Retaining wall with Horizontal Back Fill Name of work:pkn Design Data 3.

00 h = h = = qoo = q = M cbc 7 Reinforcement Type Fe 18 30 100 0.50 20 7 415 coincrete wt. m st 13.33 230 kN / m2 m kN / m3 Degree kN / m2 100000 N / m2 3000
mm

1 Hieght of Earth Emankment 2 Unit Weight of Earth 3 Angle of Repose 4 Bearing capacity of Soil 5 Cofficent of friction 6 Concrete Grade

18000 N/m3

0 mm f @ 0 0 12 mm f @ 180 mmc/c

12 mm f @ 90 mmc/c 0 mm f @ 0 0

12 mm f @ 180 mmc/c 0 mm f @ 0 0 12 mm f @ 180 mmc/c

Retaining wall with Horizontal Back Fill

DATA 1 Height of Earth Embankment 2 Unit Weight of Earth 3 Angle of Repose 4 Bearing capacity of Soil 5 Cofficent of friction 6 Concrete Grade 7 Reinforcement Type 1 Design Constants:h qo = = = = = = = 3.00 18 30 100 0.5 M 20 Fe 415 m kN / m3 Degree kN / m3

st = cbc = m
k=

= = =

For HYSD Bars N / mm2 230 N / mm2 7

Concrete = M - 20 wt. of concrete = 250 N / mm2 wt of Earth = 180 N / mm2 7 7+ 3 0.90 x

13.33
m*c

m*c+st
1.00 0.5

= x

j=1-k/3 = R=1/2xc x j x k=

13.33 x 13.33 x 0.289 / 7 x

230

= 0.289

= 0.904 0.289 = 0.913

2 Depth of Foundation 18 minimum depth of foundation is q 1-sin 2 100 Ymin.'= 0 = 1+sin 18 100 Ymin.'= = 18 However, keep depth = 1.00 = kN / m3 x = 18000 N / m3 sin 30 = 0.50

1-sin 30 0 2 1+sin 30 0 0.50 2 1 0.50 1 +

0.62

mto accommodate thicness of base wall below ground surface . Hence height of wall above the base = 1.00 + 3.00 = 4.00 m 3 Diamensions of base:The ratio of the length of toe slab (DE) to the base width b is given by eq. q0 100 = 1 = 0.37 = 12.2 H 2.2 x 4.00 18 x Ka ( 1 - )x( 1 + 3 ) 1 - sin 1 - sin 30 = = 1 +sin 1 +sin 30

(1)

width of base is given by b = 0.95H

Ka

1 3

0.33 1.90
m

b =

0.95

4.00

0.37

0.33 )x( 1

0.37 )

The base width from the considerations of sliding is given by b

0.7H Ka

The base width from the considerations of sliding is given by b X 4.00 1 x = 1 0.37 3 x 0.5 This width is excessive. Normal practice is to provide b between b = 0.7 2.96 0.5 2.40

= m to m

(1-a)

0.6

Taking maximum value b = 0.6 x 4.00 = Hence provided b = 2.40 m The wall will be unsafe against sliding. This will be safe by providing shear key at base Width of toe slab =xb = 0.37 x 2.40 = 0.88 m Provide Toe slab = 0.90 m Let the thickness of the base be = 1 1 preliminary x H = x 4.00 = 0.30 m for 12 12 calculation 4 Thicness of stem:Height AB H1 = 4.00 3.70 m consider one meter length of retaning wall 0.3 = H13 18 = 0.33 x x( 3.70 )3 = 50.65 kN-m Maximum B.M.At B =Ka 6 6 50.65 x( 10 )6 Hence the effective depth is d = = 236 mm 0.913 1000 x Keep d = 240 mm and an effective cover of = 60 mm so total thickness= 300 mm is available and normal cover = 60 8 = 52 mm using 16 mm bars. 140 mm is at top Reduce the total thickness to 200 mm at top so that effective depth of 5 Stability of wall.:Full diamensioned of wall is shown in drawing Let W1 = weight of rectangular portionof stem W2 = weight of triangular portionof stem W3 = weight of base of slab W4 = weight of soil on heel slab calculation Sno. desi. 1 W1 2 W2 3 W3 4 W4 5 Ep Detail 0.2 x 0.10 x 2.40 x 1.2 x 4.00 x Force 3.70 3.70 0.30 3.70 4.00 x x x x x 25 25 25 18 Total 18 = 18.50 = 4.63 = 18.00 = 79.92
121.05

