Dr. Mason, Harrison High Honors Semester Two Final Review A.

Definitions Know the definition of each term below. Perfect precision is the goal. If you say, for example, that a circle is the set of points equidistant from a given point, youll lose points. A circle is the set of points in a plane equidistant from a given point. If a diagram would be necessary or helpful in the definition, provide it. 1. Ratio and proportion, means and extremes, cross products 2. Equivalent proportions 3. Similar polygons and scale factor 4. Triangle midsegment 5. Fractal, iteration and self-similarity 6. Geometric mean 7. Pythagorean triple 8. The two types of special right triangle 9. Sine, cosine and tangent; inverse sine, inverse cosine, inverse tangent. Be able to explain why the values of the trig functions for a particular angle cannot vary with the size of the triangle of which that angle is part. How do we know, for instance, that sin (23) is the same for every right triangle with an acute angle of measure 23? 10. Angle of depression and angle of elevation 11. Circle, radius, chord, diameter, circumference, pi, concentric circles 12. Central angle, minor arc, major arc, semicircle 13. Inscribed angle and intercepted arc; inscribed and circumscribed 14. Circle tangent, point of tangency, common tangent, circle secant 15. Circle sector, apothem of a regular polygon 16. Congruent and similar solids 17. Right prism, right cylinder, right pyramid, right cone 18. Oblique prism, oblique cylinder, oblique pyramid, oblique cone 19. Cross section of a solid 20. Sphere, hemisphere and great circle 21. Lateral area, lateral edge and lateral face 22. Slant height 23. Euclidean geometry, hyperbolic (i.e. Lobachevskian) geometry, spherical geometry; neutral geometry 24. Diperpendicular quadrilateral, Saccheri quadrilateral B. Proofs Know how to prove each theorem below. (Dont whine. Ive left a few of the more difficult off.) Be ready to do each from scratch. Ill do nothing more than state the result you are to prove. 1. When polygons are similar, then their perimeters are proportional to the scale factor between then. 2. If a line is parallel to one side of a triangle and intersects the other two sides, then it divides the sides into segments of proportional lengths. 3. The midsegment of a triangle is parallel to a side of that triangle, and its length is precisely half the length of that side. 4. If three or more parallel lines intersect two transversals, then they cut off those transversals proportionally. 5. If two triangles are similar, then: a. altitude lengths are proportional to the scale factor. b. angle bisector lengths are proportional to the scale factor. c. median lengths are proportional to (you guessed it) the scale factor. 6. When an altitude is drawn to a hypotenuse, the triangles that result are similar to one another and to the triangle into which the altitude was drawn. 7. The altitude to the hypotenuse is the geometric mean of the two pieces of the hypotenuse. 8. When an altitude is drawn to a hypotenuse, each leg is the geometric mean of the whole of the hypotenuse and the piece of the hypotenuse adjacent to that leg. 9. The converse of the Pythagorean Theorem. 10. The Pythagorean Inequalities. 11. The Inscribed Angle Theorem 12. An inscribed angle intercepts a semicircle if and only if the angle is a right angle. 13. If a quadrilateral is inscribed into a circle, then its opposite angles are supplementary. 14. Tangents from the same point to the same circle are congruent. 15. If a quadrilateral is circumscribed about a circle, then the sums of opposite sides are equal. 16. When chords intersect within the interior of a circle, each angle formed is the mean of the measures of the arcs intercepted by the angle and its vertical twin. 17. If a radius is drawn out to a point of tangency, then that radius is perpendicular to the tangent.

