Chap 13 - Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions I.

General characteristics of viruses (non-living, obligate, intracellular pathogens)

http://www.tulane.edu/~dmsander/Big_Virology/BVHomePage.html They can infect every domain of living organism, but are limited to that specific host e.g. bacteriophages can only infect bacteria, not humans cells. Bacteriophages are simplest (infecting prokaryotic cells) and best understood and therefore act as models. A. Components 1. Protein coat a. protection b. attachment c. identity d. immunity 2. Envelop a. lipid bilayer b. attachment spikes 3. Genome a. only DNA or RNA b. DNA - linear or circular, double or single stranded c. RNA single or double stranded B. Replication Cycle 1. Lytic Viral Reproduction

a. Attachment Using spikes and proteins b. Penetration injection, engulfing etc. c. Transcription cell enzymes and mechanisms are used d. Translation into viral proteins and genome replication separately e. Assembly entire virus is put together f. Lysis - escape from the host cell (process named for this stage) lysozyme 2. Lysogenic - They are called prophages and the host cell is termed lysenogenic. This is a condition where a host cell lives normally, but is harboring a viral genome within its own genome.90% of all bacteriophages become passively incorporated into the bacterial genome. Examples of lysogenic bacteria: Corynebacterium diphtheriae - only the lysogenic form is pathogenic Streptococcus pyogenes - lysogenic form causes scarlet fever 3. Implications of viral genome and replication cycles a. Lytic cycles cause acute infections common to viral diseases that are familiar e.g. chickenpox, measles, etc. b. proviruses can increase virulence c. lysogenic viruses can be responsible for latent diseases, slow diseases, cancer II. Classification of viruses A. By host cells - bacteria, animals, plants (and occasionally symptoms)

B. Genome - DNA (single, double) RNA (single stranded, double stranded, multiple RNA's - see influenza virus) C. Shape & envelope III. Culturing Viruses A. Must be living cells, maintained in an aseptic environment 1. eggs 2. cell culture (continuous lines) IV. Diagnosing viral diseases A. Monolayers and CPE cytopathic effect B. Viral plaques C. Electron micrograph V. Persistent and Slow infections A. Viroids - single naked RNA capable of infecting a cell B. Prions - Proteinaceous infectious particles - thought to be "selfreplicating" but only DNA does this. Properties similar to viruses. Check out http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/cjd/detail_cjd.htm C. Tumorogenic viruses Normal Cells 1. 2. 3. 4. Monolayers (single layer) Cells attached Cells multiply for a limited amount of time Cells do not continue to replicate in abnormal environs

Tumor Cells1. Cells are unorganized 2. Do not attach to surfaces

3. Multiply indefinitely 4. Can metastasize and form tumors in other areas Viruses that are known causes of cancer have been DS DNA. However now HIV is known to be instrumental in several cancers including Kaposi's sarcoma benign vs malignant tumor, neoplasm, metastasis

VI. Emerging viral infections During the past 15 years, Nine viral infections or prion pathogens have emerged as substantial public health threats: 1. HIV 2. the hepatitis C virus - HCV 3. Hantaviruses 4. the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)/variant CreutzfeldtJakob disease(CJD) 5. West Nile virus 6. Ebola virus 7. Three relatively newly identified herpesviruses human herpesvirus HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8 8. Asian Bird Flu
Eucaryotic Cells Characteristic Viruses Bacteria e.g. fungi, parasites

Nucleic Acid Nutrition/Food Metabolism Reproduction Culturing Types of Infections Diagnosing Infections Treatment

Chap 13 - Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

1. Illustrate the common components of a virus, using an example. 2. Describe the two methods of viral replication (Lytic and Lysogentic). 3. Compare and contrast the lifestyle of viruses with different genomes (e.g. DNA and RNA) 4. Explain the major characteristics used to classify viruses. 5. Compare and contrast culturing of bacteria with culturing of viruses. 6. Differentiate between acute viral infections and apparent symptoms (e.g. lytic, lysogenic latent or slow viral infections). 7. Explain the relationship between viruses and cancers as we understand it today. 8. Describe a prion and explain the medical importance of prions diseases (CJ, BSE, etc). 9. Discuss the challenges of controlling infections with viruses and prions.