L.A x x x x x 1.1 0.97 1.2 1.8 Total 1.33 2 = = = = =

1 0.5 1 1 1/3 x 1/2

x x x x x

= 48.00

Mr 20.35 4.47 21.60 143.9 190.3 --

Mo ----64.00 64.00

Factor of sefty againest over turning = 190.3 /

64.00 =

2.97 >

Hence safe

Sliding:121.05 Factor of sefty againest Sliding = W 0.5 x = 1.26 < 1.5 Un safe p 48.00 To make it safe againest sliding, we will have to provide a shear key. Pressure ditribution :- Net moment m = 190.28 64.00 = 126.28 kN-m Distance x of the point of application of resultant,from toe is= Eccentricity e = b/2 - x = 1.20 1.04 = 0.16 m < b 6 M = W
=
126.28 121.05

= 1.04 m

2.40 = 0.40 m 6

6e 121.05 = 1+ b 2.40 100 = Hence safe 6e 121.05 W Pressure at toe = 1= 1b b 2.40 Pressure at the junction of stem with toe slab is = 70.2 Pressure at toe = Pressure at the junction of stem with Heel slab is = 70.2 -

W 1+ b 70.2 <

x 0.16 = 2.40

70.20

kN-m2

x 0.16 = 2.40 70.2 30.67 x 2.40 70.2 - 30.67 x 2.40

30.67
0.9 1.2

kN-m2

= 55.38 = 50.44

6 Design of toe slab:The upward pressure distribution on the Toe slab is shown. The Weight of soil above the toe of slab is negleted.The force are acting on it. (1) Upward soil pressure. (2). Down ward weight of slab Down ward weight of slab per unit area = 0.30 x 1 x 1 x 25 = 7.50 Hence net pressure intensities will be = 70.20 - 7.50 = 62.7 kN-m2 under D And = 55.38 - 7.50 = 47.88 kN-m2 under E Total force = S.F. at E = 0.5 x( 62.7 + 47.88 )x 0.90 = 49.76 kN 47.88 + 2x 62.70 0.9 x from E = x = 0.47 m 47.88 + 62.70 3 0.47 = = 23.39 x 10'6 N-mm B.M.at E = 49.76 x 23.39 kN-m 23.39 x 10'6 d = = 160 mm 1000 x 0.913 Let us keep total depth = 260 mm and effective depth of = 200 mm so that. 60 mm effective cover is available. Thickness can be reduce to = 200 mm at edge. 23.39 x 1000000 = 563 mm2 230 x 0.904 x 200 This reinforcement has to be provided at bottom face. If alternate bars of stem reinforcement are bent and continued in slab the toe slab.area available = 0.5 x 1256 = 628 mm2 (see step 8 ) Using 12 mm dia bars, Area of bar =( 3.14 x 12 x 12 )/ 4 = ### mm2 Spacing =( 1000 x ### ) / 628 = 160 mm Let us check the reinforcement for development length Ld = 45 = 45 x 12 = 540 mm Providing 50 mm clear side cover, actual length available = 900 50 = 850 mm If Ld < 850 Than safe = 850 > 540 Hence safe 0.12 260 + 200 Distribution reinforcement @0.12% = x 1000 x = 276 mm2 100 2 Using 8 mm dia bars, Area of bar =( 3.14 x 8 x 8 )/ 4 = ### mm2 Spacing =( 1000 x 50.24 ) / 276 = 170 mm Ast = 7 Design of Heel slab:Three force act on It : (1) Down ward weight of soil (2) total weight of Heel slab Total weight of soil = 1.2 x 3.70 x 1 x 18 = 79.92 Total weight of Heel slab = 1.2 x 0.26 x 1 x 25 = 7.80 Total Upward soil pressure = 0.5 x( 50.44 + 30.67 )x 1.2 = 48.66 50.44 + 2 x 30.67 1.2 acting at = 0.5 x x 50.44 + 30.67 3 Total force = S. F. at B = 79.92 + 7.80 - 48.66 = 39.06 Kn .. at B =( 79.92 x 0.6 )+( 7.80 x 0.6 )'-( 48.66

