English

For

Class X

Presented by

Contents

1. The Accomplished Leader 2. Optimism-An Elixir 3. The Little Match-Seller 4. The Light of The Other Day (Poem) 5. Make Criticisms Work for You 6. The Great Conqueror 7. A Monologue of The Wagha Border 8. Hunger ( Poem) 9. Dogs 10. Getting Down to Fashions! 11. The Chiseller and the Wise Boy 12. Light Shining Out of Darkness (Poem) 13. Mobile Technology 14. If Winter Comes to Lahore, Can Spring Be Far Behind Left? 15. The Power of Prayer 16. The Cloud (Poem) 17. Scholarship Application: Dos and Donts

The Accomplished Leader

Learning Objectives a. b. c. d. To develop and portray through actions, the importance of individual worth To recognize and practice attributes such as tolerance, patience, justice and empathy for peaceful co-existence between individuals, groups and nations To illustrate the significance of an honest, responsible and humanitarian leader To give an insight into the personality of a universal leader

Pre-Reading Questions a. b. c. d. Who is a leader? What should be the qualities of a leader? Who is your favourite leader from history? Do you think leadership is a tough job? If so, why?

GOD sent his messengers for guidance, for inculcating affection and brotherhood among the whole humanity. Our Holy Prophet(SAW) was a universal leader through and through. The Prophet Muhammad (SAW) had all the qualities that a leader is supposed to have. He was a leader not only in one aspect of life, but he led his community to success in every field. There was none in human history comparable to him as commander, statesman, religious leader, spiritual guide and much more. And We sent thee not but as a mercy for all mankind. (Holy Quran, 21:108) Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) was the greatest soldier, who devoted and sacrificed his whole life for the upholding of Islam. He confronted endless torments, yet showed his perseverance in the face of all his enemies. Although he was offered different worldly attractions, yet he denied them all by preferring eternal joys of Heaven. The Holy Prophet (SAW) was a man of action. He never hung back in putting his plans or decisions into action. He always acted with deliberation, never neglected to consult his people, but once he had come to a decision or planned something, he did not show any hesitation in carrying it out. Holy Prophet, (SAW) neither repented of what he had done, nor regretted any lost opportunity for doing something. Before starting something, he used to take all the necessary precautions, consider all the probabilities, and take counsel with those who could give expert advice on the matter, and once he made up his mind, he never faltered in execution of his decision. This is one of the most important reasons why he carried all his attempts to victory and why his companions followed him in every step he took. The Treaty of Hudaybiya is a crystal clear manifestation of his outstanding headship. It proved to be indeed a victory because by this Treaty, the Quraysh, after many years of unrelenting conflict with Islam, at length recognized Islam as an equal power with themselves. The compassion and benevolence of the Holy Prophet (SAW), his concern for seeking atonement and forgiveness of his community, his sense of justice and equality, and most of all, his purpose-oriented life were the main factors that contributed to the wonderful influence that he exercised over his companions.

The Prophet Muhammads (SAW) unique communication and leadership style led to the spread of Islam, not only within Arabia but also outside to the north, south, east, west and southwest of Arabia. Although all his companions expressed their unflinching faith in Hazrat Muhammad (SAW), and his policies, even then he used to consult all before taking any decision. Hence, he never resorted to authoritarianism. As a leader during the wartime or in peace, the Prophet (SAW) always proved himself to be the master of skillful techniques with which he accomplished his goals in delivering the message of Allah. In his political leadership communication, the Prophets demonstration of extreme selfcontrol made his followers to love him and his enemies either to give up and join his religion or to fear him and stay away. It was He, who augmented democracy in place of despotism and autocracy. There is no human being who has his life more scrutinized and documented than the Prophet Muhammad. His behavior toward his companions was perfect and towards his foes was fair. In essence, he was kind of educating them about governance. He preached the golden canons of leadership and management to all humanity. He, through his wisdom, prevented an imminent war between the tribes of the Quraysh during the reconstruction of the Kaaba. The Prophet (Saw) made all the right decisions in solving the immediate problems which appeared after the Hijra, He signed a pact with the Jewish community in Madina. According to this pact, which some scholars describe as a first constitution of the city-state of Madina, the Muslims and Jews were confederated as two separate, independent communities. As the Holy Prophet(SAW) was unanimously accepted by the communities as an arbiter in all disputes and disagreements, the new city-state of Madina was under the overall control of the Muslims. Racism was one of the severest diseases of human society not only at that time. The Holy Prophet(SAW) also eradicated the problem of racial discrimination . He maintained that a person should be respected and revered not out of his status or colour, but by dint of his devoutness and virtuosity. He uprooted social stratification, and moralized that only God is the ultimate and omnipotent authority. Once he declared that: God is my Master and I am the master of the faithful. He was accustomed to sitting on floor, and never allowed anyone to show discrimination towards him. Michael H. Hart, in his book The 100 , has ranked hundred great men from the human history with respect to their influence on humanity. He ranked the Holy Prophet Muhammmad (SAW) as the most influential man in the mans history. He extolled him in following words: My choice of Muhammad to lead the list of the world's most influential persons may surprise some readers and may be questioned by others, but he was the only man in history who was supremely successful on both the religious and secular levels. Hence, in a nutshell, the life of the Holy Prophet (SAW) as a leader is exemplary for people belonging to all spheres of life. Even when the conditions were most unfavorable, he never yielded to the desires of his opponents to make concessions. Instead, he used to say to them: Say, There is no god but Allah, and prospered in both worlds. His leadership was the most comprehensive and dynamic. He was the paragon of virtue and spirituality. Glossary Inculcating: Perseverance: fill, develop, introduce Firmness, Determination

Eternal: Deliberation: Repent: Precautions: Probabilities: Faltered: Execution: Manifestation: Unrelenting: Benevolence: Unflinching: Authoritarianism: Augmented: Sanctions: Vicious: Entangled: Rebellious: Imminent: Confederated: Arbiter: Racism: Eradicated: Virtuosity: By dint of: Omnipotent: Extolled: Exemplary: Paragon:

Unending, Endless, Timeless Thought, Care Be sorry, Ask forgiveness Safety measure Chance, Likelihood, possibility Hesitate, Weaken, Carrying out, Finishing Sign, Expression unchangeable, fixed, unmovable Kindness, Goodwill Steady, Resolute, Steadfast Tyranny, domination Improved, Increased Give permission to, Agree to Cruel, Inhuman confused, puzzled Disobedient, Disloyal Pending, About to happen Partner, Colleague Judge intolerance, injustice, unfairness Get rid of, Remove Talent, Ability By use of, as a result of All-powerful, Supreme praise, admire Ideal, Perfect, Correct Model, Shining example

Comprehension Q. 1 Q. 2 Q. 3 Q. 4 Q. 5 What qualities made the Holy Prophet (SAW) an accomplished leader? Quote any two incidents from Holy Prophets (PBUH) life to show his compassion. What is racism? How can we put an end to it? Give suggestions. Why was the Treaty of Hudaybiya signed? What qualities do you want to see in you as a leader? Justify your answer.

Library Skill Visit your school library. Consult catalogue cards to know about the number of books available on the Holy Prophet (SAW). Make a list of these books and note down information given on the catalogue cards.

Grammar A Morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning. A word can contain more than one morpheme: 'Unable' can be divided into two morphemes- the prefix 'un' and 'able', whereas the word 'mahogany' cannot be divided into anything smaller. Affixes An Affix is a Morpheme added to a word to change its function or meaning. There are the basic ways to do this: Prefix - by adding a morpheme to the beginning of a word: Possible can be made negative in meaning by adding im-: impossible Suffix - by adding -ly to the end of many adjectives, the adverb can be formed: cheerfulcheerfully Locate three prefixes and suffixes form the lesson. Phrasal Verbs or Two Part Verbs A multi-word verb consisting of a verb plus one or more particles and operating syntactically as a single unit is called Two Part Verb. (Also called compound verb , verb-particle construction , and sometimes verb phrase. Thus defined, phrasal verb is an umbrella term for different kinds of multiword verbs. English has many two-word verbs, made up of a verb and a preposition like- at, in, on, up. Twoword verbs are very common in an informal style. Example Made up Prepared, consist

Match the two-word verb and the more formal one word verb blow up go into think over abandon enter rise break up look for turn up arrive explode seek get up put off give up send back go away talk about

consider leave

discuss postpone

disintegrate return

Making of sentences Use the following words into the sentences of your own.

Compassion

Atonement

Fettered

Devotion

Discrimination

Language Skill Consonant Cluster A consonant1 cluster (sometimes known as a consonant blend) is a group of consonants that appear together in a word without any vowels between them. When reading clusters, each letter within the cluster is pronounced individually. The following worksheets and activities help with initial and final clusters. These form part of the National Literacy Strategy for Year 1. Initial Consonant Cluster Word Lists (PDF) bl- as br- as in in black break scskcl- as cr- as dr- as fl- as fr- as in in in in in freedom clean cream dream flight slsmsnspsqugl-as in glass stgr-as in grass strpl-as pr- as in in practise plight swtr-

Final Consonant Cluster Word Lists (PDF) -ct as in tract -nk -ft as in lift -nt -lb to -lt as in bulb -pt -mp as in camp -sk -nd as in friend -sp -ng as in cling -st

Make words with the help of remaining initial and final consonant cluster word list.

1 A consonant is a sound formed by stopping the air flowing through the mouth. There are 21 consonant letters in the written alphabet (B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z), and there are 24 consonant sounds in most English accents

Optimism-An Elixir
Learning Objectives a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. To learn how to practice self-discipline, patience and confidence To show the value of cheerfulness and optimism To recognize ones emotions and their expression appropriately. To identify and differentiate between simple and compound sentences Use dictionaries to locate guide words To locate examples to support an opinion e.g. an individuals point of view To consult dictionary through guide words To get familiarity with homophones and finite and non-finite verbs

Pre-Reading Questions a. b. c. d. e. f. How far self-assurance is important in gaining success? How do you face your depression and disappointment? Are you positive in your views or not? Give reasons. Can your positive feelings help you come out of sufferings? What can you do to change your thinking? Share your ideas with each other and identify shortcomings found in your ideas.

OPTIMISM means a tendency to look at the brighter and the positive aspects of life. It is a philosophical doctrine that this world is the best of all possible worlds. It also states the ultimate triumph of good over evil. Taking an instance, if someone is distressed, and something serious has happened to him, how would he behave? Would he start grumbling and complaining about that event, or would he keep himself poised and tranquil, waiting for the right moment to come? Now if he observes the positive aspects more than the negative ones, he is an optimist. Optimism is not an inborn attribute. It can be achieved through continuous practice and selfassurance. However, if one observe the dark aspects of life more than the good ones, it would be known as pessimism. Just as a picture has two sides, human life also contains two aspects: optimism and pessimism. Optimism belongs to those who have unfaltering belief in the existence of God that there is a mighty power planning all this, and the reward will be fruitful, if one remain consistent and show perseverance. There is a general consensus that Attitude makes the difference. Hence, a positive mind set can help in achieving sky high ambitions and ideals. It also affects the shaping of ones personality. Optimism leads towards self-belief, and confidence. History bears testimony to the fact that most of the historical figures lived their lives optimistically, faced all the obstacles with open arms, and governed their destiny. An optimist does not regard the external or unfavorable circumstances hinder their accomplishments. A common criteria to check ones bent of mind to is given glass of water, filled to half its capacity, as half full or as half empty. An optimist will regard it as Half full where as a pessimist will take it as Half empty. This is where Attitude matters, and directs ones actions. Similarly the statement Life is nowhere can also be used to testify ones approach. The optimist will read it as Life is now here. Paradoxically, a pessimist will go through it as Life is nowhere.

