Chapter7 Parameter Design

Wireless Network Planning
Table of contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 7 Parameter Design........................................................................................................1 1.1 System message ..............................................................................................................1 1.2 Cell Selection and Cell Reselection..................................................................................3 1.2.1 Network Selection...................................................................................................3 1.2.2 Cell Selection and Reselection...............................................................................4 1.2.3 Location Updating...................................................................................................7 1.3 Huawei Handover Algorithm............................................................................................10 1.3.1 Handover Decision Flow.......................................................................................11 1.3.2 Measurement Report Pre-processing...................................................................11 1.3.3 Penalty Processing...............................................................................................12 1.3.4 Handover Sequencing Algorithm..........................................................................12 1.3.5 Emergency Handover...........................................................................................14 1.3.6 Load Handover.....................................................................................................14 1.3.7 Normal Handover..................................................................................................16 1.3.8 Power prediction after handover...........................................................................18 1.3.9 Concentric Circle Algorithm..................................................................................19 1.4 Huawei Power Control Technology.................................................................................22 1.4.1 MR Preprocessing................................................................................................24 1.4.2 Second Generation of Huawei Power Control Policy............................................24 1.5 New Channel Allocation Algorithm..................................................................................27 1.6 Dual-frequency Network Technology..............................................................................28 1.6.1 Necessity for Building Dual-frequency Network....................................................28 1.6.2 Fast Fading Characteristic and Coverage Problem of GSM1800.........................28 1.6.3 Dual-frequency Networking Structure...................................................................29 1.6.4 Traffic guidance and Control Policy of Dual-frequency Network...........................31 1.6.5 Dual-frequency Networking Engineering Implementation.....................................34
Chapter 7 Parameter Design

The network planning is concerned with hundreds of parameters, which consists of complicated algorithms and protocols. Only with deep understanding of the algorithms and protocols can we flexibly apply these parameters to various different actual environments. Therefore, this chapter mainly describes some protocols and algorithms related to the network planning, such as system message, handover, power control, channel allocation, etc. For description of other parameters, please refer to Data Configuration Specifications for GSM900 and 1800 BSS Network Planning. The research on radio network parameters should take potential dangerous factors of radio network (such as large traffic, abnormal user behavior, etc.) into consideration (please do not limit your attention to individual small network). Furthermore, the parameters are not independent from each other, and many network problems and phenomena result from the combined function of many functional algorithms and radio networking modes. For these integrated phenomena, please combine the theoretic research and practical experiences to conduct complete and indepth analysis of special topics from various aspects such as MSC, BSC, BTS, characteristics of radio network, etc. During the analysis, please pay attention to application recommendations of actual networking algorithm and guide to problem analysis, etc. Especially, when the radio network is getting more and more complicated and the traffic and capacity are getting larger and larger, this task is more urgent and it is more complicated and difficult to conduct integrated application of these parameters with combination of the characteristics of radio network. To accomplish this task, long-term practice and experience accumulation are needed. In the GSM system, large quantities of radio parameters are set based on cell or local area, while the inter-area parameters generally have strong relativity. Therefore, please consider the influence of parameter setting in an area upon other areas or especially neighboring areas during parameter planning and adjusting, or the parameter adjusting may lead to great side effect. In addition, if certain problem occurs to local area in the network, please firstly determine whether the problem is caused by equipment fault (including connection problem). Only when you confirm that the network problem is really caused by service can the radio parameter adjustment be made.
1.1 System message

To obtain or provide various services, the MS needs many messages from the network, and these messages broadcast at radio interfaces are called system messages. The system message includes main radio network parameters at are interfaces, specifically speaking, including network identification parameters, cell selection parameters, system control parameters and network function parameters. Through receiving the system messages, mobile phones can correctly access and select appropriate network and can fully utilize various services provided by the network so as to perfectly cooperate with the network. The system message can be divided into two parts: System messages transmitted in BCCH channel, mainly including system messages 1, 2, 2BIS, 2TER, 3 and 4; and system messages transmitted in SACCH channel, mainly including system messages 5, 5BIS, 5TER and 6. To support GPRS, Huawei BSC also supports system message 13, which will not be described in this section.
I. System message 1
System message 1 mainly describes Random Access Control information (RACH) and Cell frequency Allocation table (i.e., CA table), transmitted in BCCH channel. System message 1 mainly includes information of the following parameters: CA table, maximum retransmission times (MAX retrans), number of expanded transmission timeslots (Tx_interger), cell access barred (CELL_BAR_ACCESS), Access level Control (AC), Call reestablishment enabled (RE), Emergency Call enabled (EC), etc.
II. System messages 2, 2bis and 2ter

System message 2 mainly describes RACH, Network Color Code Permitted NCC Permitted} and frequency allocation table of neighboring cells (i.e., BA1 table), transmitted in BCCH channel. In general, system messages 2, 2BIS and 2TER different parts of the BA1 table respectively, and mobile phones can conduct cell reselection in idle mode through reading and decoding the BA1 table. For a 900 mobile phone in PHASE 1, it only identifies frequency of neighboring cell described by system message 2, but neglects frequency messages of neighboring cells carried by 2BIS and 2TER messages. System message 2BIS mainly describes RACH and expanded frequency allocation table of neighboring cells (it is also a part of BA1 table). It is optional and transmitted in BCCH channel. Generally, the frequency allocation table carried by system message 2 can only describe a limited number of frequencies, so system message 2BIS carries information of other frequencies (which are in the same frequency band as system message 2) in the BA1 table. System message 2TER mainly describes expended frequency allocation table of neighboring cells (part of BA1 table), transmitted in BCCH channel. Only dual frequency mobile phones read this message (single frequency 900 or 1800 mobile phones will neglect this message. Since this message carries frequency information of different frequency band from the frequency of current cell, so these messages are unnecessary for single frequency mobile phone. System message 2, 2bis and 2ter mainly includes information of the following parameters: Neighboring cell description (BA1 table), NCC Permitted, RACH Control Para, extended neighboring cell description (Extended), multi-band reporting (Multiband_Reporting), etc.
III. System message 3

System message 3 mainly describes location area identifier, cell identifier, RACH and parameters related to cell selection. It is compulsory and is transmitted in BCCH. System message 3 is one of the most important system messages. System message 3 mainly includes information of the following parameters: Cell Global Identity (CGI), IMSI Attach-Detach allowed (ATT), Common control channel configuration (CCCH-CONF), number of accessed modules allowed to be reserved (BS_AG_BLKS_RES), number of paging channel multi-frames (BS-PA-MFRAMS), Periodic location updating timer (T3212), power control indication (PWRC), discontinuous transmission (DTX), radio link timeout (Radio_Link_Timeout), Cell Selection Hysteresis, maximum power level of control channel (MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH), accessible minimum received level (RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN), additional reselection parameter indication (ACS), half-rate indication (NECI), RACH Control Para., etc.
IV. System message 4

System message 4 mainly describes location area identifier, RACH, cell selection parameter and optional CBCH channel information. It is compulsory and is transmitted in BCCH. The optional IE CBCH description and the MA describe the
configuration of the CBCH channel and corresponding frequency information when the system supports cell broadcast. System message 4 mainly includes information of the following parameters: Location Area Identity (LAI), Cell Selection Para., RACH Control Para., CBCH channel description and CBCH MA, cell reselection parameter indication (PI), Cell Bar Qualification (CBQ), Cell Reselection Offset (CRO), Temporary Offset (TO) and Penalty Time (PT).
V. System message 5, 5bis, 5ter

System message 5 mainly describes frequency information of neighboring cells (i.e, BA2 table). It is compulsory and is transmitted in the SACCH channel. Different from system message 2, mobile phones can read frequencies described in system message 5 in communication state and report relevant information of neighboring cells in measurement report so that the report can be used as basis of handover. Similarly, for a mobile phone in PHASE 1, it only can identify neighboring cell frequency described in system message 5, but neglects frequency information of neighboring cell carried by messages 5BIS and 5TER. System message 5BIS mainly describes frequency information of neighboring cells (part of BA2 table). It is optional and is transmitted in SACCH. Generally, the frequency allocation table carried by system message 5 can only describe a limited number of frequencies, so system message 5BIS carries information of other frequencies (which are in the same frequency band as system message 5) in the BA2 table. System message 5TER mainly describes frequency information of neighboring cells (it is also a part of BA2 table). It is transmitted in SACCH channel. Similarly, only dual frequency mobile phones can read this message (single frequency 900 or 1800 mobile phones will neglect this message). System messages 5, 5bis and 5ter mainly include information of relevant parameters such as neighboring cell description (Neighbor Cell Desc.), extended neighboring cell description (Extended), etc.
VI. System message 6

System message 6 mainly describes location area identifier, cell identifier and some parameters describing cell functions. It is compulsory and is transmitted in SACCH channel. System message 6 is also one of the important system messages. System message 6 mainly includes information of the following parameters: Information on relevant parameters such as CGI, Cell Option, NCC Permitted, etc.
1.2 Cell Selection and Cell Reselection

In idle mode, mobile phone can conduct the following operations: Network selection, cell selection/reselection and location update.
1.2.1 Network Selection

The mobile station always preferably selects Home Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN). If a mobile phone is not within the coverage area of the HPLMN, then the mobile phone will select Visit Public Land Mobile Network (VPLMN). Even in roaming mode, the mobile station will still periodically attempt to search for the HPLMN. (1) Power on or start network selection when entering coverage area (2) Subscriber reselection A subscriber can start network selection at anytime. (3) Periodically searching for HPLMN in national roaming mode
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In national roaming mode, the mobile station will periodically attempt to search for the HPLMN. Its periodic value T is stored in the SIM card (If T is not available in the SIM, then please use the default value of 30 minutes). Success sign of network selection by mobile station: Successfully finding appropriate resident cell in the network. Successful location update
There are two network selection modes: Automatic mode and manual mode. (1) Automatic mode The mobile station automatically select available network of the highest priority. (2) Manual mode The mobile station provides a network list and the subscriber selects the network to be accessed. This network list includes PLMN not allowed. The mobile phone stores a PLMN not allowed list in the SIM card. When the mobile phone conduct the location updating of location registration in the VPLMN and receives the location updating rejection including PLMN not allowed, it will add the network (VPLMN) to the list. After successful location update in manual network selection mode, the network (VPLMN) will be deleted from the list. After power-off or pulling out the SIM card, the list is still reserved. The HPLMN is not included in the list.
1.2.2 Cell Selection and Reselection

