Basic Electrical Engineering

Lab Manual F10

Hamdard Institute of Information Technology Hamdard University

Basic Electrical Engineering

Lab Manual
Fall 2010
Student's Name :_______________________________ Final Grade / Marks : Signature :

___________________________

______________________________________

Basic Electrical Engineering

Lab Manual F10

LAB EXPERIMENT # 1
OBJECTIVE
To study about Electrical variables and electrical symbols To study about Digital Multi meter To study about Resistor Color Coding

APPARATUS
Digital Multi meter Power supply Probes Power supply unit

Theory

Some of Electrical / Electronic Symbols

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Lab Manual F10

Some of Electrical / Electronic Variables

Digital Multimeter
A multimeter , also known as a volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter may include features such as the ability to measure voltage, current and resistance. Multimeters may use analog or digital circuits analog multimeters and digital multimeters (often abbreviated DMM or DVOM.)

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Connection of DMM

Using Multimeter as Ampere meter

Using Multimeter as Volt meter

Using Multimeter as OHM meter

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Color Codes
Resistor, capacitor and inductor It is sometimes not obvious whether a color coded component is a resistor, capacitor, or inductor, and this may be deduced by knowledge of its circuit function, physical shape or by measurement.

Color Code Chart

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Resistor values are always coded in ohms ( symbol ), capacitors in picofarads (pF), and inductors in micro henries (H). band A is first significant figure of component value band B is the second significant figure band C is the decimal multiplier band D if present, indicates tolerance of value in percent (no color means 20%) For example, a resistor with bands of yellow, violet, red, and gold will have first digit 4 (yellow in table below), second digit 7 (violet), followed by 2 (red) zeros: 4,700 ohms. Gold signifies that the tolerance is 5%, so the real resistance could lie anywhere between 4,465 and 4,935 ohms.

Procedure
Step-1: Hold one of the given resistors in such a way that closest bands come in left side. Step-2: Read ad record the value of resistor in column A of table-1 by observing colors from left side to right side. Note: The colors of first bands I & II indicate significant figures in ohms, while the color of third band indicates the multiplying factor. Step-3: Read and record the tolerance value in column B of table-1 by observing the fourth band. Note: The color of fourth band indicates the percentage tolerance. Incase if band four is not there (that is no color) the tolerance is assumed to be + 20 %. Step-4: Measure the resistance value with the help of Digital Multi Meter (DMM), and record the value in column C of table-1. Step-5: Calculate and record the difference of calculated and measured resistance values in column D of tale-1. Step-6: Take another resistor and repeat the procedure from step-1 to step-5.

Precautions
Observe the colors of the bands carefully. Read the values of color code attentively.

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Table 1
S.No 1 2 3 4 5 Calculated Resistance Resistance Tolerance % Measured Resistance Difference of Resistance

Conclusionary Questions:
Q1:____________________________________________________________________________ Ans: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Q2: ____________________________________________________________________________ Ans: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________

Remarks :

Date:___________________________

Signature:___________________________ End Of Lab # 1

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Lab Manual F10

LAB EXPERIMENT # 2
OBJECTIVE
To verify the Characteristics of OHMS LAW

APPARATUS
Digital Multi meter Bread Board Power supply Probes 1k, 12k and 27k resistors

Theory
Ohms law states that Voltage is directly proportional to Current if the resistance and temperature is kept constant. Also, current is inversely proportional to resistance which means if the resistance is decreased, the current increases. Mathematically, V = I R or I = V / R.

Voltage Divider Circuit

Procedure
1. Connect the circuit as shown in above figure with R2 = 12k. 2. Apply the set of voltages as specified in table on next page. 3. Note the change in current and record observed values in table corresponding to each value of voltage. 4. Plot the graph between Voltage and Current graph sheet 1. 5. Repeat the entire experiment with resistor R2 = 27k, observe readings in table and plot the graph between Voltage and Current on graph sheet 2.

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Table 1 Voltages
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Current with 12k

Current with 27k

Conclusionary Questions: After Plotting graphs :

Q1:____________________________________________________________________________ Ans: ___________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Q2: ____________________________________________________________________________ Ans: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Remarks : Date:___________________________

Signature:___________________________ End Of Lab # 2

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Graph Sheet 1 for 12k resistor

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Graph Sheet 2 for 27k resistor

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LAB EXPERIMENT # 3
OBJECTIVE
To observe the change in RT (Total Resistance) ,as resistance placed in Series and Parallel configuration

APPARATUS
Digital Multi meter Bread Board Required resistances as mentioned in Schematics Plain Paper

Theory
As resistances are placed in series combination, RT = R1 + R2 + Rn . In other words total resistance is sum of all resistances connected. and As Resistances are placed in Parallel Combination, 1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/Rn . In other words total resistance is reciprocal of all the resistances connected.

