Федеральное агентство по образованию Российской Федерации

Федеральное государственное образовательное учреждение

высшего профессионального образования
«ЮЖНЫЙ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

О. И. САФРОНЕНКО
К. С. ПЕТРОСЯН
С. Ю. РЕЗНИКОВА

LEARNING TO LEARN IN ENGLISH

Учебник английского языка

для cтудентов 1–2 курсов бакалавриата
естественнонаучных и инженерных специальностей университетов

Ростов-на-Дону
Издательство Южного федерального университета
2009
УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.2 Англ-93
С 12
CONTENTS
Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета
Южного федерального университета
Module 1. The Way We Learn................................................................ 9
Рецензенты: Unit 1. Learn How to Learn .................................................................... 10
заведующая кафедрой иностранных языков
Ростовского юридического института МВД РФ Валдавина С. Э., Unit 2. Study Smart, Not Hard ................................................................ 23
старший преподаватель кафедры английского языка
естественных факультетов Южного федерального университета Грушко Е. И. Unit 3. Revise & Practise ........................................................................ 32
Учебник подготовлен и издан в рамках национального проекта Progress Test ................................................................................... 32
«Образование» по «Программе развития федерального государственного
образовательного учреждения высшего профессионального образования
Module 2. What’s it Like Being a Student? ......................................... 35
“Южный федеральный университет” на 2007–2010 гг.»
Unit 1. Making the Choice of Your Life .................................................. 36
Unit 2. Your Personal Odyssey .............................................................. 49
Сафроненко О. И., Петросян К. С., Резникова С. Ю. Unit 3. Revise & Practise ....................................................................... 59
С 12 Learning to Learn in English: учебник / О. И. Сафроненко, К. С. Пет-
росян, С. Ю. Резникова. – Ростов н/Д: Изд-во ЮФУ, 2009. – 272 с. Progress Test .................................................................................... 60
ISBN 978-5-9275-0573-9
Учебник «Learning to Learn in English» имеет своей целью формирование Module 3. How to Survive in the Information Age? .......................... 63
иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции в сфере учебной и частично буду-
щей профессиональной деятельности. Учебник ориентирован на создание ус- Unit 1. Secret of Success ......................................................................... 64
ловий для приобретения студентами опыта использования языковых знаний и Unit 2. Hunting for Treasures ................................................................. 76
умений в различных ситуациях общения; формирования навыков планирова-
ния учебной деятельности и самостоятельной работы; активного использова- Unit 3. Revise & Practise ......................................................................... 91
ния современных информационных технологий; коллективной познавательной
деятельности; развития творческого подхода к решению учебных и профессио- Progress Test ................................................................................... 92
нальных задач; самоконтроля и оценки усвоения навыков и умений.
Учебник предназначается для студентов 1–2 курсов бакалавриата естествен-
нонаучных и инженерных специальностей университетов (уровень владения
Module 4. Evolution of Natural Sciences ........................................... 95
английским языком – средний и выше среднего). Unit 1. Scientific Milestones .................................................................. 96
ISBN 978-5-9275-0573-9 УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.2 Англ-93
Unit 2. Scientific Revolution ................................................................. 113
Сафроненко О. И., Петросян К. С., Unit 3. Revise & Practise ...................................................................... 125
Резникова С. Ю., 2009
Южный федеральный университет, 2009 Progress Test .................................................................................. 125
Оформление. Макет. Издательство
Южного федерального университета, 2009

2 3
Module 5. Survive or not Survive? .................................................... 131
Unit 1. Global Issues ............................................................................. 132
Unit 2. CleanTech = GreenTech ........................................................... 151
Unit 3. Revise & Practise ...................................................................... 164
Progress Test .................................................................................. 166
Module 6. Science Frontiers .............................................................. 171
Unit 1. The 20th Century and Beyond ................................................... 172
Unit 2. Into the Future .......................................................................... 185
Unit 3. Revise & Practise ....................................................................... 195
Progress Test ................................................................................... 195
Module 7. The Skillful Me! .................................................................. 199
Unit 1. Job Opportunities for Students ................................................... 200
Unit 2. On the Job .................................................................................... 212
Unit 3. Revise & Practise ........................................................................ 223
Progress Test ................................................................................... 224
Audio Scripts ........................................................................................... 228
Keys ........................................................................................................ 247
List of materials used ............................................................................. 268
4 5
Методическая записка
Учебник «Learning to Learn in English» предназначается для сту-
дентов 1–2 курсов бакалавриата естественнонаучных и инженерных
специальностей университетов (уровень владения английским языком –
средний и выше среднего). Его целью является формирование иноя-
зычной коммуникативной компетенции, адекватной как общим целям
овладения иностранным языком как средством межкультурного об-
щения, личностного развития и самореализации, так и потребностям
рынка труда в специалистах, готовых к продолжению своего образо-
вания и профессиональной деятельности в иноязычной среде.
Поскольку одна из основных задач данного учебника – развитие
академических компетенций и овладение студентами общими учеб-
ными стратегиями в ходе изучения английского языка, приедлагаемая
в учебнике система заданий ориентирована на создание условий для
приобретения студентами опыта использования языковых знаний и
умений в различных ситуациях общения; формирование навыков пла-
нирования учебной деятельности; совершенствование навыков само-
стоятельной работы; развитие творческого подхода к решению учеб-
ных и профессиональных задач; организацию и осуществление кол-
лективной познавательной деятельности; самоконтроль и оценку
усвоения соответствующих знаний и умений; активное использова-
ние современных информационных технологий в учебной работе.
Основной акцент делается на развитие базовых навыков работы с ин-
формацией на английском языке: быстрый поиск, оценка, выбор, об-
работка и передача информации в различных формах и др.
Данный учебник состоит из 7 модулей, раздела «Приложение»,
который включает текстовую основу для прослушивания (scripts) и
ключей к наиболее трудным заданиям. В начале каждого модуля сфор-
мулированы его учебные цели, которые позволяют студентам полу-
чить четкое представление о направленности предстоящей работы. Все
модули имеют определенную тематическую направленность (акаде-
мическую или профессиональную), разработанную с учетом требова-
ний подготовки специалистов естественнонаучных направлений.
В свою очередь каждый модуль состоит из 3 разделов (Units). В пер-
вых двух рассматриваются различные аспекты избранной тематики,
вводятся и закрепляются общие учебные стратегии и определенный
языковой материал, развиваются и совершенствуются коммуникатив- Self study предлагает дополнительный материал для самостоятельного
ные навыки. В третьем разделе даны задания на проверку, осмысле- изучения.
ние и закрепление пройденного в первых двух разделах, задания на Progress Monitoring – представляет задания, стимулирующие рефлек-
самостоятельную работу, проекты. сивную самооценку процесса изучения английского языка, то есть сту-
Работа в каждом разделе (Unit) включает задания под следующи- дентам предлагается самостоятельно отслеживать успешность своего
ми рубриками: продвижения в овладении английским языком.
Lead in – включает задания, имеющие своей целью выяснить фоно- Progress Test – представляет собой тест рубежного контроля.
вые знания, мнения, суждения студентов по обсуждаемой в каждом В ходе работы с материалами учебника студенты получают навык
разделе тематике. ведения Языкового портфеля, то есть «пакета документов, в которых
Reading – предлагает задания на развитие навыков в различных видах его обладатель в течение длительного времени фиксирует свои дости-
чтения, извлечение основной информации, понимание структуры, орга- жения и опыт в овладении иностранным языком, полученные квали-
низации и содержания текста (полного или основного). фикации, а также отдельные виды выполненных им работ». (Европей-
Listening – представляет собой аудиозаписи монологов и интервью ский языковой портфель, 1997). Использование этой технологии по-
академической и общенаучной направленности, с заданиями направ- зволяет в процессе обучения английскому языку, с одной стороны, раз-
ленными на извлечение конкретной информации, развитие навыков вивать способность к целеполаганию, умение анализировать и оцени-
конспектирования, переработки и передачи информации на английс- вать процесс собственного развития, с другой, является инструментом
ком языке. автономного изучения языка, средством накопления опыта через ин-
Focus on language – акцентирует внимание на определенных грам- дивидуальную подборку достижений.
матических аспектах, ключевых словах и словосочетаниях из изученного
Учебник построен с использованием аутентичных материалов,
в разделе текста, включает задания на расширение словарного запаса
основными источниками, которых являются британские и американс-
студентов.
кие академические и научно-популярные издания, Интернет, проспек-
What do you think – предлагает вопросы, позволяющие выявить отно-
ты ведущих университетов англоязычных стран, энциклопедии, сло-
шение к прочитанному материалу и соотнести его с собственными зна-
вари. При подборе учебных материалов учитывались такие характе-
ниями, интересами студентов и имеющимся у них опытом.
ристики, как новизна информации, ее познавательность, соответствие
Get real – предполагает использование умений поиска информации на
Интернет-сайтах, в условиях, максимально приближенных к ситуациям учебным и профессиональным потребностям студентов.
реальной учебной деятельности.
Writing – предлагает различные задания, направленные на развитие
умения фиксировать информацию на английском языке с использова-
нием различных форм записи (составление плана, коротких заметок,
конспектирования, аннотирования, реферирования и др.).
In the Realm of Science – включает дополнительный справочный ма-
териал, отражающий специфику естественнонаучных специальностей
(общепринятые сокращения, математические символы и др.).
В данный учебник включены также специальные рубрики:
Managing your learning содержит полезные советы по использованию
стратегий изучения иностранного языка, а также рациональные при-
емы работы над лексическим и грамматическим материалом и т. д.
6 7
THE WAY WE LEARN

“The important thing is not to stop questioning”

A. Einstein

Learning Goals

 to organize information in a mind map

 to learn how to give advice
 to talk about your ways of learning English and
effective learning techniques
 to keep a learner diary
 to use mind maps for vocabulary building
 to revisit Present Tenses
Unit 1 Learn How to Learn Reading

Lead-in
1. Read these interviews with three people who study English as a foreign
language. Complete the chart.
1. Discuss the reasons students have to study English. Reason(s) Main focus of Ways of learning
study
Why do students study the English language? Antonio

Natasha

Christina
for studies
my parents want me to learn it You

A. Interviewer: Why do you study English, Antonio?

Antonio: Well, it will be necessary in my future job as a personal
for social reasons assistant. So, I do a course in English at an adult institution
… because it was a part of a school programme here in Madrid. I’ve been studying for three months.
Interviewer: Which skills do you focus on?
Antonio: I mainly need to practise speaking, writing and reading, of
course. All in all I’m doing quite well, but I find the grammar
… to improve the knowledge of the world
difficult. I am not saying I hate it – I just don’t like doing the
exercises. Though I feel you can’t really learn a language if
you don’t understand how it works. I mean, the way sentences
are structured. The thing that annoys me most is that I’m always
for the future job mixing verb forms.

B. Interviewer: Why do you study English, Natasha?

2. Think about the reason/s why you learn the English language and finish
Natasha: I have studied English for 5 years. Honestly I had many
the sentence:
reasons. First, my parents wanted me to learn it, and then I got
to … interested in movies and music, so I read a lot of magazines.
I learn English because … Finally, I want to travel and meet people. I mainly focus on
speaking now.
for …
Interviewer: How do you learn it? Do you have any special methods?

10 11
 Natasha: I do a lot of conversations – I talk in English with friends Present Simple and Present Progressive
Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive
and even to myself in the shower. I learn a lot of new words.  We use … to speak about permanent situations and routines
I believe fluent English is absolutely impossible with limited  We use … to describe activities that are happening at or around the time of speaking
vocabulary, so I keep a vocabulary notebook. A good way to  We use … for the event that started in the past and has been recently completed
 We use … to speak about activities that began in the past, continue to the present and
learn new words is to write them on pieces of paper and stick are still in the process
them on the walls in my flat. Each time I pass them by, I look Note
at them and read. I also include one or two phrases with these *The verbs that describe states are not normally used in the Present Progressive tense,
e.g.:
words. to like to remember to own to hear to consist
to enjoy to suppose to have to smell to include
C. Interviewer: Why do you study English, Christina?
e.g., I hate sitting in front of the class.
Christina: It was a part of my school programme, but I wasn’t very He doesn’t realize the responsibility he has put on his shoulders.
much interested in it. So now I am taking extra classes to **The verbs have, think, see and some others can be used in the Present Progressive
improve my skills, I would say. And I really enjoy it. tense but with the different meaning, e.g.
I think I’d take Chemistry classes this semester. (opin ion)
Interviewer: How do you study English? Kathy is thinking of getting another computer. (She is planning)
Christina: I watch a lot of video, education programmes and films.
They give me a real taste of the British people and their way ***If a speaker wants to express anger, annoyance, complaint, etc. the Present
Progressive with always and constantly may be used
of life. Of course I don’t understand every word but I find it
very useful to watch and guess. Besides, I can stop or rewind e.g., Tony’s driving me crazy. He is always trying to show me that he’s smarter than I.
the tape to listen again to the part I haven’t understood or even
to read the script.
Practice
1. List time expressions under the correct tense heading. Some expressions
What do you think?
can be used more than once.
 How do you learn a foreign language? for every day still so far now
 What aspects of the language (e.g.: grammar, vocabulary, …) do you since ever just usually always
find most important? never constantly nowadays at present today
 What way(s) of learning do you enjoy?
 Which of them do you find easy/difficult? Present Present Present Present
Simple Progressive Perfect Perfect Progressive
Focus on Language .............. .............. .............. ....................
Read the following sentences. What grammar tenses are used? .............. .............. .............. ....................
 I watch a lot of video, education programmes and films. .............. .............. .............. ....................
 I am not saying I hate it.
 I have studied English for 5 years at school. 2. Complete the sentences with the verbs in the correct Present tenses.
 I have been studying here for 3 months.
a) Libraries today are different from those in the 1800s. For example, the
contents of libraries (change) ………… greatly through the years. They
12 13
 used to be simply collections of books, today most libraries (become useful
………. multimedia centres that (contain) ………… tapes, computers, doing translation exercises
discs, films, magazines, music and paintings. The role of the library in writing letters
society (change, also) …………… . writing up words and phrases
b) Mike is a student, but he (go, not) ………… to school right now because watching movies in english
it’s summer. He (attend) ……………… college from September to May keeping a vocabulary notebook
every year, but in the summer he (have, usually) ………………… a job having classes with a private tutor
at the post office. In fact, he (work) ……………… there this summer. translating songs in english
c) How many tests you (take) ……………. since the beginning of the using a grammar book
semester?
d) A: I am worried about Bob. He doesn’t go out to have fun or have a 2. Work with a partner and Tool box: Giving explanations
minute to chat. discuss how you prefer I mainly need to practice …
learning foreign languages. The thing that annoys me most is …
B: Why? I like/prefer/enjoy studying …
A: He (study, always) ………………… something. At the moment he Are you different? Make … is a major part of my learning English
(do) …………… an evening class in Spanish and (enroll, just) use of the phrases in the because …
Tool box. I try hard to …
…………………… on an Information Technology course. The best way to learn a language for me is …
e) Jane (tutor, often) …………….. other students in her chemistry class. When I … I am trying to …
As for … I want …
This afternoon she (help) ……………… Denny with his chemistry I feel I need …
assignment because he (understand, not) ………………… the material
they (work) ……………… on in their class this week.
f) I’m trying to study. I (try) ………………. to study for the last hour, but Listening
something always seems to interrupt me. I think I’d better go to the library.
1. You are going to listen to the radio interview with an English teacher.
Speaking  Have you ever made any resolutions such as to give up smoking, to do
sport or to learn driving? Were they a success? Why? Why not?
 What things have you ever done or learnt on your friends’ or parents’
1. Complete the questionnaire. Tick (V) five most useful techniques for
learning English. recommendation?
useful
2. Listen to the radio programme and answer the questions.
listening to the tapes and repeating after them
a) Who may find the teacher’s advice useful?
talking to native speakers V
b) How many resolutions does she speak about?
practising dialogues with partners
c) What exactly does she recommend to do?
reading books and magazines in english
d) What are the advantages of listening to English music?
writing down and learning every new word
learning dialogues by heart
making up sentences to learn new words
14 15
Focus on language  What ways for improving your English language skills work best for
1. Match the verbs in column A with the nouns in column B to make phrases you?
used in the programme.  Make one resolution to improve your English. Would you recommend
A B it to your group mates?
1) set a) chance
2) have b) resolution
Reading
3) spend c) online
4) improve d) goals
5) make e) one’s schedule 1. Before you read the article on lifelong learning check if you know what
6) go f) English the following phrases mean. Give their Russian equivalents.
7) suit g) time
8) get h) access lifelong learning decision-making skills problem-solving skills
self-confidence lifelike paintings a left-brained person
2. Put a preposition where necessary.
a) to improve ………… language skills Example: Lifelong learning – learning that lasts for the whole life
b) to have access ……….. the Internet – обучение на протяжении всей жизни
c) to listen …….. programmes
d) to access …………… the radio 2. Read the article and answer the questions.
e) to stick …………. your goals a) What are the key skills in the world of work?
f) to work ………… your pronunciation b) What is the main purpose of lifelong learning?
g) goals …….. speaking c) What advice does the author give to students?
h) to listen …………. efficiently d) What are the main learning styles mentioned in the article?
i) to look ………. a word in a dictionary e) Are people able to use the full potential of their brain?
j) to look ………….. the meaning f) Why is it necessary to be selective while learning?
k) to sit ……. a car
l) to sit ………… a bus Keep learning? Keep earning!
m) to talk ……… a native speaker (1) College is just the beginning of a lifelong learning journey. With the
n) to work ……….. one’s way up rapid advancement of technology, changes in economy and society, you
o) to look ………….. the examples must adapt a learning mindset if you want to succeed. The key to lifelong
earning is lifelong learning.
3. Choose five phrases to make sentences of your own. (2) As you embark on this path*, strive always to be a student. Be open to
new ideas and information, and be able to adapt. These are essential skills for
What do you think? the new world of work. Some benefits of becoming a lifelong learner are:
 Do you find the recommendations helpful and easy to follow? Why?  increased self-confidence when approaching new tasks or ideas;
Why not?
 better decision-making and problem-solving skills;
 How does Lida Baker understands “making use of 24 hours a day” to
——————————
practice and improve English? Do you find this realistic? *embark on one’s path – вступать на путь.
16 17
 the ability to adapt and change with the times; Comprehension check
 greater personal satisfaction; 1. The words and phrases below are all from the article. Try to work
 higher pay and more employment opportunities. out what they mean. Consult a dictionary if necessary.
(3) To become a student for life, start by finding out how you learn a learning mindset to think both ways full brain potential
best. There are three main ways of learning people tend to follow: hearing to use “whole” brain to define one’s mind to gain knowledge
(auditory learning), seeing (visual learning) and doing (kinesthetic learning). to discard thoughts to hold true for smth/smb to sketch smth
If you are not sure which type you prefer, ask yourself how you like to be to feed one’s brain benefits
given directions. If you are an auditory learner, you prefer to be told how to
get somewhere. If you are a visual learner, you prefer to be shown. If you 2. Look back in the text and find the words that have a similar meaning to:
are a kinesthetic learner, you prefer to drive yourself there first. Another fast (paragraph 1) to be successful (paragraph 1)
important aspect of learning is whether you are left- or right-brain dominant. very important (paragraph 2) starting dealing with (paragraph 2)
“Left-brained” people are good with logic, analysis, math, language, writing ability (paragraph 3) communicating (paragraph 5)
and reading. “Right-brained” people are good with imagination, colors, saying (paragraph 5) to get (paragraph 6)
graphics, music and rhythm. Of course, we do have the capability to think remove (paragraph 6) a lot of (paragraph 6)
both ways. When we are able to tap into both sides* of our brains, we use
our full brain potential. What do you think?
(4) Many famous people used their “whole” brain. For example,  Comment on the saying “garbage in, garbage out”. Does it always
Leonardo da Vinci was an artist and innovator. He sketched helicopters hold true?
hundreds of years ago because he was fascinated by mechanics. He also  Are you a left- or right-brained person?
used his knowledge of how the human body stands and moves to create  Which way of learning do you prefer?
extraordinary lifelike paintings.  What do you think are the qualities of a good language learner? Work
(5) Strive to use your whole brain when studying, working and with a partner. Choose 5–10 most important qualities from the list below
interacting with others. Also, be selective with what you feed your brain. and explain your choice:
As the adage says, “garbage in, garbage out.” The same holds true for the
programs your brain uses. Only put in positive, healthy and educational enthusiastic independent responsible intelligent
programs. Your thoughts, along with the ability to add, change and discard cautious attentive persistent risk taking
them, are what define your mind. hard working systematic self monitoring confident
(6) An ancient Chinese proverb says it best: “To gain knowledge, add talkative accurate sociable flexible
things everyday. To gain wisdom, remove things everyday.” Just like a
computer needs to delete files and information that are no longer useful,  Do these qualities help students in their studies? Give your own
you have to discard old programs and information that no longer serve you. examples.
Knowing what is important and what is necessary to do will ensure that you
have plenty of space left for learning the next new thing.
(Abridged and adapted from Keep learning? Keep earning! By Michelle L. Casto)
——————————
*tap into both sides – здесь, использовать оба полушария мозга.

18 19
 Writing
There are no “ideal learners”. The Managing your learning:
important thing is to understand what kind of Copy this mind map and complete it for Mind maps 1
learner you are, develop your strengths and Mind mapping is a good way to
yourself. Use this information to write the story organize ideas before writing.
overcome your weaknesses. Knowing your of your English language learning. 1. Write down the most
learning style will help you to develop coping important word or short
phrase in the centre.
strategies to compensate for your weaknesses 3. When ..? 3. Why ..? 2. Post other important concepts
and capitalize on your strengths. and their words in the circles.
3. Add other key words and
ideas.
2. Background 4. As you expand your map,
Get real tend to become more specific
or detailed
3. How long ..?
3. Where .?
Carry out some self exploratory work. Go online. Take a test on Learning
Styles and find out your style and learning preferences. Report back to the
class.
1. My Language Learning Story

Speaking 3. ..?

3. ..? 2. Strong points

Divide into groups according to your learning styles. Work out the strategies 3. ..?
that will help you to achieve good results in English language learning.
Discuss your strategies in class.
2. Weak points
Examples: 3. Strategies 3. I’m an
auditory type
Group 1 of learner so …
3. ..?
Visual learners: When you try to remember things, close your eyes to get a 3. Strategies
“picture” or image of the information to help to recall.
2. Perspectives
4. ..? in learning
Group 2
Tactile learners: Be directly engaged; move and act things out 3. ..?
3. Purpose …

Group 3
Auditory learners: When you study by yourself, talk out and read your notes In the Realm of Science
and textbook out loud. Find a room where you won't bother.
1. Read aloud the following numbers.
20 21
 13 30 307 69 145 90 850 615 1,520 Unit 2 Study Smart, Not Hard
5,000 100,000 5,000,000
When do we say and? Lead-in
2. Practise the following phone numbers.
095 837 95 21 0172 375 4431 8 918 506 4348 8 902 771 1129 1. Are you satisfied with the results you achieved at school?
2. Do you know how to study effectively?
3. Practise the following dates: 3. Do you think studying at a university is different from that at school?
1995 nineteen ninety-five Why?/Why not?
(divide the number into two parts) It is interesting to 4. What makes an effective learning? Work in groups of 3–4 and come up
2000 (the year) two thousand know
with your ideas (e.g., motivation, …, ….).
2007 two thousand and seven 15th December 2007
(twenty hundred and seven) (British English)
2025 twenty twenty-five Reading
December 15, 2007
April 1st April the first/The first of April
(American English)
(use ordinal numbers) 1. How many English equivalents to the Russian word цель do you remember?
20:00 eight o'clock/eight p.m. Give as many equivalents as you can.
2. Read the text, find some other equivalents for the word and write them
How do you say these dates?
down.
December 12, 1987 26th August 2001 9th February 1900
3. Think of a proper title for the text. Explain your choice.
31st September 2000 June 14, 1846 March 3, 1966

How do you say the time? * * *

14:45 8:15 23:10 12:30 18:55 21:00 “Goals equal success”, says Paul Shearstone in his article on goal setting.
Studies have shone, he argues, that “only three percent of the population
Unit 1. Progress Monitoring are engaged in some form of goal setting and only one percent, on average,
In this unit you have worked on the following vocabulary related to the topic “Ways write them down. … No wonder that one percent that write goals down are
of learning” the richest people around the world.”
 to take/to make notes on  to do a course in Goal setting is a powerful technique that can improve all areas of
 to take exam in  to improve knowledge/skills
your life. By deciding on your goals and targets you will know what you
 a tutor; to tutor  to help with/to do an assignment
 to keep a notebook  to focus on want you want to achieve, what to concentrate on. In your studies it will
 learning preference/style  self exploratory work help you to focus your efforts in search for professional skills and knowledge,
 to organize ideas  to take classes in (subject)/on (time) and to organize your resources.
 to cope with problems  to achieve results It's good to have big goals – a vision of what you want to achieve –
 to gain knowlede  lifelong learning
and smaller and measurable objectives with exact time frames. By measuring
Tick (V) the points you are confident about and cross (X) the ones you need to revise. their achievement, you will be able to see what you have done and what you
are capable of. It will help you to move step-by-step towards your goal (to
work towards your aim), at the same time improving your self-confidence.
22 23
But this is only possible if you follow a few simple rules in your planning
process:
 Express your goals positively. The more positive instructions you
give yourself, the more positive results you will get.
 Avoid setting general and unclear goals, putting in dates, times and
amounts.
 Break big goals down into a number of small tasks.
 Do not set goals too low or too high. It is important that you can achieve
your goal without losing motivation.
 When you have several goals, set priorities.
 And most important of all: WRITE YOUR GOALS DOWN.
«The difference between a goal and a dream is the written word.» – Gene
Donohue
(Adapted from: list of Internet sites used)
What do you think?
 Are the rules described in the text easy to follow? Why/why not?
 According to Gene Donohue what is a principal difference between a
goal and a dream?
 Rewrite the statement about learning English you have made in Unit 1
Lead-in task using the recommendations given in the text.
3. Work in 5 teams. Each team completes word webs for the verbs to achieve,
to set, to organize, to get and to lose using its own colour marker. The
word webs are rotated every 1 minute, then the results are checked in
class. The team that works out the majority of combinations is the winner.
Listening
1. Discuss as a class.
 Have you ever tried to improve your memory? What techniques did
you use? Were they of help?
 How do you usually study for exam?
2. You are going to listen to an expert who gives some study tips on how to
maximize our ability to learn and remember new information. Listen to
the talk and mark the sentences below true (T) or false (F).
a) Andrew Maze is a psychologist at the University of Manchester.
b) It is not a very good idea to try and learn a lot in one go.
c) ‘Processing’ or organizing information helps to learn it faster.
d) Don’t even try to memorize things before you go to sleep.
e) To efficiently consolidate the information you are learning don’t
learn a lot of things during one day.

Focus on language What do you think?

1. Look through the text and write down possible combinations of the word  Do you agree with the expert’s advice?
goal with 8 verbs. Complete the word web below.  Does every student with good memory make a successful learner?
Why?/Why not?
… Managing your learning:  Do you think you are a successful learner? Why?/Why not?
Mind maps 2
Mind maps may be a good
 How do you think you can improve your learning strategies?
solution if you have a problem
rememberring new items of
set goal vocabulary and word Reading
collocations. They are usually
called word webs.
1. Read what some former students say about how to study effectively. Write
out the recommendations and advice they give.
2. Draw a word web for the verb to improve. Consult a dictionary if
necessary.

