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Work ,Power and Energy:
Work is said to be done by a force if the point of application of force undergoes displacement either in the direction of force or in the direction of component of force. Amount of work done is equal to the dot product of force and displacement. If F is the force acting on a body and S is displacement, work done by that force is

F.S

FSCos

Energy : The capacity to do work is known as energy. It is a scalar quantity. The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its state or position is known as potential energy. e.g : Water on hill top and stretched or compressed spring possess potential energy.

W
W

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Kinetic energy of a body =

The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is called kinetic energy. Any body in motion possesses kinetic energy. Gravitational potential energy of a body which is at a height h above the ground is mgh (h is small so that g remains same almost) Here surface of the earth is taken as reference.
1 mv 2 (m is mass, v is velocity) 2

Work done by an in balanced or resultant force on a body is equal to change in its kinetic energy. This is known as work-energy theorem.

1 2 1 2 mv mu 2 2 According to the law of conservation of energy, the total energy of a closed system remains constant. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can be transformed from one form to another form without any loss or gain.
If p is linear momentum of a body moving with kinetic energy E, we can write E (m is mass of the body)
p2 2m

2mE

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A block of mass m is suspended vertically using a rope of negligible mass. If the rope is used to lift the block vertically up with uniform acceleration a, work done by the tension in the rope is W = m (g + a) h (h is distance through which it is lifted up) Note: In the above case if the block is lowered with acceleration a W = m (g a) h

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Work done by a force can be positive or negative or zero (a) If the displacement is in the direction of force or in the direction of component of force, work done is positive (b) If the displacement is in a direction opposite to that of force or component of force, work done is negative When a body of mass m is lifted to a height h above the ground without any acceleration, a) work done by the applied force = mgh b) work done by the gravitational force = mgh c) work done by the resultant force = O

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E p 2 and p E for a given body
A body can have energy without momentum. But it can not have momentum without energy. A bullet of mass m moving with velocity v stops in wooden block after penetrating through a distance x. If F is resistance offered by the block to the bullet,

1 2 mv 2
F

Fx
mv 2 or v 2 2x x

mg 1

h s

Note: Here time of penetration is given by

2s 2gh

M m

The rate of doing work by a force is called power work w power time t

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power is a scalar quantity. Units of power : erg /s (CGS system) Js-1 or watt (S I) Horse power or HP (FPS) 1 H.P = 746 W

If a machine gun fires n bullets per second such that mass of each bullet is m and coming 1 out with velocity v, power of that machine gun P n mv 2 2

Ma
2 gh

A bullet of mass m is fired horizontally wiht a velocity V which strikes a wooden block of mass M suspended vertically. After striking the block, the bullet stops in the block by piercing. If the combined system rises to a height h above the initial position,

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A sphere of mass m is dropped from a height h above the ground. On reaching the ground, it pierces through a distance S and then stops finally. Resistance offered by the ground is R. Then mgh = (R mg) S