Parallel Combination Parallel and Series Connection

Series Combination

Procedure
Draw the schematic in respective area as provided in the lab Using Table - 1 place the values on the mentioned cells. Calculate the RT via formula and place it in its dedicated cell. Measure the RT and place it in its dedicated cell. Calculate the tolerance and Place it in last cell. Repeat the above procedure for both Parallel and Test Schematic.

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Schematic of a Series circuit

Schematic of Parallel Circuit

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Schematic of Test Circuit

Table 1 Combination Series Parallel Test Circuit Remarks : Values of RT Tolerance Range Obtained

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 Calculated Measured Color

Date:___________________________

Signature:___________________________ End Of Lab # 3

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LAB EXPERIMENT # 4
OBJECTIVE
To verify Kirchhoffs Voltage Law- (KVL).

APPARATUS
Digital Multi meter Bread Board Required resistances as mentioned for Groups. DC Power Supply Probes

Theory
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law states that Algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path is zero,or we can say that sum of all voltage drops equal to to the source voltages. For KVL equation is VS V 1 V 2 V 3 V n = 0 or can be expressed by VS = V1 + V2 + V3 + Vn To verify this law and to have multiple voltage drops we will use a series circuit.

Schematic for KVL

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Procedure
Arrange your circuit on Bread board and Set Power supply at 10 volts. Using Ohm's law find out the voltages drops across each resistor and place in calculated section of Table 1, and verify through Equation. Use Rough work area for Calculations, a dedicated page next to this page. Consider V4 as VS Now using DMM find out voltages across each resistance and place it in measured Section of Table 1, and verify through Equation. Calculate the percentage of any possible instrumentation Error. Repeat the above steps by adjusting Power Supply at 14 volts and Using Table 2.

Table 1 VS = V4 = 10 volts Calculated Measured Use Rough work area for any Calculations R1 ab R2 bc R3 cd Placing in Equation Percentage of any Error -------------

VS V1 V2 V3 = 0

Table 2

VS = V4 = 14 volts Calculated Measured

R1 ab

R2 bc

R3 cd

Placing in Equation

Percentage of any Error -------------

VS V1 V2 V3 = 0

Use Rough work area for any Calculations

Explain Error in tis Experiment:

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Rough Work Area

Comments of Instructor if any :__________________________________________________

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Conclusionary Questions:
Q1:____________________________________________________________________________ Ans: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________

Q2: ____________________________________________________________________________ Ans: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________

Remarks :

Date:___________________________

Signature:___________________________

End Of Lab # 4

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LAB EXPERIMENT # 5
OBJECTIVE
To verify Kirchhoffs Current Law- (KCL).

APPARATUS
Digital Multi meter Bread Board Required resistances as mentioned for Groups. DC Power Supply Probes

Theory
Kirchhoffs Current Law states that The sum of current(s) in to a junction is equal to the sum of current(s) out of that junction, or we can say that Algebraic sum of all the current(s)entering and leaving a junction is equal to zero. For KCL equation is IIN = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 + IRn or can be expressed by IT IR1 + IR2 + IR3 + IRn = 0 To verify this law and to have multiple values of current we will use a parallel circuit.

Schematic for KCL

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Resistances Combination - A Combination - B R1 R2 R3

Assigned values for Resistances

Procedure
Calculate the Current of both combinations. Set Power supply at 12 Volts. Adjust meter probes and sector for Current measuring. Adjust circuity on Bread board according to Combination A. Measure the current through each resistance and place it in its Table - 1. Calculate the Error percentage if any. Repeat the same for combination B.

Table 1 Combination A Calculated Measured Use Rough work area for any Calculations IR1 2-7 IR2 3-6 IR3 4-5 Placing in Equation Percentage of any Error -------------

IR1 + IR2 + IR3 = IT

Table 2

Combination B Calculated Measured

IR1 2-7

IR2 3-6

IR3 4-5

Placing in Equation

Percentage of any Error -------------

IR1 + IR2 + IR3 = IT

Use Rough work area for any Calculations

Explain Error in tis Experiment:

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Rough Work Area

Comments of Instructor if any :__________________________________________________

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Conclusionary Questions:
Q1:____________________________________________________________________________ Ans: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________

Q2: ____________________________________________________________________________ Ans: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________

Remarks :

Date:___________________________

Signature:___________________________

End Of Lab # 5

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LAB EXPERIMENT # 6
OBJECTIVE
To find out Current through R2 , using Super Position Theorem.