In the selected network, the mobile station will search for an appropriate resident cell according to the descending order of the received level strength so that the mobile station can receive system messages from the network.
I. Conditions of appropriate and normal resident cell

The priority of cell can be divided into: Normal, low priority and bar access. Only when there is no appropriate normal cell will the low priority cell be selected. The appropriate conditions include: (1) The cell belongs to the selected network. (2) The cell is not barred. (3) The cell does not belong to barred national roaming location area. (4) The radio path loss between MS and BTS is under the threshold set for the network. The cell priority is determined by both CBQ(CELL_BAR_QUALIFY) and CBA(CELL_ BAR_ACCESS).
CELL_BAR QUALIFY 0 0 1 1 CELL_BAR ACCESS 0 1 0 1 Cell selection priority Normal Barred Low Low Status for cell reselection Normal Barred Normal Normal
II. Cell selection

To implement cell selection and reselection, mobile phones require that all monitored frequencies should maintain an average received level grade. The average received level (RLA_C) should be unweighted average value of the receiving signal level measured with dBm. (1) Normal cell selection A mobile phone will search all RF channels in the system (at least 30 RF channels for
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900M system, at least 40 RF channels for 1800M system and at least 40 RF channels for PSC1900) to obtain the received level of each RF channel and to calculate the corresponding RLA_C. The averaging of the received level of each TRX should at least based upon five measured samples (with a time about 3 to 5 seconds). The measured samples of different RF TRXs are uniformly distributed within this period of time. Then the sequencing according to the descending order of the levels will be performed and BCCH will be selected. The cell of normal priority will be selected preferably among these TRXs. If the appropriate cell is only the cell of low priority, the mobile phone will also select the cell of best level. However, in this case the mobile phone has already performed all decoding and identification of the above frequencies. If no appropriate cell is available, the mobile phone will continue to search. The maximum time to synchronize a BCCH TRX is 0.5s and the maximum time to read the data of a synchronized BCCH TRX is 1.9s. Where the time to obtain system message is exceptional, being n*1.9s(n>1). (2) Storage table cell selection In this case, the mobile station has a previously stored BCCH frequency list of the selected network (more than one). For each stored BCCH TRX of the selected network, the mobile phone executes the same sampling process as normal cell selection (only aiming at the stored BCCH TRX). If the storage table cell selection fails, please start normal cell selection. Please note that if all the cells in this case are cells of low priority, the mobile phone will also finally select a cell of the highest level (but the mobile phone has conducted the decoding of TRXs in all the BA lists. When a mobile phone over 900M network enters the 900/1800 network, the mobile phone may select the 900 network regardless of the priority, since all the contents of the BCCH frequency list stored in the mobile phone only cover 900M frequencies. (3) Cell selection criteria The path loss criteria parameter C1 should be used for cell selection: C1=RLA_C - RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN- MAX((MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH- P), 0) For DCS 1800 3 mobile phones, C1 is: C1=RLA_C-RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN-MAX((MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH+POWER OFFSET- P), 0) Where all the parameters have the same unit dBm. The meaning of each parameter is as follows: RLA_C: Average received level of mobile station RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN: Minimum accessible received level of mobile station MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH: Maximum CCH power level P: Maximum transmitting power level of mobile station. POWER OFFSET: Power offset used by DCS 1800 3 mobile phones, which is related to MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH The so-called appropriate cells should meet the requirement: C1>0.
III. Downlink signaling link fault

The downlink link fault criteria are based upon downlink signaling link fault counter (DSC). When the mobile phone resides in a cell, the DSC will be initialized to an integer close to 90/N to the greatest extent (N stands for BS_PA_MFRMS---number of frames among same paging, with a value range: 2 to 9). Therefore, when the mobile phone attempts to decode the message in the paging subchannel, the value of DSC will increase by one whenever a message is successfully decoded (but should not exceed the initialized value). If the message decoding fails, the DSC will decrease by four. If DSC 0, then a downlink signaling link fault occurs. The downlink signaling link fault will lead to cell reselection.
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IV. Cell reselection

After the cell selection and when the cell reselection starts, the mobile phone will synchronize and read information of 6 BCCH TRXs (with highest signal level) not in the service cell as soon as possible (The BCCH TRXs should be in the BA table). For multi-frequency mobile phones, the TRXs with strongest signal level possibly are distributed in different bands. In idle state, the mobile phone will keep on monitoring the information of all the BCCH TRXs specified by the BCCH allocation table (BA), and also within the time period from 5s to Max {5 , ((5 * N + 6) DIV 7) * BS_PA_MFRMS / 4}s, the mobile phone will average each received level of the BCCH TRX (where, N refers to the number of BCCH TRXs not in the service cell). For each RLA_C (average received level), at least five level measurement samples are needed (RLA_C value is often updated). With respect to service cell, each paging block of the mobile phone at least needs one received level sample. The RLA_C is calculated by averaging the sampled level values received from 5s to Max (5s, five consecutive paging blocks of that MS). Each time when the measurement of RLA_C is updated, the TRXs in the list (in BA list)of 6 BCCH TRXs with the highest signal level not in service cell will be updated either (possibly the frequencies will be updated faster). The mobile phone at least attempts to decode all BCCH data of the service cell every 30s, and it at least attempts to decode the BCCH data block (which exerts influence upon cell reselection parameters) carried in 6 BCCH TRXs (with the highest signal level) not in service cell every five minutes. When the mobile phone finds that a new BCCH TRX has become one of the six TRXs with the highest signal level, the data of this BCCH TRX should be decoded in 30s. At least every 30s, the mobile phone attempts to detect the BSIC (base station color code) of the 6 BCCH TRXs (with the highest signal level) not in service cell so as to confirm whether it monitors the same cell. If the BSIC changes, then this TRX will be regarded as a new TRX and the BCCH data will be read once again. The mobile station in resident state will keep on selecting cell better than the current cell. Corresponding to the parameter C1 applied to cell selection, the path loss criteria parameter C2 is used for cell reselection. C2 is determined by the following formula: C2=C1+CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET-TEMPORARY_OFFSET*H(PENALTY_TIME-T) When PENALTY_TIME< >31, C2 = C1-CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET When PENALTY_TIME =31, where: CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET: Cell Reselection Offset (CRO) is used to manually correct C2. TEMPORARY_OFFSET: Temporary Offset (TO), PENALTY_TIME: Penalty Time (PT), determining the action time of the TO. T: A timer with the initial value of 0. When a certain cell is recorded in the list of the six neighboring cells with the highest signal level by the mobile station, the counter T corresponding to this cell starts to count to the accuracy of a TDMA frame (about 4.62 ms). When this cell is deleted from the list of the six neighboring cells with the highest signal level by the mobile station, the corresponding cell will be reset. If cell reselection is needed, the previous service cell enters the list of the six neighboring cells with the highest signal level, and the T value is PENALTY_TIME. H(x) : For non-service cells (neighboring cells): H(x) = 0 when x < 0 = 1 When x > 0 For service cell: H(x) = 0 If CELL_RESELECT_PARAM_IND in system messages 3 and 4 broadcast in BCCH is set as 1, then the cell reselection parameters CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET,
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TEMPORARY_OFFSET and PENALTY_TIME are also broadcast in BCCH system messages 3 and 4. If CELL_RESELECT_PARAM_IND is set as 0, then the mobile phone will think that all cell reselection parameters are 0, therefore, C2=C1. At least every 5s, the mobile phone will calculate C1 and C2 of the service cell. The mobile phone will calculate C1 and C2 of all cells not in service (neighboring cells) again if necessary. The mobile phone will keep on checking the following conditions: (1) The path loss (C1) of the current service cell is decreased to a value less than 0 within 5s. It indicates that the path loss of the cell is too great. (2) The C2 value of an appropriated non-service cell keeps on exceeding C1 value of the service cell in 5s and also meets the following conditions: (a) If the new cell is in different location area, C2 value of the new cell subtracted by cell reselection hysteresis (CELL_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS, broadcast in system messages 3 and 4 in BCCH channel of the service cell) keeps on exceeding C2 value of the service cell. (b) If cell reselection occurs in recent 15s, then the C2 value of the new service subtracted by 5dB keeps on exceeding C2 value of the service cell in 5s. A new cell meeting the above condition is the better cell. If the better cell is available, then the mobile phone will perform cell reselection. After finding the better cell and cell reselection, the mobile phone should not reselect the previous resident cell in 5s, although the cell may meet the cell reselection conditions. To summarize, the following conditions will lead to cell reselection: (1) The radio path loss of the current resident cell is too great (C1 0). (2) The downlink of the current resident cell fails (DSC 0). (3) The current resident cell has been barred. (4) According to the cell reselection parameter C2, it is found that there is a cell better than the current resident cell in the same location area, or with the application of the Cell Reselection Hysteresis parameter (CRH), there is a better cell in another location area of the network. (5) The random access times reaches the maximum retry times broadcast in BACH, but the mobile phone has not successfully accessed to the current resident cell yet.
1.2.3 Location Updating

