science process skills (kemahiran proses sains)

By: PN CHE TEK KAMARIAH BT KHAIRUDDIN

SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS

What people do when they do science, ways of thinking in science - process skills Eg: OBSERVING MEASURING INFERRING EXPERIMENTING

0BSERVING
Involves identifying and describing an objects properties.. Hearing Seeing
It sounds. It looks (colour,size, shape senses)

Observi ng

It sounds like.(use all your

Smellin g
temperature

Touchin g

Tasting

It feels (texture.

OBSERVATIONS

QUANTITATIVE QUALITATATIVE

Qualitatative observations made about the object s characteristics or qualities. Eg: It is green in colour (sight) It has a sweet odour(smell) Its leaves are waxy and smooth (touch) It makes a rustling sound when rubbed (hearing)

Quantitative - Observation that provides information about quantity - Made with instrument such as ruler, meter rule, balance, cylinder. - Gives very spesific and precise information

CLASSIFYING
Single stage -Binary classification

SINGLE STAGE MULTI STAGE

- separating a set of objects into 2 / more subsets on the basis of at least one observable property. Eg: A seed is divided into 2 Monocot Dicot

Multi stage classification

Sets are sorted into subsets and then each subset is sorted again. Mammals Birds Vertebrates Amphibians Eg: Animals Fish Reptiles

Invertebrates

INFERENCE
An explanation or interpretation of an observation

In making inference, information already known from past experience and new information directly from observation through our senses are used.

inferring

Information previously known from past perceived experience senses

New information directly through our

identifying variables
Manipulated variable / Independent variable Variable that is intentionally changed in the experiment. Responding variable / Dependent variable What do we want to see / to measure in the experiment. Constant / Fixed variable What is kept constant in the experiment

IDENTIFYING VARIABLES 1. Based on a statement Usually from the window sentence. E.g.Figure 1 shows an experiment to study the effect of impurities on the boiling point of distilled water 2. From a table Substances Distilled water Distilled water + common salt

Boiling Point/ C 100 103

From a graph Refer to the axis of the graph. Label of the horizontal axis = manipulated variable. Label of the vertical axis = responding variable Vertical (RV )

Horizontal (MV)

CONSTANT VARIABLE
Found in the statement / diagram. Not from the list of apparatus / materials. Common mistakes
1.Hydrochloric acid

Suggested answers
Parameter; -Type of acid -Volume of acid -Concentration of acid Mass / weight of metal -Size of metal -Surface area of metal
-

2.Magnesium

Making hypothesis
The relationship between manipulated variable and responding variable. Is a prediction about the effect of a manipulated variable on the responding variable. A hypothesis attempts to predict an outcome E.g.
-

As more salt is dissolved in water,the water will become cloudy

- If the length of the vibrating string is increased,the sound will become louder

A statement that is, clearly understood not a vague statement. E.g. If the temperature is high the colour will change. The higher the temperature reading, the darker the colour of the distillate.
o

A hypothesis can be written several ways: 1. If the amount of salt added to ice is increased, ( MV )
(RV) describe the effect how it is changed then the temperture of the mixture will decrease

2. The greater the amount of salt added to ice, the lower the temperature of the mixture.

3. As the amount of salt added to ice increases, the temperature of the mixture decreases.

Defining operationally
A statement that describes how a particular variable is to be measured or how a term is to be defined. Describe what is observed and how it is measured.

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of the types of surface on the distance of the movement of the ball . The result is shown in Table 1. Type of Distance of ball surface movement P 50 Q 35 R 20

a) Based on table 1, write one inference. The distance of ball movement on surface P is further because P has less friction compared to Q and R

8.2 The figure below shows a worker pulling a load of 50 kg on two different surfaces. (PMR 2006)

Situation A

Situation B

(i) Based on your observations in the figure state the difference in friction faced by the worker during the process of pulling the load in Situation A and Situation B. The friction in situation B is greater than friction in situation A. __________________________________________________________________ (ii) What inference can be made based on Situation A and Situation B in Diagram 1.1?

The friction in B is higher because the surface is rough

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level

Based on the diagram record the readings of spring balance in the table below

Mass of object 50 100 150

State the variables involved in this experiment MV Mass of object RV - Reading of spring balance CV - Type of surface

Reading of spring balance 2.5 5.0 7.5

Nyatakan pembolehubah yang terlibat dalam eksperimen ini

State the operational definition for friction Friction is the reading of spring balance