APPARATUS
Digital Multi meter x 1. Bread Board x 1. Required resistances ______ x3. DC Power Supply Probes x 2

Theory
The superposition theorem for electrical circuits states that the response (Voltage or Current) in any branch of a bilateral linear circuit having more than one independent source equals the algebraic sum of the responses caused by each independent source acting alone, while all other independent sources are replaced by their internal impedances. To ascertain the contribution of each individual source, all of the other sources first must be "turned off" (set to zero) by: 1. Replacing all other independent voltage sources with a short circuit (thereby eliminating difference of potential. i.e. V=0, internal impedance of ideal voltage source is ZERO (short circuit)). 2. Replacing all other independent current sources with an open circuit (thereby eliminating current. i.e. I=0, internal impedance of ideal current source is infinite (open circuit).

Schematic for Superposition Theorem

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Procedure
Assemble the circuit on bread board with assigned resistances. Set and connect V1 = ___________ volts. Use Fixed 5 volts section for V2. Measure IR2 when both sources are connected and ON. And place in Table 1. Now remove V2 and replace it with a jumper so it will act as short part for current. Now measure the IR2A ,IR1A and IR3A and place it in Table 2. Repeat the above procedure with V2 and use jumper instead of V1. Place the values in Table 2. Now using Rough work area calculate the values for Table 3 .along all possible Diagrams. Compare and both calculate and measured values and find out Percentage of error. Answer the given Question in own words.

Table 1 V1 V2 IR2 ___________A Table 2 Table for Measured Values With Source : R1 V1 = _______ v V2 = _______v IR1A = IR1B =

R2 IR2A = IR2B =

R3 IR3A = IR3B =

IR2 = IR2A + IR2B

When R1 = R2 = R3 = ______________ Table 3 Table for Calculated Values With Source : R1 V1 = _______ v V2 = _______v IR1A = IR1B =

R2 IR2A = IR2B =

R3 IR3A = IR3B =

IR2 = IR2A + IR2B

When R1 = R2 = R3 = ______________ Percentage of Error between Measured and Calculated IR2 = _______________________ % Explain how Superposition Theorem is helpful in this Experiment? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________

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Rough Work Area With V1 = ___________ volts

Comments of Instructor if any :__________________________________________________

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Rough Work Area With V2 = ___________ volts

Comments of Instructor if any :__________________________________________________

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Conclusionary Questions:
Q1:____________________________________________________________________________ Ans: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________

Q2: ____________________________________________________________________________ Ans: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________

Remarks :

Date:___________________________

Signature:___________________________

Assigned Project Name : _________________________________. Completed and Checked :_________________________________. (only by Instructor)

End Of Lab # 6

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Lab Manual F10

LAB EXPERIMENT # 7
OBJECTIVE
Using Y conversion prove VR3C = VR3M and IR3C = IR3M.

APPARATUS
Digital Multi meter x 1. Bread Board x 1. Required resistances ( to be assigned in lab). DC Power Supply Probes x 1

Theory
The basic Delta Wye transformation is used to establish equivalence for networks with three terminals. Where three elements terminate at a common node and none are sources, the node is eliminated by transforming the impedances. For equivalence, the impedance between any pair of terminals must be the same for both networks. The equations given here are valid for complex as well as real impedances.

Delta - Wye Circuits

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Lab Manual F10

Schematic for Y conversion

Table -1 - Assigned Values

V = ______ Procedure

R1 = _____

R2 = _____

R3 = _____

R4 = _____

R5 = _____

Assemble the circuit following the schematic above on bread board with respective values. Adjust the required voltages and connect with circuit. Select voltages on DMM and measure VR3M . Select amperes on DMM and measure IR3M. Place both measured values in Table -2. Now draw Simplified Diagram in diagram block . As now Circuit is simplified calculate VR3C and IR3C and place in Table 2. Use dedicated are for calculation and represent each value on Simplified Diagram. Any Manual work should be clean. Calculate error percentage if any.