(3) Upward soil pressure kN acting 0.6 form B kN acting 0.6 form B kN =

0.55

m from B

x 0.55 = 25.81

Kn-m = 25.81 x 10'6 N - mm = 25.81 25.81 x 10'6 d = = 168 mm 1000 x 0.913 However keep the same total depth = 260 mm as that of toe slab, so that avialable effective depth = 200 mm available Thickness can be reduce to = Ast =

mm 200 at edge

25.81 x 1000000 = 621 mm2 230 x 0.904 x 200 Using 12 mm dia bars, Area of bar =( 3.14 x 12 x 12 )/ 4 = ### mm2 Spacing =( 1000 x ### ) / 621 = 180 mm Hence provide these @ 180 mm c/c at top of keep slab x 12 = 540 mm to left of B, Take the reinforcement into the toe from a distance of 45 = 45 0.12 260 + 200 Distribution reinforcement @0.12% = x 1000 x = 276 mm2 100 2 Using 8 mm dia bars, Area of bar =( 3.14 x 8 x 8 )/ 4 = ### mm2 Spacing =( 1000 x 50.24 ) / 276 = 180 mm 39.06 x 1000 than the permissible shea stress even at Sear stress v = "= 0.20 N-mm2 < minimum percentage of steel 1000 x 200 8 Reinforcement in stem :We have earlier assumed the thickness of Heel slab = 0.30 m While it now fixed as 0.26 m Hence revised H1 = 4.00 - 0.26 = 3.74 m 1 18 KaxH1/ 6 = x x( 3.74 )3= 52.31 kN - m = 52.31 x 10'6 N -mm2 M = 3 6 52.31 x 10'6 d = = 239 mm 1000 x 0.913 Keep d = 250 mm so that D = 310 mm.Reduce the total thickness= 200 at the top 52.31 x 1000000 = 1007 mm2 230 x 0.904 x 250 Using 12 mm dia bars, Area of bar =( 3.14 x 12 x 12 )/ 4 = ### mm2 Spacing =( 1000 x ### ) / 1007 = 110 mm Hence provide these @ 90 mm c/c at top of keep slab ### Actual Ast provided = 1000 x = 1256 mm2 90 continue alternate bars in the toe slab to serve tensile reinfocement there. Discontinue the remaning bars half bars after a distance of 45 = 540 mm beyond B. in the toe slab. 45 x 12 = Between A and B, some of bars can be curtailed. Considered a section at Ast = depth h below the top of stem . The effective depth d' at section is 250 140 wher h in d' = 140 + x h = 140 + 29.41 h mm meter 3.74 Ast' x H3 h d' 1/3 Now Ast =( Astd )3 Hence = Eq H1 Ast x d' d Ast' = Reinforcement in depth h where d' = Effective depth at depth h Ast = Reinforcement in depth H1 d = Effective deoth at depth H1 Ast' 1 d' 1/3 1 1 If Ast' = x Ast, so = x = Ast 2 2 2 d

Subsituting d= h = h = h3 = or or than = H1 x 0.471 x( 0.105 x( h3 = 3 h -

250 mm and d'= 140 1/3 140 + 29.41 h 2 x 250 140 + 29.41 h )'1/3 140 + 29.41 h ) 14.66 + 3.08 h 3.08 h - 14.66

+ 29.41 h =

mm we get 140 + 29.41 h 3.74 x 500 x

1/3

or( 0.105 = 0

140 )+( 0.105 x 29.4 h)

-- eq'(3) Put value of h = 2.863

23.47 - 8.82 - 14.66 = (solve by trial and error,)

-0.01 If result negative than increase value of h in cell T195 till zero or minimum in cell J196. h = H1