Glancing at History, Pakistans existence also is the miracle of optimism. Quaid-e-Azams perception of looking at the brighter side of life won him the battle in the shape of Pakistan. Despite the fact that all the evil forces were working together to demoralize and dispirit his strength of will, yet optimism triumphed at last. Optimism is the other name of hope. Having no hope besides is a sin refers to the idea that hope is an elixir for diseased hearts. Nevertheless, it is a Herculean task for a person to dwell on positivity al the times, and think all good, yet its not impossible. It is within the reach of an individual to go on in life, and surmount all the difficulties that come in his way of progress only if he is courageous enough to deal with it. The different other forms of Optimism are over optimism, nave optimism and strong optimism These are the overarching mental states wherein people believe that things are more likely to go well for them than go badly. In Psychology, Optimism has been shown to be correlated with better immune systems in healthy people who have been subjected to stress. Martin Seligman, in researching this area, criticized academics for focusing too much on causes for pessimism and not enough on optimism. He stated that in the last three decades of the 20th century journals published 46,000 psychological papers on depression and only 400 on joy. This reflects that society, in general, is tending to be pessimistic with the growing technological advancement and massive production of armaments of mass destruction. The greatest examples of pessimism are thought to be the two World Wars wherein people suffered from a collapse of confidence, and even religious creeds were put in question. However, this baffled state was over shadowed by the positive far-reaching outcomes of science and its accompanying development. Ultimately, society is divided into two sects: Optimists and pessimists where the latter are the defeatists, taking every misfortune as their fate. It is said that There is a touch of Optimism and goodness in every worry that befalls. Therefore, all of us must explore a silver lining in every cloud. It will be a moral victory indeed. To conclude, one should never yield and surrender in front of adverse conditions, rather follow the dictum i.e. Defeat should not be a source of discouragement, rather a fresh stimulus. Together with optimism, this will be the golden key for an exotic future. Glossary

Elixir: Doctrine: Grumbling: Tranquil: Attribute: Unfaltering: Perseverance: Consensus: Testimony: Hinder: Paradoxically: Demoralize: Surmount: Armaments: Creed: Baffled: Defeatist: Stimulus: Comprehension Q. 1 Q. 2 Q. 3 Q. 4 Q. 5 Q. 6

Cure, Remedy Policy, Set of guidelines, Principle Upset, Complaining, Touchy Calm, Peaceful, Relaxing Quality, Trait, Power, Feature Untiring, Resolute, Constant Firmness, Determination Agreement, Harmony Proof, Indication stop, check, frustrate In contradiction Dishearten, Discourage, Overcome, Conquer, Overcome Weapons, Guns Statement of belief, Faith Puzzled, confused Negative, submissive passive Motivation, inspiration

Guide words

What is Optimism? What is Pessimism? How is it harmful for an individual? What strategies would you employ to enhance your optimism? Write down five sentences each on optimism and Pessimism. Mention which one is better and why? All of us must explore a silver lining in every cloud. Comment How can the two World Wars be taken as the greatest examples of pessimism?

When Activities all else fails, you can always refer to a dictionary to find the correct spelling of a word. A dictionary will show you the correct spelling of a word, how to pronounce the word and sometimes will include sample Dictionary sentences. In order to correctly and quickly use a dictionary, it is important to understand what guide words are and how to use them. Guide words appear at the top of each dictionary page. The word in the left corner is the first entry on the page and the word in the right corner is the last entry on the page. Guide words enable you to locate a word quickly. Following is an example of how guide words should be used. If you were attempting to look up the word compliment, you would first turn to the c section of the dictionary. On the first page you turn to, the left guide word is camp and the right guide word is coat. You would know that compliment would not be found on that page because comes after coa. You would then continue to page through the dictionary until you come to an appropriate guide word. The next guide word you find is company. The guide word on the right of the page is computer. The word compliment should be found on this page because compl comes between compa and compu.

Practice using guide words by looking up the following words. When you think you understand how they work, complete the practice exercise. distrust grumble cynicism sanguinity buoyancy therapy antidote Odd Man Out Which word in each of the following groups does not belong to the group? One of the words in each group is taken from the lesson. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Horizon , Sky, Zenith, Muddle Crippled, Limped , Clutches, Malaria Sympathy, Comfort, Job application , Condolence Mesmerized, Frenzied, Dazzling, Scrawled Hope, Optimism, Positivism, Suicide

Pronunciation Skill

Homophones

ombining forms:

eaning same

eaning voice or sound he same sound (pronunciation) but different meanings and (usually) spelling. For example, the following two words have the same soun

he same sound and spelling, but different meanings:

Our bear cannot bear to be bare at any hour.

Circle the correct homophones. It was (reining/ raining) heavily in the (morning/ mourning). Sara was on her (weigh/ way) back to home and she decided to try a new (route/root) as she thought it would be faster. Suddenly she (heard/herd) a whimper that sounded as if it came from the drain near the (road/rode). She took a (peak/ peek) and discovered the puppy which was trembling in the cold. Finite and Non-Finite Verbs Verbs are also classified as either finite or non-finite. A finite verb makes an assertion or expresses a state of being and can stand by itself as the main verb of a sentence. The truck demolished the restaurant. The leaves were yellow and sickly.

Non-finite verbs (think unfinished) cannot, by themselves, be main verbs: The broken window . . . The wheezing gentleman . . .

Another, more useful term for non-finite verb is verbal. Locate five finite and non-finite verbs from the text.

The Little Match-Seller

Learning objectives i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. To develop the skill of Character Sketching To comprehend various symbols given in the text and relate them with the contemporary society To develop compassionate attitude through analyzing the miseries of poor little children To write a story with the help of a picture To recognize and use synonyms and antonyms through thesaurus and brainstorming To get familiarity with diacritical marks for long vowels used in dictioanry

Pre-reading questions i. ii. iii. iv. What does gift symbolize? Is it possible to give fire as a gift? What types of gifts do you like the most? How do you help needy people?

IT was terribly cold and nearly dark on the last evening of the old year, and the snow was falling fast. In the cold and the darkness, a poor little girl, with bare head and naked feet, roamed through the streets. It is true she had on a pair of slippers when she left home, but they were very large, so large, indeed, that they had belonged to her mother and the poor little creature had lost them in running across the street to avoid two carriages. One of the slippers she could not find, and a boy seized upon the other so the little girl went on with her little naked feet, which were quite red and blue with the cold. In an old apron she carried a number of matches, and had a bundle of them in her hands. No one had bought anything of her the whole day, nor had anyone given her even a penny. Shivering with cold and hunger, she crept along; poor little child, she looked the picture of misery. Lights were shining from every window, and there was a savory smell of roast goose, for it was New-years eveyes, she remembered that. She had drawn her little feet under her, but she could not keep off the cold; and she dared not go home, for she had sold no matches, and could not take home even a penny of money. Her father would certainly beat her; besides, it was almost as cold at home as here, for they had only the roof to cover them, through which the wind howled. Her little hands were almost frozen with the cold. Ah! perhaps a burning match might be some good, if she could draw it from the bundle and strike it against the wall, just to warm her fingers. She drew one outscratch! how it sputtered as it burnt! It gave a warm, bright light, like a little candle, as she held her hand over it. It was really a wonderful light. It seemed to the

little girl that she was sitting by a large iron stove. How the fire burned! and seemed really beautiful. She rubbed another match on the wall. It burst into a flame, and where its light fell upon the wall it became as transparent as a veil, and she could see into the room. The table was covered with a snowy white table-cloth, on which stood a splendid dinner service. Then the match went out, and there remained nothing but the thick, damp, cold wall before her. She lighted another match, and then she found herself sitting under a beautiful Christmastree. It was larger and more beautifully decorated than the one which she had seen through the glass door at the rich merchants. Thousands of tapers were burning upon the green branches, and colored pictures, like those she had seen in the show-windows, looked down upon it all. The little one stretched out her hand towards them, and the match went out. The Christmas lights rose higher and higher, till they looked to her like the stars in the sky. Then she saw a star fall, leaving behind it a bright streak of fire. Someone is dying, thought the little girl, for her old grandmother, the only one who had ever loved her, and who was now dead, had told her that when a star falls, a soul was going up to God. She again rubbed a match on the wall, and the light shone round her; in the brightness stood her old grandmother, clear and shining, yet mild and loving in her appearance. Grandmother, cried the little one, O take me with you; I know you will go away when the match burns out And she made haste to light the whole bundle of matches, for she wished to keep her grandmother there. And the matches glowed with a light that was brighter than the noon-day, and her grandmother had never appeared so large or so beautiful. She took the little girl in her arms, and they both flew upwards in brightness and joy far above the earth, where there was neither cold nor hunger nor pain, for they were with God. In the dawn of morning there lay the poor little one, with pale cheeks and smiling mouth, leaning against the wall; she had been frozen to death on the last evening of the year; and the New-years sun rose and shone upon a little corpse! The child still sat, in the stiffness of death, holding the matches in her hand, one bundle of which was burnt. She tried to warm herself, said some. No one imagined what beautiful things she had seen, nor into what glory had she entered with her grandmother, on New-years day. Glossary Roam Seize Savory Howl Splendid Damp Tapers Streak Corpse Stiffness Comprehension i. ii. Draw the character sketch of the Little Match-Seller. How is the statement Someone is dying related to the context? Wander, rove Hold something firmly Pungent, salty, spicy To make a loud sand sound Special, very good Slightly wet Get thinner, shrink A thin line or mark A dead persons body Hardness

iii. iv. v.

What gift did the little match-seller get on New Years Day? What are the different preparations made for New Year in different countries? Elaborate the significance following symbols2: The Little Match Seller as a picture of misery Cold wall The glass door of the rich merchants home Grandmother Matchsticks

Creative Writing through Brain Storming The Redheaded Kid Make this picture into a character by answering these questions. Be creative. Don't put down the first thought that comes to you. Try to come up with ideas that nobody else would think of! What does he like to do on Saturdays? What is the secret he doesn't want anyone to know?

What does he think he does well?

What is he NOT very good at doing? What is his favorite memory? What is his best subject in school? Who is his best friend? What does he want most in the whole world? Now write a story about how he might get the thing he wants most, who might try to
2A

symbol is a person, place, or thing comes to represent an abstract idea or concept -- it is anything that stands for something beyond itself.

stop him, and how he might use his superpower in his adventure! Parts of Speech Preposition

Prepositions are words that specify place, direction, and time. There are three types of prepositions. i. Time Prepositions - Time prepositions define time. Prepositions usually come before a noun or pronoun. Prepositions never come after a verb. Time prepositions In - At - On For - During - While ii. Place Propositions - Place prepositions clarify the place someone or somebody. Place Prepositions - In - On -At iii. Direction Prepositions - Direction prepositions are used to clarify the direction of someone or something. Examples: under, over, right, left etc. Fill in the gaps with a proper preposition. She again rubbed a match --- the wall, and the light shone round her; --- the brightness stood her old grand mother, clear and shinning, yet mild and loving --- her appearance. Grandmother, cried the little one, O take me with you; I know you will go away when the match will burn out. And she made haste ---- light the whole bundle --- matches, for she wished --- keep her grandmother there.

Dictionary
Diacritical Marks Because there are more letter sounds than there are letters in the alphabet, dictionaries use diacritical marks to indicate which phoneme3 to give to a grapheme; that is, which sound to give to a letter unit. Although we do not typically use diacritical marks for consonant sounds, we do teach them for vowel sounds. The most common diacritical marks are the long vowel mark ( ), called the macron; the short vowel mark ( ), called the breve, and the schwa mark ( ). Long Vowel Mark The long vowel mark placed over a vowel indicates that it will be pronounced just as it sounds when we recite the alphabet: as in ate as in evil as in ice as in open as in use or in flute as in cry

3 Smallest

unit of speech distinguishing one word (or word element) from another (e.g., the sound p in tap, which differentiates that word from tab and tag).

Short Vowel Mark The short vowel mark placed over a vowel is as follows: as in apple as in elementary as in idiom as in on as in under (Note that no mark is given for short y; the short i sound is used instead.)

Schwa Mark The schwa mark represents the indistinct vowel sound that is the unaccented or unstressed syllable of a multisyllabic word: as in ago as in happen as in legible as in common as in suggest

Consult dictionary to locate Long Vowel mark, Short Vowel Mark and Schwa Mark. Then read out the chapter again to write long, short and shwa marks words.

The Light of Other Days

Learning objectives i. ii. iii. To make students realize the importance of what they have at present To value the treasure of relations and friends To develop an aesthetic sense to enjoy reading and comprehending poetry

OFT, in the stilly night, Ere slumber's chain has bound me, Fond Memory brings the light

Of other days around me: The smiles, the tears Of boyhood's years, The words of love then spoken; The eyes that shone, Now dimm'd and gone, The cheerful hearts now broken! Thus, in the stilly night, Ere slumber's chain has bound me, Sad Memory brings the light Of other days around me. When I remember all The friends, so link'd together, I've seen around me fall Like leaves in wintry weather, I feel like one Who treads alone Some banquet-hall deserted, Whose lights are fled, Whose garlands dead, And all but he departed! Thus, in the stilly night, Ere slumber's chain has bound me. Sad Memory brings the light Of other days around me. Thomas Moore

Glossary 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Stilly Slumber Bound Shone Treads Banquet Deserted Fled Garlands Departed Fond Ere Still, quiet Sleep (Past participle of bind) Fastened (Past participle of shine) Walks A sumptuous feast Desolate, unoccupied, abandoned, uninhabited. (past participle of flee) Disappeared, ran away A wreath of flowers Left, by gone, having died Affectionate, loving, adoring, caring, tender. Before

Q No.1

Make sentences of the following words.

Bound 2. Treads 3. Shone Deserted 5. Fled 6. Departed QNo.2 Can you paraphrase the poem? Q No.3What is the tone of the speaker in the poem? Point out the words that sham the speakers state of mind? Q No.4 Q No.5 Q No.6 Q No.7 Q No.8 Q No.9 Q NO.10 What is the central idea of the poem? How would you explain the following phrases? 1. Slumbers 2. Cheerful hearts 3. Garlands dead 4. Banquet hall deserted What is meant by the light of other days? How does the poet contrast the past with the present? What simile has been used to describe the departure of friends? Identify the images which create sadness or sense of loss. Does the poet use personification anywhere in this poem? Do you think the poem contains a proper rhyme?

1. 4.

