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Ashish Agnihotri
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the status of a book as to whether it isissued or not. So to perform this kind of search is very difficult in a
manual system.Also management requires reports for books issued, books in the library, members,
andaccounts. Manually producing the reports is a cumbersome job when there are hundreds andthousands
of records.Mana gement plans to expand the library, in terms of books, number of members and
finallythe revenue generated. It is observed that every month there are at least 50-100 requests
for membersh ip. For the last two months the library has not entertained requests for the
newmembers hip as it was difficult to manage the existing 250 members manually. With theexpansion
plans, the management of the library aims to increase its members at the rate of 75 per month. It also
plans to increase the membership fees from 400 to 1000 for yearly and500 for half year, in order to
provide its members better services, which includes increase innumber of books from 3
to 4.Due to the problems faced by the library staff and its expansion plans, the management isplanning to
have a system that would first eradicate the needs of cards. A system to automatethe functions of
record keeping and report generation. And which could help in executing thedifferent searches in a
faster manner. The system to handle the financial details. Applying the concepts studied in
the chapter to the case study: The first thing we studied is systems. In our case study Noida Public Library
is our system.Every system is a set of some functional units that work together to achieve some
objective.The main objective of library system is to provide books to its members without
difficulty. Fig1.4 depicts our library system pictori ally.Our system has many functional units. Books
issue and return section, books record unit,members record unit, accounts, and report generation
units are the different functional unitsof the library. Each functional unit has its own task. However,
each of these workindepend ently to achieve the overall objective of the library.
any system. Here, data is pertaining to the details of members, books, accounts, and suppliers.
Since people can interact with the system thissystem is an open system. The system is mainly
concerned with the management of data it isan information system.If this system were to be automated as
conceived by the management, then role of thesystem analyst would be to study the system, its workings,
and its existing problems. Also theanalyst needs to provide a solution to the existing
problem.Now that the management has decided for an automated system the analyst would performthe
above tasks. As the analyst did the study of the system, the following problems
wereidentifie d
Maintaining accounts
Performing searches
Now that the analyst has studied the system and identified the problems, it is theresponsibil ity of the
Introduct ion to
certain objectives.
producingout puts.
Open or closed
Strategic infor mation relates to long-term planning policies and upper manag ement.
Managerial information
helps middle management and department heads in policyimplem entation and control.
of many types. Management Information, transactionpr ocessing, and decision support systemsare
theorganizati on
Decision support systems are built for assisting managers who are responsible
Review Questions
problemsolvin g.
ements of system?3. Ide ntify two syst ems in your s urroundings.4 . What is syst em analysis a nd design?5. What are the
roles of syste m analyst?6. Make a list of traits t hat asystem analystshould have.7. Will the responsibi lity of
a system anal yst vary according to: (a) Organization size( for example small or large business)?(b)
Type of organization (business, government agency, nonprofit organiz ation)?8. Differentiate betweena)
Open and closed systemb) Physical and abstract9. Ma in aim of an informatio n system is to process _____
____.10. Trans action processing, ______________ ____ , and decision support system arethr ee types of
information system.11. S tate true or f alsea) Decision support system is for middle level management.
b) Closed systems don't interact with their environment. c) Transaction processing system
with strategic infor mation of organization. e) Problem solving and interpersonal skills are desirable for
system analyst.
involved in a systemlife cycle and you would be able to understand the various methodologie s available
for system de velopment. Introduction to Life Cycle Models Activities involved in any Life cycle ModelPrelimin
ary Investigat ionDetermina tion of System's requirements Analysis Phas eDesign of SystemDevel
Distribution with Phases Different Life Cycles Models Traditional/W aterfall Softw are Development Model Advant
ages and limitations of the Waterfall ModelPrototy ping Life CycleIterative Enhancement Life Cycle ModelSpiral
lifecycle models
The trends of increasing technical complexity of the systems, coupled with the need for repeatable and
predictable process methodologie s, have driven System Developers toestablish system development
models or software developmentli fe cycle models.Nearl y three decades ago the operations in
an organization used to be limited and so it waspossible to maintain them using manual procedures.
But with the growing operations of organizatio ns, the need to automate the various activit ies increased,
since for manualpro cedures it was becoming very difficult, slow and complicated. Like
maintaining records for a thousand plus employees company on papers is definitely a cumbersome job. So, at
thattime more and more companies started going for automation.Si nce there were a lot of organizations,
which were opting for automation, it was felt thatsome standard and structural procedure or methodology
be introduced in the industry so thatthe transition from manual to automated system became easy.