24 25
 What are effective study habits?
No two people study the same way and there is little doubt that what
works for one person may not work for another. However, there are some
general techniques that seem to produce good results. Our reporter, Barbara
Brown, interviewed some former students about their effective study habits.
Elena Hora`akova, Czech Republic
“I wish I had known how easy it is to approach
a teacher if you need help. I wasted a lot of time!
Professors usually are willing to help out students
who need some extra help if they believe you are
making a genuine effort to learn.”
Roger Blackstone, USA
“Don’t be shy in class. Be an aggressive
learner – it is your education and your money.
If you are in doubt about any directions, material
or due dates, ask your professor. Most likely,
you are not the only student in class who
doesn’t get it.”
Natasha Surkova, Russia
“I strongly advise you to plan for a technology failure, I mean
never wait until the night before your paper is due to print it. You might
be out of toner or the printer might jam. Always back up your work on
another disk. Print your paper the day before and back up all your work
on a removable drive.”
26
Corine Testini, Italy
“College is a matter of responsibility. You
are responsible for yourself and yourself alone!
Don’t expect that someone, such as your professor,
will ask about assignments you haven’t turned in.
Don’t waste your time or money skipping classes.
Read your syllabi to find out what’s expected of
you.
Matt Scout, UK
“Avoid studying just after your meals. Never study within 30
minutes of going to sleep. If possible, study no more than 30-40 minutes
at a stretch. Many students achieve better results by studying for short
periods with breaks in between. Of course it all depends on what you’re
trying to study but generally take a break after a period of study. I also
recommend to take study breaks away from your desk or wherever you
are studying. ”
Kristine Kershsten, Sweden
“I’ve found it very useful to study every day
and attend every class even if I wasn’t well
prepared ‘cause class time is the best opportunity
to practise, clarify and sort out the material you’re
working at. Even if attendance is not compulsory,
your professor will notice who is in class.
Remember, professors are interested in the
subjects they teach and notice those students that
also show interest.”
27
2. Which of the recommendations do you follow? Why? Example: write down daily tasks
__________________ Tool box: Giving advice
Avoid …
Focus on language __________________ You/one should …
Study these examples of advice. Don’t …
Giving advice Make use of the phrases fromthe Tool box. If … , you’d better …
I recommend/advice …
To give advice we can use Add a reason to the advice where you think it
 imperative: It’s a good idea/technique/…
Express your goals positively. is appropriate. If I were you, I would …
Do not set goals too low or too high.
Avoid setting general, intricate or unclear goals.
 modals should or ought to: Writing
You should be honest about how plans are going.
(=You ought to be …)
 had better – advice close to warning: 1. Answer the questions. Managing your learning
If you want other people really help you, you’d better inform them in advance. It is useful to keep a record of what you
 Second Conditionals:  What kind of records do study. This might be a record for your
If I were you, I would set priorities first. studentsusually keep? work and a record for your feelings
about the course. The latter will allow
 Have you ever kept a diary?
you to see whether you are progressing,
Practice  Do you think it can help in studies? what your difficulties are, as well as
1. What other ways to give advice do you know? Give your own examples. In what way? formulate your objectives and analyze
Example: It’s a good idea to set priorities when you have several goals. your distractions.

2. Look at the mind map and discuss possible contents for a learner diary.
2. Read Kathy Brown’s letter describing “In high school I was able to get all or How would you like to organize your learner diary?
most of my work done without much of a
the pr oblem she faces with her problem. But here in college, there’s so
studies. As a class give her some feelings about class
much material to read and absorb, and
papers and exams take longer to finish your progress activites
helpful advice. nobody
and study for that sometimes I feel like I
can hardly keep my head above this pool
of work.” – Kathy Brown ..?
Get real What to ..?
include?
Who sees it?
Carry out some self exploratory work. Go online and take a Time Learner
.. ?
management test to see where your time goes and report the results in diary
class.
my teacher
Speaking
Why do it? How often
to write?
..?
In groups of 3–4 think of any other tips how to arrange your day to get maximum
..?
output. Compare with the other groups. Which of these do you follow?
every
..?
week
28 29
3. Think about what you have done in the last week in your English classes Latin root Basic meaning Example words
and write an entry for your learner diary.
-dict- to say contradict, dictate, predict
-duc- to lead, bring, take deduce, produce, reduce
In the Realm of Science
-gress- to walk digress, progress, transgress
-ject- to throw project, reject, subject
Words of the Latin origin are widely used in many languages. English and -pel- to drive compel, dispel, repel
Russian are not the exceptions, e.g.: консенсус, кворум, P.S., quantum, etc.
-pend- to hang depend, impend, pendulum
1. Pay attention to the correct pronunciation in English of the following -port- to carry export, report, support
abbreviations: -scrib-, to write describe, subscription,
-script- transcribe
Abbreviation Latin Russian equivalent -tract- to pull, drag, draw attract, contract, extract
A.C. Ante Christum до нашей эры -vert- to turn convert, divert, invert
A.D. anno Domini нашей эры
vs versus против 4. Read the most famous Latin sayings. Which one do you like most of all?
et al. et alii и другие Comment on it.
P.S. post scriptum постскриптум
Veni, vidi, vici Через тернии к звездам
etc. et cetera и так далее Per Aspera Ad Astra
i.e. id est то есть
Пришел, увидел, победил
p.m. post meridiem пополудни
NB nota bene обрати особое внимание Discendo discimus

e.g. exempli gratia например Я мыслю, значит

я существую Cogito, ergo sum
v.v vice versa наоборот Обучая, учимся
a.m. ante meridiem до полудня
Unit 2. Progress Monitoring
In this unit you have worked on the following vocabulary related to the topic “Ways
2. Match Latin and English equivalents. of learning”
i.e for example  to set/achieve/write down goals  to set priorities
e.g. B.C. (before Christ)  to manage time  study habits
etc. that is  to be responsible for oneself  to waste time
at al. and so on  to attend/miss/skip classes  to keep a diary
 to take study breaks  to keep records for
A.D. and the others  to ask for/give advice  to gain success in sth
 long-tem goals  to monitor progress
3. Many English words and word parts can be traced back to Latin. The
following table lists some common Latin roots. Tick (V) the points you are confident about and cross (X) the ones you need to revise.

30 31
Unit 3 Revise & Practise b) There are different types of language learners, …: a teacher depender,
a risk taker, a child-like conscious learner, a translator, a reader and a
1. Explain the similarity and difference between these pairs. systems learner.
mind – intelligence c) You can start with a multiple intelligence test and proceed to a learning
knowledge – skills style test or … .
d) If you want to succeed in your studies you should follow the key
2. Work in groups of 2–3. Interview your fellow students how they learn principles … goal setting, time management and effective study habits.
new vocabulary, new grammar; develop their speaking, writing, listening, e) …! The course starting date is September 5.
f) Research by Charles Babbage … in the 18th century laid the cornerstone
reading skills. Organize their ideas into a mind map. Report on the most
popular techniques in class. to the development of modern computers.

3. Read the following sayings. Comment on the one you like most. Self study
 Make time your friend not your enemy.
 Habits can be the best of friends or the worst of enemies. Do some self exploratory work to learn more about yourself.
 In examining the potential of individuals, we must focus on their
strengths and not just their mistakes. Way To Success

4. Give school-leavers advice on how to become a successful student. Studying at university makes very different demands on you compared with school. In
higher education the focus is on you: you're given much more responsibility for your
studies, you will be expected to study on your own much more than you may have been
Progress Test used to as well as the scope of study is much wider than you have been used to. To help you
achieve better results in your studies do some self exploratory work. Your task is to come to
understanding of your learning strong and weak points and of your own way of learning.
1. Complete the paragraph with the appropriate present tense form of the
verbs in brackets.  Search the site http://www.ldpride.net/learningstyles.MI.htm
Discovering your learning
learning style
style … (be) an excellent way to learn about  Take the test on multiple intelligence
yourself and the way you … (absorb) information best. I … (be) glad I … http://www.ldrc.ca/projects/miinventory/miinventory.php
(complete) the Learning Style test because I … (plan) to use this knowledge  Report in a written form the results of the tests
of myself in the future.
QUESTIONS TO GUIDE YOU:
2. Spot the odd word out.  What is multiple intelligence?
a) e.g. et cetera v.s. that is  What types of multiple intelligence are defined?
b) grammar vocabulary language pronunciation  What personality type/types do you belong to?
c) learning self exploratory work teaching studies  Have you learnt new things about yourself?
 Why is it important to be aware of your personality type?
3. Complete the sentences with the appropriate Latin abbreviation.  How will this affect you and your studies?
a) We talked about learning styles, preferences, various leaning strategies,  Which of the practical suggestions do you find the most useful/possible to
follow?
….
32 33
WHAT’S IT LIKE
BEING A STUDENT?

“Genius without education is like silver in mine”

Benjamin Franklin

Learning Goals
 to make use of key words for efficient reading
 to organize and develop your ideas into a paragraph
 to fill in an application form
 to write definitions of sciences
 to talk about the field of science you have chosen and
subject courses you study
 to revisit contextual reference
 to revisit subject and verb agreement
Unit 1 Making the Choice of Your Life Recognized as one of the best schools in the United States, the
Massachusets Instutute of Technology offers a wide range of accredited
academic programs at the undergraduate and graduate levels in:

Lead-in biological and chemical engineering material science

computational and systems biology management
nuclear science and engineering architecture
foreign languages and literature economics
1. Choosing a university at which you will spend the next few years of your computer science history

life is not easy. It is important to make sure that you choose the right
• The Massachusetts Institute of Technology -- a
place to study. There are so many questions you have to answer. List the coeducational, privately endowed research
• 5 Schools -- Architecture and Planning,
Engineering, Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences,
university -- is dedicated to advancing knowledge
factors that influenced your choice of the university, e.g.: and educating students in science, technology, and
other areas of scholarship that will best serve the
Management, and Science -- and the Whitaker
College of Health Sciences and Technology
 university location nation and the world in the 21st century.
• 33 degree-granting departments, programs, and
divisions
 fields of study • MIT offers a wide range of accommodation:
6 campus houses for graduates
• a great deal of research and teaching takes place in
… 35 MIT - affiliated fraternities and sororities
interdisciplinary programs, laboratories, and centers
Residence Halls for undergraduates whose work extends beyond traditional
… departmental boundaries

… • 10,000 undergraduate and graduate students

• 47 alumni, faculty, researchers and staff have won

Nobel Prizes
2. How did you get information about the university/faculty you study at:
• located on 168 acres that extend more than a mile
through University Prospectus, University Open Days, from your friends, along the Cambridge side of the Charles River
Basin
etc.?

Reading (Adapted from MIT Web site)

1. Read quickly the advertisement of the Massachusetts Institute of 3. Find words in the text that mean approximately the same as these:
Technology and try to guess what the words below mean: to promote to stretch to train/teach
Sorority Faculty Fraternity to devote hostel/dormitory a graduate
Prospectus Accommodation Campus teachers (AmE) to finance learning
Staff Department Alumni
4. Which words in the text match the following definitions?
 officially approved that sth/sb is of an accepted quality or standard
2. Read the advertisement again. Take notes under the following headings:
 a university or college student who is studying for the first degree
 Levels of study:
 the buildings of a university or college and the land around them
 Fields of science:
 a person who has a university degree
 Accommodation provided:
 the serious study of an academic subject and the knowledge and methods
 Institute structure:
 Number of students:
involved
 the people who work at a school, college or university, but who do not
 Location:
teach students
 an area of land around a large river with streams running down into it

36 37
  a school or an educational system where girls and boys are taught to get to the MIT campus. The Tech shuttle and Safe Ride shuttle provide free
together transportation around the MIT. But the latter runs only on weekdays.
(Adapted from http://www.cambridge-usa.org/)
What do you think?
 Is MIT a prestigious institution? Why? Listening
 If you had a chance would you choose MIT to study at?
 What factors from this advertisement would help you to make up
your mind? Listen to the radio programme about Washington University. Take notes
under the headings below.
Focus on Language  Location

1. Read the paragraph. What do the words in bold print refer to?  Number of students
 Per cent of international students

The MIT is dedicated to educating students in science, technology and  University Schools

other areas of scholarship that will best serve the nation in the 21st  Tuition fees for undergraduate students for a year

century. It offers a wide range of accommodation for its students. A  Tuition fees for the Master of Business Administration program
great deal of research is carried out by MIT’s laboratories and centers  Scholarships and lоans
whose work extends beyond traditional departmental boundaries. This  Date of the foundation
allows both undergraduate and graduate students gain all round
educational experience and broaden their research horizons. Speaking
Contextual reference
Pronouns and adjectives are often used to link ideas together so
that the text is easier to read. In this case they refer to a word or 1. Match the names of famous universities with the cities and countries
words mentioned earlier in the sentence or paragraph. they are located in.
Practice University City Country
1. Read the following paragraph and highlight the words in the text that
MSU France
refer to the words in bold.
Humboldt University Oxford
Cambridge, US is a unique community with a strong mix of cultural and MIT Cambridge, Mass. USA
social diversity and technological innovation. Its “Squares” are rich in Tokyo Daigaku Paris
various international restaurants and cafes as well as unique shopping, Fudan University Cambridge Russia
theatres, museums, and historic sites. Located between the academic centers of Harvard Berlin
Harvard and MIT, Central Square is the seat of City government and is Oxford New Heaven, Conn. Japan
home to a rich variety of music clubs, book shops, restaurants and clothing MIPT Cambridge, Mass.
stores. It’s about a 12 minute walk from Kendall Square, which is the home Friedrich Wilhelm University Moscow UK
to MIT and the heart of Massachusetts’ high tech and biotechnology Cambridge Shanghai
Yale Tokyo Germany
industries. The main site of the MIT is located along the left bank of the
Sorbonne Bonn China
Charles River. This provides a wonderful view of the Boston area. Parking
in Cambridge can be expensive and hard to find so use public transportation
38 39
2. What are these universities famous for? Make sentences adding any 2. Read the text about the British system of higher education. And
information you know about them e.g.: complete the notes.

famous First degree courses in the UK

prestigious The UK has an excellent reputation for higher education and research.
world-known It offers a lot of opportunities to both national and international students at
ancient undergraduate and postgraduate level.
Humboldt University is the first German university located Degrees
largest in the city of Berlin. The degrees vary according to the practice of each university. First degrees
… after leaving school are often called undergraduate.
Arts, social science and pure science degrees normally last 3 or 4 years
3. Answer the questions about the university you study at. because they are designed to follow a very specialized school-leaving qualification.
a) What is your university famous for? Traditionally university graduates will be awarded the degree of Bachelor
b) What levels of study are available? of Arts, Science, Engineering, Medicine etc. Later they may continue to take
c) Where is the university located? Is it a campus or non-campus graduate or postgraduate courses.
university? There is a another higher educational qualification in the UK, known as
d) Does it offer accommodation for the students? the Higher National Diploma or HND. It lasts a year less than a degree
e) What fields of science does the university provide courses in? course – either two full-time or three years as a sandwich course. HNDs are
f) Is your university prestigious in the country or in your region? Why? vocational (or job related), so a student will not find them in purely academic
g) Have any graduates, faculty members won world famous prizes? subjects as history or philosophy. They are available in, for example, science
Who? subjects, engineering, business studies, hospitality and tourism management.
Course structure
Nowadays many institutions are changing the way in which their courses
Get real
are structured. First degree courses in business studies, engineering, science
and technology that allow students to undertake practical training are known
Study the web site and Prospectus of your university or faculty. Then write as sandwich courses and include periods of work experience in industry
an advertisement of your own for university applicants. Use MIT and commerce.
advertisement as an example. The new modular schemes offer the opportunity to design a programme of
study which suits particular student’s interests. A modular course is made up of
a number of self-contained units of study. These units, or modules, count towards
Reading final qualification – whether it is a first degree or a Higher National Diploma.
The final qualification is of the same value as one which has a traditional
1. Work as a class. Check you know these words and phrases: structure, but the way in which the course is organized and assessed is different.
In a full-time programme the students will study between 9 and 12 modules
undergraduate/postgraduate level qualification compulsory subject each year. Some of them may run for more than one term or semester. The work
modular course optional subject elective subject unit of study will be assessed at the end of each module, and each module a student
credit points subject area assessment associated field of study successfully passes will give credit points which have a common value within
the Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme, or CATS for short.
40 41
Choosing a course 2. Students have to take a number of _____________ or “core” modules and
In most modular courses students still choose the main field of study. This _____________________ within the specialist area or in an associated field.
may take the form of a single subject degree in business studies, for examples, 3. A number of _______________ modules are available. They focus on
or a joint degree in biology and information technology. A student has to _______________________________________________________________
take a number of compulsory or “core” modules from a list of optional subjects,
either within the specialist subject(s) or in an associated field. A student Advantages
1. Flexibility: ___________________________________________________
may also be able to choose modules from completely different subject areas.
2. Easier to monitor the progress through _____________________________
These are called “elective” subjects and can provide you with additional
employment skills, or an opportunity to broaden your academic interests. Disadvantages
Options range from language to computer skills, from accounting to fine art 1. _____________________________________________________________
courses. In some institutions students may start with a broader choice of 2. _____________________________________________________________
subjects and decide which modules to take as they move through the course.
In order to gain professional qualifications, it is important to cover the Questions
necessary modules which are usually specified in institutions’ prospectuses. 1. What is CAT? _________________________________________________
One of the advantages of the modular scheme is that it enables students 2. Where can I study a modular course?_______________________________
to choose the topics of professional or general interest and to take modules
outside the normal range of studies. Also the end-of-module assessment
makes it easier for a student to monitor the progress. Comprehension check
However, there are some difficulties in studying on a modular course. 1. Match words in column A with the words in column B to make phrases
With a new choice of modules each term or semester a student will have more related to education
decisions to make. The assessment process means that tutors for different A B
modules may require a lot of planning. Nevertheless, modular courses are 1) sandwich a) work
very flexible. Through CATS scheme, a student can transfer credit points 2) course of b) qualification
from one institution to another, and study in more than one country. 3) professional c) method
(Adapted from http://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/) 4) business d) course
5) work e) subject
Degrees
_______________ ( 3– 4 years) and HND (stands for ___________________ ) 6) teaching f) study
HNDs are ___________________________ (or job related). 7) course g) training
Later they may continue to take ____________________________________ . 8) practical h) experience
9) academic i) studies
Course structure
1. Sandwich courses allow _______________________________ and include 2. Look back into the text and find the words and phrases that go with the
___________________________________ . following verbs:
2. A modular course is made up of ___________________________________
offer use design do take undertake
Course organization
1. A full-time programme will require ________________________each year. What other words they often go with? Look in the dictionary if necessary.
42 43
Focus on Language Get real
1. Look at this extract from the Lingvo Dictionary.
The pronunciation in The part of speech (n. = noun, v. = verb)
phonetic symbols Visit the websites of the world famous universities to find out:
 degrees that they award in your field of science
 courses available – traditional, modular, sandwich, etc.
Book [ buk ] n. 1. книга; 2. литературное
 admission requirements
произведение;
 forms of classes
v. 1. записывать, регистрировать;
2. заносить в список; 3. заказывать,
бронировать места, продавать билеты Speaking
(обычно заранее); приглашать,
договариваться The
adj. книжный, ~ learning – теоретические translation 1. Work in pairs. Make a list of questions you would like to ask a university
знания representative to find out as much as possible about the university/
Information in brackets (…) helps you department you are hoping to study at. Make sure you ask about: variety
to choose the right translation or shows
~ means repeat the word of courses the university/faculty offers, degrees it awards, forms of
which country this word is widely used in
teaching and methods of assessment used, tuition fees, facilities.

2. These words have more than one meaning. Use a dictionary to find out 2. Change the partner. Take turns to ask each Managing your learning
which part of speech they are and what meanings they have. Write two Make use of every opportunity
other about the university you have read you get to practice speaking in
sentences to demonstrate different meanings of every word. about. class. Role-plays help you
prepare for a real-world
Sentence 1 Sentence 2 experience.
book I’ve bought a new Have you already booked a room at Writing
book. a hotel?
train
1. Answer the questions:
last
 Have you ever filled in an application form?
course
 How did you feel about doing it?
honour
 Are you good at filling in the forms?
subject
 What sort of information do you have to provide?
degree
way
2. Application forms mostly ask for information rather than ask questions.
Match a line in A with a question in B.
What do you think?
 Would you like to study abroad? A B
 What degrees are awarded in Russian universities? 1) First name a) Where are you living at the moment?
 Which elements of British system of higher education would you
introduce in your university? Why? 2) Surname b) Are you married or single?

44 45
 3) Date of birth a) Where were you born? 3. Prefered field of study
4) Country of origin b) What’s your surname? o first choice________________________________________________

5) Present address c) Where do you live? o second choice______________________________________________

6) Permanent address d) What do you do? o third choice_______________________________________________

7) Marital status
8) Occupation
9) Annual income
4. Which semester are you applying for? _____________________________
e) When were you born?
5. University entrance qualifications:
f) How much do you earn?
Type (gymnasia, lyceum, comprehensive school, vocational school, technical
g) What’s your first name?
school)__________________________________________________________

3. Fill in an application form for admission. Write in block capitals. Put N/ Date of completion_________________________________________________

A if the information is not applicable. Average grade (not necessary for foreign certificates)_____________________
6. Professional training/practical training (please include references)
Application Form
Professional qualification ___________________________________________
for admission as an undegraduate student
Duration of training from________________until________________________
1. Personal information
7. Professional experience after training and/or other working experience
Title__________________________________________________Mr/Mrs/Miss
(for more than 8 weeks, include references)
Surname_________________________________________________________
o __________________________________________________
First Name(s)_____________________________________________________
o __________________________________________________
Date of birth (use figures only): date______ month_________ year__________
o __________________________________________________
Place of birth______________________Citizenship______________________
8. University/college previously attended (if you have previously been registered
Home address: street and house_______________________________________
as a full-time student at a university/college, please supply all information)
city_________________country__________________postcode_____________
Institution________________________________________________________
Telephone (country, area code/phone number)___________________________
Qualifications completed/being studied________________________________
Email___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Mailing address (if different from home address)_________________________
Field of study ____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Dates___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. Disability/special needs
Date _____________________
If you would like to receive information on support for students with a disability
Signature _________________
tick here_______
46 47
 In the Realm of Science Unit 2 Your Personal Science Odyssey

1. In education as well as in many other spheres of our life there are a great
Lead-in
number of abbreviations. Read and remember the abbreviations to do
with the degree titles, e.g.: BS
BS stands for Bachelor of Science. 1. Within 3 minutes with your partner brainstorm as many terms to do with
Do all of them have Russian equivalents? natural sciences as you can. Compare your lists.
A.S. Associate of Science (USA)  What natural science(s) do your terms refer to?
A.A. Associate of Arts (USA)
A.A.S. Associate of Applied Science (USA) 2. Read the definition of Astrobiology and in pairs answer the question:
BS Bachelor of Science What does your field of science study?
BA Bachelor of Arts Astrobiology studies the origins, evolution, distribution, and future of
MS Master of Science life in the universe.
MA Master of Arts Tool box: Giving definitions
MPhil Master of Philosophy (UK) …is a science / study of …
to study, to examine, to investigate, to
MBA Master of Business Administration describe, to deal with, to determine, etc.
PhD Doctor of Philosophy
Hons Honours
Reading
HND Higher National Diploma (UK)

2. What are degree titles in Russian education system? 1. Look through the definitions of some natural sciences dealing with
environmental issues. Match them with the right titles of sciences below.
Unit 1. Progress Monitoring Mark the key words in each definition that helped you to make the right
In this unit you have worked on the vocabulary related to the topic “Higher guess. One has already been done for you.
education”
 undergraduate/graduate programme  to choose a field of study
 to take a course of study  to do coursework A …uses scientific background to the processes which affect the
 vocational qualification  to study/prepare for a environment
tutorial/essay/exam and its management as well as considering Managing your learning
 to award a (an honour) degree  end-of-course assessment
the social, legal and policy implications of Choosing techniques appropriate
 to undertake practical training  to monitor one’s progress for your reading goals can save
 to design a programme of study  a modular/sandwich course environmental issues. you time.
 to receive marks/credit points  compulsory/optional subjects B …uses a high level of mathematical technique Here are some reading techniques
 classroom participation  to pass “core”/”elective” modules for the description and analysis of complex you may find helpful for reading
efficiently–quickly and with good
environmental systems. It needs complicated understanding.
Tick (V) the points you are confident about and cross (X) the ones you need to revise.
statistical methods in the design of experiments  Guessing the new words
and interpretation of measurements in the  Using a dictionary for new words
Highlighting repeated or
monitoring of the environment… paraphrased key words.