Make Criticisms Work for You

Learning objectives i. ii. iii. To understand the different aspects of criticism To comprehend criticism through optimism To know and appreciate the worth of constructive and fair criticism

Pre-reading questions i. ii. iii. Who is the critic? Define criticism in your own words. How can you make criticisms work for you?

OFTEN, when we ask for critical comments, what we usually hope to get are compliments. Who wants to be criticized anyway? After all, criticisms always seem out to wound our pride and deflate our ego.

Are you getting the most out of criticisms? How can you make criticisms work for you? Ponder over it In order to benefit from other peoples assessments, pause for a moment and examine the criticisms objectively. Be careful though, for being receptive to criticisms does not mean simply smiling in agreement. You must learn to identify those criticisms which can actually help you to improve and those which cannot. Not all criticisms are unkind, unjustified words from someone out to hurt you. Some people are just not very tactful and their good intentions can easily be mistaken for nastiness. Their comments may very well be sincere and legitimate, so do not brush these aside. On the other hand, you should be wary of those who seem overly confident and ever willing to offer their supposedly worthwhile observations. Most of these very eloquent critics have very little constructive suggestions to offer. Comments which are cleverly worded are not always useful ones. Some are the result of mere sarcasm, meant to discredit and intimidate you. Your best response will be to ignore them. Keep cool Sometimes when someone has, deliberately or not, belittled your efforts and hurt your feelings, it is very difficult to remain cool. But nothing will be gained from launching an immediate counter-attack. Instead of lashing out in a moments anger, give yourself time to cool down. When you are sufficiently calm, think over the remarks. Analyse them and assess their validity. Decide for yourself if they are reasonable and helpful. Look at the situation with an unjaundiced eye. Remind yourself not to get too sensitive and overwrought. Do not shut your mind off by setting up a defensive barrier. Act on the fair criticisms Once you have decided that a particular criticism is constructive, the next step is to accept it with a positive attitude and do something about it. A constructive criticism will only be helpful if you act on it. Consider the things you will gain and think over how you should work to get it. Make extra efforts to improve. It would also be a nice gesture on you part if you take the trouble to express your appreciation to the critic. This basic courtesy not only reflects maturity of character, but also your sense of responsibility. At the same time, it can help establish a rapport between you and your critic, leading to a deeper and more trusting relationship. Show that you have taken heed of the recommendations and that you intend to find ways to remedy your errors or improve on your weaknesses. Youll never know-the criticism may prove to be the start of a very illustrious career for you. Ignore the trash If, after careful consideration, you are quite certain that a comment has been lashed out in spite and malice, just ignore it.

You can toss and turn in bed or tear out your hair in desperation over some harsh remarks, but nothing is going to change. And do not be too hard on the culprit. Unkind things are often uttered in anger. Everyone does it one time or another. Forgive and forget. And be a happier person. Clarify If you think that certain criticisms are biased or unjustified, do not simply attack the other party in an aggressive manner. Instead of getting abusive, adopt a diplomatic tone. Ask for an explanation if there are any comments which you are uncertain about. And you should of course keep an open mind. Use Humour Careless comments can sometimes turn a friendly dialogue into a heated and touchy debate. Under such a highly charged setting, it is only natural that you react impulsively. Hostility and antagonism start to set in and this can eventually turn into an ugly situation. Instead of exploding in fury at being made the target of insulting remarks, it will save everyone the discomfort and agitation of a full-blown verbal battle if you just use a little humour. Ignore the offending remarks. Learn to laugh away the mean words and unfair comments. Sprinkle some humour over the tensed atmosphere. If you frequently display an aversion for criticisms, others will soon become reluctant to offer any constructive criticism or advice. This means, you will not have to be subjected to the agony of taunting and often biased accusations, but you will also be forfeiting yourself of possibly beneficial and well-meaning observations. Instead of honest opinions, others may resort to the flattery and false praise the feel you desire. Words may inflict hurting and shameful wounds on your pride, but if they are wellintentioned and offer helpful advice, they certainly deserve your attention. Whether you can actually gain from them depends entirely on your attitude and on how you respond to him.

Glossary Deflate Tactful Nastiness Legitimate Eloquent Sarcasm Intimidate Lashing Belittle Validity Unjaundiced Wrought Barrier Rapport Shrink, let down Polite, careful, sensitive Cruelty, malice Lawful, legal Expressive, powerful Irony, scorn, mockery Frighten, scare, threaten Heavy, driving Degrade, debase Strength, power Unbiased, impartial Shaped, bent, twisted Hurdle, problem Relationship, bond

Heed Spite Malice Trash Aversion Antagonism Accusations Forfeiting Comprehension i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi.

Pay attention to, listen to Malice, ill will Hatred, cruelty Garbage, waste, rubbish Dislike, hatred Enmity, opposition Charges, claim Giving up, paying, losing

Explain the quote with reference to the context Sprinkle some humor over the tensed atmosphere. How can you gain something from critical or appreciative words? What are the points to keep in mind to make criticism more constructive? Is it possible to Forgive and Forget? Comment. How can a criticism be constructive? If someone criticizes you, how would you react?

Parts of Speech

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

Depending on the type of object they take, verbs may be transitive, intransitive, or linking. The meaning of a transitive verb is incomplete without a direct object, as in the following examples: INCOMPLETE The shelf holds. COMPLETE The shelf holds three books and a vase of flowers. INCOMPLETE The child broke. COMPLETE The child broke the plate. An intransitive verb, on the other hand, cannot take a direct object: It rained. The sentence above is complete. The subject it is followed by the intransitive verb rained. Read the chapter carefully and make a list of transitive and Intransitive verbs. Write down synonyms and antonyms of Optimism used in the chapter. Write an essay on Critical Thinking using the above mind map. Library Skill

Visit the library and consult reference section to get information about literary devices and literary criticism. Now give proper citation of all sources you consulted including authors name, title of the book, publishing city, publisher, year of publication page no. Give issue number or volume number of journals or encyclopedias. Sentence Structure: Present Perfect Continuous Tense4 Form The structure of the present perfect continuous tense is: Subject + auxiliary verb+ auxiliary verb+ main verb (present participle) has/have been base+ing

Example: You have been waiting here for two hours. Read the following table He/ She/It I/We/They He/ She/It has been have been hasnt been playing mobile games since morning. raining playing mobile games raining for an hour. since morning. for an hour. since morning? for an hour?

I/We/They havent been Has he/she/it

been playing mobile games been raining

Have I/we/they

Choose the correct answer 1. She has been in Sialkot for five years. a. live b. living c. lives 2. I working in the garden a. have b. have be c. have been 1. He for ages a. is been waiting b. has been waiting c. has been wait 1. She since 50 clock.
4 Use

present perfect continuous for unfinished actions or for recent continuous actions:

1.

1.

a. has been sleeping b. is been sleeping c. sleeping I working for two days. a. have not been b. have been not c. been have not You . What did you ? a. been shopping/buy b. have been shopping/buy c. have had shopping/buy

Dictionary Entry word or head word5 Consult a dictionary and find out five words which come under these entry words in a dictionary. a. Pen b. black c. debt

The Great Conqueror

5 A word, phrase, or name, usually set in boldface or other distinctive type, that serves as the heading for an entry in a dictionary, encyclopedia, or similar reference work. Also called entry word.

Learning Objectives a. b. c. d. e. f. To arouse an interest in Islamic History To get an ability of focused character analysis To know and appreciate the characteristics of prolific personalities To identify individual traits by means of compare and contrast To present role models depicting integrity and professionalism To know the purpose of doing comparison of characters

Pre-Reading Questions a. b. c. d. e. Who were the four caliphs of Islam? Who is your favorite warrior from Islamic history? Who was Sikander-e-Azaam? Who is a conqueror? What is the purpose of comparing different characters?

THE bell rang and students started settling in the class. It was their class of History. After formal greetings the teacher asked the class, How many of you know about Sikander-eAzam? Almost every one in the class raised his hand. What was the reason of his fame? Conquered more than half world.the youngest king.symbol of valour and couragegreat conqueror.ruled for 19 yearscountless victoriesbelonged to Greeketc. etc. were the replies. The teacher added to the replies and said, His name was Alexander and due to his remarkable victories was known as Alexander the Great. Alexander was translated into Sikander but when we were not satisfied with this single name we started calling him Sikandere-Azam..Right? The class nodded in yes The teacher then said with gloom,Well...while studying the literature and history of others we have forgotten our own. It is a great tragedy. There was a question from every where, But how Sir? The teacher was silent for a while, as he was focusing on something. Then he replied, In history, apart from the messengers of the Almighty Allah, Hazrat Umer Farooq (R.A) is my

favourite personality. Today let us briefly compare and discuss the reigns and victories of Alexander and Hazrat Umer bin Khetab (R.A). Students nodded their heads with interest. .Alexanders father was a king; his father too was a king. Thus he belonged to the family of kings and he was brought accordingly. While for seven generations in the family of Hazrat Umer (R.A) none was a king. Alexander conquered and ruled 1.7 million square miles when he was 19 while Hazrat Umer bin Khetab (R.A) had conquered 2.2 million square miles when he was only 10. Its exemplary as even super powers with latest technology are not that powerful. All the boys were visibly amazed. The teacher continued, Many of Alexanders commanders left his army for one reason or the other. Moreover there were many strikes and disputes in his time. On the other hand, Hazrat Umer Farooq (R.A) had such a control on his army and subjects that once he suspended Khalid bin Waleed (R.A) from the designation of the Chief Commander and he did not said a single word and obeyed his kings order. It was the reign of Hazrat Umer (R.A) when the registered military, police, postal service, and intelligence force were established. Undoubtedly it was the greatest and the most organized reign of human history. Remember, it was Hazrat Umer (R.A) whose valour and bravery gave strength to Muslims and they for the first time offered their prayers openly. Here the teacher paused and said Now you have to ponder and decide who was the great conqueror? Glossary Conqueror: Nodded: Disputes: Suspended: Valour: Ponder: victor, champion, defeater Agreed disagreement, difference of opinion drop, dismiss, discharge Courage, bravery, Fearlessness Think about, Think over

Comprehension Q. 1 What are the other achievements of Hazrat Umar Farooq (R.A) apart from those mentioned in this story?

Q.2 Q. 3 Q. 4

Who, in your opinion, was The Great Conqueror? Justify your answer with reasons. How can we promote and glorify Islamic history in our country? Write down the names of five warriors from Islamic history.

Comparison of two Characters: The chapter presents the comparison of two characters. Why are you comparing these two specific characters? Answer can get through completing following statements: I am comparing these two characters in order to show ____ about the work. These characters share the following characteristics: ___. These characters differ in the following ways: ____. These similarities and differences relate to the essential meaning of the work because ____. Language Skills Word/ Antonyms Read the words in column A and match these with the words in column B. Column A Raised Gloom Compare Obeyed Brave Column B Contrast Disobeyed Lowered Coward Cheer

Pronunciation Skill Bilabial Plosive Consonants6 Look at your mouth in a mirror and practice pronouncing the following words. Make sure your mouth, lips, and tongue are in their proper positions.

6 Bilabial plosive consonants are the sounds in the utterance of which lips are joined together and the air coming from lungs is released with pressure. Example /p/ and /b/

pet pit peach bet bit beach

Pass Punch Pill Bass Bunch Bill

Pat Pouring Pest Bat Boring Best

Putt Pack peak but back beak

Note: the red letters all have the same sound Try saying the following tongue twisters as quickly as possible. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. How many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick? I'm not the pheasant plucker, I'm the pheasant plucker's mate, and I'm only plucking pheasants 'cause the pheasant plucker's late. I'm not the pheasant plucker, I'm the pheasant plucker's son, and I'm only plucking pheasants Till the pheasant pluckers come.Peggy Babcock. Plague-bearing prairie dogs. Betty Botter bought some butter. / "But," she said, "this butter's bitter! / If I put it in my batter, / It will make my batter bitter!" / So she bought a bit of butter / Better than her bitter butter, / And she put it in her batter, / And her batter was not bitter. / So 'twas better Betty Botter / Bought a bit of better butter. A big black bug bit a big black bear, made the big black bear bleed blood.

Dictionary Idioms7 Consult dictionary to locate meaning of following idioms and then use them in your sentences 1. and then some 2. be all ears 3. beats me 4. boom box 5. Break a leg 6. quite a few 7. rain cats and dogs 8. hard-headed 9. hit the books 7 An idiom is an expression whose meaning does not seem to follow logically from the combination of the meaning of its parts and the rules of language.

10. a tightwad Mark the statement true or false. 1. Class in progress was of geography. 2. Alexander the Great ruled the world for 20 years. 3. Hazrat Umer bin Khetab (R.A) was the conqueror of 2.2 million square miles when he was only 10 years old. 4. Hazrat Umer Farooq (R.A) suspended Hazrat Ali (R.A) from the designation of Chief Commander. 5. Alexander the Great was the favourite personality of the teacher. 6. It was the reign of Hazrat Umer when registered military was established.