3.74 = = 2.97 m 21/3 21/3 Solving Eq.(3) we get h= 2.863 m. Thus, half bars can be curtailed at this point. However 12 x 12 = 144 mm or the bars should extended by a distance of 12 = d = 240 mm witch ever is more, beyond the point. h = 2.86 - 0.24 = 2.62 m Hence curtailed half bars at the height of = 2.60 m below the top.If we wish to curtailed half of the remaining reinforcement is one forth of that provided at B, we have Ast' 1 h 1 d' 1/3 = Hence from (2) = x Ast H1 4 4 d 1/3 140 + 29.41 h 140 + 29.41 h 1/3 or h = H1 = 3.74 x 4 x 250 1000 h = 0.374 x( 140 + 29.41 h )'1/3 h3 = 0.052 x( 140 + 29.41 h ) or( 0.052 x 140 )+( 0.052 x 29.4 h) 3 or h = 7.33 + 1.54 h 3 or h - 1.54 h - 7.33 = 0 -- eq (4) Put value of h = 2.205 than = 10.72 - 3.4 - 7.33 = 0.00 If result negative than increase value of h in cell T213 till zero or minimum in cell J214. (solve by trial and error,) Note if the stem thickness were constante, h would have been equal to 3.74 = = 2.36 m 4'1/3 41/3 Solving Eq.(4) we get h= 2.205 m. Thus, However the bars should be extended by a Distance of 240 mm beyond this h = 2.21 - 0.24 = 1.97 m below the top of stem Check for Shear :H12 1 18 Shear force = p = Kag x = x x( 3.74 )2= 41.96 2 3 2 41.96 x 1000 less than permissiable c v = = 0.17 N / mm2 < shear force c 1000 x 250 Note if the stem thickness were constante, h would have been equal to h = Distribution and tempreture reinforcement. Avrage thickness of stem 1 = x( 300 + 200 )= 250 mm Avrage thickness of stem 2 0.12 Distribution reinforcement = x 1000 x 250 = 300 mm2 100 Using Area of bar =( 3.14 x 8 x 8 )/ 4 = ### mm2 8 mm dia bars, Spacing =( 1000 x 50.24 ) / 300 = 160 mm Hence provide these @ 150 mm c/c at the inner face of wall along it length. For tempreture reinforcement, provide 8 mm @ 300 mm c/c both ways in outer face. H1

9 Design of Shear Key :The wall is unsafe in sliding, and hence shear key will have to providebelow th stem. Let the depth of key = a Intencity of passive pressure pp developed in front of the key depends upon soil pressure p in front of key. pp = kpp = 3.00 x 55.38 = total passive pressure pp = pp a = 166.1 a Sliding force at level D1C1 = ### kN-m2

1 18 x x( 4.00 + a )2 3 2 or pH = 3 x( 4 + a )2 Weight of soil between bootm of base D1C1 = 2.40 a 18 = 43.2 a ( Refer Table ) W =( 121.05 + 43.2 a ) Hence for equilibrium of wall, permitting (friction of sliding) F.S. = 1.5 Againest sliding pp W + 0.5 x( 121.05 + 43.2 a)+ 166.1 a We have 1.5 = = pH 3 x( 4 + a )2 60.52 + 21.6 a+ 166.1 a 1.5 = 3 x( 16 + 8 a + a2 ) 1 13.45 + 41.72 a = 16 + 8 a+ a2 16 + 8 a + a2 = 13.45 + 41.7 a 2 or a -33.7 a+ 2.55 = 0 33.7 + 1137 -4x 1 x 2.55 or a = 2 33.7 + 33.57 or a = 2 or a = 0.1516 / 2 or 0.076 m = 76 mm However provide a minimum value of a = 0.3 m 300 mm it should be noted that passive pressure taken into account will be developed only when a length a1 given below is available in front of key. a1 = 45 + 45+ Shearing passive "= ka where = resistance 2 2 0.52 m a = 0.3 3.00 = Actual length of slab is available = DE = 0.9 m hence satisfactory Now size of shear key = 300 x 300 mm pH = 3 x( 4 + 0.3 )2 = 55.47 kN 0.3 Hence w = 121.05 + 43.2 x = 134.0 kN Acutal force to be resisted by the key at F.S.'=1.5 is 1.5pH - w = = 1.5 x 55.47 0.5 x 134.0 = 16.2 kN 16.20 x 1000 shear stress = 300 x 1000 = 0.05 N/mm2 a tan = a tan

1.90
m

long

of retaning wall

mm is available mm is at top

kN-m2

kN-m2

above the toe

kN-m2

mm at edge.

mm2 mm

mm2

ard soil pressure form B form B

m from B

Kn-m

mm2

mm to left of B,

mm2

le shea stress even at ge of steel

N -mm2

at the top

mm2

the remaning

wher h in meter

(2)