48 49
C …is concerned with the health of our environment and the significance Follow the model:
of pollution. It focuses around our ability to improve our understanding of I think correspond(s) to
the effects of pollution on plants and animals and to develop early warning In my opinion ……… match(es) sector … because …
markers of organisms, population or environmental health. As far as I know go(es) with
D …is the scientific study of chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur
in natural places. It deals with the behaviour of both natural and manmade Listening
substances in relation to atmospheric, aquatic and terrestrial environment.
E …is the science of the relationship between organisms and their environments.
It is the study of harmful effects of modern civilization on the environment, 1. Work with a partner. Choose the correct explanation of the words and
with a view toward prevention or reversal through conservation. phrases below. Consult a dictionary if necessary.
(Adapted from Lancaster University Undergraduate Prospectus Entry 2005) 1) If you study mammals you may probably deal with
a) turtles b) monkeys c) bugs
1. Pollution Science (C) 2) If you are determined to do something you
2. Ecology ( ) a) hesitate for too long b) are afraid of it c) are resolute
3. Environmental Management ( ) 3) A specimen is a
4. Environmental Chemistry ( ) a) illustration b) example c) sample
5. Environmental Mathematics ( ) 4) If you are embarrassed you feel
a) confused b) angry c) impressed
Speaking 5) Aeronautic means something that is related to
a) water b) air c) cosmos
6) If you are embarrassed you feel
Which of the sciences listed below go with which sector of the diagramm a) confused b) angry c) impressed
according to its popularity with high school leavers? Give reasons for your choice. 7) If you deal with glassware you should remember that it is
a) sharp b) sticky c) fragile
Tool box: Making comparisons 8) If you study the properties of a substance you study its
7 … is more/ less interesting than … a) origin b) quality & characteristic c) possible applications
1 rewarding 9) Phenomenon is a
challenging
prestigious a) fact or event in nature b) chemical reaction c) behaviour
perspective 10) If someone is counseling you they are
well-paid a) coping off you b) advising you c) prompting you
6 difficult
boring 11) When someone flunks at school or university they
… is harder/better/worse than … a) miss classes b) get awarded c) fail an exam
2
… is the hardest/best/worst of all … 12) If something is tough it is
most challenging
5
3 least difficult
a) difficult b) heavy c) unpleasant
4
13) If you are at loose ends you
a) know exactly what you want to do b) feel relaxed
a) Biological Sciences b) Chemistry c) Geography c) have nothing to do
d) Computer Science e) Mathematics f) Ecology 14) When you feel inspired by something you are
g) Physics a) motivated b) confused c) happy
50 51
 15) If something is advanced it is b) Why did she work as a laboratory assistant?
a) basic b) higher &complex c) extraordinary c) Why did Linus Pouling become interested in chemistry? What was
his favorite journal?
2. Listen to three research scientists telling how they got interested in d) Why did Leon Lederman get so impressed by Einstein’s book
2. Listen to three research scientists telling how they got interested in
science. Identify each speaker. Tick (V) the correct piece of information “Meaning of Relativity”?
science. Identify each speaker. Tick (V) the correct piece of information
about them.
about them. e) How did Leon Lederman’s brother influence his choice of a career
in science?
Speaker 1 Speaker 2 Speaker 3 Speaker 4
f) What do we call people who build airplanes?
a) Linus Pauling, Nobel Prizes in Chemistry and Peace g) Why did Donna Shirley get fascinated about Mars and space travel?
b) Silvia Earle, Biologist h) Why couldn’t she specialize in space at college?
c) Leon Lederman, Nobel Prize in Physics i) Why did she have to study a lot during her Christmas holidays?
d) Donna Shirley, Aeronautic engineer
What do you think?
Who…? Silvia Leon Donna Linus  Are you happy with your choice of specialization? Why?/Why not?
Earle Lederman Shirley Pauling  How did you get interested in science?
as a child was determined  What are your plans for the future? Do you have any particular career
about the future profession of
in mind?
a scientist
 Would you like to become a research scientist? Why?/Why not?
loved reading popular science
books for kids and science  What else except for an inquisitive mind should one have to be a
fiction books research scientist?
was inspired by stories
describing explorations Writing
read books about insects and
collected specimens of
butterflies and beetles Write a paragraph about your choice of specialization. Use the questions
had a particular career in mind above as the guidelines to help you to organize your ideas and develop a
worked as a lab assistant in good piece of writing.
school
gave lectures and wrote a Managing your learning
book on world peace  A paragraph is a group of related sentences that develop an idea.
was fond of experiments  In a paragraph there is usually one idea that is more important than all the others and it is
commonly found at the beginning.
chose the area of science  The main idea is supported by major details that grow out of it. There are also so called
unusual for a girl minor details that grow out of the major ones, i.e. examples, explanations, additional
had at first difficulty studying information, etc.
at university/college  When you write, try to join your ideas with the linking words and phrases e.g., first of all,
moreover, besides, actually, finally, as for, in any case.
 When you have finished, re-read and check your work.
3. Listen again and answer the questions.
a) Why did Sylvia Earle first want to be a veterinarian?
52 53
 Reading microbiology  software engineering Mathematics:
 genetics  information processing  discrete mathematics
 biomedicine  mathematical analysis

Science Theme
 ecophysiology Engineering:  statistics
1. You are going to read the text about the Combined Science (Natural

Group A
 organisms &  electronic engineering
Sciences) degree. Before you read the text, look up the word 'combine' environment  mechanical engineering Physics:
in the dictionary.  auatic ecology  physical electronics
 terrestrial ecology Environmental Science:  materials
 atmospheres & oceans  particle physics
2. According to the title of the course, what subjects do you think are Chemisry:  environmental
included in the curriculum? Work with a partner and discuss your opinions,  inorganic management & systems Physiology:
make a list of subjects. chemistry  geological studies  experimental
 organic chemistry environmental chemistry physiology
The Combined Science degree, which includes Natural Sciences, is founded physical chemistry
on Lancaster's tradition of flexibility and forward thinking. Following current
interest in a broader, less specialized education we have brought together 25
Culture, media & Management: Linguistics:
departments offering 56 different courses from which you can take a degree
communication  operations management  text & speech
adapted to your personal requirements. The scheme cuts through the conventional Economics:  management science processing
barriers between subjects, allowing combinations not only between the sciences,  topics in
but also between the sciences and the humanities or social sciences. economics Marketing Politics:

Non-science Theme
Most science degrees require a specialized study of a single subject even  international
though the majority of science graduates eventually follow careers which would be Education: Modern languages: politics & security

Group B
better served by a broader, less specialized education providing relevant experience  education &  French Studies  political analysis
in, for example, management, languages or social sciences. Our Combined Science society  German Studies  international
degree is intended for those who have a particular career in mind (for example,  teaching and  Italian Studies politics, third
scientific journalism/information technology and medical or research management). learning Spanish Studies world issues
It provides a means of choosing those skills and disciplines which will assist such
ambitions. In particular, mature students who wish to advance an established career History of Science Sociology:
will find the wide choice provided by this degree well suited to their needs.  sociology of
The programme of study is broad, but care has been taken not to sacrifice Philosophy industrial
academic excellence. In each degree a combination of three themes makes up the societies
second and third years. One of these may be a non-science theme. In each subject  biology, a  history of science,  physics, concepts

Introductory
there is a Combined Science tutor who advises students on their course choice. selection of topics independent studies  sociology

Group C

courses
The Natural Sciences option is available to those who wish to take at least two  basic German  philosophy  environmental
natural sciences as Themes. They are biological sciences, chemistry,  basic Italian  physics, basic science,
environmental science, mathematics and physics.  basic Spanish a selection of topics
The University is planning to offer a scheme called Technology, People and
Business for those wishing to specialize in the applied science area.
About one-third of the first year and of the final degree (second and third years) is Comprehension check
based on coursework, including essay, tutorial, laboratory and project work. A number
of our graduates have taken up PhD studies, teaching diplomas, and MS’s courses in 1. Read the text more carefully and answer the questions.
addition to employment in a wide range of area. a) How many departments are involved in training students in the
Biological Sciences: Computing: one of Geography: Combined Science course?
 biochemistry  computing (broad  physical geography b) Who may find this course most attractive?
 microbiology course)  human geography c) Does the combined course provide any particular career opportunities?
 genetics/  systems architecture What are they?
microbiology  software engineering Mathematics:
54 55
 d) How many natural sciences can a student take? c) Some of the book is good.
e) Who can help students to make the right choice of the subjects? d) Some of the books are good.
e) One of my friends has got a grant for his research project.
2. Which of the highlighted words in the text match the following definitions? f) Thirty minutes isn’t enough time to finish this test.
a) valuable and useful to people in their lives and work g) A lot of social problems are caused by unemployment.
b) work that you do to earn money h) Economics is George’s favorite subject.
c) a part which combines with other parts to form something bigger i) More than one person is going to take up a course in programming.
d) ability to bend or change j) Two thirds of money is mine.
Managing your learning
e) able to be obtained, used, or reached We remember new words
k) The USA is smaller than Russia.
f) no longer young much more easily if we
g) present time, modern, up-to-date think about them in relation 2. Choose the correct form of the verb.
to our own experience and
h) to develop or improve something if they have some personal a) Surveys show that the majority of school leavers (consider/considers)
i) traditional meaning for us. a university degree a good starting point for their future career.
j) something which has practical use b) Look! Half of the map (is/are) missing. We need another map!
k) is right for a particular person, situation or occasion c) Each of the students (has/have) a notebook.
l) a part of a subject or activity d) A number of students in the class (speaks/speak) English very well.
e) Why (was/were) some of the students absent from classes?
Focus on Language g) My teenage brother thinks there (is/are) a number of good reasons
1. Read the sentences below and study the models in the box. for staying up late and having a good time.
 About one-third of the first year is based on course work. h) Statistics (is/are) a branch of mathematics.
 A number of our graduates have taken up PhD studies. i) A lot of students clubs (is/are) opening these days.
j) More than one computer in this lab (has/have) broken down.
Subject and verb agreement
1) Singular expression (a lot of) + plural noun/pronoun+ plural verb
2) One of 
 + plural noun + singular verb
Speaking
Each of 
Every one of 
3) Some of + singular noun+ singular verb
4) Some of + plural noun+ plural verb
Work in groups. Look through the scheme of the degree course in Combined
names of quantities Science offered in Lancaster University. Design a modular degree course
5) Plural expressions: plural names of countries or sciences + singular verb that suits your particular needs and interests.
more than one + singular noun
6) a number of + plural noun + plural verb
7) the number of + plural noun + singular verb Writing

Practice
1. Match the sentences below with the right model in the box. Translate the Write a paragraph about the modular course in Combined Science you would
sentences into Russian. like to do. Give reasons for your choice of Themes from each group.
a) A number of applicants have already been interviewed.
b) The number of students in the class is twelve.
56 57
 In the Realm of Science Unit 3 Revise & Practise

1. Complete the following sentences with your own words. Use only present
1. Read the expressions for fractions,
It is interesting to know tenses.
decimals and percentages:
1 a) One of my teachers …
2 one half, a half The figure “0” has several different
1 names. b) A great number of first-year students …
3 one third
4 c) A lot of news …
7 four seventh “o” is used to talk bank accounts, d) Each of the students …
3 14 three and a quarter telephone number, etc.
e) The number of books on this subject …
0.2 nought point two
Nought used in British English to f) The United Arabic Emirates …
(zero) point two talk about a number, age, etc. g) Some of the information …
0,75 nought point seven five
Nil is used to talk about the score in a h) Mathematics …
point seven five
team game or to mean “nothing at all”
25,34 twenty-five point three
Zero is used in precise scientific,
2. Explain the similarity and difference between these pairs:
four two five
economic, etc. contexts and to talk compulsory subject – optional subject
point three four
about temperature. undergraduate – graduate
1% one percent
sciences – humanities
78 % seventy eight percent NB! In American English “zero” is
used in all contexts. exams – finals
90 % ninety percent
3. Write down a short vocabulary list (10 items) on the topic “Higher
2. Work in pairs, A and B. Take turns to read and write down decimals, education”. With a partner compare your lists. Cross out the items you
percentages and fractions you hear.
both have on your lists. Explain the meaning of the rest of the words and
Student A: 7.5 85.3% ¾ 70 % 2½ 18.03 phrases.
Student B: 3.68 34.9% ⅔ 90 % 14 ⅛ 13.75
4. Read the following sayings. Write a paragraph commenting on the one
Unit 2. Progress Monitoring
In this Unit you have worked on the vocabulary related to the topic “Higher education”: you like most.
 specialized education/study  research scientist  “Genius without education is like silver in the mine.” Benjamin Franklin
 to have a particular career in mind  current interest in something  “The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet.” Aristotle
 to specialize in natural/social sciences  to decide on something
 a combined science course  barriers/between sciences
 “Education is a progressive discovery of our ignorance.” Will Durant,
 scientific journalism; information  a coursework; essay; tutorial; U.S. author and historian.
technology; research management laboratory; project work  “The direction in which education starts a man will determine his future
 an applied science area  to provide relevant experience life.” Plato
 the program of study  to be a hands-on science
 to suit somebody’s needs  lab procedures/equipment
 to read science-fiction books  to make a career in science 5. Game “Why physics or math, etc.?”
 to have an inquisitive mind  to set up one’s own research group Work in teams. Hold a competition. Brainstorm as many plus sides of your
specialization as possible. Compare your results.
Tick (V) the points you are confident about and cross (X) the ones you need to revise.

58 59
 Progress Test Candidate of Science Associate of Arts Bachelor of Science
1. Complete the paragraph with the words from the box. Master of Arts Doctor of Science Master of Philosophy
Bachelor of Arts Doctor of Philosophy Master of Science
it the former that (3) this they the latter who which (2) such as

The American education system requires that students complete 12 years 3. Find 15 words on the topic “Higher education”:
of primary and secondary education before they attend university or college.
D L U P G E C O D Q M D O P
…(1) may be accomplished either at public schools, or at private schools.
…(2) are usually supported and financed by state and municipal governments, E G F G E L E C T I V E Z X
while …(3) are operated privately. U A Q F S Y A N C R R G O I
Numerous American colleges, schools and universities offer programs
…(4) lead to a variety of degrees. …(5) include an associate degree …(6) is
P R E C X N P H T E R R M I
given upon completion of a 2-year programme and a bachelor’s degree …(7) O A H C E E P S U B J E C T
normally requires at least four years of full-time college-level coursework.
B A G O R W L I T K T E L K
For those college graduates …(8) want to advance their careers higher
education institutions offer advanced degrees …(9) a master’s degree or T N U U O R I W O B M I Z E
doctorate (also known as PhD) degree. The master’s degree typically requires A W A R D M E K R W I T Y B
two years of full-time graduate school coursework to complete. Unlike
students pursuing a bachelor’s degree, students in a master’s degree program S V C S A N D W I C H G E E
will complete courses … (10) are highly focused in their field of study S N A E T I E L A K O J B A
(major) so the students must have already decided on the major before
E A F W D E K O L Y N T N C
applying to a master’s degree program. The PhD degree is even more focused
and specialized than the master’s degree. Some students will complete a S A M O D U L E M C O R E N
master’s degree before applying to a doctorate degree prog-ram, but …(11) S V O R B A T S I T U M E D
is not always necessary. Completion of a doctorate degree typically takes
between three and six years but a student with a master’s degree may take M A R K O R E S T A R I N O
less time to complete his PhD if …(12) is in the same field. E X A M S G R A D E D R A C
N I P L E J E Y V E Q N U L
2. Write the degree titles from the box under the appropriate headings below:
US British Russian T H E A M O W A R K N O T B
… … …
… … … How many words have you found?
… … … 5–6 A good try.
… … … 10–11 Not too bad. Keep trying.
… … … 15 Congratulations!

60 61
4. Match the numbers on the left to the correct description on the right.
a) 0.25 1) a telephone number
b) 1205 886 4539 2) a fraction
c) 89% 3) a date
d) 23/4/2006 4) a percentage
e) £95.99 5) a decimal
f) ¼ 6) a price HOW TO SURVIVE
Self study IN THE

Choosing The Best Education Opportunity

INFORMATION AGE
Congratulations!
You are a winner in the All-Russia competition among undergraduate science
students. Next year you will have an opportunity to take a one-year course in one
of British or American universities. To make a successful choice of a university
you need to do research on education opportunities in one of the countries. Take “Know where to find the information and how to
notes of the information you find. use it – That’s the secret of success.”
 Search one of the sites: Albert Einstain
UK http://www.hero.ac.uk/uk/home/index.cfm
USA http://www.studyusa.com/?s=2&t=9

 Make a decision on the university and explain your choice.

 Find advice and guidance to international students that can help you when
you arrive in the UK/the USA. Learning Goals
 Summarize your findings in writing.

QUESTIONS TO GUIDE YOU:  to practise note-taking

 What types of courses do UK/US universities provide in your subject
area?  to learn how to give instructions
 What degrees are awarded in the area of your study?
 What kind of academic activities are available at the university you have  to improve info search skills
chosen?  to talk about various sources of information and ways
of information hunting
 to make use of sequence words
 to revisit Passive structures

62 63
Unit 1 Secret of Success 3. Do you know the difference between the words browse, navigate and
search? The following synonyms can be of help: look through, get around,
look for.
Lead-in
4. Read the text and take notes of its main points. Follow the advice in the
1. Do you know what the word literacy mean? Look up this word in the Managing your learning box.
dictionary if necessary.
develop
As society changes, the skills needed to negotiate the complexities of
2. Complete the definition with the words from the box. write life also change. In the early 1900s, a person who had acquired simple
read reading, writing, and calculating skills was considered literate. To achieve
Literacy is an individual’s ability to …, …, and … in a achieve success in the 21st century, people also need to attain proficiency in science,
native language, and … and … problems at the levels function technology, and culture, as well as gain a thorough understanding of
necessary to effectively … on the job and in society to … solve information in all its forms.
speak
one’s goals, and one’s knowledge and potential. Accessing information has become increasingly important as databases
compute
previously accessible only to library media specialists are now available to
Reading students and other people directly. Browsing, searching and navigating online
have become essential skills for all students. They need to be familiar with
natural inquiry, Boolean search strategies, and organizational systems such
1. Work in groups of 2 – 3. Within 1 minute make a list of verbs describing as cataloging, abstracting, indexing, rating because information is located
what you can do with information, e.g.: extract information, … . Compare in various sources across the globe.
your lists in class. The digitizing of resources raises new
issues of analysis and evaluation. Imagine a Managing your learning
2. Before you read the text match the words with their definitions.
student who is asked to prepare a presentation To better understand the text you
1) sources a) the main ways that large numbers of people receive are reading take notes form it.
based on information from the Web. That – Read the text and focus on
information i.e. television, radio, newspapers and the
student can access vast quantities of general understanding.
Internet – Review the text and
information without a lot of understanding, locate/number the main ideas in
2) resource b) an organized set of data that is stored in a computer
because search engines make accessing the margins
and can be looked at and used in various ways
information so simple. To use this amount of –points
Underline the important sub-
3) media c) something that can be used to help achieve an aim, and examples of the main
information effectively requires an higher ideas
especially a book, equipment
4) database d) an official process to find out information about sth skill level such as evaluating and synthesizing – Highlight unfamiliar
definitions and vocabulary
5) copyright e) a person, book or document that provides information, information from a variety of sources – Now take notes from the text
especially for study compared with textbooks where all the but don’t copy directly – Try to
6) inquiry f) the legal right to publish, broadcast, perform a piece information is contained within one source. write or speak in your own
words. At the same time don’t
of writing, music, etc. In other words, as technology makes the forget to use new words you
simple tasks easier, it places a greater burden have learnt.
on higher-level skills.
64 65
 All in all, students need to understand the interrelationships between
library collections, proprietary databases*, and other Internet documents to
ensure appropriate, effective searching and accurate evaluation of sources.
Furthermore, as students access electronic resources, it is critical that they
recognize the importance of honoring the intellectual property of others by
strictly adhering* to copyright and fair use of laws.
So, by information literacy is meant the ability to evaluate information
across a range of media; recognize when information is needed; locate,
synthesize, and use information effectively; accomplish these functions using
technology, communication networks, and electronic resources.
Educators all over the world are concerned with the amount of
information today’s learners have access to and need to cope with. To make
it less complicated an algorithm for solving information problem has been
suggested. It allows the learners to gain the education they require in today’s
knowledge-based, global society.
(Adapted from the site http://www.ncrel.org/engauge/skills/basiclit.htm)
——————————————
* proprietary databases – частные базы данных.
* strictly adhere – здесь, твердо придерживаться чего-либо.
What do you think?
 Can you say that you are information literate?
 Why do educators today address the issue of information literacy?
 Why do you think the 21st century is called the Information age?
 What other types of literacy do you think a literate person should
possess in the modern world?
Focus on language
Read the sentences below and explain how simple instructions are given.
 Think carefully about which keywords could be used to define the
concept you are interested in.
 To search using a search engine, type words into a search box.
Simple and complex instructions
 To make simple instructions we use imperative
e.g.: If you're looking for the Moscow University homepage, just enter Moscow
University and click "I'm Feeling Lucky".
Don’t rely on a date given on the search engine’s View Page.
 To add explanation use to-infinitive or by + -ing
e.g.: To search using a search engine, type words into a search box.
66
e.g.: Use keywords to form search phrases by putting quotation mark around the key words.
 To link instructions and stress their order use until + Present Simple, having +
Participle II, after + Present Perfect, once + Present Perfect
e.g.: After you've entered your search terms, try the "I'm Feeling Lucky" button.
Continue this process until you reach the first single slash (/).
 To put instruction in order use sequence words: first, then, …, finally.
Practice
1. Complete the instructions with the correct form of the word in brackets.
a) ……………. (put) a quotation mark around the phrase if you are not
sure in its exact wording.
b) ………….. (focus) on a particular meaning of a keyword, put a minus
sign “-” in front of words related to the meaning you want to avoid,
e.g.: intelligence –computing.
c) You can restrict your search to only one specific website by ……….
(do) site: search. …………, type the word “site” and a colon.
……….., add the domain name and ………….., press the search
button. (sequence words)
d) …………… (set, having + participle II) ranges for everything from
dates (von Neumann 1933…1945) to weights (5000...10000 kg truck),
you can easily search for specific information within the range of
numbers.
e) Attach a “+” sign to a word or digit ……………. (narrow) your search,
e.g.: World War +П.
f) After ……………….. (define) the search request as precisely as
possible and ……………….. (choose) relevant keywords, start
searching.
g) Keep truncating back the URL until ……………………… (find) the
page’s publisher.
h) Once………………………… (link) to a retrieved site, check to see
if any information about the page’s creator is provided.
Speaking
1. Refer back to the definition of information literacy and in groups of
3 – 4 match the steps in solving an information problem with the stages.
67
 stages steps
a) determine what is known and what is needed
for problem solving
b) identify and retrieve relevant information from
1) before accessing sources
information c) use retrieved information to complete the task
d) organize information from multiple sources
e) identify different sources of information,
including text, video, audio and databases
2) when accessing f) present information clearly and persuasively
information using various technology tools
g) understand how the retrieved information does
or does not address original problem
h) evaluate and prioritize the sources of
3) after information to select the most relevant and
information reliable ones
is extracted i) evaluate the reliability of the information you
have found
2. Report on the algorithm for solving an information problem. Make use
of the sequence words in the Tool box. Tool box: Listing
Make sure you use various instruction First, …
Second, …
models. Third, …
Another/Next, …
Then, …
Last, …/Finally, …
3. Choose one of the tasks below and describe
The next step is …
how you apply the algorithm for solving As soon as you …, move on to … .
an information to complete the task.
 Present the faculty courses at the University Open Days
 Speak about the latest IT technologies at a seminar
 Make a presentation on negative effects of computer technologies
to environment at a conference
 Write an essay on “The Internet and Game Addiction” in sociology
68
Listening
1. You are going to hear a radio programme about some of the computer
terms and their origin. Work with a partner and check if you can give
definitions to the following words:
hacker blogger spam software search engine
2. Listen to the talk and complete the sentences.
Computer technology has become ……………………………………. .
It has its own special words. Example:
1. ………………… is a device that …………………….. . it moves
.………… ……… or the cursor on the computer ………. .
The idea was developed in ………………………by Douglas Engelbart.
First devices – a carved block of wood with ……………………………..
Its name is due to ……………………………… which was ……………
………………….. to the computer.
2. Experts are called ……………… . They write ……………….. .
in a special computer language. The other meaning of the word is a
person who tries ………………………………………………………. .
3. …………….. – a popular ……………………. for the Internet.
People use it to ………………………………………………………… .
The name is connected to extremely large number in math – 1+100
zeroes. When you google a…………….. – you get ………………… of
information about it.
4. ……….. (a Web log) is a personal Web page. It contains …….,
comments, …………….., and ……………… to other Web sites.
Their owners are ……………………………………………….. .
5. ……………….. is unwanted …………………………… sent to
your mailbox. The name is due to a ……….. on a British ……………. .
69
 Reading
1. Before you read the text answer the following questions:
 What does WWW stand for?
 What do abbreviations http, www, html, URL, .ru mean?
 Is WWW a good source of information?
 Who owns WWW?
 Is the information posted in the Web regulated or monitored?
2. Comment on the cartoon by Peter Steiner.
(The New Yorker, July 5, 1993)
3. Discuss with a partner if it is necessary to evaluate the information you
have found? Give your reasons.
4. Read the text to check your guesses.
Thinking about what we have found!
By now everyone has heard the terms “Internet”, “World Wide Web”. It
seems you can’t pick up a magazine or watch news without them being
mentioned somewhere. There is so much information across the Internet
and the Web can link together information from anywhere in the world and
make it available to anyone. A high school student can jump from The Times’
70
financial report to a pictorial tour of Russia’s capital, Moscow, to wild scenery
of central Africa – without even leaving his desk.
The Internet has brought so much to society. It helps a great number of
people to express themselves, find one another, exchange ideas, discover
possible peers worldwide they never would have otherwise met, and, through
hypertext links in web pages, suggest so many other people’s ideas and
personalities to anyone who comes and clicks. And that’s great treasure.
Having access to huge amounts of information is part of the Internet’s
charm, but perhaps only a small part; more significant is the ability to find,
view and make use of the information. You can move around the world as
easily as to the local library just with a click of a mouse.
The World Wide Web is a great place to accomplish research on many
topics, you can find research documents, encyclopedia entry or any other
information almost on any subject. For many students traveling to a library
to find this information has become a near obsolete venture. Instead, they
prefer using the Web.
But there is one thing – you have to evaluate carefully whatever you find
on the Web. Documents can easily be copied and falsified or copied with
omissions and errors – intentional or accidental. In the general World Wide
Web there are no editors (unlike most print publications) to proofread and
“send it back” or “reject it” until it meets the standards of a publishing
house’s reputation. Quality of Web resources varies tremendously. Anyone
can put articles on the Web. How do you know whether the information is
reliable and free of error?
Moreover most pages are designed with some purpose in mind. Businesses,
small or large, advertise and sell products and services; mass media’s primary
purpose is to provide extremely current information. Their URL addresses
frequently end in .com (commercial). Political parties, interest groups and
other non-profit organizations put forward and advocate their ideas
attempting to influence public opinion. Their URL extensions will frequently
be .org. Education and government institutions design web pages with the
motive to present factual information such as statistical data, directories,
transport schedules, annual reports. Their addresses often end in .edu, .gov
or even country codes. The two letters at the end of any internet address
indicate the country of origin (except for the United States), e.g., .ru stands
for Russia, .ua – for Ukraine, .sz stands for Switzerland.
71
 A great number of web pages are published by individuals who may or i) This small interest group will be very difficult to influence … public
may not be affiliated with a large institution. This doesn’t mean they are opinion.
necessarily ‘bad’ but it takes time to double-check, in other words, to gather j) Anyone can put anything … the Web for pennies in just a few
the evidence on the quality of the information in the web site. Though the URL minutes.
addresses may have a variety of endings, a personal name (sbaker or baker)
following a tilde (~), a percent sign (%) or the words “users”, “members” 2. Look back in the text and find the words and phrases that have a similar
or “peoples” is frequently embedded somewhere in the URL. It is the reader
meaning.
who establishes the validity, authority, accuracy, timeliness, integrity and
Example: point and press – click
objectivity of what you find and is intended to use. Using the Web as a
a) connect i) to create a web page
Research Tool has become nowadays a real challenge. Remember that you
are looking for quality not quantity! b) look for j) check twice
(Adapted from the Internet sites) c) assess k) to support some points of view
d) extremely or an idea
Comprehension check e) duplicate l) to read and correct
1. Answer the questions. f) partner m) trustworthy
a) What types of web pages are described in the text? g) organization with no income n) point to
b) What goals do the web page owners have in mind? h) to invest time o) main
c) What criteria can be used to evaluate the information on the page?
d) What kind of information can you learn from an Internet address?
3. Within 1 minute complete the word web below with as many adjectives
2. Find in the text what the following name extensions mean. as possible.
a) .com b) .edu c) .gov d) .org e) .name
reliable
Focus on language
1. Fill in the sentences with the prepositions if necessary. The text you have
read may be of help. information
a) The main idea behind the WWW is to make as much information
as possible available … anyone.
b) Nowadays more people have easy access … to the Internet
resources.
c) The abbreviation HTML stands … HyperText Markup Language.
d) You can use this form to look … the pages of Popular Science magazine. Project work
e) Finally, they put … the idea that nowadays we are getting more
and more dependent on the Internet for information.
f) Before using information you have up gather evidence … its accuracy
“The World Wide Web: the battle for your mind at your fingertips”
g) News Web pages provide their visitors … the most up-to-date information. To achieve good results in studies it is important to have the ability to search
h) The 5-week WWW search course ended … a project work. and find relevant information and evaluate its quality.
72 73
You are members of a team which is formed to work out the guidelines for 2. Read and remember some of the frequently used computer terms and
evaluating Web pages. The aim of the team is to help your fellow students abbreviations. What do they mean?
to use the Internet resources for information retrieval. Account Directory Icon Online/offline Troubleshooter
1. Work in groups of 5 – 6. Within your groups divide into pairs and
Algorithm Domain Interface Password Undo
conduct research on the types of Web pages and their purposes;
criteria for evaluation; search strategies/ Avatar DTP Intranet PDA Update
Managing your learning
techniques and recommendations. When you present your oral Bookmark Edutainment Hypermedia Reboot Virtual reality
2. When your team meets again, share and reports, follow this procedure: Buffer Emoticon Java Script Sign up Virus-check
a) one student introduces the
summar ize the information you have group and gives an introduction Browser Ethernet Mail server Site map Webmaster
collected. Write the guidelines for effective to the work conducted by the
Cookies FAQ Malware Spyware Wi-Fi
information hunting. Use simple and group;
b) the next few students present Cybercrime Freeware Network Template Wordprocessor
complex instructions. one or two of the points and
3. Prepare an oral presentation of your work. some interesting comments;
Be sure to include an introduction to the c) the last student concludes Unit 1. Progress Monitoring
the presentation by
problem and a conclusion. Make use of the summarizing and interpreting In this unit you have worked on the vocabulary related to the topic “Information
Managing your learning box. the information, e.g.: It search”
surprised us to learn that ….  to look for/hunt for information  search engine
 to access/extract/retrieve information  search strategy/technique/tips
In the Realm of Science  to establish validity/authority/  to evaluate/double-check a
accuracy/ objectivity source of information
 to put forward/advocate an idea  information literacy
1. In the Internet and the WWW as well as in many other spheres of our life  available/relevant/up-to-date  to browse; a browser
information  to search; conduct search
there are a great number of symbols. Read and remember:
+ plus  to proofread the material  to stand for
– minus Tick (V) the points you are confident about and cross (X) the ones you need to revise.
~ tilde
% per cent
“” quotation marks It is interesting to
‘ apostrophe know
: colon Google is the name of
* asterisk search engine on the
() brackets Internet
# lattice
Googol is the number
@ at 1 followed by 100
& and zeros.
/ slash
. dot