A Monologue of The Wagha Border

Learning objectives i. To get knowledge about significance of national boundaries ii. To know about the historical importance of Wagha Border iii. To create an understanding of national and cultural diversity iv. To create an interest in tourism by depicting places of historical importance v. To make students understand national pride vi. To comprehend and write a monologue Pre-reading questions i. What is monologue? ii. Have you ever visited Wagha Border or any other border? Narrate your experience. IT is tough out here, really tough. You just can't imagine it. Although I am the one who is guarded by hundreds of soldiers, thousands of people visit me daily and millions across the globe

just dream of having a rendezvous with me. Everything is a farce on my part though. I am hurt deep within. I am the most important object of South East Asia, greater than any President or Prime Minister, but everything here has come at a price. I have been standing here across the Grand Trunk Road for years, silently witnessing some of the most important political activities of the area. Can you recognize me? I am the Wagah Border. For a long time, I've kept my feelings to myself. However, today I've decided to share my feelings with you. I am neither a supernatural thing nor a creation of God. My identity came into being when the Radcliffe line was drawn, thus distinguishing India and Pakistan, and dividing the village of Wagah into eastern and western parts. The eastern part went to India, and the western part in Pakistan. Hey, I forgot to tell you that there is a flag retreat ceremony happening at my place, everyday throughout the year at sunset. It attracts thousands of people from both sides. I can't tell you how elated I feel to get a mere glimpse of these people. For the ceremony, you have to arrive at my place well before sunset to get a proper seat in my open air theater. Around 4 p.m. is a good time. There are separate seats for men, women, and foreigners just approximately 100 meters from me. Please be early, as it sometimes gets very crowded and occasional pushing may happen. Once you arrive, you can sense an aura of celebrations with patriotic songs played before the actual ceremony begins. You can even march on the road towards me, with the flag waving in your hands. Sometimes, I wish I could turn transparent, just for a moment, and allow you to cross me. Alas, living in this mortal world of bricks and stones has its own restrictions. The procession is marked with loud shouts of patriotism from both sides that sometimes makes me deaf. I welcome the spirit of patriotism, but please don't make me a symbolic battleground. It's a humble request. The procession happens with clinical military precision and lasts for around 45 minutes. You can see well dressed, six-seven feet tall, Indian "Border Security Force" soldiers in khaki, and Pakistani "Sutlej Rangers" soldiers dressed in black, taking part in the ceremony. For the flag retreat, the soldiers take the permission from their commanders and march towards me, the gate at the border. Their march is extremely energetic and passionate, with the feet of the marching soldiers rising almost to their foreheads. The tapping sound that their boots makes is very loud, and is audible at quite a distance.

The spectators remain extremely quite in awe of the ceremony. You can sense the pin drop silence pervading the entire area. As the soldiers of both sides reach the gate, it is flung open. The flags of both countries, flying high at the same height, have to be lowered with full respect and brought back. The soldiers salute each other and start the flag lowering. The strings with the flags attached are of equal lengths, and the lowering of flags is so immaculate that the flags make a symmetrical "X" at the point of crossing. The flags are then carefully folded and the gates are slammed shut. A loud sound of a trumpet announces the end of the ceremony, and the soldiers march back with their respective flag. I watch this procession daily, but frankly this entire procession makes me question my being. I am the obstacle on the road less traveled, and that has probably made all the difference. It hurts me, it definitely hurts me. Life is not so easy here.

Glossary
Rendezvous Farce Retreat Elated Glimpse Aura Procession Passionate Immaculate Slam Obstacle Meeting, appointment Disaster, mess Move back Overjoyed Sight, glance, quick look Air, atmosphere March, parade Keen, zealous Spotless, clean and tidy Smash, trash Problem, barrier

Comprehension i. Elaborate the procession at Wagha Border. ii. Critically evaluate the statement Alas, living in this world of bricks and stones has its own restrictions. iii. Why does Wagha Border wish to be transparent? iv. Though thousands of people visit Wagha Border daily, still it is unhappy and hurt. Why? v. What, in your opinion, is the significance of the procession ceremony? vi. What is the difference between a monologue and an autobiography?

Creative Writing through Mind Mapping

Autobiography of Mobile Phone

Language Skills Phrase, Clause, Sentence Letters combine to make words and words combine to make phrases. A phrase is a group of words which act as a single unit in meaning and in grammar, and is not built around a verb. It contains neither subject nor a predicate8. A clause is a group of words containing at least a subject and a verb (the baby ate), and frequently it lets its hair down by containing some kind of a complement as well (the baby ate the goldfish). There are two kinds of clauses: independent and dependent. 1. Independent Clause This clause is a sentence and can act as a sentence. Example: I wanted a new ball. 2. Dependent or Subordinate Clause A subordinate clause has a subordinator. Examples: Ali knew that I wanted a new ball The difference between clauses and phrases: Clauses 1. Clauses is a group of words 2. Clauses have both a subject and a predicate. 3 Clauses can be independent. Independent clauses are full sentences. 4. Clauses can be dependent . Dependant Clauses are not full sentences. Examples: The girl is nice She went very fast
8 The

Phrases 1. Phrases is a group of words 2. Phrases do not have a subject or predicate. Examples: Excellent idea Great job Wonderful idea

Predicate of a sentence is the part that tells what is said about the subject. It describes action or state of the subject.

 We wash the car. Clauses combine to form sentences. Sentence is a group of words containing both subject and predicate and expressing a complete thought. Sentences are made of two parts: the subject and the predicate. The subject is the person or thing that acts or is described in the sentence. The predicate, on the other hand, is that action or description.

Can you tell if the following are sentences, phrases or dependent clauses? 1. Across the Universe 2. I Feel Fine 3. She Loves You 4. In My Life 5. While My Guitar Gently Weeps 6. I Want to Hold Your Hand 7. A Hard Days Night 8. Till There Was You 9. I Saw Her Standing There 10. All My Loving 11. When I Get Home 12. Lonesome Tears in My Eyes 13. I Call Your Name 14. When Im Sixty-four 15. The Long and Winding Road 16. Do You Want to Know a Secret? Parts of Speech

Adjectives An Adjective is the part of speech that qualifies noun. Example Political in Political activities Attributive adjectives are those adjectives that come before the noun e.g little boy. Predicative adjectives are those adjectives that come after the noun e.g the boy is little. Find and write at least five adjectives from the text. Contractions9 When we use the present perfect continuous tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and the first auxiliary. We also sometimes do this in informal writing. I have been You have been We have been They have been Ive been Youve been Weve been Theyve been He has been She has been It has been John has been The car has been Hes been Shes been Its been Johns been The cars been

Write down contracted form of the following: are not they had; they would cannot they will; they shall could not they are did not they have does not we had; we would do not we are had not we have has not were not have not what will; what shall he had; he would what are he will; he shall what is; what has he is; he has what have I had; I would where is; where has I will; I shall who had; who would I am who will; who shall I have who are is not who is; who has let us who have might not will not 9 A contraction is a word or phrase thats (or that has) been shortened by dropping one or more letters. In writing, an apostrophe takes the place of the missing letters.

must not shall not should not that is; that has there is; there has

would not she had; she would she will; she shall she is; she has

For and Since with Present Perfect Continuous Tense We often use for and since with the present perfect tense. We use for to talk about a period of time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years. We use since to talk about a point in past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday. since a point in past time x 6.15pm Monday January 1994 1800 I left school the beginning of time etc

for a period of time 20 minutes three days 6 months 4 years 2 centuries a long time ever etc

Fill in the blanks with for or since. I have been studying ___3 hours. I have been watching TV ___7pm. Tara hasn't been feeling well ___2 weeks. Tara hasn't been visiting us ___March. He has been playing football ___a long time. He has been living in Bangkok ___he left school.

Dogs
Learning objectives i. ii. iii. iv. To recognize humor as a literary device To learn how to read the text between and beyond the lines To get a glimpse into the Pakistani literature To acquire knowledge about narrative essay

Pre-reading questions i. ii. iii. Do you like pets? Do you know about the different breeds of dogs? Have you ever read any Pakistani story translated in English?

I ASKED the professors of veterinary science, consulted the veterinary doctors, and even pondered over it myself, but I still could not understand what dogs were good for. Take the cow, for example, it gives milk. Take the goat; it gives milk and mengniyan too. What do these dogs do? It is said the dog is a faithful animal. Well, sir, if barking from seven in the evening to six in the morning without a break is faithfulness, Im better off without it. Last night, around eleven, a dog, feeling somewhat playful, sauntered out onto the road and tossed up a line of poetry as a challenge for his fellows to fashion their ghazals after itrhyme, meter and all. In no time at all, a dog from the bungalow in front of him chanted the opening lines which agitated an accomplished old hand at poetry so much he jumped out of the sweetmeat sellers hearth and fired off a whole ghazal at one go, right up to the last line. This drew loud applause from a dog in the northeast. Now, sir, you cant even begin to imagine what a rambunctious mushaira ensued. Some wretches even brought along doublet and triplet ghazals. Some of them improvised whole qasidas on the spot. They stirred up quite a ruckus that dragged on and on. In vain I shouted Order! Order! a thousand times from my window. But who pays any attention, even to one of the notables, on such occasions. Pray, someone ask them, Fellows, if you really must hold a mushaira, why not on the beach, out in the open? Why in the middle of a residential area, waking the sleeping humanitywhat kind of gentlemanly act do you suppose that is? Without a doubt my relations with canines have been somewhat strained all along, but I swear Ive never ever shirked from observing nonviolence. You may call it an exaggeration if you like, but God is my witness that, try as I might, I have never been able to harm a dogany dog. Time and again friends have suggested that I really must keep a club or stick in my hand at night as a deterrent against evils. But I dont wish to foster enmity with anybody for any reason at all. The minute I hear a dog bark my innate goodness so totally overcomes me that if you were to see me then you would surely think Im a coward. And you, even now, have perhaps guessed correctly that my throat becomes parched. Of course its true that if I would try to sing on such occasions, my throat would emit only the lowest notes. And if you happen to share my temperament, you too may have experienced how, on such an occasion, the Ayatu l-Kursi completely fades away from your memory and you break into a recitation of Dua-e Qunut instead.

So long as there are dogs in the world and so long as they insist upon barking, make no mistake about it, Ill feel myself dangling at the edge of my grave. Then again, the barking habits of these dogs tend to be quite strange as well. This barking isnt only like an infectious disease, it afflicts everyone of them, whether young or old. An occasional bark from some humongous beast,4 for the express purpose of maintaining its prestige and authority, I can understand that. O.K., bark! (Although Id much prefer for him to be chained in that event.) But these puny little wretches, two or three days old, scarcely weighing an ounce, even they dont refrain from barking. Tiny little voices and insignificant lungs, yet they bark with such ferocity that the vibration from the sound reaches all the way to their tails. And bark they must in front of a moving car as if they would surely stop it. Now if an old-fashioned person, like myself, is driving the car, is hands will absolutely refuse to budge. But not everyone would care to save their lives like me. The biggest objection that I have against dogs barking is that it totally numbs all the thinking organs. Particularly, when an entire group of dogs darts out from under the boards of some shop and starts delivering their sermon loudly out on the road, please sir, tell me, how can anyone keep their sanity intact? One has to attend to each of them one by one. Their terrible racket, my mumbled protestations, awkward motions and pauses (their motions, my pauses)all these create such a chaos that the mind just refuses to work, and how could it? Although I dont know what good it would do even if it did work. Anyway, such extreme unfairness from the dogs has always seemed despicable to me. If one of their representatives came to me and informed me nicely, Sir, the road is closed, by God I would turn around and go back without the slightest objection. And this is nothing new. I have in fact spent several nights walking the streets at the dogs request. But the collective aggression of the whole group is a malicious act. (The esteemed readers are requested not to read this essay in an audible voice if any of their dear and revered dogs are present in the room. I dont mean to offend anybody.) God has created good individuals in every species, dogs being no exception. Surely you have seen a God-fearing dog too. Usually the marks of devotion are apparent on its body. When such a dog walks, it does so ever so humbly, as if consciousness of its load of accumulated sins does not allow it to raise its eyes. Its tail usually clings to its belly. It lies down right in the middle of the road for meditation and keeps its eyes shut. If the driver of a carriage honked the horn repeatedly, drummed on the vehicles body, asked people to intercede and even called the dog himself a dozen times, it would do no more than merely open its bloodshot eyes without bothering to lift its head from the pavement, scan the horizon and close them again. If someone gives it a lash, it just gets up and lies down again contentedly, a yard or so away, and resumes its rumination from the point where it was interrupted. If a bicyclist rings the bell, it feels that its below its dignity and station as a fakir to make way for such insignificant objects as bicycles. If God would give me the powerand I mean, superior powerto bark and bite, you would not find me lacking an adequate passion for revenge. Eventually every single one of the dogs would end up in a treatment center. As the lines of poetry go: Urfi, do not be afraid of the rivals noise Barking dogs do not diminish the Apportioned bread of the beggar.

