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Ashish Agnihotri
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Sometimes the library staff needs to know about

the status of a book as to whether it isissued or not. So to perform this kind of search is very difficult in a

manual system.Also management requires reports for books issued, books in the library, members,

andaccounts. Manually producing the reports is a cumbersome job when there are hundreds andthousands

of records.Mana gement plans to expand the library, in terms of books, number of members and

finallythe revenue generated. It is observed that every month there are at least 50-100 requests

for membersh ip. For the last two months the library has not entertained requests for the

newmembers hip as it was difficult to manage the existing 250 members manually. With theexpansion

plans, the management of the library aims to increase its members at the rate of 75 per month. It also

plans to increase the membership fees from 400 to 1000 for yearly and500 for half year, in order to

provide its members better services, which includes increase innumber of books from 3

to 4.Due to the problems faced by the library staff and its expansion plans, the management isplanning to

have a system that would first eradicate the needs of cards. A system to automatethe functions of

record keeping and report generation. And which could help in executing thedifferent searches in a

faster manner. The system to handle the financial details. Applying the concepts studied in

the chapter to the case study: The first thing we studied is systems. In our case study Noida Public Library

is our system.Every system is a set of some functional units that work together to achieve some

objective.The main objective of library system is to provide books to its members without

difficulty. Fig1.4 depicts our library system pictori ally.Our system has many functional units. Books

issue and return section, books record unit,members record unit, accounts, and report generation

units are the different functional unitsof the library. Each functional unit has its own task. However,

each of these workindepend ently to achieve the overall objective of the library.

Later in the session, we talked about

different components and characteristic s of the systems. Data is an important component of

any system. Here, data is pertaining to the details of members, books, accounts, and suppliers.

Since people can interact with the system thissystem is an open system. The system is mainly

concerned with the management of data it isan information system.If this system were to be automated as

conceived by the management, then role of thesystem analyst would be to study the system, its workings,

and its existing problems. Also theanalyst needs to provide a solution to the existing

problem.Now that the management has decided for an automated system the analyst would performthe

above tasks. As the analyst did the study of the system, the following problems

wereidentifie d

Maintaining membership cards

Producing reports due to large amount of data

Maintaining accounts

Keeping records for books in library and its members

Performing searches

Now that the analyst has studied the system and identified the problems, it is theresponsibil ity of the

analyst to provide a solution system to the management of the library.

Introduct ion to

Systems: Summar y and ReviewQ uestions


Summary

A systemis a set of interdepende nt components, organized in a planned manner toachieve

certain objectives.

System interacts with their environment through receiving inputs and

producingout puts.

Systems can be decompos ed into smaller units called subsystems.

Systems falls into three categories

Physical or Abstract systems

Open or closed

system depen ding upon their interacti on with environment.

Man-made such asinformation systems.

Three levels of information in organization require a special type of information .

Strategic infor mation relates to long-term planning policies and upper manag ement.

Managerial information

helps middle management and department heads in policyimplem entation and control.

Operational information is daily information needed to operate thebusiness.

Information systems are

of many types. Management Information, transactionpr ocessing, and decision support systemsare

all information systems.

Transaction processing system assist in processing day to day activities of

theorganizati on

Management information systems are decisions oriented. These use transaction

dataand other information that is developed internally or outside the organization.

Decision support systems are built for assisting managers who are responsible

for making decisions.

System analysis and design refers to the application of systems approach to

Review Questions

problemsolvin g.

1. Define the term System .2. What are the various el

ements of system?3. Ide ntify two syst ems in your s urroundings.4 . What is syst em analysis a nd design?5. What are the

roles of syste m analyst?6. Make a list of traits t hat asystem analystshould have.7. Will the responsibi lity of

a system anal yst vary according to: (a) Organization size( for example small or large business)?(b)

Type of organization (business, government agency, nonprofit organiz ation)?8. Differentiate betweena)

Open and closed systemb) Physical and abstract9. Ma in aim of an informatio n system is to process _____

____.10. Trans action processing, ______________ ____ , and decision support system arethr ee types of

information system.11. S tate true or f alsea) Decision support system is for middle level management.

b) Closed systems don't interact with their environment. c) Transaction processing system

handles dayto-day operations of the organization. d) Management information system deals

with strategic infor mation of organization. e) Problem solving and interpersonal skills are desirable for

system analyst.