74 75
Unit 2 Hunting for Treasures
Lead-in
1. What is a library?
2. When did you first start using a library?
3. Did you have any problems finding necessary books or information?
4. Are you a confident library user these days? Why?/Why not?
Reading
1. Before you read the text answer the questions.
 What information sources do you know? Which of them have you
worked with?
 What is the difference between a newspaper and a magazine, a
journal and a magazine?
2. Read the text. How many sources of information are mentioned? Pick
out key words and phrases that go with each source.
The word ‘library’ is derived from Latin ‘liber’, which means “book”.
A primary function of a library is to be an organized storehouse of information
published throughout time. As well as finding very current information,
you can also find books that are no longer published and older issues of
magazines.
Items are organized so that you can find all the
sources on a topic. For example, when you search
for a book in the library catalogue you will get a
call number. The books shelved near the same call
number will cover a similar topic. Librarians select
books, magazines, journals, databases, and Web
sites. The library collects sources considered
reliable, historically relevant, and valuable.
Libraries have large collections of information on
a variety of carefully selected and organized topics.
76
The key idea when using the library is that you
are getting quality over quantity. Print or electronic
library resources are the best sources to use when
starting your research. The type of information you
need will change depending on the question you
are trying to answer.
Magazines publish articles on topics of popular
interest and current events. The articles are written
by journalists and are for the general public. You
can find print magazines at newsstands and in libraries. Popular science
magazines may be quite attractive in appearance, although some are in a
newspaper format. They are often highly visual with a lot of advertisements,
colour, photos, graphics and drawings though they report on research as news
items. They also contain feature stories, editorials and short articles with no
bibliographies or references. In fact, a member of the editorial staff, a scholar
or a freelance writer, not a subject expert, may write articles in this type of
periodicals. The language of these publications is suitable to any educated
audience who are not necessarily specialists in a particular area of research
but have interest and a certain level of intelligence. News and general interest
periodicals hardly ever cite sources. The main purpose of periodicals in this
category is to provide information, in a general manner, to a broad audience.
Journal articles are written by scholars in an academic or professional field.
An editorial board reviews articles to decide whether they should be published.
Journal articles may cover very specific topics or narrow fields of
research. The main purpose of a scholarly journal is to report on original
research or experimentation in order to make such information available to
the rest of the scholarly world. That’s why the audience is students, scholars
and researchers and the language of a scholarly journal uses specialized
vocabulary of the discipline. Scholarly journals generally have a sober,
serious look and contain many graphs and charts but a few exciting pictures
or advertisements. Moreover, long and in-depth articles, bibliographies and
references as well as abstracts are also typical for this kind of periodicals.
Newspapers provide articles each day about current events
and are a good source for local information. Newspapers,
like journals and magazines, are called “periodicals” because
they are published regularly, or periodically.
77
 Books cover virtually any topic, fact or fiction. For to find up-to-date information about current events;
research purposes, you will probably be looking for books to find general articles written for people who are not necessarily specialists
that synthesize all the information on one topic. in the topic area;
(C)
Encyclopedias contain factual articles on when doing scholarly research;
many subjects. There are two types of encyclopedias – general to find out what has been studied on your topic;
and subject. General encyclopedias provide overviews on a to find bibliographies that point to other relevant research;
wide variety of topics. Subject encyclopedias contain entries (D)
focusing on one field of study. when looking for a lot of information on a topic;
to put your topic in context with other important issues;
The Web allows you to access information on the to find historical information;
Internet through a browser. One of the main features of to find summaries of research to support an argument;
the Web is the ability to link quickly to other related (E)
information. Every day more and more electronic books, to find current information;
encyclopedias and periodicals are available on the Web. to link to information provided by the library over the Internet;
(Adapted from http://ulibnet.mtsu.edu.html) to find information about companies;
to find information from all levels of government - federal to local;
Comprehension check to find both expert and popular opinions;
1. Answer the questions. (F)
a) What is the main purpose of a library? when looking for background information on a topic;
b) How can a call number help you to find a book you need? when trying to find key ideas, important dates or concepts;
c) What kind of printed materials are called periodicals? (G)
d) Why are library sources of information considered credible? when you want to find articles on your topic in magazines, journals or
newspapers;
2. Match the sources of information with the appropriate tips. Discuss which (H)
key words helped you to do the task. to find out sources of information the library owns on your topic;
Sources: to find where a specific item is located in the library.
1) a magazine 5) a journal
2) a book D 6) a newspaper 3. Read the text again if necessary and complete the chart.
3) an encyclopedia 7) the Web Type of
4) a catalogue 8) an article index Popular Science Magazines Scholarly Journals
Source
for ............... and broad for, ..................................,
Tips: Audience audience scholars, ...........................
(A)
to find current information about international, national and local events; understood by
to find editorials, commentaries, expert or popular opinions; ......................................... ..........................................
Language
(B) ........................................ .........................................
to find information or opinions about popular culture;
78 79
 research as .........................., ........................................, Practice
feature stories, ....................., experimentation, .................. 1. Rewrite the sentences in the passive.
Content ............................................ and in-depth......................., a) Librarians select books, magazines, journals, databases, and Web sites.
.......................................... ........................, references, b) The library collects sources considered reliable, historically relevant,
.......................................... and valuable.
.................................., in a ..........................., charts, c) Magazines publish articles on topics of popular interest and current
.............................. format, a few ..........................., events.
highly visual, a lot of ....................................... d) They are studying chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur
Appearance
.........................................., in natural processes.
colour, ............................., e) Who are they going to invite for the ceremony?
........................and drawings
f) Scientists have studied a great number of harmful effects of modern
a member of the editorial .........................................
civilization on the environment.
Authors staff ................................., .........................................
freelance ........................... g) You can find a lot of useful information about our university and the
degree courses in this prospectus.
h) My tutor advised me to read this book from cover to cover.
What do you think? i) I’m afraid my essay is a sloppy piece of work. I should rewrite it by
 What new information have you got from the text on periodicals? next Monday.
 How can you apply this new information to your studies and life in
general?
Speaking
Focus on Language
Read these sentences. Do they have active or passive verbs? 1. How is a book organized? Put the words below in the correct order.
 Magazines and journals are called periodicals because they are
Consult a dictionary if necessary.
published on a regular or “periodic” basis.
Front cover, back cover, title, blurb, biographical details, contents page,
 Libraries are able to purchase one copy which can be shared by many
index, bibliography, reviews, chapters
people.
 The articles in this type of periodicals may be written by a member of
2. You want the information below. In what part of a book would you look
the editorial staff, a scholar or a freelance writer, not a subject expert.
to find:
Passive Structures a) the author’s name
b) information about the writer’s life
Passive verbs are common when we are thinking about what is done to the person or thing that
we are interested in, not about what he/she/it does. c) a brief summary of the contents to interest possible readers
d) suggestions for further reading on the same subject
 Passives are best in formal style. Actives are more informal. e) a paragraph on a very specific point
e.g.: English is widely-spoken all over the world.
f) the topic of each chapter
 The Passive structures are formed with the verb to be, in the correct tense, and the past
participle of the main verb. 3. Prepare a short talk and tell your class about the first popular science
 Use by … only if it is necessary to say who does/did the action.
book or magazine you have read. Use the questions below to guide you.

80 81
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82 83
 Reading book, however, only the book itself is stored on a disk or a chip inside the
computer. E-books can hold many large size novels, which actually helps
so you don’t have to carry a lot of books at once. However, some libraries
1. Work with a partner. Think about the libraries of the future. consider them to be too bulky and cumbersome for people to carry around.
 What will they be like? Also, E-Books cost a lot of money and libraries are limited to how much
 Will technology change the libraries and the way we learn? they can spend. Yet there are libraries that have begun to get them.
Write three predictions. Discuss your ideas as a class. E-Books seem to be a pretty good idea for libraries, but until they go
down in cost very few libraries will have them available for the public.
2. Match the words and phrases in A with their explanations in B. Libraries are part of our society and we rely on them. They will definitely
change along with our society, and it is unlikely that we will lose our books.
A B They will always be a part of us one way or another.
1) obsolete a) an electronic book (Adapted from Techno and Libraries, Jannifer H.)
2) to seize to exist b) able to be obtained or used
3) to update resources c) massive and awkward Comprehension check
4) an E-book d) old and useless 1. Answer the following questions.
5) available e) to bring up to date a) Does the author sound optimistic or pessimistic about the future of
6) bulky and cumbersome f) to disappear libraries?
b) What should libraries be like not to disappear?
3. Read the text quickly and check the author’s opinion on the future of c) What is an E-book?
libraries. d) Why are E-books not widely available for the public?
e) What fact about modern libraries upsets the author? Why?
Technology and Libraries
What will become of our libraries with the further development of Listening
technology? Will books become obsolete within the libraries? Will our future
societies use only computers or E-Books when going to the library? How 1. Which of the following adjectives can be used with the noun goal? Consult
will our children learn in the future, will they use paper books or will they a dictionary if necessary.
use the computer? These are only just a few questions that people today are ambitious available accessible ultimate
beginning to ask. There are many other questions that are left unanswered; unabashed achievable innovative
however, I think these are the questions that many people think about today.
As everyone knows our society is changing fast, sometimes too fast. 2. Match the verbs in A with the nouns they often go with in B.
Everywhere you look there are computers, some small, and some big. So we
all use some type of technology every day of our lives. Libraries are changing A B
just as fast too. They have to in order to keep up with the changing societies, 1) to equalize a) books
otherwise if they don’t people will not use them and libraries will seize to 2) to digitize b) access
exist. To keep that from happening libraries must update their resources. 3) to scan c) opportunities
Most libraries are now computerized. Some libraries are now using 4) to have d) information
E-Books, which are another type of technology. What are E-Books you 5) to disseminate e) published works
ask? Well, E-Books are small computers that can hold your standard size 6) to lend f) materials
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3. Listen to the programme about the Universal Digital Library and answer 2. Work with a partner and discuss.
the questions.  How often do you read abstracts? Do you find them helpful?
a) When and where was the Universal Digital Library started?  How can readers benefit from reading an abstract?
b) What is the purpose behind this project?
c) What kinds of published works does the library include? Get real
d) How many works are planned to digitize?
e) How many of them have already been added to the library collection?
f) How are works selected to be digitized? Go online. Find the guidelines on how to write an abstract. Discuss as a
class and work out the ‘Golden rules’ for abstract writing.
What do you think?
 How many libraries are there in your city? Are they well equipped? Writing
 What is the most popular library in your city? Why?
 How often do you go to a library?
 What kind of information is available in your university library? 1. Search the Internet or popular science magazines to find an interesting
article. Write an abstract to the article using the cliches from the Tool box.
Tool box: Abstract writing
Speaking
was written by …
The article comes from …
discusses …
1. Look at the abstract of the article and answer the questions below. The author describes …
The article informs on/about …
“DESINING A KNOWLEDGE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT FOR deals with …
ARITHMETIC CONCEPTS”
The information presented in the … is very interesting because …
Abstract – A knowledge-based learning environment, called ENIGMA, is the most up-to-date/urgent as it …
has been developed. This system is centered on an arithmetic game and is
intended at being used in teaching arithmetic in primary/secondary school The article is/can be to a wide range of readers.
level (pupils from 9 to 12). The underlying pedagogical choices of the system recommended to specialists in … .

are analyzed and the corresponding technical solutions which have been
adopted are illustrated.
2. With a partner exchange and check each other’s abstracts.
a) What kind of information about the article is presented?
b) How long is the abstract? Managing your learning
c) Does it follow any pattern? Abstract is a brief summary In the Realm of Science
d) What grammar tenses and voice are of a journal article or other
library resource that
used? classifies, evaluates, or 1. Some letters of the Greek alphabet are widely used in many natural
e) What is the purpose of an abstract? describes the important
points of the content sciences especially in mathematics. Learn how to read some of them.
f) Who would be interested in this article?
Abstracts can save you time
by helping you identify the
best articles on your topic.

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 Capital and English
Name Russian -phon- sound polyphonic, cacophony,
small equivalent
phonetics
Aα a [ælf ] a альфа
Bβ beta [bi:t ]/[beit ] b бета
Γγ g гамма 3. Read and remember some of library terms.
gamma [gæm ]
Δδ delta [delt ] d дельта Article a contribution written by one or more persons and
Λλ lambda [læmbd ] l лямбда published in a periodical or as part of a book.
Μμ mu [mju] m ми/мю Autobiography a written account of a person’s life written by that
Ξξ xi [ksai] n кси person
Ππ pi [pai] p пи
Archives a special collection or collections that house the
Σσ sigma [sigm ] s сигма records of organizations, governments, universities,
Ώω omega [oυmig ] o омега etc. considered worthy to be kept permanently and
as nearly as possible in their original form.
What other letters from the Greek alphabet are used in your subject
area? Bibliography a list of books and/or other materials written by
one author or on one subject and having something
in common with each other.
2. Many English words and word parts can be traced back to the Greek
language. The table below lists some common Greek roots. Biography a written account of a person’s life.
Greek root Basic meaning Example words Call Number the unique numbers and letters given to each item
in a library used to identify and locate the item
-anthrop- human misanthrope, philanthropy,
anthropomorphic Citation an identifying reference to a text. Usually includes
-chron- time anachronism, chronicle, the title, author, and publishing information
synchronize, Edition the whole number of copies of a work issued from
-dem- people democracy, demography, one setting of type
pandemic
Glossary an alphabetical list of terms within a subject field
-morph- form amorphous, metamorphic, together with definitions.
morphology
Paper piece of writing on a particular subject written by
-path- feeling, suffering empathy, sympathy, apathy an expert in that subject and usually published in
-pedo-, -ped- child, children pediatrician, pedagogue a book or journal.

-philo-, -phil- having a strong philanthropy, philharmonic, Plagiarism “to copy the writings of another person and
affinity or love for philosophy publish the same as original work.”

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Record the complete collection of related data found in Unit 3 Revise & Practise
an electronic catalog or index which describes a 1. Explain the difference between these pairs.
single book or article in that database
References a list of publications referred to by the author of a journal – magazine
paper or book. Also called “Works Cited” or encyclopedia – WWW
“Bibliography.” biography – autobiography
author – publisher
Subject the word or phrase which describes a theme of a contents page – index
literary work paper – article
Truncation using the root word in a online search to find all abstract blurb
items containing that root and different endings
(Adapted from the site http://library.mtsu.edu/help/terms.php) 2. Divide into 5 teams. Each team completes word webs for the words
information (adjectives), information (verbs), book (adjectives), knowledge
(adjectives), knowledge (verbs) using its own colour marker. Mind maps
Unit 2 Progress Monitoring are rotated every 1 minute, then the results are checked in class. The
In this unit you have worked on the following vocabulary related to the topic team that works out the more phrases is the winner.
“Information search”
 an issue of a magazine/journal  to cite a source
 popular/scholarly sources  to provide overviews on a wide 3. Read these sayings. Comment on the one you like most.
 periodicals variety of topics  “Know where to find the information and how to use it – That’s the
 to collect reliable/historically relevant/  to contain audio-visual/ secret of success.” Albert Einstain
valuable sources multimedia materials/ computer  “The most technologically efficient machine that man has ever
 print or electronic magazines/books databases
invented is the book.” Northrup Frye
 a large collection of periodicals  to update resources
 to subscribe to a magazine/journal  to be available for the public  “We are drowning in information and starved for knowledge.” Kofy
 to publish an article/ book/magazine  the contents of a book/magazine Annan
 to cover specific topics/narrow fields  graphics/drawings/charts  A university is just a group of buildings gathered around a library.”
of research Shelby Foote
Tick (V) the points you are confident about and cross (X) the ones you need to revise.
4. Complete this questionnaire for yourself. Then divide into groups and
take turns to explain how to perform each of these actions.
Do you know … yes no
how to use Brainboost search engine?
how to conduct field search?
how to find sites that have phrase ‘information literacy’
in the title?
what can save you time when you are searching for
necessary sources?
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where to look for information on popular science topics? 3. Spot the odd word out.
how to quickly check the authority of the site? a) library internet www database
how to check the reliability/accuracy of the page? b) journal magazine periodicals newspaper
what kind of information you need to find a particular c) biography bibliography glossary plagiarism
book in a library catalogue?
how to differentiate information Web page from an Self study
advocacy one?
how to understand the purpose of the Web site?
The Battle For Your Mind At Your Fingertips
5. Work with a partner. Hold a competition and brainstorm about 10 terms
to do with the library search. Compare the lists. Cross out the terms that If you are like most students, you are relying heavily on resources from the
are on the both lists. Explain the meaning of the rest of the terms. Web for your research. Not all Web resources are created equal. In fact, there are
great variations in the quality of the resources you access. The rule of thumb is
Progress Test "when in doubt, doubt." When you carefully select your resources, when you
understand their strengths and limits, you create better products. Making smart
1. Put these instructions for truncating back a URL in the correct sequence. choices about the information you find is just like making other choices- it really
a) Stop when you reach the first single slash (/) which is preceded by the helps to know your options. Your task is to create a resource (a poster, a handout)
domain name portion. for your fellow students to use in the library or the classroom to help them to
b) This is the page’s server or “publisher.” evaluate websites on their own.
c) In the top Location Box, delete the end characters of the URL  Search the site
stopping just before each slash (/). http://www2.widener.edu/Wolfgram-Memorial-Library/webevaluation
d) Press enter to see if you can see more about the author or the
origins/nature of the site providing the page.  Make a list of at least 10 questions you need to answer to evaluate a web
page
e) Continue this process, one slash (/) at a time.
 Make a resource for your fellow students. You can do this in the form of a
handout, a poster, a checklist, etc. Make it by hand or on the computer. Be
2. Rewrite the sentences passive. creative and have a good time! Remember, this is something you are going
a) Wilhelm Schickard made the first known adding machine. to share with your fellow students. Make sure you include all of the
b) MIT’s laboratories carry out a great deal of research. following in your resource: a) who made it- the names of everyone in your
group; b) a creative title; c) at least five criteria/10questions to ask when
c) The fact that biological sciences are more popular with school
evaluating a web site.
leavers than computer science surprised me.
d) You should know the procedure of the experiment before you start QUESTIONS TO GUIDE YOU:
doing it.  What are the types of Web pages?
e) The NASA specialists are planning to launch a space platform to  How do they differ?
 What are the criteria for a Web page evaluation?
Jupiter.
f) The BBC Company has released a new documentary series about The Internet is not the only information option. Remember that journals, books,
space research. videos and other sources are available as well. Evaluating information is a skill you
will be using throughout your lifetime.

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EVOLUTION OF
NATURAL SCIENCES

Necessity is the mother of invention

Plato

Learning Goals

 to make notes to organize ideas into a composition

 to express opinions in arguments and discussions
 to use special linking words and expressions for
coherency in writing and speaking
 to use different speech patterns and collocations to avoid
repetition
 to talk about scientific discoveries and inventions
 to revisit Past Tenses
Unit 1 Scientific Milestones Speaking

Lead-in
1. Look through the list of words below that are used to describe these
inventions:
1. Look at the dictionary entries from the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary metric system telescope compass
English for the words ‘discovery’ and ‘invention’. What is the difference thermometer microscope
between them?
discovery n 1[C] a fact or thing that invention n 1[C] a useful machine, tool, Check if you know the meanings of the words. How are they related to
someone discovers that was hidden or instrument etc. that has been invented: the inventions?
not known about before: recent The dishwasher is a wonderful invention. to contain to determine image
archeological discoveries | make a 2 [U] the act of inventing something: concave magnification to observe
discovery Astronomers have made The invention of a computer has
direction liquid to multiply
significant discoveries about our galaxy… revolutionized the business world.
3 [U] the act of discovering something: to measure constellations volume
[+ of] The discovery of oil in Alaska angle decimal unit
was a boon to the economy. component to expand
mercury to focus
2. Sort out the inventions and discoveries into two columns. Compare and
discuss your lists with a partner. 2. Work with a partner. Take turns to describe the purpose of each invention.
Example: Metric system (decimal, system, to measure, meters, hours,
Discovery Invention kilograms, etc.)
 The Metric system is the International decimal system of weights and
measures which/that is used to measure time, distance (length) and
e. g. X-rays e. g. telescope mass. It is based on meters; seconds, kilograms, etc.
 The Metric system is the International decimal system of weights and
metric system, magnetic compass, gunpowder, heredity, periodic table of measures for measuring time, distance and mass. It uses meters,
elements, seismograph, gravity, the slide rule, geological time scale, natural
seconds, kilograms, etc.
selection, electricity, cartogram, icebox, the South Pole, steam engine,
 The Metric system is the International decimal system of weights and
radio, telephone, photography, microscope, penicillin, Richter scale,
measures based on the meter and the kilogram and the second. Its
Przewalski’s horse, barometer, electricity.
main function is to measure time, distance and mass.
3. Which areas of scientific study or technology do they belong to? Which
a) Microscope (device, to magnify, small objects, to examine, lenses,
of them are used in more than one natural science?
scientifically)
b) Compass (tool/device, to find, magnetic north, suspended needle, to
point to direction)

96 97
 c) Thermometer (device, to measure, to rise, to fall, graduated glass
cylinder, line, water, temperature, air, mercury, people’s body, to move
up or down, coloured alcohol, to contain)
d) Telescope (instrument, cylindrical, to enlarge, to observe, stars, planets,
lenses, mirrors)
Reading
1. You are going to read about famous scientists/inventors M. Lomonosov,
T. Edison and B. Pascal and their research work. With a partner check if
you know:
 what fields they worked in;
 what kinds of discoveries/inventions they mode.
2. As you read complete the chart below.
Mikhail Lomonosov (1711 – 1765)
Lomonosov was the first Russian scientist of worldwide
importance. His achievements in physics, chemistry,
astronomy, geology and geography as well as his
construction of instruments made a significant contribution
to the development of Natural Sciences. Lomonosov
considered chemistry his main ‘profession’. His major
scientific аccomplishments were in theoretical and
experimental chemistry. It was Lomonosov who founded a new science,
namely, physical chemistry by explaining chemical phenomena through the
laws of physics. His law of concentration of matter and development of
atomic-molecular theory of matter and molecular-kinetic theory were a
revolution in Natural Science of the time.
Besides, he made some notable discoveries in astronomy, geology and
mineralogy. In particular, he developed the principle that nature undergoes
continuous evolution and demonstrated the organic origin of soil, coal, gas,
peat and amber. Lomonosov was also the first to separate geological processes
into external (exogenic – wind, rain, rivers, glaciers, etc.) and internal
(endogenic – tectonic movements, volcanoes, etc.). His geographical
investigation led to the discovery of the northern passage to India.
98
Blaise Pascal (1623 – 1662)
At 14, Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philo-sopher,
began attending weekly lectures on mathematics. When he was
only 16years old, Blaise wrote a paper on conic sections, which
was acclaimed by his fellow mathe-maticians as ‘the most
powerful and valuable contribution that had been made to
mathematical science since the days of Archimedes’.
This paper laid the foundations for the modern study and application of conic
sections. Pascal always tried to make his work in science and mathematics of
practical use to mankind. While still a teenager, he invented the first machine to
do calculations – an arithmetic machine that could add and subtract. Pascal also
worked with another mathematician, Fermat, on the Theory of Probability. He,
in particular, invented a simple method known as Pascal’s Triangle to determine
the probability of certain outcomes.
Thomas Alva Edison (1847 – 1931)
Perhaps the man who did most to make everyday life what it is
today was Thomas Alva Edison. He was curious about the
world around him and always tried to teach himself through
reading and experiments.
Many of Edison’s most important inventions were made in his
laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. In 1877 Thomas Edison
made a recording on a little machine which he had invented
and played it back to himself.
The first phonograph was not at all like a record player of our time. Anyway, it was a
great step forward, a step that was to lead to the modern science of sound recording.
In October 1879 after long experiments he succeeded in making an incandescent
lamp in which a loop of carbonized cotton thread glowed in vacuum for more
than 40 hours. In addition to the phonograph, incandescent light bulb and the
electric train, he also conducted early experiments in wireless technology. In
1885 he patented a method of transmitting telegraphic signals from moving
trains. His life and achievements symbolize the ideal of applied research.
The first phonograph was not at all like a record player of our time. Anyway, it was a
great step forward, a step that was to lead to the modern science of sound recording.
In October 1879 after long experiments he succeeded in making an incandescent
lamp in which a loop of carbonized cotton thread glowed in vacuum for more
than 40 hours. In addition to the phonograph, incandescent light bulb and the
electric train, he also conducted early experiments in wireless technology. In
1885 he patented a method of transmitting telegraphic signals from moving
trains. His life and achievements symbolize the ideal of applied research.
(Adapted from the Internet sites)
99
 Name Country Field of science Accomplishments
Knowledge of such words helps a lot in reading and translation. However, there are the so
called ‘false friends”. These are words that look like international but have different meanings
Lomonosov in English and in Russian, e.g. to reclaim (to take back something that was yours), actual (real,
existing in fact, etc), spectacles (a pair of eyeglasses), etc.

Pascal Practice
1. In the texts above find examples of international and ‘false friends’ words
and translate them into your native language. How many of them did you
Edison find?

2. Sort out the words below into categories. Consult a dictionary if necessary.
International words “False Friends”
Comprehension check
1. Work
Work with
with aa partner.
partner. Match
Match the
the verbs
verbs in A with
in A with the
the nouns
nouns in
in B.
B. Lecture, battery, detail, form, control, accurate, technology, massive,
Some verbs
Some verbs may
may gogo with
with more
more than
than one
one noun.
noun. magazine, fact, logic, pioneer, mixture, nature, repetition, general, argument,
A B prospect, affect, problem, actual, technique, intelligent, example, original,
paragraph, transparent, focus, lamp, list, test, category, primitive, cyberspace,
to lead to a method
combination, activity, priority, sodium, application, fabric, metal, guarantee,
to make(3) a paper industry, type, location, material, vibration, phenomenon, physician, data,
to lay the foundations encyclopedia, menu, clay, system, correspondent, probe, familiar, unique,
to conduct principles scheme, lava, to speculate, cabinet.
to patent(2) a discovery
to develop an experiment 2. Read the sentence from the text. What other adjectives can go with the
to write a contribution noun contribution?
to determine an invention  Lomonosov made a significant contribution to the development of
the probability of something natural sciences.
Collocation
Focus on Language Collocation is the way words combine in a language to produce natural-sounding speech and
1. Translate these sentences into your native language. Do you need a writing. E.g., in English you say strong wind and heavy rain. It would be not normal to say
*heavy wind or *strong rain.
dictionary to translate them correctly?
 I’m sure she will make a good physician. Collocation runs through the whole of the English language. No piece of natural spoken or
written English is totally free of collocation. For the student, choosing the right collocation will
 The climate model developed by climatologists forecasts dramatic
make his speech and writing more natural, more native-speaker-like.
changes in Europe as well as US.
International words vs “False friends”
Practice
The words mostly of Greek and Latin origin that are used in many other languages especially in 1. Look at the diagram with the words invention and discovery. See how
different areas of science and technology are called international words, e.g. geometry, atom,
mathematics, radio, integral, theorem, structure, etc. many collocations you can make with these words.

100 101
 sun’s atmosphere. Moreover, it helped to reveal new elements such
Scientific as helium. Above all, spectroscopy of atoms and molecules gave
Archaeological birth to quantum mechanics that is the basis of modern physics
Great and chemistry. Today, laser spectroscopy is one of the most important
Medical
Brilliant Latest experimental tools of condensed matter physics and it made a
Amazing New revolution in developing new materials with improved properties.
World-shaking Recent
Significant Accidental Listening
Unexpected Chance
INVENTION /DISCOVERY
1. Before you listen answer the questions.
2. Use an English-English dictionary to write out the collocations with  How many discoveries or inventions of the ancient world do you know?
thewords: investigation, contribution and observation. Compare your  How did they influence the development of science at that time?
results as a class.  Do people still use them?
 Have any modern inventions or discoveries replaced them?

