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BLOOD
This is the true story of the amazing defenders inside your body, a brave band of cells that keep you healthy by constantly battling against all kinds of invading germs. Every minute, every hour, everyday of your life, they are fighting..
Haemoglobin (Hb) Human Hb-64 kDa tetrametric protein Consists of two subunits and globin sub units. Each and subunits contain an iron- heme group that binds to oxygen molecule allowing for transport.
4. BLOOD PLATELETS- Formed in the red bone marrow and helps in the clotting of blood.
Artificial Blood
The blood of the future
Blood substitutes or synthetic blood are currently labeled as oxygen carriers. This is because they are unable to mimic many of the other functions of blood. Main functionreplace lost blood volume and oxygen carrying capacity.
Ringers Solution
Created by the physiologist Sydney Ringer in 1882 Ringers solution is a saline solution which is able to prolong the life of cells in the body Solution contains sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium bicarbonate: designed in the concentrations found in the human body to keep the heart pumping even outside of the body This solution resembles blood serum Often used to culture animal cells
Blood Substitutes
the main purpose of a blood substitute is to provide temporary support to the circulatory system when necessary. blood substitutes generally are focused on the role of transporting oxygen for short-term cases such as blood transfusions or surgeries blood substitutes are generally simpler since they are only focused on one of the several functions of real blood several types of blood substitutes have been found including: Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers Perfluorocarbon emulsions
Currently no real working source of artificial blood exists that can perform the multifarious tasks of real human blood cells.
Structure:
Perfluorocarbon core Surrounded by a phospholipid surfactant. A surfactant is a substance that reduces the surface tension of the liquid in which it is dissolved
In this application, the perfluorocarbon is used as a part of an emulsion, typically using Pluronic F-68 or egg yolk phospholipids (lethicin) as surfactants, in water. For example, Fluosol-DC:
Ingredient w/v% Perfluorodecalin 25.0 Yolk phospholids 3.6 Fatty acid (emulsion stabilizer) trace D-Sorbitol (emulsion stabilizer) 3.5 NaCl 0.204 KCl 0.010 MgCl2 0.007 Sodium lactate 0.105
Unmodified and modified haemoglobin solutions Stroma free Hb and cross-linked HbIt is prepared from outdated RBC. Hb dissociate into dimers and monomers in solution. This solution has higher affinity for oxygen and cleared from plasma easily. This disadvantage overcome by modifying this Hb by pyridoxilation which reduces its oxygen affinty
Microencapsulated HbStroma free Hb is enclosed in synthetic membranes (phospholipids) Hb is not exposed to extracellular environment. Synthetic membrane more stable than biological RBC. No blood group antigens and and artificial cells do not react with blood group antibodies.
Advantages Available in much larger quantities Can be stored for long durations Can be administered rapidly without typing or cross-matching blood types Can be sterilized via pasteurization Disadvantages reduced circulation half-life disrupts certain physiological structures, especially the gastrointestinal tract and normal red blood cell hemoglobin. the release of free radicals into the body
Currently, experimentation is occurring to develop vesicles which carry the Hemoglobin before inserting it into the body as an HBOC There are several advantages to HBOC carrier vesicles
Prevents the denaturation of the Hemoglobin The vesicles themselves are made of purified Hb and lipids, making them compatible with the human immune system Materials such as nylon, gelatin, and gum arabic have been tried but the human immune system, specifically the reticuloendothelial system, removed the vesicle promptly as a natural bodily response. Later, the theory of phospholipid vessels was used to create a vesicle using phospholipids Researchers are trying to develop a way to create liposome sacks to carry the HBOCs.
This figure displays the different forms of blood substitutes that can be used to simulate the actions of a red blood cell
Because E. Coli P678-54 has the property of dividing abnormally, it would be ideal if used as a Gene Delivery Vehicle, or GDV. Since E. Coli P678-54 has a tendency to divide into mother cells as well as mini cells, these mini cells could be ideal for the creation of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers.
Applications
PFCs are now licensed for use in Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty In military, during war situations For anaemic patients For surgery and blood transfusion
End notes
Only three products of blood substitutes are available for human use in only two countries South Africa and Russia Polyheme - HBOC developed by the American company named Northfield. Hemospan - HBOC developed by the American company named Sangart. No blood substitutes launched in India yet
Reference:
Ringer's solution." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 23 July 2007 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063724>. Practice of safe blood transfusion, Dr. R.N Makroo, 1999, pg 189-192. Transfusion,( 2008)48 :574-575 Vox Sanguinis, ISBT Science Series, (2008)3, 1-9 Artificial blood: What is it? Will I use it? Bruce J. Leone M.D. http://www.demsonline.org/jax-medicine/1998 journals/december 98/artificial blood.htm wikipedia.com
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