I. Normal location update (location update of offside location area)
When a mobile station moves from one location area to another location area, it should make registration, that is to say, once the mobile station finds that the LAI in its memory is different from the LAI number of the current cell, it will request the network to change the stored location information. This process is called location update. Firstly, considering mobile station powered on in idle state, which moves in the same location area, and if cell reselection occurs in this case and the service cell of the mobile station has changed, the mobile station will not inform the network of the change. That is to say, the mobile station only conducts cell reselection, but not the location update, so the network does not take part in the processing. If two cells are not in the same location area before and after reselection, the mobile station must inform the network of the location area change. This process is called forced registration. According to the different location update identifiers, i.e., in broad sense, the location update can be divided into normal location update (location update of offside location area), periodic location update (corresponding to T3212) and IMSI attachment (corresponding to mobile stations powered on). Dividing specifically, the location updating division depends whether the location update program belongs to the same
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VLR and whether the participation of IMSI number is needed. It can be divided into the following several types of location update. (1) Location update of different location areas in the same VLR (INTRA VLR LOCATION UPDATE) This is the simplest location updating process. During this process, the mobile station does not need to provide IMSI number. The updating is conducted I the current VLR, without the need to notify HLR. During the initialization, the mobile station has marked in the initialized message carried by SABM frame sent to the network that the direct access reason is location updating request (MM LOCATION UPDATING REQUEST). This message carries the TMSI number and LAI numbers of the mobile station with clearly indication of normal location updating. If the MSC sends this message to the VLR when it receives it, the VLR will update the location message of the mobile station and store the new LAI number, and also it will send a new TMSI number (it is appropriate for the TMSI reallocation command not to carry the TMSI number, but in this case the mobile station will still use the previous TMSI) to the mobile station. After the TMSI re-allocation of the mobile station is finished, the MSC will send the location update accepted (LOCATION UPDATE ACCEPT) to the mobile station. After this, it releases the channel location update end. (2) Extra-VLR Location update and the TMSI number is transmitted When a mobile station enters a cell, if it finds that the stored LAI number is different from the current LAI number, then in the location updating request, it will send its old LAI number and the stored TMSI number to the VLR through the MSC. When the VLR finds that the LAI number does not belong to itself, it will educe the previous VLR address according to the old TMSI and LAI numbers and also it will request the old VLR to send the IMSE and authorization parameters (MAP_SEND_IDENTIFICATION). The old VLR will return the IMSI and authorization parameters of the mobile station to the new VLR. If the new VLR cannot obtain the IMSI due to certain reasons, the VLR will send identity request message to the MS to ask for the IMSI number. After the VLR obtains the IMSI number, it will send location updating message to the HLR of the MS. The location message includes MS identifier and relevant information so that the HLR can query data and set up path. After the HLR receives this message, if the new MSC/VLR has normal service authority, then the HLR will store the current VLR number and will also send Cancel location message to the old VLR (MAP/D_CANCEL_LOCATION). The old VLR will delete all the information of the MS after receiving the message and will also send cancel location confirmation message back to the HLR (MAP/D_CANCEL_LOCATION_RESULT). The new VLR will continue the process of authorization encryption and TMSI re-allocation. After that, the HLR will provide the VLR with necessary subscriber information through originating message of inserting subscriber data (MAP_INSERT_SUBSCRIBER_DATA), including information such as authorization parameters, etc. When the HLR receives the response of the VLR, it will send location updating confirmation message to the VLR. (3) Extra-VLR Location update and the IMSI number is transmitted The location updating process is the same as the above one and is simpler, since it directly request authorization parameters from the HLR through the IMSI number.
II. IMSI attachment and detachment

The IMSI attachment and detachment means to add a binary mark to the subscriber record in the MSC/VLR. The IMSI attachment process means to set the mark as access allowed, while the IMSI detachment means to set the mark as access not allowed. When the mobile phone powers on, it should notify the network of the power-on state. This notification process is implemented as follows: The mobile station sends an IMSI attachment message (IMSI ATTATCH) to the network so that the network can
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know that the current state of the mobile phone has changed. The network will indicate clearly the current subscriber state in the system data when receiving this message, such that the network can originate its paging program when the paging message of the mobile station arrives. After power-on, if the mobile station finds that its stored LAI number is consistent with the current LAI number, then it will perform the IMSI attachment process. It program process is basically the same as that of INTRA VLR LOCATION UPDATE, and the only difference is that the LOCATION UPDATING REQUEST message clearly indicates that the location updating type is IMSI attachment. Its initialization message includes the IMSI number of the mobile station. After power-on, if the mobile station finds that its stored LAI number is not consistent with the current LAI number, then it will execute normal location updating process. It the mobile station wants to power off, it will define to trigger the IMSI detachment process through a key. During this process, only one command is sent from the MS to the MSC/VLR. This is a piece of unconfirmed message. When the MSC receives the IMSI detachment request, it will notify the VLR to add the Detach mark to the IMSI, but the HLR is not informed of the message that the subscriber has detached from the network. When this subscriber is paged, the HLR will request the roaming number (MSRN) from the VLR where the subscriber is located. In this case, the HLR will be informed that the subscriber has detached from the network. Thus, the paging program will not be executed and the paging message will be directly treated, such as playing the announcement The subscriber is powered off, etc. After the MS sending out this message, the RR connection will be abandoned automatically.
III. Periodic location updating

If the following conditions occur, the network will always lose connection with the mobile phones: (a). When the powered-on mobile station moves out of the covered area (i.e., blind area) of the network, in such case, the mobile station cannot send any instructions to the network, therefore, the network cannot know the current state of the mobile phone and it will still think that the mobile station is in attachment state. (b). When the mobile station sends the IMSI Detach message to the network, if the link is off poor quality due to certain interference in the uplink lf the radio path, then the network possibly cannot correctly decode the message. Therefore, it means that the system still think that the MS is in attachment state. (c). When the mobile station is powered off, it still cannot inform the network of its current state, so the two of them lose connection. When the above three cases occur, if the mobile station is being paged, then the system will send the paging message in the location area which the subscriber has registered before. The result is of course that the network cannot receive the paging response, which will lead to invalid system resources seizure. To solve this problem, the GSM system takes corresponding measures to force the mobile station to report its current location to the network after a certain period of time. Thus, with this kind of mechanism, the network can understand whether any change occur to the current state of the mobile station. This is the periodic location updating mechanism. With the help of the system broadcast message of BCCH in the cell, the BSS sends the periodic location updating time (T3212) to all subscribers in the cell so as to force the mobile stations to automatically originate the location updating request to the network after the timer is timeout (the request reason should be marked as periodic location updating. After the cell selection or reselection, the mobile station will read T3212 from the system message of the current service cell, and also it will set the timer and store it in its SIM card. After that, the mobile station will automatically originate location-updating request to the network if it finds that the T3212 is timeout. Correspondingly, for the NSS part, the network will periodically query the subscribers marked as IMSI attachment in its VLR and it will change the identifier of the subscribers (which do not have any connection with the network during this period of time) as IMSI detachment (IMSI DETATCH), so as to prevent paging for such mobile stations (such paging will lead to waste of system resources).
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This period of time is called the IMSI detachment time. To improve the connected rate, it is expected that the time be set as a shorter value (on the precondition that it is longer than periodic location updating time). However, the coverage differs greatly for different areas. This difference should be taken into consideration in LAC division, and meanwhile, it is much better to set the IMSI detachment time with LAC as unit for the convenience of matching with the periodic location updating time setting. The periodic location updating is an important means for the close connection between the network and mobile subscribers. Therefore, the shorter the periodic location updating time, the better the overall performance of the network. However, frequent location updating will lead to side effects: On one hand, the signaling traffic of the network will be greatly increased and the utilization ratio of radio resources is decreased, which will exert some influence upon the processing capacity of MSC, BSC and BTS; on the other hand, the power consumption of the mobile phone will be severely increased, so the standby time of the mobile phone in the system is greatly shortened. Therefore, please take the actual conditions into integrated consideration in T3212 setting.
1.3 Huawei Handover Algorithm

To adapt to the rapid development of mobile communication service and to solve the problems of insufficient frequency resources and network congestion, Huawei M900/M1800 system has adopted hierarchical network architecture, as shown in 7-1.
Umbrella Cell GSM900 Cell GSM 900
GSM 900
GSM 900
GSM 900
GSM1800 Cell
GSM1800
GSM1800
GSM1800
Micro Cell
GSM900 GSM1800
GSM900 GSM1800
GSM900 GSM1800
GSM900 GSM1800
Figure 7-1 Hierarchical network architecture The whole network uses four layers as the basic framework: Umbrella, Macro, Micro and Pico. Each layer can be configured with 16 priorities, which provides operators with sufficient network planning space so as to adapt to various complicated networking environment. Where, the Macro layer is the main force 900 layer, the Micro layer is the main force 1800 layer and the Pico layer is the microcell layer of 900 and 1800. Purpose of hierarchical network design: To rapidly expand the network capacity with the application of the hierarchical network and to remove the bottleneck of network frequency resources. Try best to guide the dual frequency mobile phones to be resident in M1800 cells so as to ease the congestion state of the original M900 network.
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To widen the coverage range and to improve the signal quality of hot spots and large-traffic areas.
1.3.1 Handover Decision Flow

The decision flow of Huawei handover algorithm is shown in Figure 7-2.
Figure 7-2 Decision flow of Huawei handover algorithm
1.3.2 Measurement Report Pre-processing

The measurement report pre-processing mainly includes the following two functions:
I. Measurement Result (MR) Interpolation

Generally, the MS will periodically report the measurement results of the uplinks and neighboring cells, and the BTS will combine the measurements of corresponding uplinks to form Measurement Result and then will report to the BSC. If due to some reason, the received measurement results are discontinuous, then these lost measurement results should be interpolated within a certain loss limit. This processing is called MR interpolation calculation. The continuity of the MR is judged by Measurement result number, and the interpolation algorithm adopts simplified one-order interpolation method (the lost value is calculated according to the measurement value at both ends of the lost measurement result).
II. MR filtering (MR Time Evaluation)

The series of measured values corresponding to a radio link will not be a smooth curve. To remove accidental factors in handover decision, smooth processing should be conducted for various measured values. This process is regarded as MR filtering.
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There many methods for MR averaging. At present, we use the method of obtaining current values for decision-making by the simple forward averaging. The number of forward obtained values is called filter length. For different types of measured values, there are different filter lengths.
1.3.3 Penalty Processing

I. Penalty for handover failure
Among existing algorithms, when the service cell fails in handover to the neighboring cell, it will terminate regarding the neighboring cell as the destination cell, but continue handover attempts to the cell. Thus it will lead to frequent invalid handover attempts and exert great influence upon the system performance. Therefore, in cell handover, once the handover fails, the destination cell should be punished during a certain period of time so as to avoid frequency unsuccessful handover attempts.
II. BQ and TA penalty

For emergency handover caused by BQ and TA, after handover to the destination cell, once the destination cell needs handover due to reasons such as traffic, priority, etc. (since in this case it cannot obtain the TA and receiving quality of the original service cell except the received level), if the received level of the original cell is higher, then the MS will still possibly be handed over back to the original service cell, thus leading to ping-pong handover. Therefore, the penalty-processing module also includes the handover penalty for BQ and TA, i.e., After the MS is handed over to its neighboring cell due to TA and BQ, the original service cell will be punished during a certain period of time.
1.3.4 Handover Sequencing Algorithm