Such cryptic poetry is the true cause of Asias shame as the English adage puts it: Barking dogs never bite. This may be true, but who can tell when a dog will stop barking and start biting? Glossary1 mengniyan (mengniyan; Sing., mengni): a goats excrement. Although the goat is a useful animal, its usefulness comes along with messiness. qasidas (qasida): a panegyric, praise-poem. Ayatu l-Kursi (Ayatu I-Kursi): is a passage of the Quran consisting of a few verses the recitation of which is considered very effective in dispelling evils. Dua-e Qunut (Du a-e Qunut): These are verses of prayer. The irony here is that while the situation calls for deliverance from evil, what comes to mind instead is a prayer seeking protection and refuge. Glossary2 Sauntered Hearth Rambunctious Ruckus Applause Deterrent Foster Parch Dangling Humongous Prestige Refrain Dart Numb Chaos Despicable Malicious Honk Intercede Rumination Cryptic Adage Wandered, walked Fireplace, grate Hard to control, very active Uproar, turmoil Approval, praise Curb, hindrance Promote, further Dry, burn Hanging, floppy Enormous Status Cease, stop, give up Run, rush, dash Frozen, dead Disorder Wicked Hateful, mean Beep, hoot Get involved Thought, reflection Hidden, secret Saying, maxim, axiom

Comprehension i. What do you understand by the line terrible racket, my mumbled protestations, awkward motions and pauses? ii. Write down at least ten idiomatic phrases about animals.

iii. iv. v. vi.

Explain the proverb barking dogs never bite. What is the approach of writer towards dogs? The essay was originally written in Urdu. In your opinion, what is the objective of translated literature? What is the theme of the essay?

Creative Writing: Essay10 Write an essay on My Favorite Writer giving proper Introductory, Middle and Concluding paragraphs. Write outlines for the given essay i.e. Dogs. Parts of Speech Modal Verb or Modal Auxiliary
A verb used with other verbs to express such ideas as permission, possibility, and necessity. The modal auxiliaries in English grammar are can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would. Some classifications also include dare, need, and used.

Choose and write seven such sentences from the text that contain modal verbs. Figures of Speech Connotation and Denotation

Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word, the dictionary definition. For example, if you look up the word snake in a dictionary, you will discover that one of its denotative meanings is any of numerous scaly, legless, sometimes venomous reptiles having a long, tapering, cylindrical body and found in most tropical and temperate regions. Connotation, on the other hand, refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. The connotative meanings of a word exist together with the denotative meanings. The connotations for the word snake could include evil or danger.

Read the essay carefully to understand whether the writer has used denotation or connotation. Write down denotative and connotative meaning of such words. Synonyms/ Antonyms Words which have a similar meaning to each other are called Synonyms. For example Synonyms for good 10 An essay is usually a short piece of writing which is often written from an author's personal point of view. Essays can consist of a number of elements, including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author.

excellent super terrific

Brilliant Superb Magnificent

great fantastic splendid

Words which have a opposite meaning to each other are called Antonyms. They are more commonly known as opposites. For example above/below black/white alive/dead big/small sleep/awake cheap/expensive before/after brave/coward

Ask students to pick a paragraph from the given essay and rewrite it using synonyms. Encourage students to use a Thesaurus or brainstorm words to replace words in the sentences. How did using synonym improve the paragraph? Did synonyms make writing clearer? Why or Why not? Students can repeat activity using antonyms instead of synonyms. Invite volunteer to share their paragraphs with the class. Pronunciation Skill Syllable A syllable is typically made up of a syllable nucleus (most often a vowel) with optional initial and final margins (typically, consonants). It is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds. For example, the word water is composed of two syllables: wa and ter. Divide following words into syllables: Hearth Foster Refrain Rambunctious Parch Dart Ruckus Dangling Chaos Applause Humongous Despicable Deterrent Prestige Wicked

Hunger
Learning objectives i. ii. iii. To understand the sufferings of the people deprived of food To work hard to eliminate poverty and hunger from the world To be familiar with the poetry without having proper rhyme

I come among the peoples like a shadow. I sit down by each mans side.

None sees me, but they look on one another, And know that I am there. My silence is like the silence of the tide That buries the playground of the children; Like the deepening of frost in the slow night, When birds are dead in the morning. Armies trample,invade,destroy, With guns roaring from earth and air. I am more terrible than armies, I am more fearful than the cannon Kings and chancellors give commands; I give no command to any; But I am listened to more than kings And more than passionate orators.

- Laurence Binyon

Glossary 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. TIDE Buries Deepen Frost Trample Invade Roaring Chancellor A flowing stream, flood, current, the overflow of flooding stream, season, time. Covers, conceals, enshrouds, hides, submerges. To become deeper. A covering of minute ice crystals on a cold surface. To tread under foot, to treat arrogantly, heavily so as to crush, or injure, to inflict injury ruthlessly Assail, attack, encroach, occupy. Thundering, Clamoring, Rumbling. President

9. 10.

Passionate Orator

Emotional, eager, excited, enthusiastic Speaker, one distinguished for skill and power as a public speaker.

Q No.1 QNo.2 Q No.3 1. 4. Q No.4 Q No.5 Q No.6 Q No.7 Q No.8 Q No.9 Q No.10 Q No.11

Who is the speaker in the poem? What is the theme of this poem? Make sentences of the following words. Passionate Deepen 2. 5. Invade Roaring 3. Trample

What is the speakers tone? Which words show this tone? What contrasting images or words have been used by the poet to explain the difference between the silent and wordless hunger and the other loud and noisy things of the world? How many similes have been used by the poet? How destructive is the force of hunger? Is there irony in the poem? Why does the poet say Peoples instead of People? What does the silence of the tide mean? What does it do? What does the deepening of frost do?

Getting Down to Fashions!

Learning Objectives a. b. c. d. To evaluate Islamic code of conduct consisting on simplicity, morality and moderation To realize the true spirit of Fashion in modern times To get a glimpse of fashion adopted by different stratas of society To highlight Pakistani culture and traditions

Pre-Reading Questions a. b. c. Mind map to tell what is fashion in your opinion? In your opinion fashion is wastage of money, or a necessity? Do you agree with this statement that Fashion needs creativity? Give reasons

d.

What is your favorite fashion nowadays? Coco Chanel, French fashion designer, says, Fashion is not something that exists in

dresses only. Fashion is in the sky, in the street; fashion has to do with ideas, the way we live, what is happening. Fashion has been with us since the beginning of time. As human, we like to look nice and we, more importantly, like to be told that we look nice. There are some of people who do not care about what clothes they wear, but many millions still chase the fashion horse as if their lives depend upon it. Fashion is a form of free speech. It not only embraces clothing, but also accessories, jewellery, hairstyles, beauty and body art. What we wear and how and when we wear it, provides others with shorthand to subtly read the surface of a social situation. If we take a closer look back into the history, we can see from the Egyptians to the Greeks and on to the Roman civilizations that fashion took a central place. From simple loin clothes to elaborate shawls and jewellery, early cultures had their own styles that attracted the eyes and attention of many. Even the feet were paid attention too, with many cultures having delicately patterned shoes and slippers. Even in Asia, fashion was also a part of every day life, with the Chinese having some of the most elaborate and delicately woven silks known to man. Infact, silk became such a commodity that a silk route was opened up from Greece and Italy through Persia and onto China to make sure silk could find its way to Europe. New generations all over the world are day by day becoming more fashion conscious. They want to dress themselves in the most modern designs of the latest fashion. The youngsters are crazy after fashions. The latest fashion is to wear uni-sex dresses and shoes which can be worn both by boys and the girls. The students are the most fashion conscious persons in the society. As for the students in Pakistan, they have become quite fashionable these days. In a college or university campus, one can find both the girls and the boys students dressed in all types of trendy clothes. No doubt, it is an age of fashions. Generally those students, who spend a lot of time to make themselves look stylish, do not take their studies seriously. They have no time even to remove dust settled on their books. Some students have also a misconception that fashion only means wearing expensive clothes and other costly things. Very expensive clothes do not make a person modish. One can look elegant and voguish in simple clothes also. Indeed, simplicity is the best fashion.

Fashions can be used for anythingfor dress, for hairstyle, shoes, manners or etiquettes in almost all spheres of life. Some persons may be crazy to wear stylish clothes and shoes, others to keep fashionable hairstyles, or to keep an expensive library, while others may adopt fashion in their speech and manners. Again, in fashion nothing is stable and everlasting. Here everything changes swiftly like the law of nature. But astonishingly, during the past few years, it seems that things have not only undergone a change but actually taken a one-eighty (180) degrees turn. These days, in Pakistan, with the idea of being fashionable and modern, is attached the concept of being Western. With the drift of globalization, such trends have appeared that are vehemently against our Eastern traditions, customs and values. We indeed have proved ourselves in the fields of science and technology but when it comes to morality, cultural values and respect, we have not fared well. In case of boys, with fashions are attached torn stone-wash jeans, hanging down from the hips, lousy T-shirts with silly slogans, gelled and spiked untwined hair, a ping of Western pop singing and sleek, wealthy and au courant girl friends. As far as girls are concerned, for them the meaning of fashion is none other than wearing caprice pants accompanied with short T-shirts exposing the midriff, lot of lip-gloss and mascara, high heels with pointed toes and trendy hair died in strange and horrible colours. These adolescents are such personalities having no roots in tradition. They are aliens to this society and its cultural norms. So, it is a bitter and harsh reality that we people are madly and thoughtlessly chasing the norms of Western society. We are far away from our religion. The most deplorable fact is that we tend to adopt only the negative aspects of Western society and ignore the positive ones. If they go for skimpy clothing, we start exposing our bodies too. If they do not respect and obey their parents, we start crooning parents just dont understand. We are well-aware of the Western fashion, movies and music and follow the same, but when the matter arrives at scientific advancements, we only observe the latest gadgets but never ever try to apply our minds in order to produce a better or even similar one at home. Eastern culture is one of the richest cultures around the globe. Our dresses, desi cuisine, classical music and moral ethics are remarkable. But, west never borrows anything from our magnificent Eastern civilization. We may live in a modern age but some things should never change. Otherwise, the consequences are extremely destructive. Fashions spread very quickly around us but being

Muslims, we should be on our guard. Our religion teaches us to live and lead a simple and clean life. We should not follow the ways of other nations. We should follow the teachings of Islam. We should decide and comprehend what is right and what is wrong. We should value our Eastern traditions and stop following unkempt Western society blindly. It is time to understand the true meaning of fashions and undoubtedly modernization and isolate them from Westernization. For after all, fashions and modernization are essential for survival in the world but Westernization is not at all. Pakistan is an ideological state. It has its own ideology and identity. We must keep this factor in mind while adopting any aspect of fashions. Glossary Subtly: Commodity: Trendy: Misconception: Modish: Astonishingly: Drift: Deplorable: Skimpy: Crooning: Gadgets: Unkempt: Ideological: Finely, carefully, skillfully Product, Article of trade Fashionable, Popular, Cool False impression, Misunderstanding Stylish, Classy Surprisingly, Shockingly Flow, flood Terrible, Shocking Insufficient, not enough, small Say, Utter, tune craze, obsession Untidy, confused Based on theory

Comprehension Q. 1 Q. 2 Q. 3 Q. 4 Q. 5 Q. 6 Fashion, in this chapter, is taken as a form of free speech. What does it suggest? Compare and contrast the changes taking place from ancient to the modern culture. How simplicity is the best fashion? What is the significance of Silk Route? Briefly explain in your own words. Differentiate Westernization from Modernization. Write down at least five lines about Eastern Culture.

Library Skill Visit your school library and scan newspapers and magazines to know current fashion trends. Compare this literature to see how different news group give coverage to fashion and which newspaper gives more fashion coverage? Internet Thesaurus Browse the internet in order to find out synonyms and antonyms of Fashion. Write down ten each.

Choose the correct option. 1-A silk route was opened up from Greece and Italy through Persia and onto china from Italy and Greece through Persia and onto china from Persia and Italy through Greece and onto china 2-Its a misconception that fashion means wearing make up wearing expensive clothes wearing expensive jewellery 3-We people are madly and thoughtlessly chasing the norms of Northern society of Western society of Southern society 4-Pakistan is an secular state colonist state ideological state 5-Fashion is spreading very quickly around us but being Muslims we should be on our toes run guard Language Skills Gerunds and Infinitives 1. A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence. Examples: Reading helps you learn English. SUBJECT OF SENTENCE Her favorite hobby is reading. COMPLEMENT OF SENTENCE I enjoy reading. OBJECT OF SENTENCE Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not." Examples: He enjoys not working. The best thing for your health is not smoking. 2. Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form of "learn" is "to learn." You can also use an infinitive as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence. Examples: To learn is important. SUBJECT OF SENTENCE The most important thing is to learn. COMPLEMENT OF SENTENCE He wants to learn. OBJECT OF SENTENCE Infinitives can be made negative by adding "not."