Software (System Develop ment)

life Cycle Models


At the end of this lesson you would be able to know the various stages

involved in a systemlife cycle and you would be able to understand the various methodologie s available

for system de velopment. Introduction to Life Cycle Models Activities involved in any Life cycle ModelPrelimin

ary Investigat ionDetermina tion of System's requirements Analysis Phas eDesign of SystemDevel

opment of SoftwareSy stem TestingImple mentation and MaintenanceE rror

Distribution with Phases Different Life Cycles Models Traditional/W aterfall Softw are Development Model Advant

ages and limitations of the Waterfall ModelPrototy ping Life CycleIterative Enhancement Life Cycle ModelSpiral

Life Cycle ModelObject Oriented Methodology Dynamic System Development Method

Introduct ion to System Develop ment/Sof tware

lifecycle models

The trends of increasing technical complexity of the systems, coupled with the need for repeatable and

predictable process methodologie s, have driven System Developers toestablish system development

models or software developmentli fe cycle models.Nearl y three decades ago the operations in

an organization used to be limited and so it waspossible to maintain them using manual procedures.

But with the growing operations of organizatio ns, the need to automate the various activit ies increased,

since for manualpro cedures it was becoming very difficult, slow and complicated. Like

maintaining records for a thousand plus employees company on papers is definitely a cumbersome job. So, at

thattime more and more companies started going for automation.Si nce there were a lot of organizations,

which were opting for automation, it was felt thatsome standard and structural procedure or methodology

be introduced in the industry so thatthe transition from manual to automated system became easy.

The concept of system lifecycle came into existence then. Life cycle model emphasized on the need to follow

somestructur ed approach towards building new or improved system. There were many models suggested. A

waterfall model was among the very first models that came into existence. Later on

many other models like prototype, rapid application development model, etc were alsointr

oduced.Syste m development begins with the recognition of user needs. Then there is a

preliminaryinv estigation stage. It includes evaluation of present system, information gathering,

feasibilitystud y, and request approval. Feasibility study include s technical, economic, legal

andoperation al feasibility. In economic feasibility cost-benefit analysis is done. After that, thereare

detailed design, implementati on, testing and maintenance stages.In this session, we'll be

learning about various stages that make system's life cycle. Inadditi on, different life cycles models

will be discussed. These include Waterfall model,Prototy pe model, ObjectOriented Model, spiral

model and Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM).

Activities involved

Software Develop ment life cyclemo del

Problem solving in software consists of these activities:1. U nderstanding the problem2 . Deciding a

plan for a solution3. C oding the pla nned solution 4. Testing the actual progra mFor small problems these

activities may not be done explicitly. The start end boundaries of these activities may not be clearly defined and

not written record of the activities may be kept.However , for large systems where the problem

solving activity may last over a few years. Andwhere many people are involved in development,

performing these activities implicitly withoutproper documentatio n and representatio n will clearly

not work. For any software system of anon-trival nature, each of the four activities for problem solving listed

above has to be doneforma lly. For large systems, each activity can be extremely complex and methodologie

s andprocedure s are needed to perform it efficiently and correctly. Each of these activities is amajor task

for large software projects.Furth ermore, each of the basic activities itself may be so large that it cannot

be handled insingle step and must be broken into smaller steps. For example, design of a large softwaresyste

m is always broken into multiple, distinct design phases, starting from a very high leveldesign

specifying only the components in the system to a detailed design where the logic of the components

is specified. The basic activities or phases to be performed for developing asoftware system are:

1. Requireme nt Analysis / Determinatio n of System's Requirements 2. Design of system3. Dev elopment (co ding) of softw

are4. System TestingIn addition to the activities performed duringsoftwar e development, some

activities areperformed after the main development is complete. There is often an installation (also

calledimplem entation) phase, which is concerned with actually installing the system on the client'scompu

ter systems and then testing it. Then, there is software maintenance. Maintenance isan activity that

commences after the software is developed. Software needs to be maintainedno t because some of its

components "wear out" and need to be replaced, but because thereare often some residual errors

remaining in the system which must be removed later as theyare discovered. Furthermore, the software

often must be upgraded and enhanced to includemore "features" and provide more services. This also requires

modification of the software, Therefore, maintenance in unavoidable for software syst

ems.In most commer cial software development s there are also some activitie s performed beforethe

requirement analysis takes place. These can be combined into a feasibility analysisphase . In this phase

the feasibility of the project is analyzed, and a business proposal is putforth with a very general plan

for the project and some cost estimates. For feasibility analysis,some understandin g of the major

requirements of the system is essential. Once the businessp roposal is accepted or the contract is awarded,

the development activities begin starting withthe requirements analysis phase.Followi ng topics

describes the above mentioned phases:1.Preli minary Invest igation 2.Req uirement Analysis / Determinatio

n of System's Req uirements 3. Design of system 4.Dev elopment (coding) of software 5. System

Testing 6.Soft ware Mainten ance

7.

Error distribution with phases

Prelimina ry Investiga tion


Fig 2.1 shows different stages in the

system's life cycle. It initiates with a project request. Firststage is the preliminary analysis. The

main aim of prelimi nary analysis is to identify theproblem. First, need for the new or the enhanced

system is established. Only after therecognitio n of need, for the proposed system is done then further

analysis is possible.Supp ose in an office all leaveapplications are processed manually. Now this

company isrecruiting many new people every year. So the number of employee in the company hasincreased.

So manual processing of leave application is becoming very difficult. So themanagem ent is

considering the option of automating the leave processing system. If this isthe case, then the

system analy st would need to investigate the existing system, find thelimitations present, and finally evaluate

whether automating the system would help theorganizati on.Once the initial investigation

is done and the need for new or improved system is established,all possible alternate solutions are

chalked out. All these systems are known as "candidatesys tems". All the candidate systems are then weighed

and the best alternative of all these isselected as the solution system, which is termed as the "proposed

system". The proposedsyst em is evaluated for its feasibility. Feasibility for a system means whether it is

practical andbeneficial to build that system.

Feasibility is evaluated from develop er and customer 's point of

view. Develop er sees whether they have the required technology or manpower to build the new system. Is

building the newsystem really going to benefit the customer. Does the customer have the required

money tobuild that type of a system? All these issues are covered in the feasibility study of the

system.The feasibility of the system is evaluated on the three main issues: technical, economical, andoperation

al. Another issue in this regard is the legal feasibility of the project.1. Technical feasibility

: Can the development of the proposed system be done withcurrent equipment, existing

software technology, and available personnel? Does itrequire new technology?2. Economic feasibility

: Are there sufficient benefits in creating the system to make thecosts acceptable? An important

outcome of the economic feasibility study is the costbenef it analysis.3. Legal feasibility

: It checks if there are any legal hassle in developing the system.4. Operational feasibility : Will the system be

used if it is developed and implemented ?Will there be resistance from users that will undermine

the possible applicationbe nefits?The result of the feasibility study is a formal document, a report

detailing the nature and scopeof the proposed solution. It consists of the following:

Statement of the problem

Details of findings Findings and recommendatio ns in concise form

Once the feasibility study is done then the project is approved or disapproved according to theresults of

the study. If the project seems feasible and desirable then the project is finallyappro ved otherwise

no further work is done on it.

Determin ation of System's requirem

ents: Analysis phase in SDLC

SYSTEMS ANALAYSIS
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Kamaluddin Azmi

Sections
show all prev | next Types of Information Systems:: Brief Introduction to System Analysis and Design What is System Analysis and Design? Role of System Analyst Who are the Users of System (System end Users)? Case Study: Noida Library System Introduction to Systems: Summary and Review Questions Software (System Development) life Cycle Models Introduction to System Development/Software life cycle models

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