To select an appropriate destination handover cell, the neighboring cells will be queued according a certain sequencing principle. The M criteria, K criteria and 16bit criteria.
I. M criteria
Firstly, determine whether the received levels of the neighboring cells are higher than the minimum received level, since only the neighboring cells whose received lever is higher than the minimum received level can enter the candidate cell list, i.e., the neighboring cells are tailored according their received levels. For the service cell: RXLEV(o) >MSRXMIN(o) + MAX(0,Pa(o)) For neighboring cells: RXLEV(n) > MSRXMIN(n)+ MAX(0,Pa(n)) Where, RXLEV(o) and RXLEV(n) are MS received levels of the service cell and the neighboring cell respectively, while MSRXMIN(o) and MSRXMIN(n) are the minimum received levels of the MS required by the service cell and the neighboring cell. Pa(o)=MS_TXPWR_MAX(o)-P; Pa(n)=MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)-P; P =max_power_of_ms; MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) is maximum transmitting power of mobile phone limited by the BSS. max_power_of_ms is the maximum transmitting power of the mobile phone itself. The method can be described as follows: The existing algorithm only considers the
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minimum received power threshold of downlink and does not consider uplink. Thus, if the maximum power of the mobile phone exceeds the maximum transmitting level required by the BSS, then Pa is equal to zero, i.e., the uplinks of the mobile phone can also meet the requirements; to the contrary, the minimum received level of downlink should be added with a compensation value to meet the requirements of uplink received level of the neighboring cell.
II. K criteria
The sequencing of candidate cells is based upon the received level. A hysteresis exists among the cells, i.e., the K hysteresis, which is equivalent to a threshold between different cells and plays the function of handover stabilizer. The actual received level of the downlink of a neighboring cell subtracted by a virtual offset (K hysteresis) is the received level of the neighboring cell finally obtained by the service cell. All neighboring cells are sequenced according to this value and the priorities of the neighboring cells are reduced from front to back.
III. 16 bits criteria

Huwei BSC handover algorithm is based upon the 16bit criteria of each cell, the cell with the minimum value is selected as the handover cell.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The specific meaning of each bit is as follows: Bits 1 to 3: Sequencing based upon the received level of each cell. It results from the sequencing of six candidate cells and one service cell according the received level (with the combination of the received level and the corresponding penalty). Bit 4: the handover hysteresis comparing bit between cells of the same layer. Bit 3 of the service cell is zero all the time. When the received level of a neighboring cell subtracted by the received level of the service cell is greater than the inter-cell handover hysteresis, it is set as 0; when the received level of a neighboring cell subtracted by the received level of the service cell is less than the inter-cell handover hysteresis, it is set as 1. Bits 5 to 10: Bits in handover layering and leveling. The bits are used for determine the layers and priority levels (when the level of the neighboring cell or service cell is lower than relationship between the inter-layer handover threshold and hysteresis, they will be screened and set as 0). There are 64 priorities. Bit 11: Load adjusting bit. If the candidate cell is the service cell and the load is greater than or equal to the local handover start threshold, then it is set as 1, or it will be set as 0; if the candidate cell is the neighboring cell and the load is greater than or equal to the local handover receiving threshold, then it is set as 1, or it will be set as 0. For the load handover start threshold and receiving threshold, please refer to the load handover data table. No matter whether the load handover switch is opened or not, the bit plays its due function. Bit 12: Common BSC adjusting bit (i.e., sharing the same BSC). If the level of the neighboring cell or the service cell is lower than the relationship between the interlayer handover threshold and hysteresis, it will be screened and set as 0. Bit 13: Adjustment bit sharing the same MSC. When the level of the neighboring cell or service cell is lower than relationship between the inter-layer handover threshold and hysteresis, they will be screened and set as 0. Bit 14: Inter-layer handover threshold adjusting bit. Whether the level of the neighboring cell is higher than the inter-layer handover threshold + hysteresis or the level of the service cell is higher than the inter-layer handover threshold hysteresis. The bit is set as 0 or 1. Bit 15: Cell type adjusting bit (mainly used for 70KM extended cell).
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1.3.5 Emergency Handover

The emergency handover means that the triggering of the handover is rapid. At present, the emergency handover mainly destinations at four cases: High TA, poor receiving quality, rapid decrease of received level and great interference. During emergency handover, the best cell will be selected only according to the current cell sequencing, not multiple sequencing, so as to speed up the time response characteristic of the system.
I. Handover caused by high TA

The timing advance can serve as a criterion for restricting cell size in a sense. The BSC will judge whether the TA of the current MS exceeds the defined maximum TA threshold TALIM (Timing Advanced LIMit). If it does, the BSC will originate an emergency handover due to high TA value.
II. Emergency handover caused by BQ

The transmission quality of links is measured with BER (Bit Error Ratio). The reason of high BER may result from low signal power or channel interference.
III. Emergency handover caused by rapid level decrease

This is mainly used to judge the emergency handover due to rapid decrease of the received level of the MS. Since in this case, if the normal handover flow is used (i.e., the handover is triggered when the received level of the MS is lower than the edge handover threshold), then the MS may be disconnected without rapid trigger since it still is making P/N decision. The judgement of rapid level decrease is the emphasis of this part. The decision method is to introduce the concept of fast filter. For rapid level decrease, considering over fluctuation of the original level, it is planned to filter the level for a short period of time and then to judge whether the level is rapidly decreased with an appropriate filter (the filter is specially used to judge rapid level decrease). The averaged filter length is set as QCKFALLLEN (3 by default). After filtering of the averaging filter, then use the filter for judging the rapid level decrease to conduct appropriate processing, shown as follows:
CF(nT) = C((n i)T) <

i=0
Where, C(nT) (when j=0) is the measured value of the current signal strength and C((n-j)T) is the corresponding measured result in the Jth period (T) before the current period.
IV. Emergency handover caused by uplink/downlink interference

If the BER of the link increases, but the received level is still high, then it is thought that the channel has been interfered and the emergency handover due to uplink/downlink interference will be originated.
1.3.6 Load Handover

The so-called load handover means that when the load of a cell is too heavy, then the load will be appropriately distributed to neighboring cells of low load so that the load is uniformly distributed over the whole network and to decrease the blocking rate. If the allowed identifier of load handover is set as HoClsAcc, then the system is allowed to perform load handover, i.e., the system allows the load to be handed over to its neighboring cell and also it allows to accept the subscribers handed over due to load reason, otherwise the cell neither can hand over subscribers to the neighboring cell due to heavy load nor the cell will accept the subscribers handed over from other cell. The traffic load handover can only be performed in cells of the same BSC. The current design supports the handover between different layers of the hierarchical
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network. To implement the load handover function, first of all please judge whether the flow level of the current system is higher than the allowed load handover threshold (ClsSysFlowLvl). If it is, then the load handover will not be performed, so as to prevent great influence of load handover upon the overall system. During load handover, please judge whether the local of the cell where the subscriber is located is higher than the load handover threshold (ClsLevel). If it is and also the subscriber is within the load handover area, then the subscriber will be handed over to the neighboring cell (if the load is lower than the received threshold ClsAcc, then the ClsAcc must be lower than ClsLevel). The purpose of setting the load handover area is to prevent that too many subscribers are handed over to the neighboring cell simultaneously. The load handover area refers to the area between the edge handover threshold and the edge handover threshold plus load handover area offset (ClsOffset). Please refer to Figure 7-3. Load handover area
N al handover orm boundary
C l el
C l el
CONF_HO_RXLEV+CLSOFFSE CONF_HO_RXLE T V CONF_HO_RXLEV+CLSRAM P
Figure 7-3 Schematic diagram of load handover Thus, it can be seen that if the system permits the load handover, then all the subscribers within the load handover area will become load handover objects simultaneously and will be handed over to Cell B. This will exert great influence upon the BSC processor and meanwhile it may lead to blocking of the destination cell. Therefore, please gradually hand over the load to Cell B. The gradual handover to Cell B is controlled by classified load handover step (ClsRamp). When the load handover is allowed, the system allows the subscribers within CONF_HO_RXLEV and CONF_HO_RXLEV+ClsRamp to be handed over to Cell B and in the meantime, the system will start the load handover timer (TimerTCLS). When the timer reaches a certain time (ClsPeriod), the system allows the subscribers within CONF_HO_RXLEV and CONF_HO_RXLEV +2*ClsRAMP to be handed over to Cell B. This process continues until all subscribers in the load handover area are handed over to Cell B. Hereafter, all subscribers in the load handover area can be handed over to Cell B. Functions such as CRO, leveled traffic control, load handover and direct reuse, etc. are applicable to abnormal traffic peak in local area of the radio network as emergency measures or real hierarchical implementation, so they should not be regarded as the main solutions to traffic congestion, since such means will change the normal cell layout and will cause accidental network quality problems such as strong signal fluctuation, etc. If a local area of the network always needs load handover or direct reuse, then please consider adjusting the sector TRX configuration of the base station and the network layout.
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1.3.7 Normal Handover

I. Edge handover
In N MRs, if P uplink levels of the MS or service cell are lower than the edge handover threshold, then the edge handover will be triggered. The edge handover requires that the candidate cells should be in front of the service cell in the queue of candidate cells.
II. Leveled cell handover

The handover of dual frequency system is implemented through setting the cells as different levels (CellLevel) and different priorities (CellPriority). That is to say, the dual frequency system is regarded as a network. According to the actual requirements, the GSM1800 system can be set as higher priority. Here, please note the lower the level, the higher the priority and the lower the priority level, the higher the priority. For example: The cell of level 1 has a priority higher than the cell of level 2, and the cell with priority set as 1 has a higher priority than the cell with a priority set as 2. The cell leveling function is implemented through setting cell levels and priority of cells in the same level. The cells are divided into four levels, and each level is divided into 16 priorities. After basic cell sequencing, the cells will be sequenced again according to the levels and priorities of the candidate cells, and the cell of high priority will be sequenced at the front. Thus, it is guaranteed that in the same condition, the MS will be handed over to cell of high priority preferably. Thus, the cell levels and priorities will play function in the sequencing of the candidate cells to which the MS may be handed over. This part is implemented in the network characteristic adjusting module of the handover algorithm. The network characteristic adjusting module will simultaneously judge whether the neighboring cell and the service cell share the same BSC/MSC, because in order to meet the requirements of independent networking and to reduce handovers between BSC and MSC as much as possible, and the priority of whether the cells share the same BSC is higher than the leveled priority, therefore, the relationship between cells should be judged. Here, please set the On/Off of CO_BSC_MSC_TREATMENT. If it is set as On, then please adjust the queue of the candidate cells according to whether the neighboring cell and the service cell configured by the data management console share the same BSC/MSC.
III. PBGT handover