Writing
2. The words in A are in the story you are going to hear. Match a word in A
with a definition in B.
Work in groups. Choose one of the most important inventions you have A B
discussed in this unit. Write a paragraph about it. Give at least three reasons 1) to recover a) the quality of being exact, accurate
to prove its significance. Make use of these expressions.
2) complication b) to provide place for sth
It made it possible to … Managing your learning
3) medieval c) to find sth that was lost or missing
It became easy to … It is important when reading or 4) precision d) to be made or broken into small pieces or parts
It was a breakthrough in… writing to recognize and understand 5) to house e) to appear somewhere again
the relationship in which sentences
It made an important contribution to… and groups of sentences combine to 6) inscription f) the quality of being difficult and complicated
It laid the foundation for… present information.
Here are the signal words that
7) to be fragmented g) connected with the Middle Ages
It gave rise to…/ It helped to…
can be used to show the order in 8) to decipher h) words cut in stone or metal
It gave birth to… which things are to be said:
It made a revolution in… firstly, in the first place, secondly,
9) advent i) causing a lot of angry public discussion and
It enabled people to do… also, thirdly, in addition to, what disagreement
It found widespread application in…
is more, above all, etc. 10) controversial j) sth that makes a situation more complicated
or difficult
Example: I think the invention of a spectroscope was a real breakthrough. 11) to re-emerge k) the coming of an important event, person,
It helped Isaac Newton to discover that the white light could be invention
dispersed into a series of rainbow colors. It also made possible to 12) sophistication l) to succeed in finding the meaning of sth
study what extra-terrestrial objects are made of, for example, the that is difficult to read or understand

102 103
3. Check if you know the meaning of these words and phrases. Consult a A B
dictionary if necessary. 1) wire a) mixture It is interesting to
 a gearwheel 2) spark b) silhouette know
 a shipwreck 3) to jerk c) to vaccinate
 a fingerprint 4) screen d) flash A fortunate accident
 sponge divers 5) virulent e) covered in which a person
finds something
6) prevention f) display
4. Listen to the radio programme about one of the ancient devices and answer valuable or pleasing
7) compound g) cable
the questions. when he or she was
8) coated h) dangerous
a) What kind of device did the sponge divers find? not looking for it is
9) to inoculate i) avoidance
b) Where did they find it? called serendipity.
10) shadow j) to move
c) What surprised the scientists most? suddenly
d) According to the scientists how old is the device?
e) What is it like? 3. Read the text about four unexpected scientific discoveries. How did they
f) What was it used for? change the world?
g) How do scientists explain the long interval between the design of
Antikythera Mechanism and the advent of medieval gearwheel? Unexpected Discoveries
Let’s review just a few of the important discoveries of the past couple of
Get real centuries that were made entirely by chance.
In 1791 Luigi Galvani was an anatomist at the University of Bologna.
Search websites or popular science magazines to find information about Galvani was investigating the nerves in frog legs, and had threaded* some
two significant discoveries or inventions in your field of science made before legs on copper wire hanging from a balcony in such a way that a puff of
the 20th century. Make notes on what you have found and report back to the wind caused the legs to touch the iron railing. A spark snapped and the legs
class. Be sure to include jerked violently (even today, we speak of being “galvanized” into action).
 description In one unintentional step, Galvani had observed a closed electrical circuit*,
 inventor / discoverer and related electricity to nerve impulses. So he is typically credited with the
 scientific significance discovery of bioelectricity.
In 1879, Louis Pasteur inoculated some chickens with cholera bacteria.
Reading It was supposed to kill them, but Pasteur or one of his assistants had
accidentally used a culture from an old jar and the chickens merely got sick
1. Work with a partner. Name any accidental discoveries or inventions you and recovered. Later, Pasteur inoculated them again with a fresh culture
have ever heard about. How did people benefit from them? Did they that he knew to be virulent, and the chickens didn’t even get sick. Chance
cause any problems? had led him to discover the principle of vaccination for disease prevention.
Wilhelm Roentgen was experimenting with electrical discharges one
2. The
The words in column A are in the text you are going to read. Match them evening at the University of Wurzburg in 1895. There was a screen coated
with the words in column B which are similar in meaning. with a barium compound lying to one side, and Roentgen noticed that it
would fluoresce when an electrical discharge would occur in the tube he
104 105
was watching. On reaching for the screen, Roentgen got his hand between g) _________________________________________________________?
the discharge tube and the screen and saw the bones of his own hand through In 1901.
the shadow of his skin. In 1901, Roentgen received the Nobel Prize for his i) _________________________________________________________?
accidental discovery of X-rays. Bacteriologist.
Alexander Fleming was a young bacteriologist at St. Mary’s Hospital in h) _________________________________________________________?
London in 1928. One day in his laboratory, he noticed that a culture dish of The first penicillin.
bacteria had been invaded by a mould* whose spore must have drifted in
through an open window. Under the microscope, he saw that, all around the 2. Sum up in your own words how the following discoveries were made.
mould, the individual bacteria that he had been growing had burst. He saved a) bioelectricity c) X-rays
the mould, and from it produced the first penicillin. b) vaccination d) penicillin
Although the mad scientists or eccentric inventors so often portrayed in
old movies are still good for laughs, that’s not what we’re talking about What do you think?
here. Surely the need still exists for the imaginative and inventive  Do you think these discoveries were absolutely unexpected? Why?/
experimenter. Why not?
(Adapted from “Unexpected scientific discoveries are often the most important” )  Why are scientists often portrayed as mad or eccentric experimenters?
———————————  Comment on the saying “The fortune likes those that are prepared”.
*to thread – здесь, нанизывать
*circuit – здесь, замкнутая электрическая цепь
*mould – здесь, плесень
Focus on language
Read the sentences. What grammar tenses are used?
Comprehension check  We were tired because we had been experimenting all day long.
 After I had worked in the lab for a few weeks, I felt I knew the equipment
1. Here are some answers. What are the questions?
Example: When and where was Luigi Galvani doing his pretty well.
investigations?  They were making observations of the night sky for several years

In 1791 at the University of Bologna. hoping to discover the planet they had calculated.
a) _________________________________________________________?  First students had a short talk with a lab instructor about safety in the

A puff of wind. lab and then they were allowed to work with some chemicals.
 The lecture finished before we got there.
b) _________________________________________________________?
 The lecture had already finished before we got there.
To nerve impulses.
c) _________________________________________________________? Past Simple, Past Progressive, Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive
Principle of vaccination.
 We use … talk about an activity or situation that began and ended at a particular time in the
d) _________________________________________________________? past.
With electrical discharges.  We use … to say that something was going on around a particular time in the past or a
longer background action or situation which was interrupted by a shorter action.
e) _________________________________________________________?  We use … to speak about an action which happened before another past action.
Barium compound.  We use … to talk about an action or event continuing up to a specific time in the past. We
f) _________________________________________________________? put the emphasis on ‘how long’.
The bones of his own hand.
106 107
Practice What do you think?
1. List time expressions under the correct tense heading. Some expressions  How many joint discoveries or inventions can you name?
can be used more than once.  Who made them? Did they find any application?
for before by the time first  Which would you prefer: working in collaboration with other scientists
since after yesterday until and making a joint discovery or competing with others and working
when while as soon as during on your own? Why? Give reasons.
already ago at this time last year

Past Past Past Past

Simple Progressive Perfect Perfect Progressive It is interesting to know It is interesting to
............... ............... ............... ............... know
A discovery or invention
............... ............... ............... ...............
made by two scientists A discovery or invention
............... ............... ............... ...............
without any cooperation made by two or more
is called an independent scientists is called a joint
2. Complete the sentences with the correct Past tenses.
discovery or invention. or shared discovery and a
co-invention respectively.
a) Class (begin, already) ............... by the time I (get) ............... there,
so I (take, quietly) ............... a seat in the back.
b) My group mate (discuss) ............... something with professor when I
(walk) ............... into the room.
c) It was midnight. I (study) ............... for five straight hours. No wonder Get real
I (get tired) ............... .
d) Millions of years ago, dinosaurs (roam) ............... the earth, but they Search the Internet or look in popular science magazines and books for the
(become) ............... extinct by the time humankind first (appear) information about an accidental or joint discovery or invention made before
................
the 20th century. Report your findings to the class. Follow the outline below:
e) I (call) Kate at nine last night, but she (be, not) ............... at home.
 discovery or invention
She (study) ............... at the library.
 discoverer(s) or inventor(s)
f) Kevin suddenly realized that the teacher (ask) him a question. He couldn’t
 circumstances
answer because he (daydream) ............... for the last ten minutes.
g) I (see, never) ............... any of Picasso’s paintings before I (visit)
............... the art museum. Speaking
h) The anthropologists (leave) ............... the village when they (collect)
............... enough data.
Work in teams. Hold a “balloon debate”. Each team chooses the name of the
i) While Roger (write) ............... an essay his roommate (clean) ...............
the room, so Roger (cannot) ............... concentrate and (get) ............... inventor or discoverer they have learnt about. Explain why his/her invention
angry. or discovery is so important that the inventor or discoverer should be the last
j) As I (pass) ............... the hardest exam and (get) ............... an excellent one left in the falling balloon, while the others jump out to save him/her.
mark I (feel) ............... a know-it-all.
108 109
Tool box: Agreeing and disagreeing 2. Remember how to say the names of some well-known scientists:
Opinions I think (that)… In my opinion… As for me…
Agreeing Absolutely; Right / That's right; I agree/ You’re right Faradey ['fær dei] Isaac Newton ['aiz k 'nju:t( )n]
Disagreeing I know, but… I take/see your point, but… I’m not sure… Curie ['kju( )ri] Pythagoras [p 'θæg r s; pai-]
That’s not true…
Bohr [b :r] Hippocrates [hi'pa:kr ,ti:z]
Plato ['pleit u] Aristarchus [,æri'sta:rk s]
Writing
Euclid ['ju:klid] Roentgen ['rΛntj n; 'rΛntg n]
Ampere ['æmp ] Weber ['web r; 'veib r]
A competition was announced at your department to write a short article for
Bel [bel] Fahrenheit ['fær( )nhait]
the university newspaper on the subject: “Great Events in Science.” Your
task isto focusoninventionsanddiscoveriesmadebeforethe20th century. Hertz [h :ts] Avogadro [,æv 'ga:dr u]
Choose to write about a scientist who you think made the most significant Ohm [ um] Archimedes [,a:k 'mi:diz]
contribution to the development of your field of science or science in general. Babbage ['bæbid ] Descartes [dei'ka:t]
Write an article of about 150 words. Make use of the texts about Lomonosov,
Pascal [pæ'skæl] Aristotle ['æri,st t( )l]
Pascal and Edison as a model. Follow the guidelines:
 give the article a title Kelvin ['kelvin] Einstein ['ainstain]
 introduce the subject Celsius ['selsi s] Coulomb ['ku:l m]
 give some factual information
 give your opinion and some supporting information 3. Arithmetic operation is a mathematical expression involving numbers.
Division (:) 21: 3=7 – twenty one divided by three is/equals
In the Realm of Science seven
Multiplication (×) 4×3=12 – the multiplication of four by three gives
or times twelve - four times three equals twelve
1. Words like volt and watt have become part of our language, e.g. a volt is Subtraction (–) 4–3=1 – the subtraction of three from four leaves
the unit of electrical potential, a watt is a unit of electrical power. or minus one
However, we sometimes forget that these are the names of famous – four minus three equals one
scientists. A volt is named after Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), the Italian Summation, (+) 4+3=7 – the summation of four and three gives even
physicist. A watt is named after James Watt (1736–1819), the English addition/plus – four plus three equals seven
inventor of a steam engine. Equality (=) 25:5=5 – twenty five divided by five is/equals/is
equal to five
Do you know what these terms mean and who they are named after? 4. Read and remember some mathematical symbols.
ampere kelvin Fahrenheit
is not equal to
 ray AB
 AB
bel curie pascal
< is less than AB the length of AB
coulomb Celsius hertz
roentgen farad ohm > is greater than  triangle
 is less than or equal to  is approximately equal to
weber newton
110 111
 is greater than or equal to ~ is similar to Unit 2 Scientific Revolution
( ) Parentheses (grouping symbol) is parallel to It is interesting
to know
[ ] Brackets (grouping symbol)  infinity Lead-in
{ } Braces (grouping symbol)  pi, 3.14159 On July 20, 1969, the
| | Absolute Value Bars  is congruent to astronauts of Apollo 11
1. The most revolutionary and important made the first landing on
 is an element of  therefore discoveries in science are often called the Moon. Commander
 is not an element of  square root breakthroughs. Neil Armstrong was the
 or  is a subset of right angle first person to walk on
2. Work with a partner. Make a list of the Moon. As he took his
 or  is not a subset ! factorial breakthroughs and inventions made in the first step out of the lunar
U the set of  the sum of 20th century. module, he radioed these
words to the earth:
3. Discuss your lists as a class and agree on
I the intersection of e numeric constant 2.71828 “That’s one small step for
five breakthroughs and inventions that you a man; one giant leap for
 angle  perpendicular think have changed the world we live in.
 the mankind”.
AB line AB ° degree(s)
AB segment AB Reading

Unit 1 Progress Monitoring

1. The words in A are in the text you are going to read. Match a word in A
In this unit you have worked on the following vocabulary related to the topic:
“Evolution of Natural Sciences” with a definition in B. Consult a dictionary if necessary.
 to make a discovery  to develop an idea/theory/principle A B
 to measure time/distance/mass  scientific accomplishments 1) unprecedented a) in a way that has a very great effect on sb/sth:
 to examine/study/investigate sth  theoretical/experimental science 2) insight b) very great or extremely good
 accidental/ independent discovery  to explain a physical phenomenon 3) profoundly c) possible effect or result of an action or a decision
 addition/summation/plus  to lead to a discovery of sth
 subtraction/minus  to determine/observe sth
4) to redefine d) that has never happened, been done or been
 multiplication/ division  to be a great step forward to sth known before
 to do research  to conduct/make experiments 5) susceptibility e) qualities that exist and can be developed
 to equal sth./to be equal to sth  to patent an invention/method 6) sophisticated f) the ability to see and understand the truth about
 joint/shared invention  to make a contribution to science people or situations
7) implication g) to consider sth in a new way
Tick (V) the points you are confident about and cross (X) the ones you need to revise.
8) tremendous h) the state of being very likely to be influenced,
harmed or affected by sth
9) potential i) clever and complicated in the way that it works
or is presented

2. Read the text about the breakthroughs of the 20th century. Find out what
changes they have brought about. Complete the chart.
112 113
 Breakthrough Implication
Breakthroughs of the 20th century
An unprecedented explosion of creativity, insight, and breakthrough occurred
in every field of science in the last century. It started without airplanes, television,
computers and ended with spacecraft on Mars and a walk on the Moon along
the way, the structure of DNA and a model of the atom, advances in particle
physics and cosmology as well as wireless Internet. These discoveries profoundly
changed the way we understand the world and our place in it.
However, choosing the most important breakthroughs and inventions of
the last 100 years is like choosing the most beautiful flower in a garden of
roses. Picking the most important of anything is quite tricky. When one
invention leads to the next, which is more important, the chicken or the
egg? Some breakthroughs, like Einstein’s theory of relativity, redefined our
understanding of the universe, while others had more impact on everyday life.
Since the 1940s, computers have provided a way to solve complex
problems and penetrated nearly every aspect of our lives. The rise in the
1990s of the Internet, the World Wide Web and e-mail’s changing the way
we gather information, communicate and shop. Programmable electronic
devices of all sorts have come to spread to modern society to such a degree
that future generations may well characterize the 20th century as the
Computer Age.
Francis Crick and James Watson won a Nobel Prize after solving mystery
of the human genetic coding called DNA in 1953. They discovered how the
genes for recreating life were arranged in a double helix (spiral). Existing
in every cell, DNA controls what we look like and our susceptibility and
resistance to disease and tells our cells how to act to keep our bodies functioning.
The first entirely synthetic plastic, Bakelite, was invented – by accident,
as it happened – by American chemist Leo Baekeland in 1909. Early uses
included radios, light sockets, jewelry, telephones, washing machines, fishing
reels and guns. Later synthetics, like cellophane, nylon and Teflon, brought
revolution of their own.
From the launching of the first satellite in 1957 – Sputnik – to man’s
walk on the moon 12 years later to today’s sophisticated telescopes, shuttles
114
and trips to Mars, space exploration has opened a new frontier. Lessons learned in
space also have had implications for some very earthbound problems.
Technology that allowed images to be transmitted over wires was being
developed in the 1920s. In 1932 the heart of the TV, the electron scanning
tube was patented under the name of an iconoscope. Since that time TV has
transformed how much and how quickly we see the world, and – more than
radio or motion pictures – how we spend our leisure time.
Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity was another great 20th
century breakthrough. It provides deep insights into the nature of gravity as
well as the world’s understanding of itself. For the first time, his work proved
that space can be curved and that time could differ from point to point. His
theory also led to the conclusion that all the galaxies, and the whole Universe
had originated in the Big Bang, thousands of millions of years in the past.
And so the modern science of cosmology was born. By describing how
light moves, Einstein created principles that led us to lasers and transistors.
And his suggestions, via his special theory of relativity, that a little mass of
matter could create tremendous energy led to the atomic bomb and the nuclear
age. It is often claimed that no breakthrough has shown more negative and
positive potential.
American astronomer Edwin Hubble showed that the universe is
expanding. Hubble made his great discoveries on the best telescope in the
world at that time - the 100-inch telescope on Mount Wilson in southern
California. Today his name’s carried by the best telescope we have, not on
Earth, but a satellite observatory orbiting our planet. The Hubble Space
Telescope is continuing the work begun by Hubble himself to map our
Universe, and producing the most remarkable images of distant galaxies
ever seen.
Three American physicists received the 1956 Physics Nobel Prize for
their joint invention of a transistor. Transistors played a key role in the
advancement of electronics. Today’s computer microchips are essentially
tens or even hundreds of millions of transistors and derivative devices on a
single wafer* of silicon. Without transistors, we wouldn’t have personal
computers, cell phones, fax machines, modems or most other modern
electronic devices.
(Adapted from the Internet sites)
———————————
a wafer of silicon – здесь тех., кремневая плата, подложка.
115
What do you think? Verb Suffixes
 Compare the lists of the breakthroughs you have made with that of -en means to make; e.g. soften
the author’s. -ize means to make; e.g. categorize
 Do you agree with the author’s choice of the most significant -ate means to have or be characterized by; e.g. activate
discoveries and inventions? Why?/Why not? -ify or -fy means to cause to become or to make; e.g. simplify
 Do you think that scientific and technological achievements have really
made the world a better place to live? Give reasons for your opinion. Practice
1. Look back in the text and find the words with the suffixes given above.
Focus on language What part of speech are these words?
Read the sentence from the text and decide what parts of speech the words
in bold are. 2. Using the suffixes from the box make different parts of speech with the
 The first entirely synthetic plastic, Bakelite, was invented by American words below. Make up the sentences of your own with the derived words.
chemist Leo Baekeland in 1909. wide act develop design create
theory compute identify sharp mystery
Noun Suffixes
-ity means condition or quality of sth; e.g. capability Speaking
-sion, -tion means act of sth; state of sth; e.g. position
-er, -or means one who; that/which; e.g. programmer
-ist means one who; that/which; e.g. biologist Every discovery or invention has its downside. Work in teams. Choose one
-ance, -ence means act of sth; state of sth; quality of sth; e.g. assistance of the discoveries or inventions and write down two or more negative effects
-ness means state of sth; e.g. toughness you can think of. Back up your opinion with real life examples. Share your
-ment means act of sth; state of sth; result of sth; e.g. placement ideas with the class.
-dom means: – state or condition; domain, position, rank; Example: “I believe that invention of TV was one of the most important
a group with position, rank; e.g. wisdom breakthroughs of the last century. However, I often find myself
just glued to TV, not wanting to do anything else but watching
Adjective Suffixes my favorite reality shows or comedies. It’s such a waste of
-ic means characteristic of sth; like sth e.g. heroic time … I wish I would spend more time reading books or going
-al means relating to sth; e.g. manual out with my friends, or …”
-able means able; or giving; e.g. portable
-ous means full of; having. e.g. gaseous
Writing
-ful means full of; having. e.g. careful
-less means without; e.g. useless
-en means made of; e.g. wooden ‘For’ and ‘Against’
1. Work in pairs. Think of the arguments in favor of or against the statement:
Adverb Suffixes “Scientific and technological achievements have made the world a better
-ly at the end of a word almost always makes an adverb; place to live.”
occasionally it will make an adjective. e.g. quickly

116 117
2. Make brief notes under ‘for’ and ‘against’ headings. a) When and where are the Nobel Prizes awarded? Why?
Example: b) What areas of science are they given in?
For Against c) How was the Prize established?
…has made our life more comfortable …is used to kill people d) How much is it?
…improves communication, etc… …spoils nature, etc… e) What does it include?
f) What are the requirements to the Nobel Prize nominees?
3. Write a composition of 200–250 words discussing the statement above. g) How are scientists nominated for the Prize?
Make use of the Managing your learning and the Tool boxes. h) How many inventions did Alfred Nobel hold legal rights to?
Managing your learning: Outline i) What is his most famous invention?
Introduction
Paragraph 1 – Introduce the subject of the composition. State 4. Listen to the rest of the programme and complete the chart.
why it is an important issue at the present time.
Main body area of science
Paragraph 2 – Give the argument in favor of the statement.
Paragraph 3 – Give the argument against the statement
Conclusion
Paragraph 4 – Conclude by giving a well-balanced opinion.
winners

Tool box country

It is often said that…
However, in my opinion, …
While it is true that…, on the other hand, …
At the same time…
For example, for instance, …
Firstly / Another point is that…
Also/ besides/ what is more, …
As a result… period of time
Finally, it is important to remember that…
To sum up / All in all, …
research

Listening significance

1. You are going to listen to the radio programme about the Nobel Prize
discoveries. Work in groups. Make a list of the facts you know about 5. Writedownthephrasesandwordswiththenounprize as you hear them.
the Nobel Prize. Discuss as a class.

2. Check if you know these words and phrases. Which field(s) of science prize
do they refer to?
worm universe messenger RNA creature
cell DNA molecule orbit stem
nucleus explosion interference gene Big Bang 6. Sum up the information about the prize-winning research you listened
about. Use the phrases in the Tool box.
3. Listen to the introductory part of the programme and answer the questions.
118 119
Tool box “My name is Anthony Willbourn and I am a chemist. I was really fortunate
to develop treatment for to produce evidence to recognize work to be able to meet and talk to the discoverers of polythene because many
to cure diseases to carry out research to receive waves
to measure temperature to be honoured for to confirm an idea plastics, as they were developed, didn’t have individuals you could point to
to perform experiments with to show pictures of to give support and say, he or she was a discoverer. The discovery was made in 1933 by two
to launch a satellite to control genes to open up an area men – Gibson and the other one was Eric Forsett, and he was trained as an
to solve a mystery
organic chemist, and they were working in the field of the study of
phenomena at high pressures.
Get real They had no idea what they were going to find. And certainly didn’t plan
to make plastic. In fact, they were trying to react, at that very moment, ethylene
with benzaldehyde, to make a very ordinary sort of compound, ethyl phenyl
Search the Internet or popular science magazines. Find information about ketone. But they didn’t make it. They made by accident a white, waxy solid,
national and international awards in your field of science. Report back your and the other problem was that, when they tried to repeat these experiments,
findings to the class.
they didn’t produce anything at all. They had explosions, because the gases
decomposed explosively. And all this was being done in an open laboratory,
Reading which today would be unthinkable, because the pressures were up at about
two thousand atmospheres. And they reacted at about 180 degrees centigrade.
1. Look at the words below and say which field(s) of science they refer to: And finally they had produced a few grams of this white waxy solid,
polythene molecule pressure because it was interesting of course, they had to stop the work because it
plastic explosive atom was too dangerous, and they had to wait until a special building had been
compound benzaldehyde waxy solid completed, into which they could put this equipment and work safely.
ethylene What was basically remarkable was that they made something they didn’t
expect to make. Nobody knew that you could join together these atomic
2. What do you know about polythene and its uses in our everyday life?
components and produce molecules of such enormous lengths, which gave
it not only good solid state properties, but a sort of toughness that made it
3. You are going to read a part of an interview with Anthony Willbourn
possible to make cable covering, and to make films and so on.
about the discovery of polythene. As you read mark the statements below
The first plant which had a capacity of only making pounds per day
T for ‘true’ or F for ‘false’. Correct the false ones.
came into operation in September 1939, the day the war broke out. And that
was very significant, because within several months it became clear that
a) Anthony Willbourn is a journalist. ( )
b) He was lucky to meet and talk to people that discovered polythene. ( ) polythene was the ideal material for making radar and using it from aircraft,
c) A team of researchers discovered polythene in 1939. ( ) which had been impossible before polythene became available. The RAF,
d) The researchers were investigating the phenomena at high pressures. ( ) which was of course heavily outnumbered by the Luftwaffe, couldn’t stay
e) Their discovery was made by accident. ( ) in the air long enough to find the enemy and engage them without some
f) The experiments were carried out in a well-equipped laboratory. ( ) help. And radar provided that essential help that made it possible for the
g) Scientists failed to find practical applications of polythene at that time. ( ) RAF to contain the attacks of the enemy.
h) The substance was launched into mass production the month after So of course polythene had a tremendous practical effect on the war effort.”
(Abridged and adapted from http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/features/
the war broke out. ( ) mycentury/transcript/wk37d2.shtml)
i) Radars helped the British aircraft, RAF, to contain Luftwaffe attacks. ( )
120 121
What do you think? Number
 Name the most outstanding discoveries or inventions in your subject Other
area. What are their strong and weak points?
 Name the most outstanding scientists of the 20th century in your subject trans- multy- peri- mega- semi-
area. What were their contributions? bi- dec- micro- auto pre-
 What Nobel Prize winners from Russia or the former Soviet Union do mini- mono- super- post inter-
you know? What fields of science did they work in? tri- oct- tele- sub- extra-
hydro- photo- aero- co- fore-
Writing
3. Match each word that has a prefix in column A with the right meaning of
the prefix in column B. Translate the words into your native language.
Think of any discovery or invention made in your field of science in the 20th
century. Which do you think has been of major importance for the advance A B
of science and technological development? 1) semiconductor a) under
Write a paragraph of about 100–150 words and give reasons for your choice 2) extraordinary c) two
of the discovery or invention. 3) monologue d) first
4) transmission e) very small
In the Realm of Science 5) submarine f) half, partly
6) bilingual g) beyond
7) microchip h) across
1. Learn how to say the singular and plural nouns. 8) primitive i) one
phenomenon [fin min n] phenomena [fin min ]
medium [mi:di m] media [mi:di ] 4. Read and remember the prefixes that show various sizes.
radius [reidj s] radii [reidiai] Number Prefix Symbol Number Prefix Symbol
analysis [ næl sis] analyses [ næl si:z]
10 1 deka- da 10 -1 deci- d
crisis [kraisis] crises [kraisi:z]
10 2 hecto- h 10 -2 centi- c
formula [f :mjul ] formulae [f :mjuli:]
nucleus [nju:kli s] nuclei [nju:kliai] 10 3 kilo- k 10 -3 milli- m
axis [æksis] axes [æksi:z] 10 6 mega- M 10 -6 micro-  (Greek mu)
index [indeks] indices [indisi:z] 10 9 giga- G 10 -9 nano- n
10 12 tera- T 10 -12 pico- p
2. Prefix, stem and suffix are three parts of a word. It is possible to guess
10 15 peta- P 10 -15 femto- f
the meaning of the word if you know the meaning of the prefix or suffix.
Refer the prefixes below to the categories. 10 18 exa- E 10 -18 atto- a
Size 10 21 zeta- Z 10 -21 zepto- z
Location 10 24 yotta- Y 10 -24 yocto- y
Time and order
122 123
Unit 2 Progress Monitoring Unit 3 Revise & Practise
In this unit you have worked on the vocabulary related to the topic “Evolution of the
natural sciences”
 to make a breakthrough  dramatically; essentially; profoundly 1. Explain the difference between the words.
 to play a key role in the advancement  scientist; philosopher; explorer; inventor; to invent – to patent
of modern electronic devices discoverer experiment – observation
 to have tremendous/great/practical  to show positive/negative potential to be nominated for a prize – to be awarded a prize
effect on sth  deep insights into the nature of sth
technology – technique
 to have an impact on sth  to be of the greatest benefit to
 to provide a way to do sth mankind award – reward
 to open a new frontier  to experiment with different
 to create principles/tremendous energy techniques 2. Work in groups. Think of 3 words with each prefix from the list below.
 to redefine sth  to be awarded/to receive the Nobel Example: bicycle, extraordinary, decimal, etc.
prize
1) tele- 6) mono- 11) semi-
Tick (V) the points you are confident about and cross (X) the ones you need to revise. 2) aero- 7) bi- 12) multi-
3) photo- 8) super- 13) dec-
4) micro- 9) extra- 14) trans-
5) auto- 10) hydro-

3. Read these sayings. Comment on the one you like most.

 “Discovery consists of seeing what everybody has seen and thinking
what nobody else has thought”. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi
 “Accident is the name of the greatest of all inventors”. Mark Twain
 “The experimenter who does not know what he is looking for will
not understand what he finds”. Claude Bernard
 “No great discovery was ever made without a bold guess”. Sir Isaac
Newton

4. Work on your own. Make a list of 10 international and ‘false friends’

words. Ask your fellow student to sort them out.

