Case Particle, Postposition to define case. -ni 1 Toshokan-ni shimbun-ga arimas. There is a newspaper in the library. (location ) 2 Tanaka san-wa Italia-ni ikimas. Mr. Tanaka will go to Italy. ( location, destination) Watashi-no tokoro-ni kite kudasai. Come to my place. ( location, destination) Oosaka-ni mukau. Going to Osaka, ( location, destination) 3 Watashi-wa imooto-ni hon-o agemas. I will give a book to my sister. ( receiver) 4 Shingoo-ga aka-ni kawatta. Traffic light changed to red. ( status change) 5 Watashi-wa chichi-ni hon-o moraimashita. I received a book from my father. ( source) Sensei-ni kikimas. I will hear from teacher. ( source) 6 Wada san-wa goji-ni okimas. Mr. Wada wakes up at 5.00.

7 Tsuki-ni ichido. regularity) gojuu-nin-ni hitori. persons.( regularity) toshokan = library shimbun = newspaper aru = there is. arimas = there is (polite) Italia = Italy iku = to go ikimas = to go (polite) tokoro = place kuru = to come kite kudasai = please come. (polite) mukau = to go imooto = younger sister hon = book ageu = to give agemas = to give (polite) shingoo = traffic light aka = red kawaru = to change into kawatta = changed into chichi = my father morau = receive moraimashita = received (polite) sensei = teacher kiku = to hear, to listen goji = 5 o'clock okiru = to wake up okimas = to wake up (polite)

Once a month. ( One out of 50

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tsuki = a month ichido = once, one time gojuu = 50 gojuu-nin = 50 persons hitori = one person. kakujoshi "-ni" changes the meaning or function with the noun in front of "-ni ". 6.13. -e Kakujoshi: Case Particle, Postposition to define case. -e 1 Kooto-e goji-ni tsuku, (destination) 2 Oosaka-e mukau. (direction) Watashi no hoo-e kinasai. place, (direction) go = 5 goji = 5 o'clock tsuku = tp arrive at muaku = to go, to head for hoo-e = direct to kuru = to come kinasai = Come (imperative). kakujoshi "-e" changes the meaning or function with the noun in front of "-e". Kakujoshi: Case Particle, Postposition to define case. Arriving at Kyoto, at 5 o'clock. Going to Osaka. Come to me, come to my

6.14. de -de additional examples. 1 Toshokan-de benkyoo suru. Studying in a library. (location) 2 kami-de ningyoo-o tsukuru. Making a doll with paper (material) 3 Pasokon-de shorui-o tsukuru. Making a document by using PC (means, tool) 4 Ooyuki-de densha-ga tomaru. Trains stops because of heavy snow. ( reason) 5 Ichi-nichi-de shigoto-o oeru. Finishing a job with one day. (duration) 6 Hitori-de yuushoku-o taberu. Eat a dinner alone. ( amount of persons) 7 Shingaku no koto-de, sensei-ni soodan suru. Taking counseling for the choice of higher school. toshokan = library benkyoo = studying benkyoo suru = to study kami = paper ningyoo = doll tsukuru = to make pasokon = PC, personal computer shorui = document yuki = snow ooyuki = heavy snow densha = train, electric train tomaru = to stop inchi-nichi = one day shigoto = a job

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oeru = to finish hitori = alone yuushoku = dinner taberu = eat shingaku = going to higher school. shingaki no koto = regarding choice of higher school sensei = teacher soodan = counseling soodan suru = to take counseling kakujoshi "-de" changes the meaning or function with the noun in front of "de". 6.15. -to -to additional examples. 1 Tanaka san-to eiga-o mini-itta. Mr. Tanaka. ( person with) 2 Honmono-to niteiru. ( person or thing with) Honmono-to kotonaru. (person or thing with) eiga = movie niru = see, look, watch yuku, iku = go itta = went mini- itta = went to see honmono = real thing, real person niteiru = to resemble kotonaru = is different, not to resemble (I ) went to see movie with (It) looks real. (It) does not look real.

6.16. yori 1 Jakarata-wa Surabaya-yori ookii, Surabaya. (comparison) ookii = large. -made 1 Ie-kara gokkoo-made aruku. school. ( point to reach) Asa-kara ban-made hataraku. night. ( point to reach) Ie = house gakkoo = school aruku = to walk asa = morning ban = night, evening hataraku = to work Walking from house until Working from morning until Jakarta is larger than

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