In regions with dense network architecture, the actual radio coverage range is greatly larger than the distance between base stations. Thus, if the MS keeps communication in a cell, it cannot be effectively handed over to a closer cell needing lower transmitting power. Therefore, it will lead to extra-cell coverage phenomenon, which increases interference upon the radio environment and influences networking planning and optimizing. To solve this problem, please introduce the PBGT handover algorithm based upon path loss. The PBGT handover algorithm is a handover algorithm based upon path loss. The PBGT handover algorithm searches in real time whether there exists a cell which has smaller path loss and meets certain system requirements and also it will judge whether the handover is needed. The PBGT handover at least can bring about the following advantages: (1) Solving the problem of extra-cell coverage. (2) Reducing the dual frequency handover times. (3) Providing more flexible means for traffic guidance and control. (4) Providing subscribers with best current service quality all along. The GSM05.08 protocol describes the calculation of the PGBT in it appendix as
16
follows: PBGT(n) = (Min (MS_TXPWR_MAX,P) - RXLEV_DL - PWR_C_D) - (Min (MS_TXPWR_MAX (n),P) - RXLEV_NCELL(n)) --Equal to the downlink received level of the neighboring cell -(Downlink received level of the service cell + Power control level) The meaning of each parameter is as follows: MS_TXPWR_MAX: The maximum MS transmitting power allowed by the service cell MS_TXPWR_MAX (n): The maximum MS transmitting power allowed by the neighboring cell n RXLEV_DL: The downlink receiving power of the service cell RXLEV_NCELL(n): The downlink receiving power of the neighboring cell n PWR_C_D: The difference of the maximum downlink transmitting power of the service cell and the actual downlink transmitting power of the service cell caused by power control P: The maximum transmitting power of the MS When PBGT(n) > HO_MARGIN(n), the PBGT handover can be triggered. The triggering criterion of the PBGT handover is: If the path loss of the neighboring cell is less than the path loss of the service cell by a certain threshold and also meets the P/N criteria during a certain period of measurement time, then the PBGT handover will be triggered. Specifically speaking, P measurements among N measurements meet PBGT(n) > PGBT_Ho_Margin(n). Where P, N and PBGT_Ho_Margin(n) are set in the Data Management Console, and PBGT(n) is calculated according to the parameters configured through the Data Management Console and the measurement results reported by the BTS. In addition, the PBGT handover can only be performed between cells of the same level and priority and also can only be triggered in TCH channel.
IV. Speed sensitivity handover

The handover will be conducted according to the relative speed of the mobile station so as to reduce the handover times and disconnection rate. Here, we describe the speed sensitivity handover in the Active mode. Generally, portable mobile stations are relatively fixed, unreasonable extra-cell handover times will not be resulted even in dense mircocell network. However, there exists another problem: A portable mobile station can be regarded as making fast motion relative to cell size. If processed by macrocell network, such rapid motion may lead to quite a number of extra-cell handovers so that it is difficult to implement call control. Therefore, macrocells are used to provide service for these mobile stations with fast motion so that the extra-cell handover times will not increase considerably. How to judge whether a mobile station is making fast motion and what method should be used to hand over it to the macrocell are problems to solve. Principle 1: If the mobile station is making fast motion relative to the microcell network, the please hand over it to the macrocell network. Principle 2: To prevent the fast mobile station registered in macrocell from entering the microcell network, time penalty should be applied to the microcell. If the service cell is a macrocell: To prevent the fast mobile station registered in macrocell from entering the microcell network, time penalty should be applied to the microcell. If the penalty time of a certain neighboring cell is not 0, then when the neighboring cell passes the M criteria, please start the time penalty timer. Subtract the received level of the cell by a larger value before the timer is timeout so that the cell will be sequenced at the back of the
17
queue of candidate cells. Generally, the MS will be handed over to this cell only in emergency handover. If the service cell is a microcell: This algorithm adopts the method of obtaining statistic of the microcells the MS passes. Among the P microcells, if Q microcells think hat the MS is in fast motion, then the MS will be handed over the macrocell, and in the meantime, the corresponding statistical parameter will be cleared.
1.3.8 Power prediction after handover

If the transmitting power after handover is the maximum transmitting power of the MSs allowed by the new cell, then perfect connection quality can be guaranteed even for MSs in the edge areas of the cell during extra-cell handover. However, if the MSs are very close to the base station during the extra-cell handover (especially when the distance between base stations is very short), then it is unnecessary to use the maximum allowed transmitting power. Although the power control can rapidly reduce the transmitting power of a mobile station to an appropriate level, the RF power peak after extra-cell handover may lead to uplink/downlink interference upon the radio network. Furthermore, excessive power level will shorten the battery life of the MS. Please refer to Figure 7-4. Min(MS_TXPWR_MAX(n), P) MS_TXPWR(n)
BTS1
HO
BTS2
Figure 7-4 In case without handover power prediction In fact, we can set the optimum uplink received level of the cell so as to guarantee perfect communication quality during and after handover. Based upon this, we can deduce the optimized algorithm of the initial MS transmitting power after handover so as to replace the maximum allowed transmitting power with optimized initial MS transmitting power. It can also reduce the uplink power control times after handover so that the uplink level can verge to the expected power control value faster. Please define the following variables: MS_TXPWR_MAX(n): The maximum MS transmitting power of mobile phone allowed by neighboring cell n MS_TXPWR(n): The actual transmitting power of mobile phone allowed by neighboring cell n BSPWR(n): Output power of the base station transmitter of neighboring cell n BSTX_MAX(n): The maximum allowed transmitting power of neighboring cell n PATH_LOSS_UL(n): The uplink path loss of neighboring cell n PATH_LOSS_DL(n): The downlink path loss of neighboring cell n RXLEV_NCELL(n): The downlink signal level of neighboring cell n MsOptLevel(n): The optimum uplink received level of neighboring cell n After handover, please guarantee that the uplink received level is a perfect value so as to prevent possible handover failure or call disconnection. This value is represented with the optimum received level. When the received level of the base station approaches to the optimum uplink
18
received level, the received level of the MS the received level of the base station, i.e., the received level of the MS is also approaches to the optimum uplink received level. The difference between the received level of the MS and the optimum uplink received level reflects the difference between the maximum transmitting power of the base station and the required transmitting power after handover. This difference is equal to the difference between the maximum transmitting power of the MS and the required transmitting power after handover. Therefore, the calculation formula of the initial transmitting power of the MS after handover is as follows: MS_TXPWR(n) MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) - Max(0,(RXLEV_NCELL(n)- MsOptLevel(n))) Function Max( ) guarantees that the difference between the downlink level and the optimum uplink received level of the destination cell is not negative. To guarantee the calculated power is not beyond the MS capability and to set the lower limit (MSTX_LIM_MIN(n)) of the MS transmitting power so as to prevent too low MS transmitting power due to improper parameter setting, then MS_TXPWR(n) Max( Min( A, P ), MSTX_LIM_MIN(n) ) Where, A=MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)-Max(0,(RXLEV_NCELL(n) - MsOptLevel(n)))
M S _ T X P W R _ M A X (n )
R X L E V _ N C E L L (n )
M S _ T X P W R (n ) M s O p tL e v e l( n ) B TS1 H O B TS2
Figure 7-5 Case with handover power prediction If the uplink power control of the destination handover cell is not opened, then the initial transmitting power of the MS after handover should use the maximum allowed transmitting power (not the optimum value). For inter-office handover, please do not calculate the optimum value of the initial transmitting power of the MS after handover.
1.3.9 Concentric Circle Algorithm

The division of inner circle and excircle of Huawei concentric circle cell is based upon the downlink received level and timing advance of mobile phones (such as Figure 76). According to the received level threshold and timing advance threshold, the border of inner circle and excircle can be adjusted flexibly such that the inner circle and excircle can reasonably share traffic in the precondition of guaranteeing various network indices. The transmitting power of the inner circle is less than that of the excircle, so when a subscriber is in the inner circle area, then after the connection of inner circle has been set up, the measured value of the service cell obtained from the MR (Measurement Result) is based upon measured inner circle value of small power, while the measured value of the neighboring cell is based upon measured excircle value of
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large power (indicating a kind of unequality). In this case, please make power compensation for the inner circle so that the service cell will have equal position as the neighboring cell during sequencing. The power difference of the inner circle and excircle is generally the sum of the power difference of inner circle/excircle power amplifier, insertion loss difference of combiners, path loss difference of difference antennas and path loss difference of difference frequencies. If the inner circle and excircle shares the same antenna, then please select any a test point, close the uplink power control function and set up communication connection in the inner circle and excircle respectively, and then measure the stable signal strength difference of the inner circle and excircle in communication state (the data is configured as this difference). If the inner circle and excircle does not share the same antenna, then please select three test points and test according to the previous method, and finally average the difference. In the figure, the TA threshold and path loss threshold are the thresholds preset by the system and the broken line stands for the actually configured threshold. There is a hysteresis between the value of the real limited area and the configured value. The inner circle area can be expressed as: received level > Received level threshold + Received level Hysteresis and threshold - TA Hysteresis The excircle area can be expressed as: received level Received level threshold -Received level Hysteresis threshold + TA Hysteresis or TA TA TA<TA
Obviously, there is a blank segment between the inner circle and excircle expressed by the formulas, i.e.: Received level threshold - Received level Hysteresis < Received level Received level threshold +Received level Hysteresis and TA threshold - TA Hysteresis TA< TA threshold - TA Hysteresis This area is the hysteresis area of the concentric circle. It is the same as the hysteresis concept of ordinary handover algorithm. Its main function is to prevent the ping-pong handover. If the TA value is 63 and the TA Hysteresis value is 0, then the border of the inner circle is completely determined by the received level parameter; if the received level threshold is 63 and the received level Hysteresis is 0, then the border of the inner circle is completely determined by the parameter TA.
Excircle
Receiving level threshold Receiving level hysteresis
TA threshold nner circle
TA hysteresis
Figure 7-6 Division of inner circle and excircle for concentric circle cell
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I. Channel allocation technology of concentric circle cell