5. Divide into 5 teams. Each team completes mind maps for the words:
experiment, accomplishment, development, laboratory and technology.
Check your results as a class.

Progress Test
1. Use the word in blocks to form one word that fits in the gap in the sentence.

124 125
a) The ………….. of the transistor made personal INVENT (explain) the procedure of the experiment he ………….. (look) out of the
computers possible. window and ………….. (daydream). When students ………….. . (start)
b) Any ………….. data should be confirmed THEORY heating the substances he by mistake ………….. (take) the wrong test tube.
experimentally. He ………….. (be frightened) nearly to death to see the substance going
c) I’ve always wanted to be a ………….. . SCIENCE out of the tube and splitting on the desk and his clothes. The teacher
d) The ………….. of these huge ice sheets must DEVELOP ………….. (be) very angry with him, though he ………….. (be) glad
have led to the destruction of all organic life at Peter ………….. (remember) to wear safety glasses before starting the
the Earth’s surface.
experiment. Anyway, Peter’s lab work ………….. (be) a complete failure.
e) What ………….. reaction is going on now? CHEMISTRY
f) Hubble’s brilliant ………….. was that the red OBSERVE
shift of galaxies was directly proportional to the 4. Read students’ jokes about the laboratory work. Decide which answer A,
distance of the galaxy from earth. B or C best fits each space. With your partner compare the results of this
g) Nicolai Lobachevsky was a great Russian……..… MATHEMATICS activity.
………….. .
h) Livingstone was the first European to make an EXPLORE Example: (0) A
………….. of the Zambezi river.
i) I’m afraid this device isn’t accurate enough to do MEASURE
Rules of the Lab
all necessary ………….. . If an (0) experiment works, something has gone wrong.
j) The ………….. of America forms the beginning DISCOVER When you don’t know what you’re doing, do it (1) ………….. .
of a new period, both in modern history and in Experiments must be (2) ………, they should fail the same way each time.
modern geography. First (3) ………….. your curves, then plot your (4) ………….. .
k) I’m sure this new digital device will find APPLY (5) ………….. is directly proportional to (6) ………….. ruined.
widespread ………….. . Always keep a (7) ………….. of your data. It indicates that you have been
l) Their greatest ………….. was the discovery of ACCOMPLISH working.
DNA. To do a lab really well, have your (8) ………….. done well in advance.
m) The product of two numbers is called ……….. . MULTIPLY
If you can’t get the answer in the usual manner, start at the answer and
n) He was awarded the Nobel Prize for ……….. INVESTIGATE derive the (9) ………….. .
Black Holes. In case of doubt, make it sound (10) ………….. .
Do not believe in (11) ………….. – (12) ………….. on them.
2. See how quickly you can find the answer to this rather long sum. (13) ………….. is essential, it allows you to (14) ………….. someone
Four add two, divide by three, subtract one, multiply by eight, take away else.
four, times three, plus two, minus four, halved, equals what? All (15) ………….. beakers (16) ………….. fast acting, extremely (17)
………….. poisons.
3. Complete the paragraph with the appropriate past tense form of the verbs No experiment is a complete (18) ………….. . At least it can serve as a
in brackets. (19) ………….. example.
Peter ………….. (get) into a lot of trouble a couple of days ago when he Any delicate and expensive piece of (20) ………….. will break before any
………….. (have) his chemistry lab class. While the teacher ………….. use can be made of it.
126 127
 A B C  Find comprehensive, fabulous but reliable information about the discovery
0) experiment reserach equipment or invention and an image or photo of the invention/discovery or
1) tidily clearly neatly inventor/discoverer.
2) repeated reproducible deducible  Prepare and present your poster.
3) paint draw depict
THE QUESTIONS TO GUIDE YOU:
4) data numbers lines
5) ideas payment experience  When and where was it invented or discovered?
6) device hopes equipment  Was it done by accident or purposefully? Was it a joint or independent
7) diary record notice invention/discovery?
8) report documents story  Was the invention/discovery of theoretical or practical value?
 Did it find immediate practical application?
9) remark request question
 What are the benefits and the downsides of the invention/discovery?
10) unusual convincing similar
11) miracles wonders obstacles
12) rely depend insist
13) collaboration arguments teamwork
14) respect help blame
15) unmarked opaque coloured
16) include contain pour
17) toxic flavoured smelly
18) success achievement failure
19) optimistic negative distructive
20) glassware china substance

Self study

Inventions and Discoveries that Shaped the World History

Your faculty has announced the contest on posters presenting outstanding discoveries
or inventions. You are going to participate in the contest.

 Search one of the sites according to your subject area

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/
http://science.discovery.com/convergence/100discoveries/big100/
big100.html
http://encarta.msn.com/artcenter_0/Encyclopedia_Articles.html#tcsel
http://www.fi.edu/tfi/hotlists/physical.html
http://www.newtown.tased.edu.au/resources/disciplines/science.htm
http://archives.math.utk.edu/topics/history.html
http://www.npr.org/programs/re/archivesdate/1999/geocentury/ index.html
 Find comprehensive, fabulous but reliable information about the discovery
128 129
SURVIVE OR NOT
SURVIVE?

“We do not inherit the earth from our

ancestors, we borrow it from our children.”
Native American Proverb

Learning Goals

 to make use of diagrams and flowcharts to describe

processes, steps and stages
 to write a letter of inquiry
 to talk about various environmental problems,
their causes, consequences and solutions
 to express purpose
 to express cause-effect relationships
 to revisit relative clauses
Unit 1 Global Issues Example: Increased carbon dioxide levels are a result of burning
fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal.
Lead-in The burning of fossil fuels leads to the greenhouse
effect which results in climate change.

1. Work in teams. Brainstorm all the words and phrases you know related a) industrial toxic waste
to the word environment. Present your mind map to the rest of the class b) spread of intensive farming methods
and explain how the ideas are connected. c) burning of fossil fuels (gas, oil, coal)
d) nuclear waste
e) destruction of rain forests
f) use of CFC gases (chlorofluorocarbons) in industry
g) poaching
ENVIRONMENT Tool box: Cause and effect
… is a result of … … results/ed in … is/are due to …
… is the consequence of... … leads to … … is responsible for …
… is the main reason for … affects … … is affected by…
The cause of … is … … causes/ed … is caused by …

Reading

2. Work in small groups. Which of the environmental problems listed below
are the most serious? Put them in order, 1–7 (1 = the most serious, 7 =
the least serious). Give reasons for your choice.
 global warming/climate change
 air/water/soil pollution
 shrinking habitats and loss of bio-diversity
 acid rain
 ozone layer depletion
 deforestation
 natural disasters: floods, heavy rainfalls, violent storms, droughts, etc.
3. Match the environmental problems with the factors that cause them. Some
factors may go with more than one problem. Choose to write about three
problems and their factors. Make use of the phrases from the Tool box.
132
1. Read the definition. Which environmental problem does it refer to?
............................. is a result of atmospheric contamination when industrial
gases and chemicals mix with water in the air.
2. Read the text about the acid rain problem and complete the cause and
effect chart below.
Acid rain is strongly acidic rain that absorbs microscopic particles of
nitric acid or sulfuric acid as it falls towards the ground. But why do we
have acid rain? The reason lies in atmospheric pollution. As human beings
developed their economic behavior, they began to use huge amounts of fossil
fuels such as coal and oil. When fossil fuel is burned, sulfur and nitrogen
oxides are released into the atmosphere. These pollutants are affected by
ultraviolet rays and combine with atmospheric water vapor to form tiny
particles of nitric acid and sulfuric acid that float in the atmosphere. When
133
 Managing your learning these particles dissolve into rain, it falls to expansion of industry and the spread of the automobile, acid rain is becoming
The meaning of a word or expressionthe ground as acid rain. This process is a serious issue even in developing countries.
called “wet deposition”. At other times
can often be worked out from the rest of Historical sites and buildings are also damaged by acid rain, especially
the context of the sentence, e.g. “sulfur
these pollutants are absorbed into fog or
and nitrogen oxides are released into
in Europe with its many historical buildings made of marble and copper.
mist in a gas or particle form and deposited
the atmosphere.” From the context, to The chemical reaction between marble and sulfuric acid changes the marble
release must mean something like toon forests, and eventually return to the into plaster. Therefore, ancient sculptural works made of marble often
throw out or emit.
soil; this is called “dry deposition”. crumble after contact with acid rain. Copper items also break down in contact
Chemical substances released from chemical plant chimneys are a major with acid rain. For example, the copper plates of the United States’ Statue
factor in the contamination of the atmosphere and lead to the formation of of Liberty were eaten away to a dangerous degree by acid rain, and needed
acid rain. large-scale reconstruction. Historical structures and buildings, which have
Many of us have our own “private factories” for producing modern acid been handed down as cultural heritage for centuries, have been in danger of
rain – cars. Vehicle exhausts contain NOx (nitrogen oxides), hydrocarbons being lost in the past several decades simply because of acid rain.
and other chemicals. Acid rain is no longer someone else’s problem: it’s happening here.
The damage caused by acid rain first appears in rivers, lakes and marshes. (Adapted from http://www.virtualglobe.org/en/info/env/)
When the water of a lake or marsh declines to pH5 or so, at first the plankton
ACID RAIN
and aquatic vegetation disappear. Needless to say, the fish that feed on these
living things also decline in number and even die out.
Then, as the acidity level of soil increases, aluminum and other harmful What causes it? What are the consequences?
metals contained in the soil begin to dissolve, which also contributes to the
death of aquatic life. Eventually the lakes cannot support life at all. exhaust gases from cars …………….
Acid rain makes soil highly acidic, which leads to the drying and death
of forests. Soil naturally contains many metallic ions such as calcium and
magnesium, and these help to neutralize acid to a certain extent, even in the
case of acid rain. However, when this neutralization power is exhausted, …………………… kills fish
the acidity of the soil increases, killing microorganisms and worms. There
are also cases when acid rain enters directly into the leaves, trunks, and
branches of plants and damages trees.
The damage created by acid rain in Europe and North America is truly …………………… pollutes the soil
grave. It is reported that in many European countries about one half of the
total area of forests has been damaged.
Countries like Sweden, Norway, and other Scandinavian countries do
not contribute much to atmospheric pollution, but they are suffering extensive Comprehension check
damage from atmospheric pollutants carried there from other countries. For 1) Look back in the text and find words that have a similar meaning to:
example, it has been reported that fish have disappeared from one-third of a) enormous (adj) c) very small (adj)
the lakes and marshes of Norway. b) influenced (past participle) d) melt (v)
In Asia, acid rain is having truly serious consequences in China, which e) main (adj) l) serious (adj)
is the second largest producer of coal in the world. Furthermore, with the f) pollution (n) m) whole (adj)
134 135
 g) harm (n) n) widespread (adj) b) We are worried by the ……… amount of INCREASE
h) leads to (v) o) result (n) carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
i) deactivate (v) p) problem (n) c) There should be laws to protect ……… species DANGER
j) degree (n) q) fall into pieces (v) from poaching.
k) completely finished (past participle) d) By the year 2030, 25% of all animals, birds, EXTINCTION
fish and insects may be ……….
Focus on language e) Vehicle exhausts are the major ……… of the CONTAMINATE
1. Complete the table. Turn the words given in the table into verbs, nouns air.
and adjectives. Consult a dictionary if necessary. f) The ……… effect of deforestation on wildlife HARM
is growing bigger every year.
VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE g) The ……… number of whales in the oceans is DECLINE
damage one of the major concerns for marine
exhaust biologists,
h) I have never worked with such highly REACTION
increase ……………. substances!
emission i) It is very costly to restore historical structures DAMAGE
absorb and buildings ……… by acid rain.

industrial 2. Read these sentences. What grammar rule do they follow?

extinction  Acid rain is strongly acidic rain which/that absorbs microscopic
particles of nitric acid or sulfuric acid as it falls towards the ground.
developing/developed
 In Asia, acid rain is having truly serious consequences in China,
contaminate which is the second largest producer of coal in the world.
contribute  As the acidity level of soil increases, aluminum and other harmful

pollutant metals contained in the soil begin to dissolve, which also contributes
to the death of aquatic life.
decline Relative clauses with which, that, who, whose and where
 If relative clauses give essential information they do not have commas.
harm e.g. A good lab assistant is one whose equipment works well.
endanger
 If relative clauses give extra information, and can be left out, they have a
expansive comma before the clause and a comma or a full stop after it.
e.g. My junior brother wants to study in Boston university, where I did my postgraduate course.
reaction
 Which/that can be omitted if they are the object in a relative clause.
e.g. The book (that/which) he is reading now is about great maritime explores.
Practice  Which can be used in a relative clause to refer to the whole sentence.
1. Fill in the gaps with the right form of the words in capitals. e.g. Acid rain makes soil highly acidic, which leads to the drying and death of forests.
a) Floods and droughts are serious issues in ……… DEVELOP  What is used in relative clauses to mean the thing that.
countries. e.g. What the lecturer said about the consequences of acid rain was shocking.

136 137
Practice 3. Check if you know what these phrases mean. Use a dictionary if
1. Put in which, what or that. Put comma if necessary. necessary.
a) She cycles to work every day, which makes her healthy. to reverse the effects black tar roof
b) Everything ………… he told us about water pollution made me energy costs environmentally safe center
upset. renewable energy sources waste center
c) Graffiti is vandalism. This is ……… we need to understand. urban heat islands to power up homes
d) The world’s population is growing very fast ……… makes the to release zero pollution green building methods
world critically short for food and water. rating systems environmental city planning
e) Even with just an A-level in Biology I could understand ……… solar (powered) water heaters a reduced property tax rate
they were doing.
f) Planting trees is a great thing ……… also makes us feel better and 4. You are going to listen to a radio programme about some steps that city
encourage less littering. governments are taking to protect the environment. As you listen take
g) I did everything ……… I could to save an endangered animals. notes to answer the questions.
h) She joined a Girl Scout team ………… surprised us all. a) What is Kyoto Protocol aimed at?
i) Our modern lifestyle is destroying the fragile environment b) Did the USA sign the Kyoto Protocol agreement?
……… leads to the environmental catastrophe. c) What was the initiative of American mayors across the country?
d) How many cities and towns in the USA joined this initiative?
Get real e) What does “going green” mean?
f) What can be done at the local level?
Search the environmental websites or specialized magazines to get g) What are the strong and weak points of green buildings and systems?
information about the ways to solve the acid rain problem. Make notes on h) What rating system for making environmentally safe buildings is used?
what you have found and report back to the class. i) What kind of ratings does the Energy Star program give?

5. Listen to the programme again and complete the chart.

Listening COUNTRY/CITY INITIATIVE AIM/PURPOSE

replacing the black tar roof

1. Discuss as a class. with
 Why is the word ‘green’ used when we speak about environmental …………………………
protection?
 What green organizations do you know? What are their purposes?
a program to make
compost fertilizer out of
 What would a ‘green city’ be like?
dead leaves, plants and
food waste
2. Work with a partner. Brainstorm as many environmental problems typical
for big cities as you can. Compare your ideas as a class. to create energy
Example: bad sewage water treatment, dumpsites/landfills, etc.

138 139
 using hydrogen-powered Writing
buses

a Climate Change Action Complete the bar chart below marking each bar with the results of your
Plan interviews. Summarize your findings in a paragraph.
helps to reduce
...........................

water heaters powered by

.............
China ............... Dongtan

the Masdar City project

What do you think? Reading

 Do you think ‘green’ initiatives will become popular all over the
world? Why?/Why not? 1. Do you know what a greenhouse is? What do we use it for? What is the
 What is an eco-city? Would you like to live in such a place? Greenhouse effect and how is it related to global warming?
 Have you ever participated in any ‘green’ activity?
 Do you think such initiatives can help to improve the community? 2. Work in groups. Brainstorm ideas about global warming: signs, causes
and consequences. Discuss your ideas as a class.
Speaking
3. Before you read the text match each word in A with its definition in B.
Interview ten of your fellow students Tool box: Presenting another point of view
Some of the people think that … A B
about the most serious environmental
Each of the interviewees believes that … 1) amount a) to send out sth such as light, heat, etc.
problems in your hometown. How Most of the people agree/disagree that … 2) effect b) to have an influence on sb/sth
different are their opinions? Discuss Hardly anybody/Nobody feels that …
According to the majority of people … 3) emit c) a layer of a substance that has formed naturally
your findings as a class. Use the Two of ten interviewees say … underground
phrases from the Tool box. 50 % of people point out that…
Very few people/All the people claim that …
4) simultaneously d) a result, influence of sth that has happened:
etc. 5) deposit e) a quantity of smth
6) evident f) happening or done at the same time as sth else
7) delay g) a result, influence
140 141
 8) affect h) a substance added to soil to make plants grow FACTS:
more successfully
9) consequence i) clear, easily seen 1. Over millions of years, animals and plants lived, died and were compressed
10) fertilizer j) a period of time, an interval to form huge deposits of oil, gas and coal. In little more than 300 years,
however, we have burned a large amount of this storehouse of carbon to
4. There are some well-known facts as well as myths about the problem of supply energy. Today, the by-products of fossil fuel use – billions of tons of
global warming. Match each myth with the right fact below. carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide), methane, and other greenhouse gases –
form a blanket around the Earth, trapping heat from the sun, raising
Global Warming: Facts vs. myths temperatures on the ground, and steadily changing our climate.
MYTHS:
b): Even if the Earth is 2. The slow heating of the oceans creates a significant delay between the
warming, we can't be sure time when carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are emitted into the
c) Human activities contribute how much, if any, of the atmosphere and the moment when changes in temperature occur. This is
only a small fraction of carbon warming is caused by
dioxide emissions, an amount human activities.
one of the main reasons why we don’t see changes in temperature at the
too small to have a significant same time as changes in greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, there are
effect on climate, particularly
since the oceans absorb most of
many other factors that affect year-to-year variation in the Earth’s temperature
the extra carbon dioxide such as volcanic eruptions, etc. Still, scientific evidence points clearly to
emissions. anthropogenic (i.e. human-made) greenhouse gases as the main reason for
a) The buildup of carbon climate change.
dioxide will lead to a
"greening" of the Earth
because plants can utilize
3. Carbon dioxide, a gas created by the burning of fossil fuels (like gasoline
the extra carbon dioxide to and coal), is the most important human-made greenhouse gas. Carbon dioxide
speed their growth. from fossil fuel use is produced in huge quantities and can stay in the
atmosphere for as long as 200 years. Thus we need to act now if we want to
avoid the increasingly dangerous consequences of climate change in the future.
4. Before human activities began to dramatically increase carbon dioxide
levels in the atmosphere, the amount of carbon dioxide emitted from natural
d) The warming cannot be e) Carbon dioxide is removed
due to greenhouse gases, from the atmosphere fairly
sources closely matched the amount that was absorbed through natural
since changes in quickly, so if global warming processes, for example, through photosynthesis. Some carbon is later
temperature and changes turns out to be a problem, we released back to the atmosphere. This balance has now been upset by
in greenhouse gas can wait to take action to
emissions over the past reduce greenhouse gas human activities, which since the Industrial Revolution, have put twice as
century did not occur emissions until we see the much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than can be naturally removed by
simultaneously. impacts of warming.
the oceans and forests. This has resulted in carbon dioxide levels higher
than they have been in the last 420,000 years.

5. Carbon dioxide can act as a fertilizer for some plant species under some
conditions. However, in nature, plant nutrients like nitrogen as well as
142 143
water are often in short supply. Thus, even if plants have extra carbon dioxide Practice
available, their growth might be limited by a lack of water and nutrients. 1. Complete the sentences with an adverb from the box.
Finally, climate change itself could lead to decreased plant growth in many
areas because of increased drought, flooding and heat waves. perfectly clearly badly fully desperately
(Adapted from IPCC, 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis) efficiently environmentally-friendly definitely
extremely commonly highly
Comprehension check
1. Here are some answers. What are the questions? a) The possible impacts of climate change are more ………. understood
Example: Q: What forms a blanket around the planet? now.
A: The by-products of fossil fuel use – carbon dioxide, b) Cotton production will be ………. affected by droughts.
methane and other greenhouse gases. c) There is ………. something wrong with this thermometer, it can’t be
a) ________________________________________________________? that hot!
The melting of glaciers, warming of oceans, heavy rainfalls and droughts. d) Animals ………. need protection.
b) ________________________________________________________? e) We are ………. informed about the consequences of global warming.
Human-made greenhouse gases. f) I work with a ………. -motivated team of researchers.
c) ________________________________________________________? g) People should buy ………. products.
For as long as 200 years. h) Nuclear power plants produce ……… large amounts of electricity.
d) ________________________________________________________? i) Today, our most ………. used types of fuels are oil, gas and coal.
Through photosynthesis.
e) ________________________________________________________? 2. Make up 3 – 5 sentences of your own using the adverb collocations
Significant warming in the next century. from the grammar box.
f) ________________________________________________________?
Lack of water and nutrients.
Get real
Focus on language
1. Read the sentences and study the models in the box. Search the Internet, specialized magazines or talk to the experts who work
 Acid rain is strongly acidic rain that … in your university to get comprehensive and reliable information about one
 Soil naturally contains many metallic ions … of the environmental problems typical for your country or the region you
 We need to act now if we want to avoid the increasingly dangerous live in. Summarize the information you have collected and report back to
consequences of climate change in the future. the class. Follow the guidelines:
Adverb Collocations  State the problem briefly but clearly
Adverbs often go with certain verbs and adjectives. Look at the examples below:  Describe the problem in detail
Verb + adverb Adverb + adjective  Give examples of causes and effects of the problem.
to think quickly severely damaged
to remember well unusually fast
to damage severely/ badly badly organized
to speak confidently totally destroyed

144 145
 Speaking Regulators:
You would like to strengthen the rules on pollution and increase the fines
on companies that release pollutants.
Work in groups of 3–4 and discuss what actions as individuals you can take
to help to solve the environmental problems listed below. Brainstorm 1. Which group do you associate yourself with?
solutions to some national or local problems. Use the phrases from the Tool
box. Share your solutions with the rest of the class. 2. Write a letter to the local authorities of your own city giving your
What can be done… a) to control the cutting down of forests? opinion on this problem and saying which suggestions you agree or
b) to clean up the beaches? disagree with. Follow the model.
c) to reduce air pollution?
d) to save rare animals and plants? Your address
e) to slow down global warming? and the date 6345 Willow Avenue
Baltimore, Mariland 21220
f) to stop the spread of droughts?
Tool box: Making suggestions 4 November 2010
Well, one thing to do is…
Another thing to be done is …
Another way to help is… Name and address of Mr. Charles H.C. Wright
If we don’t do …, we will (won’t) … the company/person City Hall
It would be great to … you are writing to Special Projects Officer
We should … 19 Harbor Place
We’d better( do sth.)…
Baltimore, Mariland 21220
Salutation
Writing
If you know the name Dear Mr Wright,
of the person, put it:
A big petroleum company has announced that it wishes to build a plant to Dear Mr. Wright
refine petroleum products in the countryside area near your city. This plan Dear Mrs. Wright I am writing to express my concern about ...________________
has divided the community into three groups: If not, put:
Dear Sir(s), Madam ____________________________________________________
Greens: ____________________________________________________
You regard the chosen site as an area of outstanding natural beauty which The body of the letter
should not be harmed in any way. You oppose any construction on the site. Paragraph 1. The I strongly disagree with ..._______________________________
introduction
____________________________________________________
Enthusiasts:  Say who you are
 Say why you are ____________________________________________________
You welcome the economic benefits that the new plant will bring and aim
writing
to provide technological and financial support which will help the refinery
In my opinion ....______________________________________
to reduce its impact on the environment. Paragraph 2. The
message
Say which ____________________________________________________

146 147
 suggestions you ____________________________________________________ 2. Now take turns to read and note down the following compounds and
agree or disagree ____________________________________________________ chemical reactions.
with
 Give your Student A: H2CO3 P2O5 Na2O CaCo3 H2SO4 K3Po3 HgO
reasons I hope you ..._________________________________________

Paragraph 3. The Student B: H2SO4 H3PO4 MgO ZnSO4 NaCL CuO NaNO2
____________________________________________________
conclusion
 Make any ____________________________________________________ 2Mg+O2 2MgО
different CaO+H2O  Ca(OH)2
suggestions of Thank you for your attention to this matter._________________ 2CO+O2  2CO2
your own
NaCl + AgNO3  NaNO3 + AgCl
Signature: Yours sincerely,
If you start: Dear Sir, 3. Learn the pronunciation and the meaning of the main chemical elements.
Janette Grayston
Finish: Yours faithfully
If you start: Ag [α:  ent m] argentum N [naitri n] nitrogen
Dear Mr. Wright Al [,æljuminj m] aluminium Na [soudj m] sodium
Finish: Yours
sincerely Br [broumi:n] bromine Ni [nikl] nickel
C [kα:b n] carbon O [ ksi n] oxygen
3. Work in pairs. Exchange your letters and read them. Is the language used Cl [kl :ri:n] chlorine P [f sf r s] phosphorous
by your fellow student appropriate for a formal letter? Are his/her ideas Co [k b :lt] cobalt Pb [led] lead
and viewpoints clear? Make any suggestions for improvements.
Cs [si:zj m] caesium Pu [plu:tounj m] plutonium
Cu [k p ] copper Ra [reidj m] radium
In the Realm of Science H [haidri n] hydrogen S [sΛlf ] sulfur
Hg [haidrα: ir m] hydrargyrum Si [silik n] silicon
1. Practice reading these compounds and chemical reactions. [m :kjuri] mercury Ti [titeinj m] titanium
H2O [‘eit ‘tu: ou] I [ai di:n] iodine U [ju reinj n] uranium
HNO3 [‘et ‘en ‘ou ‘Θri] Li [lii m] lithium Xe [zen n] xenon
NOx [‘en ‘ou ‘eks] Mo [m libdin m] molybdenum Zn [zik] zinc
SO2 [‘es ‘ou ‘tu:]
C + O2CO2 [si:plus ou tu: give si: out u:] C plus O two give CO2
1 atom of carbon reacts
with 1 two-atom molecule
of oxygen and produces 1
molecule of carbon dioxide