Examples: I decided not to go. The most important thing is not to give up. a. ii. From the text enlist gerunds and infinitives. Fill in the blank with the correct answer. MAKING PIZZA / TO MAKE PIZZA A) making B) to make 1) I enjoy ____ . pizza pizza A) making B) to make 2) Yesterday Ali meant ____, but he had no time. pizza pizza A) making B) to make 3) My father put off ____ until later. pizza pizza A) making B) to make 4) The kids hope ____ for dinner. pizza pizza A) making B) to make 5) Do you really intend ___ for breakfast?! pizza pizza A) making B) to make 6) Please hurry up and finish ____ ! I'm hungry! pizza pizza A) making B) to make 7) Zainab expects ___ tomorrow. pizza pizza A) making B) to make 8) Hasan postponed ____ for the party. pizza pizza A) making B) to make 9) Please quit ____ and talk to me! pizza pizza A) making B) to make 10) Are you planning ____? pizza pizza STOP! Fold the top of your paper down to hide the chart, and try these from memory: PLAYING TENNIS / TO PLAY TENNIS A) playing B) to play 11) His friend put off ____ until later. tennis tennis A) playing B) to play 12) Fahad expects ____ on Saturday with Omer. tennis tennis 13) We had to postpone ____ until Wednesday because A) playing B) to play it was raining. tennis tennis A) playing B) to play 14) The kids intend ____ after dinner. tennis tennis A) playing B) to play 15) They are hoping ___ before breakfast. tennis tennis A) playing B) to play 16) Do you enjoy____? tennis tennis 17) Samia meant ___ this summer, but she didn't have A) playing B) to play time. tennis tennis 18) Taha quit ____ after he broke his knee. A) playing B) to play

19) What time will you finish____? 20) I plan ____ with my sister.

tennis A) playing tennis A) playing tennis

tennis B) to play tennis

Prefixes and suffixes Add prefixes or suffixes to the following words Speech, fashion, doubted, twined, vehemently, kempt Punctuate the following paragraph. fashion can be used for anything for dresses for hairstyle shoes manners or etiquettes in almost all spheres of life some persons may be crazy to wear stylish clothes and shoes others to keep fashionable hairstyles or to keep an expensive library while others may adopt fashion in their speech and manner again in fashion nothing is stable and everlasting Sentence Structure Present Perfect Continuous Tense Answer these questions using present perfect continuous. (Because I have been present participle.) 1. Why are you so tired? 2. Why are you so dusty? 3. Why do you recite so beautifully? 4. Why are you wearing joggers? 5. Why is your face so red? 6. Why are you yawning so much? 7. Why havent you finished your work yet? 8. Why havent I seen you for so long? 9. Why are you so happy? 10. Why are you looking pale?

The Chiseller and the Wise Boy

Learning objectives i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. To analyze the importance of justice and ethical values To learn morality through narrating events To develop story reading habit To get familiarity with weak and strong verbs To use more relative pronouns To recognize and use antecedent agreement

Pre-reading questions i. ii. iii. Which type of stories do you like to read? What is the difference between Wisdom and Knowledge? Which one is better either Wisdom or knowledge? Can you quote any story regarding wisdom?

ONCE a clever old chiseller was buying firewood from an old, nave villager; Five rupees for the cart, said the villager, thinking he was driving a hard bargain. Sure, sure, said the oily chiseller oilily. Be so good as to deliver it to my house. When the villager had deposited the firewood in the chisellers courtyard, he got into the cart to drive his bullocks home. Not so fast, said old chiseller oilily. Why are you taking away my property? The villager looked at the chiseller in amazement. But the clever man started shouting, Dont look so surprised, you old rascal. You said five rupees for the cart, so I get the firewood, the cart and the bullocks that were drawing it. But you know what I meant, said the old villager, who was nearly in tears. Nobody sells firewood, a cart and a pair of bullocks for five rupees. They would be ruined. Nonsense, said the chiseller, you gave your word and you must keep it, otherwise God himself will punish you. The villager fell at the chisellers feet and placed his turban near them, but the man would not relent. So the old villager walked the long way home feeling sad and desperate. When his sons heard the story, they were furious. They grabbed some sticks and said they were going to thrash the old rascal.

But the youngest son said, No, lets do it another way. But I will need another cart of firewood to take to market tomorrow. Ah ha, said the old chiseller when he saw a young lad bringing firewood into the market in his cart. Another village idiot especially for me. He rubbed his hands together. In delight he went up to the boy. Two handfuls of coins for the firewood, said the boy. The chiseller was very pleased. He was going to get an even better bargain today. He told the boy to deliver the wood at his house, promising himself that he would put only one very small coin in each hand. The chiseller emerged from his home with his fists closed. Take your money, he said to the boy. But to his astonishment, the boy held on to his fists and would not let go. What are you doing? The chiseller yelled. Why are you shouting? said the boy calmly. You promised me a fistful of coins. So I get the pennies and the fists. He picked up an axe and said, Stand still. I am going to cut off your hands. The chiseller screamed and begged, but the boy said, My father begged you yesterday to return his cart and bullocks but you refused. If I cut off your hands, yesterdays debt and todays will be met. The chiseller begged forgiveness and offered to give the boy five hundred rupees, and his fathers cart and bullocks. The boy laughed. Want any firewood tomorrow? he asked cheekily. And he took the two carts home to give his father the good news.

Glossary
Native Bargain Ruin Relent Desperate Grabbled Thrash Scram Cheekily Comprehension i. ii. iii. iv. v. Why did the chiseller take the bullocks and cart with him? How did the wise boy help his father? Suggest the moral for the given story. Write a paragraph on Wisdom. Do you know Hakeem Luqman? Give his five wise sayings. Local Good deal, agreement Damage, spoil Give in, give up Hopeless, worried Seized, snatched, clutched Beat, whip, lash Run off, get away Boldly, bravely

Parts of Speech Strong/Irregular and Weak/Regular Verbs Why do we say she jumped, he walked, they blinked, Homer nodded but we don't say she thinked, he runned, they singed, and Homer speaked? Or, to pose the question another way, why don't we say she jeamp, he wolk, they blank or Homer nad?

The answer is that English has two entirely separate systems of verbs: the 'weak' verbs, which form their past tenses by adding a dental suffix11 (usually the -ed, although sometimes it is a t, or it is dropped altogether if the verb stem already ends with a dental sound); and the strong verbs, which form their past tenses by a modification of the vowel sound in the root syllable of the verb. The two types of verbs described here, strong and weak, do not comprise all verbs in the language. There is a different way of dividing the verbs into regular verbs, which comprises most of the weak verbs, and the irregular verbs, which describes the strong verbs, a number of weak verbs with irregular conjugations, and anomalous, or defective verbs. This entry is concerned only with the strong verbs and the weak verbs. Make a list of five regular and five irregular verbs from the story. Parts of Speech Relative Pronoun12 who that (people) (things or people)

which (things)

Remember: Who is used to combine people, which is used to combine things and animals while that is used to combine people, things and animals. Keeping in mind this rule choose the correct answer. 1. People ________ live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones. a. b. who which

c. that 2. Walden Pond, ______ was written in the mid-1800s, remains a popular book among romantic and individualistic Americans. a. b. who which

c. that 3. She prefers to watch movies ______ make her cry. a. who b. which c. that 4. He bought all the books ________ are required for the course.
11 A

dental suffix is one whose sound is made between the tongue and the teeth. 12 Pronouns are used in place of a noun for example I, we (first person pronoun), you (second person pronoun) and he, she, they (third person pronoun). Relative pronouns are that, who, whom, whose, which, where, when, and why. They are used to join clauses to make a complex sentence. Relative pronouns are used at the beginning of the subordinate clause which gives some specific information about the main clause.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

a. who b. which c. that In the crowd were several recruits _______ are regarded as excellent prospects for next year's team. a. who b. which c. that The police were able to find no evidence against her, _____ surprised no one who knows her well. a. who b. which c. that Predictably, the students _____ did best were not the ones who stayed up all night studying. a. who b. which c. that She wanted to buy a scarf _______ would complement her blue eyes. a. who b. which c. that The answers, ________ you can find in the back of the book, are sometimes incorrect. a. who b. which c. that

Read the following: 1. She is my friend. She wants to be a doctor. She is my friend who wants to be a doctor. 2. They are friends. They want to participate in the contest. They are friends who want to participate in the contest. 3. My aunt showed me furniture. It was made of pure brass. My aunt showed me furniture that was made of pure brass. My aunt showed me furniture, which was made of pure brass. 4. The jewelry is beautiful. It contains all pearls. The jewelry that contains beautiful pearls is beautiful. The jewelry, which contains beautiful pearl is beautiful. 5. This is the goat. We bought it yesterday. This is the goat that we bought yesterday. Complete each sentence given below using who, which or that. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. There are many students in this school ____________________. He is a student_______________________________________. Our teacher taught us a lesson ___________________________. Players are in the ground _______________________________. Mr. Hassan has a dog _________________________________.

6. I entered to my classroom _____________________________. 7. In our home, there is a big garden ________________________. Pronoun Antecedent Agreement A word can refer to an earlier noun or pronoun in the sentence. Example: Hassan is preparing Hassans lecture right now. What is the problem with this sentence? We do not talk or write this way. Automatically, we replace the noun Hassan with a pronoun. More naturally, we say Hassan is preparing his lecture right now. The pronoun his refers to Hassan. In this sentence, the pronoun his is called the REFERENT because it "refers back." It refers back to Hassan, the ANTECEDENT. An antecedent is a word for which a pronoun stands. (ante = "before") The pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number. A singular pronoun must replace a singular noun; a plural pronoun must replace a plural noun. Thus, the mechanics of the sentence above look like this: antecedent referent Hassan is preparing his lecture right now. singular singular masculine masculine 1. A phrase or clause between the subject and verb does not change the number of the antecedent. Example: The can of lima beans sits on its shelf.
Singular

prepositional phrase singular

2. Indefinite pronouns as antecedents Singular indefinite pronoun antecedents take singular pronoun referents. Singular: each, either, neither, one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something, everybody, everything Example Each of the students does a good work according to his/her potential. singular singular

Plural indefinite pronoun antecedents require plural referents. PLURAL: several, few, both, man Example: Both do good job in their school. plural plural Some indefinite pronouns that are modified by a prepositional phrase may be either singular or plural. EITHER SINGULAR OR PLURAL: some, any, none, all, most

When the object of preposition is uncountable Use a singular referent pronoun Examples: Some of the sugar fell out of its bag. Singular singular Sugar is uncountable; therefore, the sentence has a singular referent pronoun. When the object of preposition is countable Use a plural referent pronoun Examples: Some of the marbles fell out of their bag. Marbles are countable; therefore, the sentence has a plural referent pronoun. plural plural Think you understand the agreement of pronouns and antecedents? Select the correct sentence from the choices below. 1. 2. 3. Top of Form Bottom of Form One of the students must give their oral report tomorrow. One of the students must give his oral report tomorrow. Everybody was hoping to have his lottery number picked. Everybody was hoping to have their lottery number picked. If anyone doesn't like the music I'm playing, they can go somewhere else. If anyone doesn't like the music I'm playing, he/she can go somewhere else.

Articles Put in suitable articles. 13 Basically, an article is an adjective. Like adjectives, articles modify nouns. English has two articles: the and a/an. The is used to refer to specific or particular nouns; a/an is used to modify non-specific or non-particular nouns. We call the the definite article and a/an the indefinite article.

13

---------- Chiseller emerged from his home with his fists closed. Take your money, he said to ----- boy. But to his astonishment, ------ boy held on to his fists and would not let him go. What are you doing?------ Chiseller yelled. Why are you shouting? said ---- boy calmly. You promised me ---- fistful of coins. So I get ---- pennies and ---- fists. He picked up ---- axe and said, Stand still. I am going to cut off your hands.