With the consideration of the characteristics of concentric circle cells, the channel allocation technology of the concentric circle cell adopts different allocation policies for different channel allocation conditions, mainly including the following conditions: (1) Instant assignment There are not the received level and TA for reference during the instant assignment. To guarantee the service quality, the SDCCH channels in the excircle will be allocated preferably. The signaling channels of the inner circle will be allocation only when there is not any available signaling channel in the excircle. (2) Assignment The channel allocation policy of concentric circle is used for channel allocation. Firstly, please judge the subscriber position according to the MR in SDCCH. When the subscriber is within the inner circle range, then try best to allocate the inner circle channels, and when there is not any available inner circle channel, then allocate the excircle channels. Similarly, when the subscriber is within the excircle range, try best to allocate the excircle channels, and when there is not any available excircle channel, then allocate the inner circle channel, so as to implement the purpose that the appropriate service layer provides subscribers with appropriate services. (3) Internal handover of BSC It is applicable to non-concentric circle handover and direct handover to neighboring cell from the inner circle. The concentric circle channel allocation policy is used for channel allocation such that the appropriate service layer will provide service for mobile phones handed over to the cell. The basic principle is: through adding the measured value of BCCH in the destination cell to the handover request message between BSC cells, provide the values for concentric circle cell decision and select the service layer to allocate channels preferably. The decision method in this case is basically the same as that of the concentric handover decision. However, the TA value of the destination cell cannot be obtained, so the TA condition in the concentric circle decision cannot be considered. (4) Inter-BSC handover Since the received level and TA of the neighboring cell cannot be obtained, the mode of preferable inner circle/excircle selection without policy is applied with switch selection. For example, in ordinary networking condition, the inter-BSC handover is triggered at cell edges, so in this case the excircle channels can be selected preferably; While in dual frequency networking condition, 900/1800 shares the same station in most cases, in such a case, if there is a great number of incoming handovers (generally such handover is not triggered at cell edge), therefore, the inner circle channels can be selected preferably.
II. Concentric circle handover technology

Generally, the inner circle has more channels, so the traffic bearing capacity of the inner circle is far greater than the excircle. Therefore, if an MS sets up connection in the excircle, then when the MS moves to the service area of the inner circle, it should be handed over to the inner circle. The inner circle only has a limited coverage, therefore, if an MS sets up connection in the inner circle, then when the MS moves to the border of the inner circle and excircle, the MS should be handed over to the excircle channel so as to maintain the connection. In generally, the concentric handover is inter-cell handover. In some special cases, maybe the MS needs to be handed over to a neighboring cell directly from the inner circle, for example when the
21
excircle is congested. Call disconnection may occur if the MS is not allowed to be directly handed over to the neighboring cell from the inner circle. Decision criteria of concentric handover: (1) Handover from excircle to inner circle When the current service layer is the excircle, if P among N measurement times meets the following condition Rxlev > Received level threshold +Received level Hysteresis Downlink power control compensation, and also If TA < TA threshold - TA Hysteresis, then handover from the excircle to the inner circle will be triggered. IN this case, if the inner circle does not have any available channel, it will directly return the handover rejection message (the cause value is no available channel). When the handover from the excircle to the inner circle is triggered, then the handover to the neighboring cell is not allowed. Because, the condition for triggering the handover from the excircle to the inner circle is that the received level of the current service cell is higher than a threshold, while the inner circle has higher traffic bearing capacity and has higher priority level, so the concentric circle handover is triggered. However, in this case if the handover to the neighboring cell is triggered, the network optimization is not reflected and the handover may increase the excircle load of the neighboring cell. The handover from the excircle to the neighboring cell can be implemented through other handover modes, such as PBGT handover, edge handover, etc. (2) Handover from inner circle to excircle When the service layer is the inner circle, if P among N measurement times meets Rxlev Received level threshold -Received level Hysteresis Downlink power control compensation or If TA TA threshold + TA Hysteresis, then the handover from the inner circle to the excircle will be triggered. When the handover from the inner circle to the excircle is triggered, the direct handover to the neighboring cell is not allowed. In this case, if the excircle does not have any available channel, then it will directly return the handover rejection message (the cause value is no available channel). Where, the meaning of each parameter is as follows: Rxlev: The downlink received level of the current channel Downlink power compensation: Due to power consumption of the current channel caused by the downlink power control, the calculation is the current BS power level multiplied by 2. Please not that the BCCH TRX channel needs special processing. P: P/N decision parameter, i.e., data configuration [Statistic time of concentric circle handover] N: P/N decision parameter, i.e., data configuration [Duration of concentric circle handover]
1.4 Huawei Power Control Technology

The second generation of Huawei power control algorithm can implement the following functions: (1) MR (Measurement Result) compensation (2) Filtering of predicted MR
22
(3) Canceling initial adjustment stage (relative to the first generation of Huawei power control algorithm) (4) Adjusting power calculation decision optimization After power control, the MR compensation is a kind of remedial measure to solve the problem that the received level in the MR before power adjustment obviously cannot reflect the current receiving condition. These MRs may be used to estimate the current receiving condition or to predict future MR values. For high accuracy, appropriate compensation should be made. The MR prediction filtering function is mainly an improved means for dealing with in sufficient power control hysteresis. To achieve concise and explicit concept and in the meantime prevent the initial adjustment after introduction of accessed level optimization measure from becoming a useless adjustment process, the initial power adjustment has been cancelled in the second generation of power control algorithm. Our main design considerations include: firstly, put forward power adjustment requirements according to receiving quality and received level, and then implement the decision with combined consideration. Thus, the power control efficiency can be improved and the instability of the algorithm can be removed since such solution can bring about more information for reference and better power control policy adjustment can be conducted.
S ec ond generatio n of Huawei power control algorithm
Is MR compensation allowed
Yes
MR queue compensation
N o
MR queue compensation
N o
MS power processing
N o
Yes
Yes
MS power processing
Uplink MR prediction filtering
MS power processing
MS power Control
MS power processing
Figure 7-7 Flow diagram of the second generation of Huawei power control algorithm
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1.4.1 MR Preprocessing
I. MR compensation
Every time when an MR is received, the MR will be placed in the MR queue to serve as the original materials for power control and handover decision. To make decision, take integrated consideration of certain number of new MRs. We had such an assumption before that these MRs were obtained in the condition of constant transmitting power. Thus, if we found that the average received level had changed, we thought that the path loss had changed, so the change would be compensated on the basis of the current transmitting power. However, the present situation is that, these latest MRs possibly are obtained in different transmitting power conditions. Thus, the method of using the MRs before power adjustment to estimate the received level in current transmitting power condition will surely lead to error. To reduce such error, the MRs before power adjustment should be compensated. The specific method is to compensate the received level for the historical MRs at the moment when the power adjustment changes (considering adjustment delay, we can judge whether the transmitting power has changed according to the actual MRs). The MR compensation after power adjustment is to guarantee the accuracy of the MR prediction function of the second generation of power control algorithm.
II. Prediction filtering

The power control is a process of transmitting power control based upon the current received level and the receiving quality. The sending and transmission of power control command and power adjustment will take certain period of time, so there will exist certain hysteresis between the receiving change and corresponding transmitting power adjustment. If the hysteresis is very severe, then the transmitting power change not only cannot compensate the receiving change, but to the contrary, it will accelerate this change, so the power adjustment cannot play its due active function. In general, after the transmitting power adjusment command on the uplink is sent out, the transmitting power will be adjusted after three MRs. However, after the power adjustment command on downlink is sent out, the transmitting power will be adjusted immediately. Therefore, the power control hysteresis is mainly applied to the uplinks. It can be predicted that, the delivering of power control command in advance will facilitate the effective control of the received level, which is beneficial to stable received level and high receiving quality. The basic principle of the prediction filtering is: Firstly, calculate the weighed mean value (P1) of the received levels in N1 MRs approaching to the calculation moment, and then calculate the weighed mean value (P2) of N2 points before N1 points, and finally predict received level (Py) of the subsequent points according to N1 and N2. Thus, the prediction filtering value of the received level is: Py=P1 + (P1-P2) a (a stands for the amplification coefficient) Here, the time weighing is used. The newer the MRs is, the larger the weighed value will be. As, the newer MRs reflect comparatively current situations more accurately. This value can be directly used during average decision of power control. This value can also serve as a new MR to predict the next reference value with the same method, and so on. To improve the system controllability, the prediction times can be set in the background.
1.4.2 Second Generation of Huawei Power Control Policy

According to the actual communication state based upon different power adjustment requirement combinations, the second generation of Huawei power control algorithm adopts pertinent power control policy so as to guarantee the validity and stability of the power control algorithm. The following three steps are taken for the calculation of
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adjustment power:
I. Calculating adjustment power step according to the received level (AdjStep_Lev)

To improve the system flexibility and to prevent power control fluctuation, the dualthreshold power control policy is used. To guarantee rapid and accurate positioning of the power adjustment, the variable step power control is used. Please refer to the current receiving quality in final determination of step adjustment, because according to our estimation of the actually measured results, different receiving quality values correspond to different average received levels. Generally, the corresponding average received level when the receiving quality is 0 is far greater than the average received level when the receiving quality is not 0. When the receiving quality is not 0, the average received levels are almost the same. When the receiving quality is 0, if the received level requires that the transmitting power should be decreased by 6dB, then after the power adjustment, the receiving quality is possibly 0. Thus, the power control is implemented. When the receiving quality is 1, then similarly, if the received level requires that the transmitting power should be decreased by 6dB, then after the power adjustment, the receiving quality possibly turns to 4. Thus, the receiving quality may require higher transmitting power. Therefore, the power adjustment just now is not as good as that when the receiving quality is 0. With such consideration, we take the measure of appropriately referring to the current receiving quality in the adjustment step based upon the power of the received level, so as to better match with the actual situations and to make the power adjustment more efficient. Based on the first generation of Huawei power control algorithm, the second generation of Huawei power control algorithm has been improved with direct requirements for control target. The adjustment step based upon the final power of the received level will use the smaller one of the following two values. (1) The adjustment step AdjStepThr_Lev based upon the comparison of the actual received level and the threshold. When the received level is low, the power will increase. In this case we can judge that when Rxlev<PcLowerThresoldsLev, AdjStepThr_Lev=IncrStep_Lev =(PcLowerThresoldsLev+PcUpperThresoldsLev)/2-Rxlev When the received level is higher, the power will decrease. In this case, when we judge Rxlev>PcUpperThresoldsLev, AdjStepThr_Lev=DecrStep_Lev =Rxlev-(PcUpperThresoldsLev+PcLowerThresoldsLev)/2 When the received level falls between the upper threshold and the lower threshold, the transmitting power will not be adjusted.
In this case, when we judge that when PcUpperThresoldsLev Rxlev PcLowerThresoldsLev, the transmitting power will not be adjusted. In the above formula, the data: Rxlev is the actual received level after prediction filtering. PcLowerThresoldsLev PcUpperThresoldsLev stands for the upper/lower threshold, which is set through the background. The distance between the two thresholds should not be too great, or the power control will be not so sensitive to the change of the received levels and will lead to greater fluctuation of the received levels. However, it also should not be too small, or the power control will be too sensitive to the change of the received levels, which will lead to power control fluctuation easily and will excessively restrict the improvement space of the transmitting power due to low receiving quality. It is recommended that the appropriate distance be 6 to 10dB. The range can float upwards/downwards according to the actual requirements.
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IncrStep_Lev, DecrStep_Lev and AdjStepThr_Lev are the calculated values, respectively standing for increased power step, decreased power step and the adjustment step based upon the comparison of the received level and threshold. (2) The maximum reference adjustment step of the current receiving quality (CurQulMaxStep). For the convenience of more effective adjustment, some actual receiving conditions are taken into consideration. The receiving quality is divided into three quality areas (0, 1 to 2, above 3), and each quality area specifies a maximum reference adjustment step (can be set in the background). The higher the receiving quality is, the greater the step. The lower the quality, the smaller the step, because in this case, the system faces more interference and is quite sensitive. Thus it facilitates in guaranteeing the stability of the algorithm. The setting of the maximum allowed adjustment for each quality area is based upon two aspects: (a). The setting should not be too small, or the algorithm cannot attain the purpose of fast power control. (b). The setting cannot be too great, or the due reference function cannot be implemented, which will lead to decreased power control validity. It is recommended that the maximum reference adjustment step of quality area 0 be 8 to 16dB, that of quality area 1 be 4 to 8dB and that of quality area 2 be about 3dB or 4dB. The adjustment step calculated according to the received level is: AdjStep_Lev =min (AdjStepThr_Lev, CurQulMaxStep).
II. Calculating adjustment power step (AdjStep_Qul) according to receiving quality