Table 2 Comparative Table VR3M = ___________ V IR3M = ___________ A VR3C = ___________ V IR3C = ___________ A _________ % _________ %

Explain how Y conversion is helpful in this Experiment? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________

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Diagram Block Simplified

Explain why do we select Y conversion , instead of Y ? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________

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Calculation Area

Comments of Instructor if any :__________________________________________________

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Calculation Area

Comments of Instructor if any :__________________________________________________

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Rough Work Area

Comments of Instructor if any :__________________________________________________

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Conclusionary Questions:
Q1: Convert Wye Delta: R1 = _______ R2 = _______ R3 = _______

Remarks : Date:___________________________

Signature:___________________________ End Of Lab # 7

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LAB EXPERIMENT # 8
OBJECTIVE
To understand the functions and operations of Oscilloscope and Function generator.

APPARATUS
Oscilloscope probes x 2. Function Generator probe x 1. Sharped Pencil x 1. Black Pointer x 1

Theory Oscilloscopes
An oscilloscope is a type of electronic test instrument that allows observation of constantly varying signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences using the vertical or 'Y' axis, plotted as a function of time, horizontal or 'x' axis. Although an oscilloscope displays voltage on its vertical axis, any other quantity that can be converted to a voltage can be displayed as well. In most instances, oscilloscopes show events that repeat with either no change, or change slowly. Oscilloscopes are commonly used to observe the exact wave shape of an electrical signal. In addition to the amplitude of the signal, an oscilloscope can show distortion, the time between two events (such as pulse width, period, or rise time) and relative timing of two related signals.

GOS-620 - Oscilloscope

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Lab Manual F10

Few main Functions of Oscilloscopes

Function Generators
A function generator is a piece of electronic test equipment used to generate electrical waveforms. These waveforms can be either repetitive or single-shot, in which case some kind of triggering source is required (internal or external). Function Generators are used in development, testing and repair of electronic equipment, e.g. as a signal source to test amplifiers, or to introduce an error signal into a control loop.

GFG-8050G - Function Generators

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Different type of waveforms

Procedure
Calibration of Oscilloscope: Use CAL point to calibrate the oscilloscope before any further operation. Using Channel 1 's input , connect Probe to CAL point. Now verify the screen is showing the square wave is of 2VP-P and of 1KHz. Volts / Division X number of blocks within wave's amplitude (For Voltages) Time / Division X number of blocks within one complete cycle. Use F = 1 / T to find out frequency. If result doesn't match 2VP-P and of 1KHz remove any errors in Prudence of instructor. Plot wave shape and mention the X Y along readings in Graph A on next page. Now use Function Generator to generate different wave forms assigned in lab. The work should be neat and use pencil for all drawings.

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Graph A

Volts / Division : __________

Time / Division : __________

Lab Tasks:
Sine Wave : 1. ___________Hz 2. ___________Hz 3. ___________Hz 4. ___________Hz 5. ___________Hz Square Wave : 6. ___________Hz 7. ___________Hz 8. ___________Hz 9. ___________Hz 10. ___________Hz Triangle Wave : 11. ___________Hz 12. ___________Hz 13. ___________Hz 14. ___________Hz 15. ___________Hz , ___________VP-P and , ___________VP-P and , ___________VP-P and , ___________VP-P and , ___________VP-P and Duty Cycle ___________ %. Duty Cycle ___________ %. Duty Cycle ___________ %. Duty Cycle ___________ %. Duty Cycle ___________ %.

, ___________VP-P and , ___________VP-P and , ___________VP-P and , ___________VP-P and , ___________VP-P and

Duty Cycle ___________ %. Duty Cycle ___________ %. Duty Cycle ___________ %. Duty Cycle ___________ %. Duty Cycle ___________ %.

, ___________VP-P and , ___________VP-P and , ___________VP-P and , ___________VP-P and , ___________VP-P and

Duty Cycle ___________ %. Duty Cycle ___________ %. Duty Cycle ___________ %. Duty Cycle ___________ %. Duty Cycle ___________ %.

Note: Plot the above on Oscilloscope and as well as on Graphs 1 15.

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Graph 1

Graph 2

Graph 3

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Graph 4

Graph 5

Graph 6

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Graph 7

Graph 8

Graph 9

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Graph 10

Graph 11

Graph 12

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Graph 13

Graph 14

Graph 15

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Conclusionary Questions:
Q1:____________________________________________________________________________ Ans: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________

Q2: ____________________________________________________________________________ Ans: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________

Remarks :

Date:___________________________

Signature:___________________________

End Of Lab # 8

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Project

Multi- Tapping Transformer based Power Supply

Use electronic work bench to draw schematic

Sample page

Schematic Diagram

Basic Electrical Engineering

Lab Manual F10

Details :

Sample page

List of Material

Sample page