18. If a line is perpendicular to a radius at its endpoint on a circle, then that line is tangent to the circle. 19. When a secant and a tangent intersect at the point of tangency, then the measure of each angle formed is half the measure of its intercepted arc. 20. If two secants, a secant and a tangent, or two tangents intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the measure of the angle formed is half the difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs. 21. When two chords intersect in the interior of a circle, the product of the pieces of one equals the product of the pieces of the other. 22. When a tangent and a secant intersect outside a circle, the tangent squared equals the product of the whole of the secant and that part of the second that lies outside the circle. 23. When two secants intersect outside a circle, the product of the whole of one and the part of it that lies outside the circle equals the product of the whole of the other and the part that lies outside the circle. 24. The summit angles of a Saccheri quadrilateral are congruent. 25. If the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180, then the summit of a Saccheri quadrilateral is parallel to its base. 26. In Lobachevskian geometry: a. the summit of a Saccheri quadrilateral is longer than its base. b. the sum of the angles of a triangle is less than 180. c. if a pair of triangles are similar, then they are congruent too. C. Formula Derivations We had few formulas in Semester One. In Semester Two, we had many. Know the derivations of each of the formulas below. 1. The Pythagorean Theorem (I know, I know. Its not a formula. Its a theorem. But really, its both; and most often in elementary geometry, its treated as a formula.) 2. The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines 3. Know how to derive the side relationships in the two sorts of special right triangle. 4. Triangle Area, Trapezoid Area and Rhombus and Kite Area 5. Circle Area 6. Area of a Regular Polygon 7. Volume and Surface Area of a Cone 8. Volume and Surface Area of a Sphere D. Problems There are certain problems that you should know how to do. Ill break them down by kind and send you to problems in the text. They aint bad, and thus I dont think it necessary to reinvent the wheel. All problems will come from the Extra Practice section at the end of the text. It begins on page 969. (What a nice number that is. Its triple the product of a pair of twin primes. Call a number like that a Triple Twin. Whats the smallest Triple Twin? Whats the largest under 100? Is there a 3-digit triple twin greater than 969? Whats the largest 4-digit Triple Twin? How many Triple Twins are there?) 1. Geometric Mean. 8-1, problems 10-12. 2. The Pythagorean Theorem, Its Converse and the Pythagorean Inequalities. 8-2, problems 1-13. 3. Special Right Triangles. 8-3, problems 1-6. 4. Basic Trig. 8-4, problems 1-9. 5. Trig Word Problems. 8-5, problems 1-3. a. Gabriel wishes to know the height of the Sears Tower but has lost his cell phone and cant consult the internet. He sights to the top of the tower and finds that the angle is 70. He then steps back (he thinks) 100 m and then sights to the top of the tower again. He finds that the new angle is 66. If we assume that these values are correct, what is the height of the Sears Tower to the nearest meter? b. Gabriel stands at the top of a tower 222 m in height. As he surveys the park below, he sees that Barney, the town drunk, has been at it again. Hes left a trail of beer cans and bottles through the park. Gabriel sights out to a crumpled beer car and finds that the angle of depression is 44. After he sights out to a broken beer bottle and finds that the angle of depression is 66. Whats the distance between can and bottle? c. The next night, Barney really tied one on. He switched from beer and whisky, Kentucky Straight Bourbon to be exact. Again Gabriel climbs the tower. He sights out to one bottle and finds that it lies at a 13 angle of depression. He turns 23 and then sights out to a second bottle and finds that it lies at a 33 angle of depression. What is the distance between the bottles? What is Gabriels distance from each bottle? 6. The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines. 8-6, problems 1-7. 7. Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles. 11-1, problems 1-7. 8. Areas of Trapezoids, Rhombi and Kites. 11-2, problems 1-7. 9. Areas of Circles and Sectors. 11-3, problems 1-6. 10. Areas of Regular Polygons and Composite Figures. 11-4, problems 1-6. 11. Areas of Similar Figures. 11-5, problems 1-4. 12. Surfaces Areas of Prisms and Cylinders. 12-2, problems 1-12. 13. Surface Areas of Pyramids and Cones. 12-3, problems 1-9. 14. Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders. 12-4, problems 1-11. 15. Volumes of Pyramids and Cones. 12-5, problems 1-11.

16. Surface Areas and Volumes of Spheres. 12-6, problems 1-14. 17. Congruent and Similar Solids. 12-8, problems 1 and 2. E. Non-Euclidean Geometry From the board: 1. Our text is named simply Geometry. Why is this a mistake? 2. What is the Duh test? What is Euclids Fifth Postulate? Why doesnt it pass the Duh test? 3. In what two ways could the Fifth Postulate turn out false? Name and describe the two sorts of geometry which result from the denial of the Fifth. 4. Know how to prove that, in Euclidean geometry, the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180. 5. Know how to prove that, if the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180, our geometry must be of the Euclidean sort. 6. Be able to state Jacobs Lobachevskian Postulate.