Generally, the receiving quality varies with interference. The main interference in the GSM system is the cofrequency interference generated during frequency multiplexing. This interference is mutual, the increased power of a call is equivalent to the increased interference of another call. Therefore, please pay attention to the power adjustment caused by receiving quality change so as to prevent the vicious cycle of improving transmitting power due to low quality. The result of such group effect is that all GSM systems use the maximum transmitting power, but the receiving quality is not improved at all. The receiving quality threshold is also set as dual threshold. The transmitting power will not be adjusted for receiving quality within the quality area, but the transmitting should be adjusted for those out of the quality area. Because you cannot estimate the influence of the transmitting level change upon the receiving quality, and furthermore, to guarantee the stability of the algorithm, please try to prevent large step during power adjustment. We have used the fixed step. This value can be set in the background. (1) Improving transmitting power for low receiving quality If Qulity>PcbadThresoldsQul, please increase the transmitting power and increase the step to AdjStep_Qul. (2) Decreasing transmitting power for high receiving quality If Qulity<PcgoodThresoldsQul, please decrease the transmitting power and decrease the step to AdjStep_Qul. (3) Please do not adjust the transmitting power when the receiving quality falls between the upper/lower thresholds If PcbadThresoldsQul Qulity PcgoodThresoldsQul, please do not adjust the transmitting power. Data in the formula: Qulity is the actual receiving quality value after filtering. PcgoodThresoldsQul PcbadThresoldsQul stands for the good/poor receiving quality thresholds, which can be set through the background. Generally, it is recommended that the good threshold be 0 and the poor threshold be 2. AdjStep_Qul is the adjustment step of the receiving quality and is also set through the background. This value should not be too great, since in most cases, the receiving
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quality improvement is based upon the transmitting power increase. In this case, the receiving quality is very poor, so please increase the transmitting power gradually. It is recommended that the value be set as 2 to 4dB.
III. Combining the two power control requirements

When taking the two requirements into combined consideration, on one hand, try best to meet its requirements, and on the other hand, when the two requirements are not consistent or completely opposite, then please consider the stability of the algorithm and forbid unstable adjustment. Based upon the above principles, the following power adjustment table is obtained:
Adjust step according to received level Reduce AdjStep_Lev Reduce AdjStep_Lev Reduce AdjStep_Lev Add AdjStep_Lev Add AdjStep_Lev Add AdjStep_Lev No action No action No action Adjust step according to receiving quality Reduce AdjStep_Qul Add AdjStep_Qul No action Add AdjStep_Qul Reduce AdjStep_Qul No action No action Reduce AdjStep_Qul Add AdjStep_Qul Take adjustment results into comprehensive consideration Reduce Max (AdjStep_Lev, AdjStep_Qul) No action Reduce djStep_Lev Add Max(AdjStep_Lev, AdjStep_Qul) Add AdjStep_Lev Add AdjStep_Lev No action Reduce AdjStep_Qul Add AdjStep_Qul
Furthermore, besides the adjustment as shown in the above table, please pay attention to the power control fluctuation due to mutual action of the received level and the receiving quality. For example, after, the transmitting power should be decreased by 4dB according to the received level, the poor receiving quality requires an increase of 4dB, and after than the received level again requires an increase f 4dB. Thus, the fluctuation is generated due to cyclic increase/decrease. The method to avoid such fluctuation is: If only the receiving quality has power adjustment requirement, then please check after the adjustment, whether the received level will exceed the dual-threshold range. If it will, then please do not conduct the power adjustment, so as to avoid power control fluctuation. Thus, we can obtain the power step to be finally adjusted. The uplink/downlink adjustment policies should be consistent.
1.5 New Channel Allocation Algorithm

The new channel allocation algorithm is based upon the optimization mechanism. Comparing with the classical first generation of channel allocation algorithm based upon rotation, the new channel allocation algorithm can provide subscribers with communication channels as good as possible. The new channel allocation algorithm considers the following optimization factors: Interference priority, TRX priority and historical seizure record priority. (1) Interference priority The interference priority is consistent with the interference carried by the radio resources indication message, reflecting the channel quality. (2) TRX priority TRX priority: It is determined by the network parameter TRX optimization level. The higher the level is, the more preferable the channel allocation will be. The lower the level, the more difficult the channel allocation will be. (3) Historical seizure record priority. Successful seizure: Priority increased;
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Failed seizure: Priority decreased Call disconnection during seizure: Priority decreased Interference during seizure: Priority decreased. To restore the historical seizure record priority of channels after deterioration, every period of time, we should increase the historical seizure record priority by a constant.
1.6 Dual-frequency Network Technology

1.6.1 Necessity for Building Dual-frequency Network
Predicted according to the 4 3 networking mode of macrocells, the maximum subscriber number supported by the GSM900 macrocell is about 40 million, that is to say, if there is not a fast, economic and effective expansion scheme, the mobile communication frequency resources and radio channels will become more insufficient. There are many methods for GSM system expansion, including adding macrocell base stations, reducing distance between base stations, adopting multiple frequency multiplexing technology (MRP), expanding microcell, half-rate application, etc. However, these methods cannot slove the problem of insufficient network capacity fundamentally. Comparatively, the introduction of GSM1800 (1805 to 1880MHz and 1710 to 1785MHz) network will bring about the following advantages: (1) The application of different frequencies from GSM900 (935 to 960MHz, 890 to 815MHz) and the communication bandwidth as high as 75M can effectively solve the bottleneck of GSM900 frequency resources. (2) It has the same specifications as the GSM900 system and can repeatedly utilize the existing GSM900 sites. Therefore, the building of the GSM1800 network is a fast and effective means to solve the expansion problem fundamentally.
1.6.2 Fast Fading Characteristic and Coverage Problem of GSM1800

Since the working frequency of GSM1800 is one time that of GSM900, according to the COST-231 model and actual experiences, within the horizon, the transmission loss of GSM1800 is higher than that of GSM 900 by 6dB; while beyond the horizon, the transmission loss of GSM1800 is higher than that of GSM by 10dB; and within buildings, it is higher than that by 5 to 17dB (depending different media). The fast fading characteristic of GSM1800 goes against perfect coverage of GSM1800 (the coverage of the GSM1800 exerts direct influence upon the network performance.
I. GSM1800 Coverage requirements

(1) Outdoor coverage If the distance between base stations is not so great, then the outdoor coverage is easily implemented. If necessary, besides the building of GSM1800 sites on the original GSM900 sites, you should also considering building new sites in necessary places. (2) Indoor coverage To guarantee perfect indoor coverage of the GSM1800 system, the distance between base stations in downtown area should not be greater than 1000 meters. The city buildings in China mainly adopts the reinforced concrete structure with high transmission loss, therefore, it is recommended that the distance between base stations be about 500 to 800 meters.
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II. GSM1800 characteristics in different coverage degrees

(1) Perfect consecutive coverage The GSM1800 system has the following characteristics: easy to absorb traffic, small number of inter-layer handover, high operation quality, easy to implement frequency allocation and network optimization, easy to control traffic distribution, one-step station building, gradual expansion according to TRX setting, convenient to construct and maintain, big investment and difficult to determine all stations at one time. (2) Consecutive coverage in hotspot regions The GSM1800 system has the following characteristics: Only absorbing limited traffic, large number of dual-frequency handovers, high requirements for determining traffic hotspot, difficult in frequency allocation and network optimization due to irregular distribution of GSM1800 base stations, inconvenient to construct and maintain, and gradual station building in high-dense regions so as to save investment. (3) Sporadic coverage in hotspot regions The GSM1800 system has the following characteristics: SM1800: Only absorbing very small, frequent dual-frequency handover, high requirements for determining traffic hotspot, difficult in frequency allocation and network optimization due to irregular distribution of GSM1800 base stations, inconvenient to construct and maintain, and small volume of initial investment.
1.6.3 Dual-frequency Networking Structure

There are three dual-frequency networking modes: Independent MSC networking, MSC-sharing/independent BSC networking and BSC-sharing networking. The first two networking modes are generally called independent networking and the BSCsharing networking is also called hybrid networking. The independent networking relatively increases inter-office handover and location updating times, and it also increases the load of signaling links. The independent networking is concerned with cooperation of different manufacturers. Technically speaking, there does not exist any problem, but manual factor exerts great influence. However, these problems can be avoided. With consideration of long-term application, the independent networking is superior to the hybrid networking.
I. Independent MSC networking

BTS MS BTS EIR OMC SMC BTS MS BTS BSC MSC/VLR HLR/AUC BSC MSC/VLR
GSM900
GSM1800
Figure 7-8 Independent MSC networking mode Characteristics: (1). It will not exert any influence upon the original network.
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(2). It is characterized by explicit networking planning, clear network data configuration and easy engineering implementation. (3). It meets the requirements for long-term network expansion. (4). It is convenient for whole network management and new service development. (5). It needs large volume of initial investment in network building and small volume of unit user investment. (6) Competition is introduced so as to decrease equipment investment and improve service quality. (7). Both MSC and BSC have backup to enhance the network security.
II. MSC-sharing/independent BSC networking