148 149

Unit 1. Progress Monitoring
In this unit you have worked on
“Environment”
 deforestation
 ozone layer depletion
 vehicle exhausts
 the melting of glaciers
 renewable energy sources
 a serious issue/grave
conesquences
 to improve air quality
 the burning of fossil fuels
 to cut pollution/contamination
levels
Tick (V) the points you are confident about and cross (X) the ones you need to revise.
the following vocabulary related to the topic
 to do harm to sth/to damage sth
 to result in sth/to be affected by sth
 to be caused by sth/to affect sth
 human-made greenhouse gases
 clean/green technologies/methods
 natural disasters (flood/drought/hurricane)
 extinction of animals or plant species
 to save rare animals and plants
 to slow down global warming/climate
change
150
Unit 2 CleanTech = GreenTech
Lead-in
1. What kind of environmental problems has the computer era already
brought about? Make a list of the problems and discuss them with the
rest of the class.
2. Look at the picture and make suggestions on what the manufacture of
one PC requires. Comment on the environmental hazards of this process.
Reading
1. Read the text. Check if your predictions of the possible environmental
hazards correspond to the information in the text.
151
 Environmental Hazards of the Computer Revolution
Millions of high technology word processors, home computers,
telephones and other electronic equipment are creeping into every
office and children’s bedroom, Managing your learning
transforming work and improving Some prefixes carry meaning changing
5 the meaning of the word, e.g.
entertainment. un-, in-, and dis- indicate a negative
Increasingly, however, scientists meaning;
are discovering the downside. re- means to do again;
sub- has the meaning under;
Researchers have found that they over- too much, beyond;
are becoming one of the western en- indicates a verb formed from
10 an adjective or a noun.
world’s biggest environmental
hazards.
As e-devices closely blend metals, glass and several types of plastic
they have been described as a “recycler’s nightmare”. It is cheaper
15 and easier to dump them in landfill sites compromising air and land
quality and let future generations worry about the problem. What
makes computers and other electronic equipment hazardous? There
are numerous hazardous materials in computer equipment, in particular
in monitors and terminals. The glass tubes in monitors and televisions,
20 called Cathode Ray Tubes, contain between two-to-five pounds of
lead. Computers also contain cadmium and lithium, usually in the
batteries of computers. There are also trace elements of mercury.
Laptops have fluorescent lamps that create backlight to see image.
The lamps contain mercury. They also waste energy. Most PCs are
25 only used for a fraction of the time they are switched on and up to 40
per cent are left on overnight or at weekends.
The manufacturing process uses up valuable resources such as
water, and involve highly toxic chemicals such as hydrochloric acid
and phosphine, which are used for etching silicon chips in some of
30 Scotland’s microelectronic companies.
Hopefully, all the waste will have to end. The European Industry
Council for Electronic Equipment Recycling, which includes the large
computing companies like Hewlett Packard, has been formed to draw
up a set of principles for the disposal of computers.
35 The council’s director admits that the industry does not do enough
to encourage recycling and favours incineration for energy production
and insists that landfill remains valid in some cases. “We are looking
152
for solutions that are environmentally sound and commercially realistic.”
The Council is trying to encourage manufacturers to redesign their
40 products so that they use less energy, cause less pollution and can be
more easily recycled. On the other hand, the companies are urged to
cut down on the chemicals used in the manufacturing processes.
Environmentalists are convinced that developing more efficient
manufacturing processes and standardizing the types of plastic and
45 metal used would all help. They urge manufacturers to refurbish and
reuse rather than dismantle and recycle old computers. “A lot of
companies throw out computers when they are still working in order
to get a more efficient or faster model. Why can’t they be adapted for
use in schools and colleges, which are short of computer equipment?”
asked Madeline Cobbing form the environmental group Greenpeace.
50
She criticized the industry for suggesting incineration as an alternative.
Because of the lethal combination of different metals and plastics,
burning computers could release poisonous dioxins into the atmosphere.
(“Scotland on Sunday Essential Articles 3, Carel Press, Carlisle)
Comprehension check
1. Read the text more carefully and answer the questions.
a) What environmental dangers has computer revolution brought about?
b) Why should old electronic equipment be carefully recycled?
c) What practical steps do the environmentalists take to reduce electronic
wastes?
d) What is the European Industrial Council for Electronic Equipment
Recycling responsible for?
e) What is the other side of incinerating old computers?
f) What possible ways to cope with the e-waste problem do environ-
mentalists suggest?
2. Using the line references given, refer back to the text and find words or
phrases that have a similar meaning to:
a) making better (lines 1 – 5)
b) concern about (lines 10 – 15)
c) spend sth carelessly (lines 20 – 25)
d) producers (lines 35 – 40)
e) reduce (lines 40 – 45)
f) recommend (40 – 45)
153
3.
3. Read the sentences
sentences and match
match the
the words italicswith
wordsininitalics withtheir
theirmeanings
meanings 2. Work in teams of three. Make as many words as possible using the prefixes
from the list
list below.
below. re-, dis-, over-, sub-, en-, up- . Compare as a class.
a) It is cheaper and easier to dump them in landfill sites to compromise cover load connect assemblies large source
the air and land quality. grade play cycle able courage furbish
b) Researchers have found that computers are becoming one of the night mantle scribe come
world’s biggest environmental hazards.
c) He is trying to convince producers that they should be responsible 3. Study the sentences in the box and make rules.
for reducing their waste without the need for legislation.
d) Why can’t they be adapted for use in schools and colleges, which  Highly toxic chemicals are used for etching silicon chips in some
are desperately short of computer equipment? microelectronic companies.
e) She criticized the industry for suggesting incineration as an alter-  Why can’t they be adapted for use in schools and colleges?
native.  Manufacturers redesign their products so that they can be more easily
f) The Council favours incineration for energy production and insists recycled.
that landfill remains valid in some cases.  The ICEER has been formed to draw up a set of principles for the
g) The Industry Council for Electronic Equipment Recycling has been disposal of computers.
formed to draw up a set of principles for the disposal of computers. A lot of companies throw out computers when they are still working
in order to get a more efficient or faster model.
1) discard 3) dangers 5) throw out 7) burning
Expressing purpose with to, in order (not) to, so that and for
2) supports 4) lack for 6) persuade To express purpose
 We use to and in order (not) to plus an infinitive when the subject of the main clause
Focus on Language and the clause of purpose are the same.
1. Complete the table. Make nouns from the verbs given in the table by  In order (not) to is more formal than to .
adding suffixes –tion, -ment or -ing. Consult a dictionary if necessary.  We can use so that both when the subject of the main clause and the clause of purpose
are the same and they are different.
VERB NOUN  We often use so that with can, could or other modal verbs and the main verb.
to recycle  We use for with a noun or a gerund.

to generate
Practice
to pollute 1. Match two halves to make sentences.
to encourage 1) Many electronics recyclers simply a) so that they won’t explode
to combine collect equipment and do initial scattering shards of glass
to introduce disassembly, then contract with and other materials.
others
to develop
2) Most recyclers charge fees b) to protect our environment.
to require 3) About 50 percent or more of the c) in order to determine the
to produce United States' used computers, measures necessary to
to equip cellphones and TVs sent to achieve reduce greenhouse
recyclers are shipped overseas gas emissions by 6%.
154 155
 4) A reasonably new computer should d) to build a new incinerator c) Why should people recycle their e-waste?
be refurbished in an area of countryside d) How much of the solid waste in landfills is e-waste?
5) Cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors, near our city. e) Is it illegal to dispose of computers in the trash?
should be disposed properly e) to process equipment. f) How long has e-waste recycling been around?
6) We must create ways to recycle f) for materials recovery. g) Who started the e-waste recycling movement?
7) Make sure the reuse organization is g) for recycling. h) What percentage of electronics today is being recycled properly?
accepting donations
8) The Kyoto Protocol Target h) so that its owner could sell 2. Listen to the interview again and fill in the notes.
Achievement Plan was established at nearly give-away prices. Electronic waste is the fastest growing…1……… stream in the world.
9) I am strongly against the i) for local reuse, and not It includes everything electronic: from our …2………., to our IPods, to …3
government’s plans sending them overseas.
……….. and …4…………., …5……………, and our copiers and …6
…………… . Everything electronic encompasses …7…………… . E-waste
Get real has lots of …8………… and …9………… materials in it, such as lead,
mercury, cadmium, and beryllium. If these items end up in our…
Tool box: Expressing opinion 10…………, and then leech into our ground and water supplies, they tend
What do you or your friends usually do with In our opinion …
your old electronic devices? Ask your fellow First of all, …/ Then, …/Next, … to …11……………our environment to the point where it is then ingested
students, teachers and parents what they
Moreover, … by a human being or animals. We want …12………………… that. …
Furthermore, …
would do with their computers when they The greatest advantage of …
We should recycle e-waste because …13……………to recycle. You get
don’t meet their needs. Take notes of the The disadvantage of this way is back to an appropriate …14…………. or recycler who will demount the
that … factors of the materials to …15……………, metals and
answers and report back on 10 most popular To sum up, …
ideas. In conclusion, … …16…………………… . Also, everything in your cell phone or your
television set is …17……………….., and reuses the essence of
…18…………………. . …
Speaking
In California, for example, today it's …19……………….. to throw out
your computers or e-waste into the …20…………….. . Other states and
Work in groups of 4 – 5. Suggest and discuss any other means that can other countries are yet to…21………………with California's leading
reduce hazardous effect of the computer revolution. Share your ideas with recycling laws. …
the rest of the class. Explain pros and cons of the suggested solutions. It's …22………….. who really started the e-waste recycling movement,
but there're lots of …23……………groups and people out there that saw
what was coming and saw the growing trend with technology and the fast
Listening turnover that we have now with technology. At the international level, e-
waste recycling has been around, …24……………., when Switzerland and
some European countries started passing initiatives. …
1. Listen to the interview with an electronic waste expert John Shegerian
In California, they …25………….the landmark SB 20 law in …26………..
and take notes to answer the questions.
That law just got …27………….on January 1, 2005. So e-waste as we know
a) What is “electronic waste” (e-waste)?
it in the United States is a growing trend that has been…28…… only since
b) Why is e-waste a growing concern?
2003, and …20……………….. since …30……….. .
156 157
 Reading Some used computer/electronic materials can be recycled or reused
instead of landfilled. There are four main types of electronic recyclers, and
some recyclers perform multiple functions as collectors, refurbishers,
1. The verbs in A are in the text you are going to read. Match a verb in A demanufacturers and processors.
with a definition in B. Collectors accept electronics from businesses and the general public.
Collected material is then shipped to a refurbisher, demanufacturer or
A B processor. There are two main types of collectors: those affiliated with a
1) demanufacture a) to restore smth to good condition that is permanent drop-off site, and those operating from a temporary location set
broken, damaged or torn up for a special collection event.
2) break down b) to bring smth back to a former condition Refurbishers include non- and for-profit organizations that accept, sort
3) donate c) to repair and clean a device in order to make it and refurbish used computer equipment. Reparable products are either resold
more attractive, like new or donated after they are restored to working condition; nonreparable
4) refurbish d) to treat substances or devices with chemicals components are sent to a demanufacturer or processor.
in order to separate raw materials Demanufacturers accept used computer equipment and broken-down
5) repair e) to destroy or divide smth into parts in order to computer components. Parts are then further broken down into pieces such
analyze it or make it easier to do as plastic housings, wires, metals and circuit boards. Demanufacturers then
6) restore f) to take goods to pieces in large quantities using send these parts to smelters or processors that have the equipment and
machinery facilities to process these components.
7) reuse g) to treat things that have already been used so Processors accept demanufactured electronic components and break them
that they can be used again down to their raw materials. Processing may also include resource recovery
8) recycle h) to use smth again procedures such as precious metal separation, lead smelting and waste-to-
9) process i) to give money, food, clothes, etc. to sb/sth, energy incineration. Processing is the last stage of recycling before final
especially a charity disposition.
The biggest economic incentive behind electronics recycling is the
2. Read the text on the work of electronic waste recycling and complete the recovery of metals – including precious metals, silver, gold and even
diagrame of the recycling process below. platinum. Metals make up over half of the weight in many computers,
As much as we love gadgets, a lot of us Managing your learning
The process diagrams or flowcharts particularly the older ones now being discarded. These computers also
don't know nearly enough about how to allow you to visually represent contain quite a lot of copper which is in great demand right now, and
dispose of them properly (in an environment- methods, processes, steps, or stages commands high prices. It was mining companies who first got into electronic
friendly manner). What makes high tech that describe how events occur. recycling business because they figured out it was a lot more profitable and
trash such a problem is that each piece of equipment contains numerous predictable - to 'mine' old circuit boards than it would be to prospect for the
toxic and hazardous materials: heavy metals – including lead, cadmium, same amount of ore and metal in new mines. A pile of old circuit boards has
chromium, and mercury – and many synthetic chemicals that are persistent a greater concentration of gold, for example, than does the equivalent amount
pollutants that linger in the atmosphere for years and accumulate in animals of ore. But current recycling rates mean that we're simply throwing away
and people where they cause serious health problems. These toxics are about 90 percent of the billions of pounds of copper and millions of pounds
released when equipment is damaged, destroyed or improperly disposed of of gold that are in our obsolete computer equipment - copper and gold that
- and that's what happens to a huge amount of our old electronics. is essentially 100% reusable. So there is a lot of money to be made in selling
158 159
used computer equipment, particularly for its scrap metal value, which From:
recently has been quite high. To:
(Adapted from the Internet sites) Subject: Old computer treatment
Dear Sir/Madam,
How E-Waste Recycling Works
I am mailing this via the “Contact Us” link on your website to (1) ………………
….………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………... .
repairable I bought my old PC (2) …………………………………………………………….
products
………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………….
businesses refurbishers ………………………………………………………………………………………... .
Could you give me more information about (3)…………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………... .
I hope you will (4) …………………………………………………………………

demanufacturers
I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Yours faithfully,
(5)……………………

lead
(1) explain the purpose of your e-mail
smelting
(2) provide basic information on your PC and its components, when
and where you bought it, decide whether they are still working or not
Get real
(3) ask for information on the items the company takes back, delivery,
package and prices
Search home pages of the leading computer companies and environment (4) express your gratitude for the help
websites to get more information on possible solutions to e-waste problem. (5) sign the letter
Report back to the class and discuss what you have found.
In the Realm of Science
Writing
1. Check the meaning of the words below. Which of them are chemical
You are planning to buy a new computer but don’t know what to do with the elements? Which are compounds? Write down the symbols for the
elements and formulae for the compounds.
old one. Write an e-mail message to one of the electronic equipment
manufacturers asking for the information on the company’s takeback policies.
160 161
 nitric acid cadmium dioxide And chlorine, cobalt, carbon, copper,
nitrogen oxide calcium phosphine Tungsten, tin and sodium.
hydrochloric acid mercury sulphur These are the only ones of which the news has come to Harvard,
hydrocarbons carbon dioxide And there may be many others but they haven’t been discovered.
(Listen to it at http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/activities/sciencehits/)
2. Work in pairs. Take turns to read and note down these elements and
compounds: Unit 2 Progress Monitoring
Student A: Si N P C Cd Al In this unit you have worked on the following vocabulary related to the topic
“Negative influence of electronic equipment on the environment”
Student B: S H O Na Li Zn  environmental hazards  to consume energy
 landfill/damp sites  to release poisonous gases
3. Read the song “The Elements” by Tom Lehrer. Do you know equivalents  incineration  to encourage/to urge e-recycling
in your native language to the elements named in the song?  disposal of electronic equipment  to donate/to reuse electronic equipment
 to produce/to generate e-waste  to reduce/to limit computer dumping
There’s antimony, arsenic, aluminum, selenium,  liquid  to refurbish/to restore/to repair
And hydrogen and oxygen and nitrogen and rhenium  to be short of e-devices
And nickel, neodymium, neptunium, germanium,  environmentally friendly/safe  to recycle e-waste/industrial waste
And iron, americium, ruthenium, uranium,  to use up natural resources  to increase/decrease the amount of
 a compound harmful chemical substances
Europium, zirconium, lutetium, vanadium
And lanthanum and osmium and astatine and radium Tick (V) the points you are confident about and cross (X) the ones you need to revise.
And gold, protactinium and indium and gallium
And iodine and thorium and thulium and thallium.

There’s yttrium, ytterbium, actinium, rubidium

And boron, gadolinium, niobium, iridium
And strontium and silicon and silver and samarium,
And bismuth, bromine, lithium, beryllium and barium.
There’s holmium and helium and hafnium and erbium
And phosphorous and francium and fluorine and terbium
And manganese and mercury, molybdinum, magnesium,
Dysprosium and scandium and cerium and cesium
And lead, praseodymium, platinum, plutonium,
Palladium, promethium, potassium, polonium,
Tantalum, technetium, titanium, tellurium,
And cadmium and calcium and chromium and curium.
There’s sulfur, californium and fermium, berkelium
And also mendelevium, einsteinium and nobelium
And argon, krypton, neon, radon, xenon, zinc and rhodium
162 163
Unit 3 Revise & Practise 3) a process when different species which make a balanced environment
disappear;
1. Explain the difference between these pairs. 4) floods, volcanic eruptions and hurricanes, etc. that cause a lot of damage;
litter – waste 5) a result of atmospheric contamination when industrial gases and chemicals
mix with water in the air;
break down – dismantle
6) harmful chemicals and gases from factories, traffic fumes that enter the
refurbish – repair
air to make it dirty;
recycle – process
7) a general increase in the temperature of the world caused by harmful
effect – affect
chemicals and gases;
chemical element – chemical compound
8) harmful chemicals, waste materials from factories, houses etc. that enter
the land and kill or damage the things that live or grow there;
2. Write down a short vocabulary list (10 items) on the topic “Environment”. 9) gases from factories, machines, traffic fumes etc. that form a layer around
Compare your lists. Cross out the items you have on both lists and explain the earth;
the meaning of the rest of the words and phrases. 10) devices and/or their components that are no longer useful;
11) a process when too many trees are cut down in an area, so that the
3. Do the crossword to write the word in bold. environment is badly damaged.
1 4. Read these sayings. Comment on the one you like most.
2  “The nation that destroys its soil destroys itself.” Franklin D. Roosevelt
 “Modern technology owes ecology an apology.” Alan M. Eddison
3  “We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors, we borrow it from
4 our children.” Native American Proverb
 “If civilization has risen from the Stone Age, it can rise again from
5 the Wastepaper Age.” Jacques Barzun, The House of Intellect
6
Case study
7

8
All of you are at the meeting which is held to discuss the most urgent
9 environmental problems in your city. Each student plays one of the roles
10
described below. Read the situation and the role descriptions and decide
who will play each role. Divide into 5 groups (group A – environmentalists,
11 B – bank representatives, C – city residents, D – city council members, E –
project managers). Make use of the language for debating in the Tool box.
1) the reduction of the layer of natural gases around the earth that protects
people, animals, etc. from dangerous ultraviolet radiation; The situation
2) the reduction of the territory that a plant or animal lives and grows best in; The World Bank has decided to fund the “Eco-friendly city” programme. As
the representatives of different local organizations and the community you
164 165
have to discuss the most urgent environmental Tool box: Debating
In my opinion …
problems in your city, the ways to solve them If you want my opinion …
and to work out projects that will allow to
cope with the most urgent problems in your Agreeing
I agree (with …)
neighborhood. As a result the World Bank will I think … is right.
choose the most attractive project. That’s exactly what I feel.
Disagreeing
Roles: project manager I’m afraid I don’t agree (with …)
You live in this city and work in the local branch I don’t think you are right.
Yes, but listen …
of the World Bank. The Board of Trustees That’s nonsense!
appointed you to be the person in charge for
the successful realization of the eco-programme Interrupting to make a point
Forgive me for interrupting but …
in your city. You introduce the programme of Can I say something?
the World Bank, briefly describe the situation Can I make a point?
and conduct the meeting.
Summarizing
Can we agree then that …
Roles: environmentalists Shall we say then that …
You are a member of the local Green Peace Well, it seems that the best
solution is to …
organization. You are concerned with the high
level of industrial waste, soil and water contamination in your city. Present
your project and suggest the ways for its realization.
a) A lot of rubbish is floating in the sea. It is a real danger to health.
b) The problem of soil erosion is discussed in this chapter. It has
occurred ever since the man began destroy forests.
c) Nuclear energy comes from the energy stored within the nuclei of
atoms. They are the basic building blocks of all matter.
d) The best things in life such as water and air are free. We often take it
for granted.
e) The manufacture of one PC requires 28kg of liquid chemicals. All
liquid chemicals have to be neutralized by a further 11 kg of sodium
hydroxide.
f) An average PC consumes 100 watts of electricity when switched on but
not in use. 100 watts of electricity is equivalent to a bright light bulb.
g) New machines use no more than 30 watts. They are given the Energy
Star Logo.
h) In 1993 the USA introduced the Energy Star Logo. The ESL eliminated
the need to build 10 extra power stations.
i) In the USA computers use 5 % of commercial power. By 2010 the
use of commercial power by computers could rise to 15 %, or 100
billion kilowatt-hours per year.
j) Some factories had developed manufacturing processes. This pro-
cesses considerably cut the amount of wastes produced.

Roles: city residents
You are worried about the shrinking of green spaces and increasing of air
pollution in your city. Present your project and suggest ways and terms of
its realization.
Roles: the City council member
The City council is concerned with the poor quality treatment of sewage
waters. Present your project and suggest ways and terms of its realization.
Roles: The World Bank representative
You are a member of the World Bank Board of Trustees who is responsible
for choosing the most attractive project and an appropriate use of the money
donated. Choose the best project and explain your reasons.
Progress Test
1. Join the sentences in two ways, with or without which/that.
166
2. Join the sentences with to, in order (not) to, so that or for.
a) European countries formed a work group. The purpose of the work
group is to work out the measures that will limit computer dumping.
b) Old computers can be used in schools and colleges. They must be
dismantled and adapted.
c) Manufacturers are encouraged to make a lot of changes to their pro-
ducts. New products need to be more easily recycled.
d) Hewlett-Packard takes back old computers, faxes, printers, etc. It
disassembles the office equipment, reconditions its components.
e) Hewlett-Packard disassembles old computing equipment, reconditions
its subassemblies. They are used as spare parts for customer’s existing
equipment.
f) Manufacturers spend a lot of time and money for various retraining
programmes. They need to retrain designers, engineers and assembly
workers to perform environmentally friendly computer design and
manufacturing.
167
3. Complete the sentences using the most suitable adverb from the box. Self study
unusually confidently absolutely highly
Does one soldier make a battle?
badly quickly well (х2) safely
The state of the environment today has reached a crisis point. This crisis stems
a) I can’t think ……… when I’m in a hurry or upset about something. largely from humankind’s attempts at “development” – that is, our efforts to make
b) This year spring is going to be……… hot in this region. our lives more sophisticated, more comfortable and more satisfying. . We have
misused and polluted the planet out of self interest.
c) These are ………reliable statistics on industrial waste for the last The range of the world’s environmental problems is so wide and the consequences are
five years. so devastating that it is hard to believe that any action by one person or small community
d) I wanted to increase the pressure in the apparatus but I wasn’t sure if will make any difference. Buе the ancient Chinese proverb says that a journey of a
I could do it ………. thousand miles begins with a single step. It is time to take this step, explore the facts,
e) Though I was very nervous I tried to speak ………. discuss the issues and share your thoughts. Search the site Planet Under Pressure
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/sci_tech/2004/planet/default.stm
f) This ……… operating machine for producing hamburgers is a real
wander!
THE QUESTIONS AND TASKS TO GUIDE YOU:
g) What we need is a ……… equipped laboratory and ………
 Intoduction
enthusiastic specialists.
 Read the introductory article to the series of the six environmental issues
h) Nick feels so homesick, he ……… misses his parent and friends.
facing the human race today: food, energy, water, climate change,
biodiversity and pollution.
4. Look at the pictures and with a partner discuss the environmental problems
 Why these areas have been chosen for the series?
they illustrate. Write a paragraph of about 150 words to describe the picture
 Choose one part, study the article, graphs, photos; do the quiz; read people
you have chosen.
comments and summarize the main points in a diagrammic way.
 Animated guide
 How much will the Earth warm by 2100?
 Study the diagrams describing the sources of greenhouse effect and its
influence on glaciers and Gulf Streem.
 Kyoto era dawns
 What measures does the international community take to ease greenhouse
gas emissions pressure?
 What is the Kyoto protocol aimed at?
 How many greenhouse gases are covered by the Kyoto protocol?
 Which European countries signed the agreement?
 How has the world changed under the effect of human activity?
 Look at the photos by Gary Braasch. Which pair of pictures impressed you
most? Why?
 Changing world
 Look at the photos of environmental change around the world. Take photos
in your city/town illustrating this change and supplement the photos with
captions explaining the change.
168 169
  Talking Point
 Listen to or watch a phone-in programme on climate change.
 What are the priorities for world’s leaders to combat climate change?
 Read a selection of comments and write an e-mail sharing your thoughts on
the point.
 Green gardening
 Where according to the Planet Under Pressure series can the first steps
toward solving environmental issues begin?
 What kind of competition was held at the project?
 Saving the planet SCIENCE FRONTIERS
 Read teenager’s ideas on how they would tackle environmental damage.
Choose two of them and comment on them.

Managing your learning

Diagrams have the potential to capture a lot of information on a single

page. They help to show the conceptual links between ideas and allow “The future is always beginning now”
to add additional material without the need to crowd the page.
Mark Strand
While drawing diagrams
- use lines, colours, branches, arrows or some other ways of showing
connections between ideas;
- leave lots of space to highlight things, add information or add
questions and words;
- write down key ideas in capitals as they are easier to read in a diagram
and explanatory notes in lower case.
Learning Goals

 to organize information in a timeline

NB! All the task must be completed in a written form and test results printed
out, photos enclosed.
 to use timelines and time/sequence expressions for
narrating and reporting
 to write a summary of articles and reports
 to learn how to show relationships between ideas
 to talk about the latest and perspective achievements in
science
 to revisit Future Tenses

170 171
Unit 1 The 20th Century and Beyond been used to construct weapons of mass Apart from largescale research
destruction – reminding us that with power programmes which require international
Lead-in comes the responsibility to use it wisely. cooperation, scientific research which
At the dawn of the 21st century, science provides little or no short-term economic
finds itself in a challenging situation. Today, profit may be called into question.
1. What are the greatest achievements in major fields of science in recent there are more professionally trained The twentieth century saw more
50 years? And what are the challenges? scientists than in all previous generations momentous change than any previous
2. Work with a partner. Come up with 3 most important scientific or combined together. At the same time century: change for better, change for worse;
technological innovations for the last decade. Have any of these humankind’s most pressing challenges change that either brought enormous
such as food supply, public health, global benefits to human beings or threatens the
innovations affected you personally? climate change, or the protection of very existence of the human species. Many
3. Name the modern inventions for the last 50 years you could not live biodiversity seem to escalate. So, there is factors contributed to this change but the
without? a need in combined scientists’ efforts. The key factor was the progress in science.
globalization of markets, production, and Nevertheless, in the next 50 years science
finances may lead to a shift from national will continue to surprise us both with what
Reading research and development priorities it discovers and creates.
towards a world-wide network of research (“Science for the Twenty-First Century:
activities. A New Commitment”)
1. Read the introductory part to the report at the UNESCO/ICSU World
Conference on Science (WCS) below and answer the questions.
a) What kind of discoveries does the author focus on? 2. Now work in groups of three. Each student in a group reads one of the
b) What have been the unforeseen consequences of advances in science? texts (A, B or C) and completes the table.
c) How do the authors prove that “science finds itself in a challenging
situation”? 1 field of science
d) According to the report what is the greatest achievement in the 20th
century?
e) Are the authors optimistic about science in future?