LIGHT SHINING OUT OF DARKNESS

Learning objectives i. ii. iii. To understand the use and value of symbolism To understand how imagery serves purpose in poetry To be thankful to Almighty for His countless blessings

Deep in fathomable mines Of never-failing skill, He treasures up his bright designs, And works His sovereign will. You fearful saints fresh courage take, The clouds you so much dread Are big with mercy, and shall break In blessings on your head. His purposes will ripen fast, Unfolding every hour; The bud may have a bitter taste, But sweet will be the flower. Blind unbelief is sure to err, And scan His work in vain;

God is His own interpreter, And He will make it plain. -William Cowper

Glossary 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Unfathomable Mines Sovereign Saints Ripen Unbelief Err Interpreter Too deep to be understood. Rich sources. Absolute, supreme, chief, unlimited. Holy persons. Develop, mature. Want of belief, disbelief in divine revelation. Blunder, mistake, misjudge, miscalculate. One who explains or translates. ACTIVITIES Q No.1 QNo.2 Q No.3 Q No.4 Q No.5 Q No.6 Q No.7 Q No.8 Q No.9 Paraphrase the last two stanzas of the poem. Why has the poet used the symbol of light? Discuss the meaning of the title of this poem? What is the main idea of this poem? Explain the special meanings of the following phrases. 1. Bright designs 2. Unfathomable mines 3. Never-failing skill What advice is given to the fearful saints? Why does the poet use the images of the bud and the flower? Why is blind unbelief sure to make mistake? Does this poem help us understand Gods attributes? Make sentences of the following words. 1. Sovereign 2. Unfathomable 3. Ripen 4. Err 5. Scan 6. Interpret

Mobile Technology
Learning Objectives a. b. c. d. e. To enlist the benefits of technological invention i.e. Mobile Phone To recognize the importance of mobile phones To identify how mobile is playing a constructive role in communication To discover the harmful effects of mobile phones To get familiarity with the role and impact of technology in everyday life

Pre-Reading Questions a. Relate any personal experience regarding mobiles. b. In your opinion, what is the most useful aspect of mobiles? c. Mention the names of five cellular companies working in Pakistan. Modern era is an era wrapping many magnificent discoveries and inventions within it. All these inventions have opened up new vistas for humanity in so far the luxuries and the time factor is concerned. One of the striking inventions of this technological world is Mobile that has mesmerized billions of people all around the world. However, the youth seems to be more impressed by it. A rough calculation has detected that every day around the world, 1.25 billions people use mobile. Whether they are driving vehicles, watching television or busy in their office work. About 10 millions mobile phones are purchased every year. This extreme love and enchantment for mobiles is more like an obsession that is labeled as Mania. People from all age groups are frenzied and they take it as their right to use cell phones as much as they can. It is

turning out to be a Status Symbol especially in Pakistan where mobile companies are introducing newer and newer models of cell phones that are not only attractive, but expensive as well. Mobile phones are a common form of contacting others who may live on the other side of the world. This is a great advantage to the way we live. Take for example, an emergency. Mobile phones can contact others, even in an isolated area. Hence, the convenience and efficiency of cell phones cannot be denied in any way. Mobile phones help to create an informative, connected, culturally innovative, participative, and converging society. It has significantly changed the style of living of modern world. Nowadays, a teenager of 12 years feels himself cumbersome and lonely without a mobile. Concentrated analysis shows that youngsters ranging from 12 to 24 years take mobile phone as an indispensable part of their lives, and they cannot part with it. Nobody can deny the advantages of mobile phones. It is the cheapest communication tool that is used for multifarious purposes. It is a boon of modern science that is affecting every arena of life. Man, being a social animal, is always in need of communication. Mobile phones are helpful in maintaining a perfect connection with the people all around the globe. It is a necessity both in professional and private life of an individual. The introduction of mobile Internet is yet another privilege, and its utility in business world is comprehensive and indisputable in all respects. It works for getting an easy and speedy access to sports news and weather news. One can listen to music and play games as well. Hence, mobile phone is the only instrument which satisfies all the communication dilemmas of modern world. It has completely transformed the whole world; therefore, it is the best sold technological advancement ever. Positive contributions of mobile phones for the betterment of humanity cannot be refuted; however, this extreme mobile addiction is making our youth crippled as the negative uses of cell phones cannot be overlooked. It has been discovered by Prof. Osaka Minokawa in Japan that mobile phones emit faint traces of radiation that can be harmful if people are exposed to it for a lengthy period. It is causing incurable brain diseases even in youth. Stories are commonplace of people having an accident because they were distracted while driving and talking on a mobile phone. Moreover, there are situations were children

especially teens neglect food, parents, relations, kith and kin while using their cell phones. On one hand, the use of camera devices is helpful for immediate reporting, while on the other hand, it is also used for blackmailing, kidnapping and threats. Mobile phones are potentially one of the most dangerous devices on the market today, and yet even children use them. Many consumers are not aware that a significant number of mobile phones explode during use. Keeping in view the health impact of mobile phones, it is advised that the use of mobile phones for youth below than 20years must strictly be prohibited. Parents should also contain their responsibility in making their children realize the injurious impact of cell phones. No one can contradict or contest the utility of mobile in the cosmopolitan world of today. It is precious and with the fast-growing industrial output, it is beyond the ken of layman to imagine its far-reaching and fruitful assistance in every aspect of life. As mobile technology is here to stay, therefore with certain precautions, one can use cell phones safely. This thing should be kept in mind that inventions are always invented for making civilization comfortable, but extreme care should be observed in its implementation as nothing is good or bad, but thinking makes it so. Glossary Vistas: Mesmerize: Enchantment: Converge: Cumbersome: Multifarious: Boon: Indisputable: Crippled: Distracted: Injurious: Cosmopolitan: Comprehension Q. 1 Q. 2 Q. 3 Q. 4 How is mobile phone the cheapest communication tool? Comment How is mobile phone a necessity for youngsters ranging between 12-24 years? Compare mobile phone with land line. Explain which one is better, and why. What do you understand by the phrase communication dilemma? approach, thoughts, outlook Hypnotize, Entrance, Captivate, Fascinate Charm, Delight assemble, gather together, draw close Awkward, Burdensome Diverse, Miscellaneous Benefit, Advantage Unquestionable, Certain, Beyond doubt dependent Unfocused, Agitated, unclear Harmful, Damaging International, Mixed, Sophisticated

Q. 5

Nothing is good or bad, but thinking makes it so. Comment with reference to the technologies that are being used in everyday life.

Making of Sentences Use the following words into sentences of your own: Cumbersome Mesmerized Dilemma Precautions Implementations Creative Writing Write a paragraph14 of free writing by your own choice. You may choose any one of these topics: Use of mobile phones among students Internet as a great invention

Remember Write whatever comes to your mind. Dont worry about grammar or punctuation marks. You only need to have coherence in your ideas. After writing for five minutes, some volunteers share their paragraph with other students to have a discussion on the topic. Mobile Dictionary Do you know that you can find meaning of words through mobile? See how does the mobile give meaning of the following words: Enchantment Thesaurus Read the following entries and tick the synonym or antonym to show whether each pair of words mean the same thing or the opposite. Then confirm your answer from thesaurus. Synonym Addiction Mania
14 Before

Boon

Cripple

Mesmerize

Antonym infatuation fad

writing think and arrange your ideas by writing a topic sentence, identifying its detail and order.

Multifarious Archive Cosmopolitan Chant Vista

homogenous documentation insular silence panorama

Pronunciation Skill Letters with different sounds There are many letters in English that are pronounced differently in different words Example Uin C in G in But Care Get Put Cereal Gist

Write few words with th spellings that are pronounced different. You may consult dictionary and thesaurus. Silent Consonants There are some consonants in English language that are not pronounced in certain worgds, therefore known as silent consonants. Examples: W in Wrapping K in know M in Mnemonic B in Debt Write down ten words having silent consonants into it.

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If Winter Comes to Lahore, Can Spring Be far Behind Left?

Learning Objectives a. b. c. d. To get awareness about the traditions cherished in different parts of Pakistan To identify Lahore as the greatest city of the East. To get familiarity with the festivals being celebrated in Lahore To create an understanding of national and cultural diversity

Pre-Reading Questions a. b. c. d. Which season do you like the most? And why? Do you have any idea about the festivals of Pakistan? Can you name the multiple numbers of universities situated in Lahore? Mention some of the biggest cities of Pakistan. When new leaves burst on trees and multicolor kites fly skywards, Lahore begins to change. Lahore is Pakistans second biggest and one of the most cosmopolitan cities. With universities, colleges, historical and cultural heritage, a spiritual, commercial, and political center, it has been a fascinating city since centuries. Lahore is one of the greatest cities of the East. William Finch, a British traveler, wrote in 1610. Lahore, a beautiful city of gardens, fountains and parks, celebrates the Jashn-e-Baharan, its annual spring festival from February 15th till March 23rd every year. Basantthe kite-flying festival, food and craft festival, canal mela, Pakistan Day Parade, horse and cattle show, fun and frolic at Food Street in Gawalmandi are the main items of this Jashn. International Puppet show, Tonga and Buggy riding on the Mall, Folk Dance Festival and Polo matches are other events to see, while the Mughal memories beckon from Shalimar Gardens, Lahore Fort and stunning Badshahi Mosque. Canal Mela, February 18th to 3rd March, is a colourful event. Spring is the best time of the year to take a jaunt in a horse-drawn buggy along the canal bank, between The Mall and Jail Road. With magical glittering lights reflected in the canal water, all the bushes and trees also lit up, giving the entire walking way a dazzling look.

Started in 1954, the Horse and Cattle Show has now become synonymous with Lahores spring season. Many foreign dignitaries time their visit to Pakistan according to the dates of the show. Tent Pegging, horse and camel dancing, trick riding, free fall jumping and band displays are some other interesting events. With the arrival of Spring, the city becomes a venue for spring celebrations. Officially, spring festival opens at the lush green lawns of Race Course Park, once actually a race course, turned into a manicured park in the mid 80s. The park attracts as many as 10,000 visitors per day during festival season, says the records of park and Horti cultural Authority. In 1899, John Foster Fraser, wrote in his book Round the world on a wheel, Lahore is sort of a glorified garden. The axiom seems true in spring when roads are lined with flower beds, flower baskets, miniature kites hanging from poles, and bougainvillea blooming from the outer walls of private houses. The whole city becomes a big flower basket. As the nippy winter yields to moderate spring pleasantness, Basant festivity grips Lahore. A kite-flying Basant Bash, now famous all over the world, is the highlight of Spring. Over the years, it has become an event that thrills commoners, celebrities, filmstars, diplomats, industrialists, politicians, artists and visitors. The young and old lot, local and tourists, endeavor a hand at kite-flying. Yellow, the colour of Basant is seen all around. The number of foreigners and visitors, regarding Spring festival, increases every year. The metropolis prepares for this change. Taxi drivers are trained, fare schedules from Airway and Railway stations to the city are issued before the festival. During a visit, many side attractions will also beckon people to make time for them--The kabaddi (wrestling) matches, painting exhibitions, Emperor Jahangir and Empress Noorjahans tomb and Lahore Museum. One day excursions around Lahore are also available. But nobody says, you have to wait for spring to visit magical Lahore. Someone once said, Streets of old Lahore (androon-e-shehr) are paved not only with bricks, but with history. The old and compact part of the city, where links with the past are intact, it is not at all easy to navigate. That is, what Lahore and Lahoris are, all about. When did they ever need a reason to make merry and have good food? They have been doing it for hundreds of years, and the rest of the world is just waking up to their social Spring Festival of the yearwhich, perhaps justifies yet more elaborate celebrations. Sereen Gul

Glossary Multicolour: Heritage: Fascinating: Frolic: Beckon: Glittering: Dazzling: Synonymous: Dignitary: Axiom: Miniature: Nippy: Endeavor: Metropolis: Excursion: Intact: Navigate: Comprehension Q. 1 Q. 2 Q. 3 Q. 4 Write a detailed note on spring festival in Lahore. What do you understand from Horse and Cattle Show? Write ten lines on Lahore as a glorified garden. Which city of Pakistan does you like the most? Give reasons. Having different colours Legacy, Tradition, Custom Attractive, Interesting Play Signal, Indicate Impressive, Showy Amazing, remarkable Identical, One and the same Notable, Public figure Saying Small, Tiny Cold, Chilly Attempt, Try Capital Pleasure trip Together, in one piece Find the way, Follow the map

Punctuation Quotation Marks Quotation marks are one of the features of written discourse. These are used when exact words of a person are quoted in writing. For example in Para 7 John Foster, Frasers view regarding the city of Lahore is given within quotation marks. Collect at least 5 good quotations and write them in your notebook. Finding out words Find out the words from the text to be put in the following categories: Colours Months Public places Festivals Plants

Dictionary

Read the following foreign expressions, know their exact pronunciation, part of speech using an authentic dictionary a. Au revoir b. En route c. Tete-a-tete d. Coup de grace e. Genre f. Connoisseur g. Boulevard h. Repertoire Library Skill Consult an encyclopedia in the reference section of the library to find out details about different festivals all around the world. Pronunciation Skill Diphthongs15 /a/ as in nail, day, eight, whey // as in joy, noise, royal, coy // as in boil, destroy, coin, join /u/ as in view, new, due, use, lute, suit, adieu // as in few, dew, ewe, shrewd, neuter, beauty // as in low, soul Find out words with diphthongs and write them on the white board in the above manner. Sentence Structure For and Since with Present Perfect Continuous Tense We often use for and since with the present perfect tense. We use for to talk about a period of time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years. We use since to talk about a point in past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday.

for a period of time

since a point in past time x 20 minutes 6.15pm three days Monday 6 months January 4 years 1994 2 centuries 1800 a long time I left school ever the beginning of time etc etc 15 A complex speech sound or glide that begins with one vowel and gradually changes to another vowel within the same syllable, as (oi) in boil or () in fine.

Fill in the blanks with for or since. I have been studying ___3 hours. I have been watching TV ___7pm. Tara hasn't been feeling well ___2 weeks. Tara hasn't been visiting us ___March. He has been playing football ___a long time. He has been living in Bangkok ___he left school.

The Power of Prayer

Learning objectives i. ii. iii. To develop the sense of importance of prayer To understand the needs of others To comprehend the text and relate it with personal experience

Pre-reading questions i. ii. iii. What is the meaning of prayer? How can we thank God for His blessings? How do you pray to God and specifically what do you pray?