BTS MS BTS OMC MSC/VLR SMC BTS MS BTS BSC HLR/AUC EIR BSC
GSM900
GSM1800
Figure 7-9 MSC-sharing/independent BSC networking mode Characteristics: (1) It will exert great influence upon the original network. (2) It needs re-planning of the NSS and it is quite difficult to implement the engineering. (3) It has limited expansion space, so it may lead to difficulty in engineering and maintenance for network development. (4) It needs small volume of initial investment in network building and small volume of unit user investment. (5) Competition can be introduced so as to decrease equipment investment and improve service quality to some degree. (6) The BSC has backup so as to achieve certain network security
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III. BSC-sharing networking

BTS MS BTS BTS BSC
OMC MSC/VLR SMC
EIR
HLR/AUC
BTS MS BTS BTS BSC
GSM900
GSM1800
BTS GSM1800/GSM900
Figure 7-10 BSC-sharing networking mode Characteristics: (1) It may exert great influence upon the original network. This characteristic is more obvious when the BSC capacity is smaller. (2) It needs re-planning of the NSS and it is quite difficult to implement the engineering. (3) It has limited expansion space, so it may lead to difficulty in engineering and maintenance for network development. (4) Restricted new service development (5) Competition cannot be introduced, so it is hard to deduce the price and improve the service. (6) It needs small volume of initial investment in network building, but largest volume of unit user investment.
1.6.4 Traffic guidance and Control Policy of Dual-frequency Network

According to original intention of building the 1800 network, the following principles should be followed: During the initial period of dual-frequency network construction, please try best to let 1800M cells to absorb dual-frequency subscribers. When the dual-frequency subscribers reach a certain number, then all frequencies share the traffic so as to reduce handover times and to provide quality service. To implement different traffic control policies, the operators only need to adjust different parameters.
To implement flexible and effective dual-frequency traffic guidance and control, various control policies are used: (1) In the idle mode, when a subscriber powers on a mobile phone to perform cell selection or to perform cell reselection in standby state, through setting the system parameters, the 1800M cell will have higher priority or better cell measurement comparison value so as to become the service cell of dual-frequency subscriber more easily. Thus, the subscriber will spend more time in waiting for the 1800M system before communication so as to avoid unnecessary handover. (2) During call connection setup, the mobile phone can adjust the traffic allocation
31
through direct retry. (3) In communication state, through the division of cells into different levels and the division of the same layer cell into different levels (HCS, hierarchical cell system), the traffic will goes to 1800M cell of lower level and low priority as much as possible. (4) Various dual-frequency traffic handover methods can be used to implement reasonable cell traffic load.
I. ECSC and MBR

In the GSM system, the service capability, support band, power capability and encryption capability of mobile stations are characterized by the level (CLASSMARK) of mobile stations. The CLASSMARK of mobile stations can be divided into CLASSMARKs1, 2 and 3. In a general GSM system, the network can understand various capabilities of mobile stations through querying the CLASSMARK of mobile stations. ECSC can either be Y or N. Y indicates that after link setup, the mobile station should immediately report its CLASSMARK3 to the network, and N indicates that the mobile station is not allowed to report its CLASSMARK3 to the network. The main information in CLASSMARK3 targets at dual-frequency application, therefore, please set ECSC as NO for single frequency GSM application area and set it as YES for dual-frequency GSM application area. In single frequency GSM system, when a mobile station reports the measured result of the neighboring cells to the network, it only needs to report the contents of the 6 neighboring cells with the highest signal level in a frequency band. If multi-band networking, generally, according to the actual network situations, the operator hopes that the mobile station will enter a certain frequency band preferably during extra-cell handover. Therefore, it is hoped that the MR reporting of the mobile station is not only based upon signal strength, but also based upon signal frequency band. The parameter Multi-band report (MBR) is used to indicate the mobile station needs to report contents of neighboring cells at multiple bands. 0: According to the signal strength of the neighboring cells, the mobile station will report the measurement results of the six allowed neighboring cells with the highest signal level and with known NCC, regardless of the band the neighboring cells are located. 1: The mobile station needs to report the measurement result of an allowed neighboring cell at each band (not including the band used by the current service cell) with highest signal level and know NCC included in the neighboring cell table. The neighboring cell at the band of the current service cell will be reported in residual position. If there are still residual positions, then the conditions of other neighboring cells will be reported (regardless of frequency band). The value range of MBR is 0 to 3. In multi-band application environment, the value is related to the service traffic at each band. Generally, please refer to the following principles in setting the value: If the traffic of each band is basically the same, then when the operator does not need band selectivity, please set the MBR as 0. If the traffic of each band is obviously different and the operator hopes the mobile station to enter a certain band preferably, then please set the MBR as 3.
For the case between the above two conditions, please set the MBR as 1 or 2.
II. Cell selection and reselection

In cell selection, whether the mobile phone accesses the 1800 cell or 900 cell depends upon the cell priority (it depends upon parameter C1 if the priorities are the same).
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However, the 1800M signals is of great attenuation, so C1 value of 900M cell is generally higher that of 1800M cell. Therefore, we make the 1800 cell have higher priority by setting parameters CBQ (Cell Bar Qualification) and CBA (Cell Bar Accesses). In the idle mode, through reasonable parameter adjustment, try best to make subscribers wait in the 1800 cells so that the calls are also set up in the 1800 cells. through the setting of CRO, TO, etc., 1800 cells will have higher reselection priorities.
III. Direct retry

Provided that during the call originating process in 900M band, a mobile station has implemented switching, connection and control of certain number of signalings through the control channel, then the SDCCH is used to assign TCH so as to connection the voice channel. However, in this case, it is found that the service channel is full, then please use the direct retry so that the SDCCH will assign a TCH for the mobile station, so as to guarantee successful call connection. Thus, the function of traffic-loading is implemented.
IV. Dual-frequency handover

In communication state, reasonable traffic distribution between the frequencies can be implemented with the application of various Huawei dual-frequency handover algorithms, such as leveled handover, load handover, speed-sensitive handover, PBGT handover, etc.
V. Others
In current 900/1800 dual-frequency networking, there exist the following objective phenomena: (1) With the CRO value during cell reselection, a mobile phone can easily reselect the 1800M network from the 900M network so as to guide the traffic. However, in independent MSC networking, the inconsistency of LAC leads to the location updating one more time (i.e., if the mobile phone approaches to a 900M, then when it selects a 1800M cell through CRO, it needs the location updating one more time). (2) The 1800M coverage is not continuous, especial in indoor environment, the mobile phone may have to select a 900M cell since it possibly cannot find 1800M signal at all. (3) A considerable number of single frequency 900M mobile phones still exist. According our original recommendations, through the selection of CAQ and CBA values, the 900M cells become cells of low priority, while the 1800M cells become cells of normal priority. However, in most cases (e.g., the above cases (2) and (3)), when powered on, the mobile phones are very slow to access the network. Therefore: (1) In current network condition, set the CBA and CBQ such that the 900M 1800M cells have the same normal priority, thus, when powered on, the mobile phones can access the network at fastest speed. The traffic guidance is implemented with CRO. However, in independent MSC networking, such method will lead to a redundant location updating. In current poor 1800M coverage condition, the location updating this time can be neglected among the total number of locations, while in MSC-sharing networking condition, it only leads to cell reselection one more time. (2) When the 1800M network basically implements continuous coverage and most mobile phones are dual-frequency ones, in the precondition that the 1800M network shares most of the traffic, we can set CBA and CBQ such that the 1800 cells have higher priority. Thus, when powered on, most mobile phones will access the 1800 cells and most of them will not reselect the 900M cells.
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1.6.5 Dual-frequency Networking Engineering Implementation

For engineering implementation, the policy of stepped debugging and gradual opening is used for dual-frequency network construction and optimization, which facilitates the debugging of the newly-built GSM1800 network and the newlyexpanded GSM900 network respectively. Based upon perfect adjustment of individual single networks, then conduct gradual dual-frequency network cutover debugging according to sites so as to finally implement the construction f the whole dualfrequency network. The construction of the whole dual-frequency network can be divided into three stages as a whole: Deployment preparation, single 1800 network debugging and 900/1800 dual-frequency network debugging.
I. Deployment preparation
It mainly implements dual-frequency network technology coordination and network planning. The dual-frequency technology coordination is the precondition to implement dual-frequency cooperation of different manufacturers. Huawei has been focusing on the research on the cooperation of dual-frequency technologies all along and has sufficient technical reserve strength. The network planning is the first tache in radio network construction, including site survey, electromagnetic test, coverage test, etc.
II. Single 1800 network debugging

Without the need of data modification of the original 900M network, the 900 network still provides service for subscribers and the 1800 network does not absorb any traffic. At this stage, conduct the complete test of the single 1800 network, including, coverage, dialing, handover, power control, interference, uplink/downlink power balance, contrast test of power adjustment, contrast test of 900 and 1800 coverage, etc. On one hand, these tests aim to find existing network problems, and on the other hand, the tests (power, obliquity, parameter adjustment, etc.) and the optimization of parameters such as transmitting power and obliquity, etc. of each cell in the 1800 network aims to guarantee the perfect operation of the single 1800M network.
III. 900/1800 dual-frequency debugging

After the GSM900/1800 dual-frequency network is put into service, please try to find existing network problems through various means such as drive test, etc., conduct optimization adjustment targeting at the problems and verify the optimization results. The tests include: Cell reselection and location updating test, traffic load control, continuous communication mode test, automatic re-dialing and frequency sweeping test, dual-frequency network handover test, main street call and handover test, edge area handover test, poor coverage area and indoor dialing test, outdoor dialing test in major regions, etc. Please observe the stable operation of the dual-frequency network after cooperation, analyze the traffic measurement data of the whole network and check the network operation index. According to the drive test data analysis and traffic measurement data analysis, determine the existing problems and necessary adjustment measures, and then please conduct test again after adjusting relevant network parameters until the network indices meet the design requirements. Through the above-mentioned three stages of work, implement the process of Design of dual-frequency cooperationDebugging of single network operation Debugging of dual-frequency network operation and finally implement the construction and optimization of the dual-frequency network.
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