2.863

e value of h in cell ell J196.

point. However

2.205

e value of h in cell ell J214.

the top of stem

kN-m

han permissiable hear force c

mm2

ll along it length. n outer face.

mm oted that passive in front of key.

hearing passive resistance

0.20

Earth Fill

3.00

3.74

W2 W1

W4

0.74 1.00

xb E D 0.20 Toe 0.26

0.31 B W3 C 0.20 Heel

0.30 0.90 0.30 2.40 1.20

0.20

Earth Fill

8 mm @ 300 mmc/c 1965

8 mm @ 150 mmc/c

2600 4.00 3740 8 mm @ 150 mmc/c 8 mm @ 300 mmc/c 8 mm @ 170 mmc/c D E 0.54 0.26 0.31 m B

12 mm @ 360 mmc/c

12 mm @ 180 mmc/c

12 mm @ 90 mmc/c

12 mm @ 180 mmc/c C 0.20 8 mm @ 180 mmc/c 1.20 m Heel

Toe

12 mm @ 160 mmc/c 0.90 m

0.30 0.30

Section of wing wall

VALUES OF DESIGN CONSTANTS

Grade of concrete Modular Ratio M-15 18.67 5 93.33 kc (a) st = 140 N/mm2 (Fe 250) jc Rc Pc (%) kc (b) st = 190 N/mm2 jc Rc Pc (%) kc (c ) st = 230 N/mm2 (Fe 415) jc Rc Pc (%) (d) st = 275 N/mm2 (Fe 500) kc jc Rc Pc (%) 0.4 0.87 0.87 0.71 0.33 0.89 0.73 0.43 0.29 0.9 0.65 0.31 0.25 0.92 0.58 0.23 M-20 13.33 7 93.33 0.4 0.87 1.21 1 0.33 0.89 1.03 0.61 0.29 0.9 0.91 0.44 0.25 0.92 0.81 0.32 M-25 10.98 8.5 93.33 0.4 0.87 1.47 1.21 0.33 0.89 1.24 0.74 0.29 0.9 1.11 0.53 0.25 0.92 0.99 0.39 M-30 9.33 10 93.33 0.4 0.87 1.73 1.43 0.33 0.89 1.46 0.87 0.29 0.9 1.31 0.63 0.25 0.91 1.16 0.46 M-35 8.11 11.5 93.33 0.4 0.87 1.99 1.64 0.33 0.89 1.68 1 0.29 0.9 1.5 0.72 0.25 0.92 1.33 0.53 M-40 7.18 13 93.33 0.4 0.87 2.25 1.86 0.33 0.89 1.9 1.13 0.29 0.9 1.7 0.82 0.25 0.92 1.51 0.6

cbc N/mm m cbc

Permissible shear stress Table v in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

100As bd < 0.15 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75
3.00 and above

Permissible shear stress in concrete tv N/mm2 M-15 0.18 0.22 0.29 0.34 0.37 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 M-20 0.18 0.22 0.30 0.35 0.39 0.42 0.45 0.47 0.49 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 M-25 0.19 0.23 0.31 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.46 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57 M-30 0.2 0.23 0.31 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.6 M-35 0.2 0.23 0.31 0.37 0.42 0.45 0.49 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62 M-40 0.2 0.23 0.32 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.49 0.52 0.55 0.57 0.60 0.62 0.63

Maximum shear stress c.max in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of concrete

M-15 1.6

M-20 1.8

M-25 1.9

M-30 2.2

M-35 2.3

M-40 2.5

c.max

Permissible Bond stress Table bd in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of concrete bd (N / mm )
2

M-10 --

M-15 0.6

M-20 0.8

M-25 0.9

M-30 1

M-35 1.1

M-40 1.2

M-45 1.3

M-50 1.4

Development Length in tension

Plain M.S. Bars bd (N / mm2) 0.6 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 kd = Ld 58 44 39 35 32 29 27 25 H.Y.S.D. Bars bd (N / mm2) 0.96 1.28 1.44 1.6 1.76 1.92 2.08 2.24 kd = Ld 60 45 40 36 33 30 28 26

Grade of concrete M 15 M 20 M 25 M 30 M 35 M 40 M 45 M 50