The concept of system lifecycle came into existence then. Life cycle model emphasized on the need to follow
somestructur ed approach towards building new or improved system. There were many models suggested. A
waterfall model was among the very first models that came into existence. Later on
many other models like prototype, rapid application development model, etc were alsointr
oduced.Syste m development begins with the recognition of user needs. Then there is a
feasibilitystud y, and request approval. Feasibility study include s technical, economic, legal
andoperation al feasibility. In economic feasibility cost-benefit analysis is done. After that, thereare
detailed design, implementati on, testing and maintenance stages.In this session, we'll be
learning about various stages that make system's life cycle. Inadditi on, different life cycles models
will be discussed. These include Waterfall model,Prototy pe model, ObjectOriented Model, spiral
Activities involved
Problem solving in software consists of these activities:1. U nderstanding the problem2 . Deciding a
plan for a solution3. C oding the pla nned solution 4. Testing the actual progra mFor small problems these
activities may not be done explicitly. The start end boundaries of these activities may not be clearly defined and
not written record of the activities may be kept.However , for large systems where the problem
solving activity may last over a few years. Andwhere many people are involved in development,
performing these activities implicitly withoutproper documentatio n and representatio n will clearly
not work. For any software system of anon-trival nature, each of the four activities for problem solving listed
above has to be doneforma lly. For large systems, each activity can be extremely complex and methodologie
s andprocedure s are needed to perform it efficiently and correctly. Each of these activities is amajor task
for large software projects.Furth ermore, each of the basic activities itself may be so large that it cannot
be handled insingle step and must be broken into smaller steps. For example, design of a large softwaresyste
m is always broken into multiple, distinct design phases, starting from a very high leveldesign
specifying only the components in the system to a detailed design where the logic of the components
is specified. The basic activities or phases to be performed for developing asoftware system are:
1. Requireme nt Analysis / Determinatio n of System's Requirements 2. Design of system3. Dev elopment (co ding) of softw
are4. System TestingIn addition to the activities performed duringsoftwar e development, some
activities areperformed after the main development is complete. There is often an installation (also
calledimplem entation) phase, which is concerned with actually installing the system on the client'scompu
ter systems and then testing it. Then, there is software maintenance. Maintenance isan activity that
commences after the software is developed. Software needs to be maintainedno t because some of its
components "wear out" and need to be replaced, but because thereare often some residual errors
remaining in the system which must be removed later as theyare discovered. Furthermore, the software
often must be upgraded and enhanced to includemore "features" and provide more services. This also requires
ems.In most commer cial software development s there are also some activitie s performed beforethe
requirement analysis takes place. These can be combined into a feasibility analysisphase . In this phase
the feasibility of the project is analyzed, and a business proposal is putforth with a very general plan
for the project and some cost estimates. For feasibility analysis,some understandin g of the major
requirements of the system is essential. Once the businessp roposal is accepted or the contract is awarded,
the development activities begin starting withthe requirements analysis phase.Followi ng topics
describes the above mentioned phases:1.Preli minary Invest igation 2.Req uirement Analysis / Determinatio
n of System's Req uirements 3. Design of system 4.Dev elopment (coding) of software 5. System
7.
system's life cycle. It initiates with a project request. Firststage is the preliminary analysis. The
main aim of prelimi nary analysis is to identify theproblem. First, need for the new or the enhanced
system is established. Only after therecognitio n of need, for the proposed system is done then further
analysis is possible.Supp ose in an office all leaveapplications are processed manually. Now this
company isrecruiting many new people every year. So the number of employee in the company hasincreased.
considering the option of automating the leave processing system. If this isthe case, then the
system analy st would need to investigate the existing system, find thelimitations present, and finally evaluate
whether automating the system would help theorganizati on.Once the initial investigation
is done and the need for new or improved system is established,all possible alternate solutions are
chalked out. All these systems are known as "candidatesys tems". All the candidate systems are then weighed
and the best alternative of all these isselected as the solution system, which is termed as the "proposed
system". The proposedsyst em is evaluated for its feasibility. Feasibility for a system means whether it is
view. Develop er sees whether they have the required technology or manpower to build the new system. Is
building the newsystem really going to benefit the customer. Does the customer have the required
money tobuild that type of a system? All these issues are covered in the feasibility study of the
system.The feasibility of the system is evaluated on the three main issues: technical, economical, andoperation
al. Another issue in this regard is the legal feasibility of the project.1. Technical feasibility
: Can the development of the proposed system be done withcurrent equipment, existing
software technology, and available personnel? Does itrequire new technology?2. Economic feasibility
: Are there sufficient benefits in creating the system to make thecosts acceptable? An important
outcome of the economic feasibility study is the costbenef it analysis.3. Legal feasibility
: It checks if there are any legal hassle in developing the system.4. Operational feasibility : Will the system be
used if it is developed and implemented ?Will there be resistance from users that will undermine
the possible applicationbe nefits?The result of the feasibility study is a formal document, a report
detailing the nature and scopeof the proposed solution. It consists of the following:
Once the feasibility study is done then the project is approved or disapproved according to theresults of
the study. If the project seems feasible and desirable then the project is finallyappro ved otherwise
SYSTEMS ANALAYSIS
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Kamaluddin Azmi
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show all prev | next Types of Information Systems:: Brief Introduction to System Analysis and Design What is System Analysis and Design? Role of System Analyst Who are the Users of System (System end Users)? Case Study: Noida Library System Introduction to Systems: Summary and Review Questions Software (System Development) life Cycle Models Introduction to System Development/Software life cycle models
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