A YOUNG MANs brain was always filled with strange and novel ideas. He had developed a strong habit of ending up with questions that nobody could easily answer. One day while he was sitting alone he couldn't help but wonder, Does God still speak to people? He hurried to his friends and asked the question. Several different ones talked about how God had led them in different ways but nobody could come up with the answer to satisfy his curiosity. It was about ten o'clock when the young man started driving home. Sitting in his car, he just began to pray, God, if you still speak to people, speak to me. I will listen. I will do my best to obey. As he drove down the main street of his town, the young man had the strangest thought, to stop and buy a gallon of milk. He shook his head and said out loud, God! Is that you? He didn't get a reply and started on toward home. But the thought came again with much more intensity. Okay, God, in case that is you, I will buy the milk. It didn't seem like too hard a test of obedience. He could always use the milk. He stopped and purchased the gallon of milk and started off toward home. As he passed Seventh Street, he again felt the urge, Turn down that street. This is crazy, he thought and drove on past the intersection. Again, he felt that he should turn down Seventh Street. At the next intersection, he turned back and headed down Seventh. Half jokingly, he said out loud, Okay, God, I will. He drove several blocks, when suddenly, he felt like he should stop. He pulled over to the curb and looked around. He was in semi-commercial area of the town. It wasn't the best, but it wasn't the worst of neighborhoods either. The businesses were closed and most of the houses looked dark like the people were already in bed. Again, he sensed something, Go and give the milk to the people in the house across the street. The young man looked at the house. It was dark and it looked like the people were either gone or they were already asleep. He started to open the door and then sat back in the car seat. Lord, this is insane. Those people are asleep and if I wake them up, they are going to be mad and I will look stupid. Again, he felt like he should go and give the milk. Finally, he opened the door, Okay God, if this is you, I will go to the door and I will give them the milk. If you want me to look like a crazy person, okay. I want to be obedient. I guess that will count for something but if they don't answer right away, I am out of here. He walked across the street and rang the bell. He could hear some noise inside. A mans voice yelled out, Who is it? What do you want? Then the door opened before the young man could get away. The man was standing there in his jeans and T-shirt. He looked like he just got out of bed. He had a strange look on his face and he didn't seem too happy to have some stranger standing on his doorstep. What is it?

The young man thrust out the gallon of milk, Here, I brought this to you. The man took the milk and rushed down a hallway speaking loudly in Spanish. Then from down the hall came a woman carrying the milk toward the kitchen. The man was following her holding a baby. The baby was crying. The man had tears streaming down his face. The man began speaking and half-crying, We were just praying. We had some big bills this month and we ran out of money. We didnt have any milk for our baby. I was just praying and asking God to show me how to get some milk. His wife in the kitchen yelled out, I ask him to send an Angel with some. Are you an Angel? The young man reached into his wallet and pulled out all the money he had and put it on the mans hand. He turned and walked back toward his car; tears were streaming down his face. He knew that God still answers prayers.

Glossary
Curiosity Obedience Urge Curb Insane Yell

Interest Agreement, submission A strong wish or need To control Mentally ill To shout loudly

Comprehension i. ii. iii. iv. v. Why do certain questions come into the mind of the young man? What is the theme of the text? Have you ever gone through such feelings as the young man has experienced? What lesson did you get from the given text? Describe any one of your experience regarding the power of prayer. Past Perfect Continuous Tense16

Sentence Structure

The structure of the past perfect continuous tense is: subject + auxiliary verb + auxiliary verb+main verb (present participle) 16 The past perfect continuous verb tense is used to: represent the past in the past repeated actions clarify the order of 2 past actions answers the question "how long" clarifies the order of two past actions states that an action was in progress, when a second action stared represents the conclusion of an event action states the duration of an event, before a past action

had Example: It had been raining. He/ She/It I/We/They He/ She/It I/We/They hadnt been had been

been

base verb +ing

playing mobile games Raining playing mobile games raining.

he/she/it Had I/we/they

been playing mobile games? been raining?

Write what the children had been doing before their parents arrived. 1. They ______________ (shout) for a few hours before their parents arrived. 2. They ______________ (eat noisily) for a few hours before their parents arrived. 3. They ______________ (play music at full volume) for a few hours before their parents arrived. 4. They ______________ (jump on their parents' bed) for a few hours before their parents arrived. Soft and Hard consonants17 Hard consonants are the one in which hard sounds are included for example t, d, k etc. Soft consonants on the contrary are sounds that are soft in utterance and listening for example m, n, s etc. Locate and write hard and soft consonants form the text. Alliteration Alliteration means the repetition of consonant sounds in text. It produces musical effect. Example d in drove down Scan the text and pick up all the alliterative sounds from it. Dictionary Consult dictionary to choose the correct spelling word. competition compitition

17 Consonants are the sounds other than vowel sounds.

temperture illusion conscience trageidy justice curessy dilema jeopardy

receive

temperature ilusion conscience tragedy justice courtesy dilemma jeopeordy

recieveTop of Form

Library Skill Go to your school library and through catalogue locate books that can give you information about concept of prayer in different world religions. You can get help from encyclopedias. Afterwards write down a paragraph summarizing the salient features of prayer that are common in almost all religions.

THE CLOUD
Learning objectives i. ii. iii. iv. To know the importance of the objects of nature To understand how imagery serves purpose in poetry To be thankful to Almighty for His countless blessings To enjoy proper rhymed poetry

I bring fresh showers for the thirsty flowers, From the seas and the streams; I bear light shade for the leaves when laid In their noonday dreams. Sublime on the towers of my skiey bowers, Lightning my pilot sits; In a cavern under is fettered the thunder, It struggles and howls at fits. The sanguine sunrise, with the meteor eyes, And his burning plumes outspread, Leaps on the back of my sailing rack, When the morning star shines dead. When the crimson pall of eve may fall From the depth of heaven above, With wing folded I rest, on my airy nest,

As still as a brooding dove.

-Percy Bysshe Shelley

Glossary 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Laid Skiey Bower Cavern Fettered Howls Sanguine Meteor Plumes Rack Crimson Pall Fits Brood Past Participle of Lay. Ethereal, very high. An inner room. A deep hollow place. Restrained, shackled, limited, restricted, enchained. To cry as wolf or dog. Blood-red, hopeful, confident. Bright, brilliant but short-lived. Feathers A raised place, high place where articles are arranged. Red. Cloth, cover. Outbursts. To sit on egg (as hen)

ACTIVITIES Q No.1 QNo.2 Q No.3 Q No.4 Q No.5 Q No.6 Q No.7 Q No.8 Q No.9 Paraphrase the second and fourth stanzas. Who is the speaker in the poem? Make sentences of the following words. 1. Howls 2. Sanguine 3. Fettered 4. Laid 5. Brood Point out internal rhyme in this poem. How important is the can attribution of sound effects, such as rhyme and rhythm? How do they affect tone and meaning of this poem? Why is the cloud important for flowers and leaves? What does the cloud tell us about lightning and thunder? How is the sunrise described? Can you explain the simile in the last two lines of the poem? What metaphor has been used to describe thunder in the second stanza?

Scholarship Application: Dos and Donts

Learning objectives i. ii. iii. To understand the usefulness of scholarships To know about different categories of scholarships To comprehend the process of writing scholarship application properly

Pre-reading questions i. ii. iii. What is your understanding of scholarship? Have you ever won scholarship? What does the title suggest?

The term "scholarship" can have many meanings. At its most basic meaning, a scholarship is money for education that you will not be expected to repay. Scholarships are worth seeking. The primary classifications of scholarships are; Merit/Athletic, Need, Ethnicity, Institution and General. Merit-based scholarships are offered to students based on the student's athletic, academic, artistic or other abilities. Financial need is not a consideration. Need-based scholarships are offered to students where the student and their family's financial situation is a primary factor in determining the recipient. Very often need-based private scholarships require the recipient to have high academic performance. Ethnicity-based scholarships require applicants to initially qualify based on race, religion, or national origin. Additional factors may be taken into consideration to determine the recipients.

Institutional-based are scholarships awarded by a specific college or university to a student planning to attend that institution. General types of scholarships are those which are awarded for a variety of reasons which do not fall into one of the above categories. For example, some corporations give scholarships to their employees' children. The scholarship application process is very similar to the college application process. First, you filter a large list of possible choices into a focused list that matches you. After that you have chosen the right and suitable kind of a scholarship program as per your requirements, the next step lies in applying for the same. It is important that you follow certain acceptable procedures while filling up a Scholarship Application. You should have to create a compelling application that is supported by your achievements, essays, recommendations, and interviews. The application could vary from sending an email, or making a phone call or writing a letter. Where you are required to write a letter you should keep it short and professional. The regular business protocol should be followed by the applicant, such as: Name and address of the addressing person Dating the letter Salutation Body of the letter. Describing about you and your educational background and the reasons for applying for a scholarship Thanking Applicants name and address

You should have an organized way of proceeding to make an application. It is highly important that you should have details such as application deadlines and requirements for the scholarship. These are important because any deviation or corrections required can be made provided you are prepared in advance. Where you are applying for a need-based scholarship it is important to have your income and tax proofs ready for submission. The dos and donts while filling out a Scholarship Application: You should write neatly while filling out the application. In order to judge whether or not you are a potential candidate for the scholarship, officials will need to be able to easily read your application. Typing your application in a clear font is a safe way to do so. Otherwise, you should use your best print and must avoid writing in cursive. You should never fill out a scholarship application in pencil.

You must not leave items blank. If a certain question does not apply to you, just write a brief note explaining why. It's better to be safe rather than risk disqualification on the basis of an incomplete application.

An applicant is supposed to tell the truth vis--vis his/her achievements. It's never a good idea to lie about your accomplishments. If you feel the urge, that particular scholarship may not be for you. Therefore, you must set it aside and continue your search.

You are also required to proofread your application carefully. Use your computer's spelling and grammar check features. Have a parent, teacher, or friend read your essays. As competition for scholarships can be fierce, even the simplest mistakes in grammar and spelling can reduce your chances of receiving the award.

Your full name must appear at the top of your application and supporting documents. This is a necessary precaution in case the materials get mixed-up in the judging process.

Besides the obvious monetary relief, scholarships beckon that somebody cares about those who have dreams and are working hard to reach them.

Glossary
Ethnicity Recipient Employee Compelling Protocol Deviation Potential Precaution Monetary Relief Beckon Civilization, society Receiver Worker Exciting, interesting Practice, set of rules Variation, departure Possible, likely Safety measure, insurance Economic Release, break Signal, sign, gesture

Post reading Comprehension i. ii. iii. iv. v. What are the different categories of scholarship? What is the difference between Merit based and Athletic scholarship? Whether it is more difficult to send an electronic mail or to write an application? Enlist the Donts of scholarship application. Scan the text to elaborate the definition of Ethnicity scholarship.

Parts of Speech

Abstract and Concrete Nouns

Two of the types of Nouns are Concrete and Abstract noun. Concrete noun is the name of a person, place, or an object. It refers to something that exists in the material world. It can be seen or touched. Example The girl gave her dog a bone. All the words in italics are concrete nouns. An abstract noun is the name of an idea, a quality, an action or a situation. It refers to something immaterial. Example His hasty decision put her in trouble. The words in italics are abstract nouns. Pick out abstract and concrete nouns from the text. Differences between words Mixing up the words borrow and lend can be a common confusion, Use lend when you are giving money or items to someone. I will lend you a bat for the match. Use borrow when you are taking money or items from someone (or funds from a bank!). May I borrow your car for today? Try to use lend me in place of loan me. The loan is the noun for the amount that you have borrowed and using it in the phrase "loan me" is not accurate, no matter how often you hear it! Dictionary Consult dictionary to find meaning of the following pair of words and construct a sentence with each word in the pair, bringing out the difference in the meaning. 1. Descent 2. Desert 3. Device 4. Elicit 5. Eminent 6. Faint 7. Forth 8. Here 9. Hoard 10. Hole 11. Loath 12. Palate Dissent Dessert Devise Illicit Imminent Feint Fourth Hear Horde Whole Loathe Palette

Parts of Speech

Adverb18

English Transformation Drill When answering the question 'how', adverbs are usually created from adjectives with an added ly ending. E.g. quick becomes quickly. i. Think of different ways that people might do these things. The people walk. Quickly The people wait. Patiently How did you do with your lists? Make a list of adverbs under each heading. The people play. Happily The people talk. Loudly ii.

I wonder if this task would have helped you! Change these adjectives into adverbs. Quick becomes quickly Neat Careful Loud Excited Brave iii. Certain words change when they become adverbs. If an adjective ends in a y, you need to change the y to an I before adding the ly!

Show me you can do that by changing these adjectives in adverbs. Funny becomes funnily Angry Happy Heavy Noisy Steady Clumsy Here are six adverbs. Can you write one sentence for each adverb into your books to show you have taken everything in you have covered today. Slightly Dangerously Slowly Brightly Greedily 18 It is a word that tells us more about verbs. Many adverbs tell us how something is done.

Cheekily Change the given adjectives into adverbs. Regular Easy High Safe Careful

Complete the following scholarship form keeping in mind dos and donts.