Science for the Twenty-First Century 2 achievements

By Paul Hoyningen-Huene, Marcel Weber, Eric Oberheim

The second half of the 20th century has
witnessed a great number of scientific
discoveries and technological innovations
which have had, and continue to have, the
greatest impact on humanity and are
frequently closely interconnected. The
origins of the universe, the evolution of life
on Earth, the structure and function of bio-
molecules and many natural phenomena,
ranging from the subatomic to the cosmic
172
scale, are far better understood today than
they were 50 years ago. 3 practical application
At the same time, the progress that
scientists have made has provided unforeseen
power, which enables us to change our (comments)
lives, our world, as well as our future. On
the other hand, this power can also have
negative consequences. It is a factor that
has contributed to the damage to the
Earth’s natural environments and it has
173
 Mathematics differs from the other sciences in that its subject is not nature.
Progress in mathematics is usually not directly realized by the public since its
Text A
results are so abstract and often isolated from everyday experience that they
are difficult to understand. However, occasionally some mathematical news
becomes visible to a broader public. One example is the application of large
prime numbers for encryption purposes. Sometimes a result in pure
mathematics also catches public attention like the recent proof of Fermat’s
last theorem, which resisted the best efforts of mathematicians for more than
three and a half centuries.
But mathematics is more than just peculiar theorems and occasional
popular achievements. Because of its precision and accuracy, it is an
essential tool for all of the sciences. There are many examples from the
history of science in which the development of new mathematical
methods allowed scientists to formulate fundamentally new theories and
to achieve revolutionary conceptual breakthroughs. One of the most
spectacular cases in this century was Einstein's use of the non-Euclidian
geometry developed by Riemann in the 19th century to formulate the
general theory of relativity.
The last part of the 20th century has seen spectacular advances in
mathematics, especially in the theory of dynamical systems and in stochastic
analysis*. A combination of analytical and geometrical ideas has been
characteristic of these developments. One example is the use of diffusion-
reaction equations* to understand biological pattern formation*. Another
example is the advances in our understanding of turbulence, in particular in
the context of weather forecasting.
At mid-century, mathematics was examining its own foundations. Today
we see a different trend, which is strongly influenced by recent advances in
computing technology. Mathematical modelling, the development of
algorithms, and scientific computing have become powerful tools for all the
Text C
sciences. They promise to play a crucial role in future progress.
*stochastic analysis – вероятностный анализ.
*diffusion-reaction equations – уравнение реакции диффузии.
*biologicalpatternformation–îáðàçîâàíèåáèîëîãè÷åñêîãîðèñóíêà
*biological pattern formation – образование биологического рисунка..
The chemical sciences have made breathtaking advances during the last
five decades. They have provided innumerable benefits through an extremely
wide range of applications. These include not only new materials, food
Text B
additives, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides, but also new analytical tools
for the study of living matter as well as the environment. The structures of
many molecules were determined and this has provided the basis for their
synthesis and production on an industrial scale. Notable examples are
vitamins, which complement many biochemical reactions in the human
body, and antibiotics, which have saved many lives.
In addition to characterising and synthesising a vast number of natural
products, chemists have also designed absolutely new compounds. Major
174
progress was also made in the synthesis of tailor-made polymers*,
composite materials, and ceramics which is capable of superconduction.
Organic chemistry was instrumental to the great advances in understanding
the structure and function of biomolecules. This has had an enormous
impact on the biomedical sciences. For instance, in 1954, the first naturally
occurring protein hormone was analysed and then synthesised. For the
first time, it was shown that an artificially produced protein has exactly
the same properties as those naturally produced. The synthesis of insulin,
a life-saving protein for diabetics, followed shortly thereafter. In 1959, the
three-dimensional structure of haemoglobin (the oxygen-transporting
molecule that makes blood red) was determined at atomic resolution*.
Since then, the structures of thousands of biologically important
molecules have been described. This knowledge plays a vital role in the
development of new diagnostics and therapeutics. Aided by fast
computers, medicinal chemists increasingly use the knowledge of bio-
molecular structures to design small compounds with very specific
pharmacological properties and make significant contributions both to our
understanding of life processes and to medicine.
The chemical sciences are also contributing to the environmental sciences.
For example, they provide new materials and contribute to the development of
new means to crop protection, as well as animal and human health.
*tailor-made polymers – полимеры с заданными свойствами.
*at atomic resolution – на уровне атомов.
Over the last fifty years, our own solar system and its origins have become
much better known. Many new satellites and rings around planets have been
discovered and the nature of comets has been disclosed. One of the main
reasons for this development was the beginning of the space age. All of these
innovations were made possible by new observation instruments. Fifty years
ago, the largest telescope was a 5-metre optical telescope, whereas modern
telescopes are four times larger and more powerful. Furthermore, in 1990,
the Hubble space telescope was sent into orbit. It has provided a lot of new
information about our universe, as the radiation it collects does not have to
pass through the Earth's atmosphere.
From the early 1960s on, communication satellites were sent into orbit,
making wireless communication possible all around the world. Landings on
the Moon and the planets by probes of ever increasing sophistication started
in the mid-1960s and continue today. Some of them have brought back
samples making an in-depth chemical analysis of their composition
possible. In 1969, the first man set foot on the moon, only twelve years
after the first satellite was launched.
Another example is the development of weather satellites, which have
become indispensable for tracking hurricanes and other violent storms.
175
 While these storms are still potentially dangerous, timely warning of short term economic profit may be called into question.
their approach has saved many lives and helped to avoid vast property Because of … show cause and effect
Due to …*
damage. Another example is the Earth resource satellites, which have are followed by show contrast
Apart from …
become an integral part of geological data collection and provide us with Except for … an object noun
a better means of assessing the Earth's resources. In addition, these continue the same idea
In addition to …
satellites supply information about forest growth and crop diseases*. *Due to … in formal writing is followed by a noun clause introduced by the fact that

*crop diseases – заболевания сельскохозяйственных культур  adverbs

(Adapted from “Science for the Twenty-First Century: A New Commitment”)
3. Now exchange the information with the other students in your group
to list all the achievements mentioned in texts A, B and C.
4. Look back in the texts and find 9 adjectives that are similar in meaning
to the word important. Check in the dictionary the difference in
their meanings.
Focus on language
1. Read the sentences and determine the relationships between the parts
in each sentence.
 Innumerable benefits include not only new materials and food
additives, but also new analytical tools for the study of living matter.
 The scientists have made the progress that has provided unforeseen
power, which enables us to change our lives, our world as well as
our future.
 Because of its precision, mathematics is an essential tool for all of
the sciences.
Showing relationships between ideas
To connect words and phrases that have the same grammatical function in a sentence we use
conjunctions, prepositions and adverbs.
 conjunctions*
e.g.: The twentieth century saw much momentous change that either brought enormous
benefits to human beings, or threatens the very existence of the human species.
Both … and … when connects two subjects require plural verb
Not only … but also … when connects two subjects, the latter determines whether
Either … or … the verb is singular or plural
Neither … nor …
* The same grammatical form should follow each word of the pair.
Neither … nor …is already negative in meaning so doesn’t require negative form of a verb
 prepositions
e.g.: Apart from large-scale research programmes, scientific research with little
short term economic profit may be called into question.
176
e.g.: The chemical sciences developed new analytical tools for the study of living matter as
well as the environment.
As well as is usually followed by an object noun indicates addition
Practice
1. Change the sentences using appropriate conjunctions, prepositions or
adverbs. Translate the sentences into your native language.
a) Big cities suffer from air pollution. They also suffer from the shortage
of fresh drinking water.
b) Nowadays biochemistry doesn’t provide an answer to the fundamental
question of the generation of life on earth. Modern biology doesn’t
answer this question either.
c) The research project will be funded from one of the sources: local
or national.
d) The research project took a lot of time and much money.
e) The cost and size of computing power has been reduced. The design
and implementation of the Internet allows access to information from
all over the globe at an unprecedented level and speed.
f) Discovery and study of quasars, black holes and pulsars were made
possible by new observation instruments.
g) The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is increasing
because the vast amount of fossil fuels is burnt every day.
Writing
Summarize into a paragraph the information that you have learnt about the
greatest scientific advances in the 20th century. Follow the guidelines.
 Identify the key points of the report and the supporting details the
authors use to illustrate them.
177
  Summarize the key points and the supporting details in your own words. b) What organization administers the science awards?
 Arrange your information in a logical order. Make use of the appropriate c) What are the requirements to the nominees?
linking words you have learnt in the unit. d) What period of time were the National Medals awarded for?
 Make sure you stated the authors’ names, the title of the report and e) What does the process of selection include?
the source it comes from in your first sentences.
 Express your opinion on the information presented in the report. 4. Listen to the rest of the programme. Take notes on the fields of science
Tool box: Summarising
and technology the medals were awarded in.
The title of the … is …
The report was presented at … Get real
The article was published in …
reports on …
The report discusses …
The article informs on/about … Search the Internet sites and popular science magazines to find information
The author deals with … on the latest advances made in your field of science in the first decade of the
considers the problem of …
The information presented in the … is widely-discussed in the press because …
21st century and their impacts on our lives. Report your findings to the class.
The report is the most up-to-date/urgent as it …
The problem
great Reading
particular interest
I find the information of general value because …
little significance 1. Look at the pictures. What kind of invention do they describe?
no

Listening

1. Make a list of fast developing areas in science and technology.

2. Read the terms below. Which areas of science and technology are they 2. Match the words in A with the definitions in B and then with the pictures.
used in? Translate the words into your native language.
solid structure plastic substance memory
retina climate conditions universe microbe A B
gene molecule light high-speed communication 1) parchment a) a special kind of paper that is made of conductive
vaccine semiconductor electricity pneumonia lightwave plastic containing tiny balls that respond to an
atom laser electric charge
2) paper b) ancient writing material made of stems of aquatic
3. Listen to the introductory part of the radio programme to answer the plant used in ancient Egypt for writing and
questions below. drawing on
a) When and where did the ceremony of awarding the national medals 3) e-paper c) material made from the skin of a sheep or goat,
of Science and Technology take place? used in the past for writing manuscripts on
178 179
4) papyrus d) a small plate for writing on it made of clay 300-700 Secret of papermaking crept out from China to Vietnam,
5) clay tablet e) material that you write and draw on and that is Nepal, Korea and Japan.
also used for wrapping and packing things
1151 First papermaking mill was established in Spain
3. Study the timeline describing the evolution of paper and papermaking. Use 1300C. Papermaking reached Southern Italy, where, until quite
time and sequence expressions in the Tool box to tell the history of papermaking. recently, some of the oldest handmade paper mills* in Italy
were operating in the Naples area.
AS OLD AS WRITING
Written communication has been the centre of civilization for 1448 Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press.
centuries. However, putting thoughts Managing your learning: Time lines 1700 C. Tremendous increase in papermaking led to a serious shortage
down in a written form wasn’t always The time line provides a study tool that of raw materials.
easy or practical. Paper has a long history, allows you to organize information that
is presented chronologically. Time lines 1843 Saxon Keller invented a ground wood pulp*.
beginning with the ancient Egyptians would be effective to use in classes in
and continuing to the present day. It has which you present historical, biological 1854 Mellier Watt patented a chemical pulp.
largely survived the test of time but now and
other developments.
To make the order clear and to show the Late 18-th Nicholas Luis Robert created a machine that could produce a
it is facing a new challenge from its sequence of events, we mention dates
seamless length of paper.
electronic equivalent. A particularly and time, and we also use various links Paper production became industrialized with the advent of
and connectives.
fruitful way to look at the evolution of steam-driven paper making machines.
paper is to study how it has changed over time.
1950s New material and fillers were used, new processed chemicals
3500 BC Sumerians use cuneiform* alphabet, pressed in clay with a and dyers* were developed.
triangular stylus. Clay tablets were dried and/or fired for 1970 Electronic paper was developed by Nick Sheridon at Xerox's
longevity. Some even had clay envelopes, which were also Palo Alto Research Center. The first electronic paper, called
inscribed.
Gyricon, consisted of polyethylene spheres between 75 and
106 micrometres across.
3000 BC Egyptians created Papyrus, a material made from thinly cut
strips from the stem of Cyprus Papyrus plant. Late 1990s An Electronic Paper Display was developed by E-Ink
Company. This display possesses a paper-like high contrast
2400 BC Date of the earliest surviving papyrus scroll with writing. appearance, a thin and light form. It gives the viewer the
experience of reading from paper, while having the power of
200 BC Both Greeks and Romans used wax tablets, framed and updatable information.
backed with wood, for note taking, orders, correspondence,
—————————————
and other temporary communication. *cuneiform – клинопись.
*plant bark – кора (дерева).
197-159 BC In the Middle East, near Pergamum, large herds of cattle were *paper mill – здесь, станок.
raised for skins to be made into what we now call 'parchment.' *pulp – масса.
th
It was the most popular material for manuscripts until the 12 *dyes – краситель.
century. *wax – воск.

105 AD Papermaking was invented in China by Ts'ai Louen. Material (Adapted and abridged from the Internet sites www.papiermuseum.ch http://www.
used: plant bark*, discarded cotton and old fishnets. wipapercouncil.org/invention.htm http://www.hqpapermaker.com/paper-history/)

180 181
 Tool box: Time and sequence In the Realm of Science
Time
In 1942, ...
In the year …
During the 20th century, ... 1. Read the abbreviations and think of their equivalents in your native
A decade ago ... language. Consult a dictionary if necessary.
Sequence AI VR IT GM GPS HDTV HTML DNA R&D
Before …/Before this, … For the following … years, …
For the previous … years, … … years later, … 2. Here are some of the widely used terms in science you should know.
Prior to this, … Soon/Shortly/Immediately afterwards, …
Previously, … … after which … Biodiversity – the existence of a large number of different kinds of
… years previously, …
Later on …
animals and plants which make a balanced
When/As soon as/After … environment
During this period, … Bot – a computer program that performs a particular task
Throughout this period, … again and again many times; shortened from robot
Breed – to make animals or plants produce young ones in a
What do you think? controlled way, in order to develop new and better
 What other devices/tools have changed over the centuries? types
 What do you think such changes were caused by? Cell – the smallest unit of living matter that can exist on its
 What improvements did they lead to? own
Cellular – 1) connected with or consisting of the cells
2) connected with a telephone system that works by
Get real radio instead of wires, e.g. a cellular network
Cyber – a prefix for things related to computers, especially
Search the Internet and/or any popular science magazines to find information the Internet, e.g. cybercafe
Eco-friendly – not harmful to the environment
on the transformations of any device or tool in your field of study. Create a
Emission – the production or sending out of light, heat, gas, etc.
timeline to demonstrate its evolution.
Food additives – a substance that is added in small amounts to food, in
order to improve it, give it colour, make it last longer
Writing Gene therapy – a type of medical treatment that changes someone’s
Managing your learning: genes to help them get rid of a disease or cure a
Narrating and reporting medical condition.
Write a paragraph of about 100–150 words Past tense is common. Genetic – when scientists change the genes of a person, plant or
describing the evolution of the chosen device/tool. Chronological order is also engineering animal in order to make it stronger, healthier, bigger,
common, but when we are
Give reasons for your choice. Make use of the writing about past events, it more attractive, etc.
timeline Managing your learning and Tool boxes. is necessary to be explicit Genome – the complete set of genes in a cell or living thing
about the order in which Gizmo – a general word for a small piece of equipment, often
things happened. To show
the sequence of events use
one that does sth in a new and clever way
dates and time as well as Hi-definition – a system which provides very high quality images in
time/sequence expressions. more detail than ordinary images

182 183
Nanotech – short for nanotechnology – an area of science that Unit 2 Into the Future
deals with creating extremely small tools and
machines
Placebo – a drug which has no physical effects, used in Lead-in
pharmaceutical tests to distinguish the physical
effects of taking a real drug from its psychological
effects 1. Take turns to read the statements about the future. Do you agree with
Side effect an extra, usually bad, occurrence caused by taking a them? If not, what do you think will happen?
drug. It is also used in non-medical English in a more  Within fifty years many people will be living on the Moon and Mars.
neutral way  By the middle of the century scientists will have discovered a way to
Sci-fi – science-fiction stop ageing and terminal diseases such as cancer, AIDS, etc.
Wi-Fi – short for wireless fidelity – a system for sending data  People will have developed their skills of telepathy and won’t need
over computer networks using radio waves instead of any other means of communication.
wires  Mankind may contact other living beings beyond our solar system
sometime at the end of the XXI century.
 Breakthroughs will also be made in research on cultivating human
organs.
 We’ll live longer, 120 years or more.

Unit 1. Progress Monitoring  We’ll crack the genetic code and doctors will be able to replace
In this unit you have worked on the following vocabulary related to the topic “Latest damaged DNA with healthy genes.
achievements and future developments in science”  We won’t need doctors as we’ll have micro machines circulating in
 challenging situation  to be instrumental to
 technological innovations  to supply sb with sth
our blood and repairing our organs.
 to witness sth  a key/vital factor/role  We won’t depend on the weather because we’ll learn to create
 origins of sth  to search for ways favourable weather conditions.
 evolution of sth  crucial/critical
 to make progress  to be indispensible for
 a momentous change  main/major reasons Reading
 to provide the basis for  to survive the test of time
 to become visible  to face sth (challenges)
1. Read the excerpts from the popular science articles and match them with
Tick (V) the points you are confident about and cross (X) the ones you need to revise. the headlines.

1. Imagine you’re at a party full of

strangers. You’re nervous. Who are
these people? How do you strike a 2. Imagine an army of tiny robots, each
conversation? Fortunately, you’re wired no bigger than a bacterium, swimming
for social success: You’ve got a gizmo through your bloodstream. One
that beams energy at microchips in platoon* takes continuous readings of
everyone’s name tag. The chips beam blood pressure in different parts of
back name, occupation, hobbies, obses- your body; another monitors
ssions, phobias, favorite movie, and cholesterol; still others measure blood
184 185
 sions, phobias, favourite movie, and
availability for a date this Fri-day night
– whatever. This hasn’t quite happened
in real life. But the world is already
undergoing a revolution involving REID
– radio frequency identification…
3. Soon teams of up to 40 robots could
be employed as border security guards
and outside airports. The patrolling
robots will use Wi-Fi to share what they
see, sniff and hear. They may even be
able to triangulate* the exact position of
an intruder*, or the source of plume of
smoke from an explosion, something no
single robot could do.
The ideal is swarms* of robots that need
no central control. And McLurkins’s
robots have proved the principle that,
equipped with the right algorithms,
swarms of hardware can have
autonomous control. Last year, for
instance…
----------------------------
*triangulate – дать трехмерное изображение
*swarm – здесь стая, толпа
*inrunder – вторгающийся, нарушитель
A. Wearable Intelligence
B. The Radio Age
C. Robot Army Will Think For Itself
D. And Will They Go Inside Us?
What do you think?
 Which technologies that you have read about are most likely to be
implemented in future? Why?
 What other innovations do you expect to see in your daily life in
future? Why?
 What challenges do you think the 21st century will bring?
186
cholesterol; still others measure blood
sugar, hormone levels and immune
system activity…
If the nanotech experts are right, a call
to a family doctor a few decades from
now could be a high-tech variation on
an old cliché: «Take two teaspoons of
diagnostic sensors, and call me in the
morning.”
----------------------------
*platoon – здесь взвод, отряд
4. … Self-heating hats and glow-in the-
dark sweatshirts might correctly be
labeled as ‘smart’, but how about a
shirt that ‘knows’ whether you are free
to take a cell phone call or retrieve
information from a 1000 page safety
manual displayed on your inside
pocket? Such items, termed
‘intelligent’ clothing to distinguish
them from their lower-tech cousins,
have proved…
Focus on the language
1. Check if you know the meaning of the phrases below. Give their
equivalents in your native language.
Example: glow-in the-dark sweatshirts – sweatshirts that glow in the dark
- рубашка , светящаяся в темноте
 radio frequency identification  diagnostic sensors
 a 1000 page safety manual  lower-tech cousins
 blood pressure  blood sugar
 self-heating hats  patrolling robots
 hormone levels and immune system  a high-tech variation
activity  autonomous control
2. Read the sentence from the text paying attention to the words: another
and other(s). Which words do they refer to?
 One platoon takes continuous readings of blood pressure in different
parts of your body; another monitors cholesterol; still others measure
blood sugar, hormone levels and immune system activity…
Another, other(s) and the other(s)
Another + singular countable noun
 to mean ‘one more’
e.g. Could I have another book on this subject.
 to mean ‘alternative/besides this’
e.g. The scientists have started another experiment.
The other + singular noun
 to mean ‘part of the set’
e.g. Hold the beaker in one hand and the pipette in the other.
The other + plural noun
 to mean ‘the rest of the set’
e.g. She promised to bring the other books on AI development next week.
Other + singular noun
 to mean ‘different from the item/person already mentioned’.
e.g. Ask me some other time, when I’m not so busy.
Other + plural noun
 to mean‘more of the set/additional/some more’
e.g. What are his other inventions?
 When other is used without a noun, it has –s in the plural.
e.g. His favourite subjects were Maths, Physics, Computer Science
and others. (other subjects)
 Another way of substituting for the noun is to use other+ one or ones
e.g. This chemical is poisonous. Other ones are poisonous too.
187
Practice Practice
Fill ininthe
1. Fill thegaps
gapsininthethesentences
sentenceswith
withanother, otherororothers.
another,other others.Put
Putthe
the 1. Choose the correct form of the verb in brackets to complete the sentences.
where necessary.
where necessary. a) Peter (will/is going to be) at a conference in Geneva next Friday.
a) Be careful, this chemical is poisonous. ................. are poisonous too. b) Oh no! I’will ve broken the container with poisonous substance. What
b) This book has a page missing. Please give me ................. one. (am I going to say/will I say)?
c) Some metals are magnetic and ................. aren’t. c) Jack (is having / will have) a dinner party next Saturday.
d) I’m not surprised he’s got a sore throat – he was eating one ice-cream d) Ann (will be helping/will help) us to label the containers in the lab
after ................. . tomorrow afternoon.
e) There’s no ................. work available at the moment. e) By the time you arrive, I (will have checked /will be checking) the
f) Would anyone like ................. piece of cake? equipment for the experiment.
g) Are you planning to take ................. trip to Himalayas? f) (I’ll be studying/I’ll have studied) at 9 tomorrow evening.
h) ................. Internet sites on the subject of the project work were not g) Look at the level of pressure on the monitor! It (is going to be/will be)
reliable enough. well above the normal.
i) You shouldn’t expect ................. to do your work for you. h) Save the data! It looks like the computer (is going to/will) shut down.
i) I (will be using/will have been used) the microscope for two hours
2. The sentences below are all about the future. With a partner decide which tomorrow.
rule goes with which sentence. j) By the time I’m 50 I (will have patented/will patent) a number of
 I definitely don’t believe people will ever live in giant space stations remarkable inventions!
in order to solve the problem of overpopulation.
 People will be living in giant space stations in order to solve the Listening
problem of overpopulation.
 By the year 2050 people will have built several giant space stations
in order to solve the problem of overpopulation. 1. Listen to Simon and Todd talking about what future will be like for their
 We are about to start building a giant space station in order to kids. Complete the chart.
solve the problem of overpopulation. Future in 10 years’ time Future in 30 years’ time
 In 2030 we are going to start building a giant space station in order
to solve the problem of overpopulation.
Present Simple and Present Progressive
Future Simple and Future Progressive, and Future Perfect

 We use … to speak about future personal arrangements and fixed plans or firm intentions;
we usually give the time, date and place
 We use … to say that something will be going on at a certain time in the future.
 We use … to make predictions when you don’t have ‘present evidence’, to describe a decision
made at the moment of speaking or to talk about hopes, beliefs, promises, guesses, etc.
 We use … to say that something will have been completed by a certain time in the future.
 We use … to talk about the future but mostly when we talk about timetables, routines and
schedules.
What do you think?
 Do you agree with their opinions? Why?/Why not?
 What other technological challenges do you think the world will face
in the 21st century? Which of them do you consider most promising
or devastating for the humanity?

188 Writing 189

Write a questionnaire to find out what your fellow students think about the “The New Breed”
life style, education, transport, travel and scientific achievements in the Introduction
nearest or distant future. Be sure to use various tense forms for expressing Dr. Stephen Ledbetter makes a technological and medical
future. breakthrough when he creates a type of tiny machines, known
as nanobots, capable of curing any disease or imperfections in the human body.
Speaking Plot synopsis

Stephen's best friend Dr. Andy Groenig tells him that he wants to marry
1. Interview three of your fellow students. Ask about their predictions and Stephen's sister, Judy. Overjoyed at the news, Stephen shows Andy the nanobots
comment on them like this: and explains what a remarkable breakthrough they are.
Example: Later on Andy discovers that he has an inoperable cancer, and has
A: Do you think that in the future computers will replace teachers? approximately one year to live. In desperation he sneaks into Stephen's lab and
injects himself with the nanobots. They quickly eliminate his disease.
B: Yes, I do.
Andy tells Stephen about the success of his machines. Stephen becomes
C: So do I. / Do you? I don’t think they will. concerned about the impact the nanobots may have on Andy's health — and about
the possibility that he may go to prison for using an untested drug on another
2. Sum up their opinions. Are your fellow students optimistic or pessimistic person. Stephen wants to deactivate the nanobots, but Andy tells him not to worry
about the future? because he injected himself – so Stephen is not responsible. Andy convinces him to
leave the nanobots alone.
The nanobots not only cure Andy's cancer, they improve his health in other
Get real ways, including: removing a scar, improving his eyesight, and making him stronger
and more energetic. In Stephen's lab, Andy puts his hand over a bunsen burner*
causing a severe burn, but the nanobots repair the damaged skin in seconds.
Search the Internet or popular science magazines to find information on the Stephen starts a series of tests to find out exactly what the nanobots are
capable of. Andy is placed under water where he is unable to breathe, but the
future developments in your field of study. Choose to speak about three
nanobots keep him alive. Things begin to go wrong when Andy wakes up the
most probable innovations and present your findings to the whole class. following day to find that the nanobots have responded to the tests by giving him
gills*, allowing him to breathe underwater in the future. When Stephen learns this
Reading news, they both agree that the nanobots must be deactivated immediately. Stephen
takes measure after measure to stop them, but he is never able to get rid of them.
The nanobots continue making "improvements" to Andy, including giving
him eyes in the back of his head, keen hearing and bones above his stomach.
1. You are going to read a plot synopsis of the sci-fi episode entitled “The Stephen is ultimately unable to deactivate the nanobots. In dispair Andy kills
New Breed”. What scientific advances and their consequences do you himself to keep his fiancée from seeing the monster he has become. Stephen burns
think this episode is about? Discuss as a class. his laboratory, destroying any remaining nanobots and his research. The episode
ends with Andy's grieving fiancée having cut her finger on a shattered photograph
Managing your learning
2. Read and check your predictions. A plot synopsis is a brief
of him. The wound heals immediately ….
description of the contents of
a book or film. (Adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Breed_%28episode%29)
————————————
*Bunsen burner – горелка Бунзена.
*gills – жабры.
190 191
What do you think?
f) Don’t even ask me to be a
 Would you like to read the original story? Why?/Why not? e) The project was a success as
__________ in your research
 Could such a situation happen in real life? it was done by a small _______
into the common cold. The
of people working intensively
 What future do you think nanobots have in medicine? exams are coming!
and enthusiastically together.
 Can you name any controversial technological developments of the
present time?
2. Here are some idiomatic phrases frequently used in science. Give their
equivalents in your native language.
Writing trial and error – a process of attaining a goal by trying
different methods until a successful one is
found
Work in groups. How do you think the story may continue? Write your
the rule of thumb – a practical and approximate way of doing
version of the story. Be sure to use various ways of expressing future. Read
or measuring something
out your stories and discuss as a class. to blind someone with – to confuse people by using technical
science language that they are not likely to
Get real understand
it's not rocket science – it is easy to understand, obvious
to recharge your – to rest or relax in order to get back your
Search the Internet or popular science magazines to find and read a short batteries energy
sci-fi story. Write an abstract. Present your abstracts to the class. (at) the cutting edge – (at) the forefront of progress in a particular
area
In the Realm of Science don’t push my – is said to someone who is starting to annoy
buttons! you
to hit the airways – to go on radio and TV to promote
1. Complete the sentences below with these words. something or to tell their side of a story
light years ahead – you are a long way in front of others in
atom mercurial guinea pig planet nucleus formula terms of development, success, etc
on the same – to have the same ideas and opinions about
wavelength something
a) They couldn’t understand b) You were so cheerful a sputnik moment – it is a point where people realise that they
what was happening around: moment ago and now you’re are threatened of challenged and have to
it was as if they were from a out of mood again. You are so redouble their efforts to catch up
different __________. ___________.
it's not an exact – sth involves a lot of guessing and there is
science not just one right way to do it
d) There’s no set_________ for c) There isn’t an___________ to get wired crossed – to misunderstand each other, especially
being successful at public of truth in your excuse for when making arrangements
speaking – some people are and missing the class, Antony. (Cambridge International Dictionary of Idioms © Cambridge University Press 1998)
some aren’t.

192 193
 Unit 3 Revise & Practise
Unit 2 Progress Monitoring
In this unit you have worked on the vocabulary related to the topic “Latest 1. Explain the similarity and difference between these pairs.
achievements and future developments in science and technology”. advantages – disadvantages
 to cure terminal diseases  neural network breakthrough – cutting edge
 to develop the skills of telepathy  cyberspace navigation
 to contact with living beings  to make a technological/medical
optimist – pessimist
beyond the solar system breakthrough mechanism – device
 to colonize other planets  nanobots
 to crack the genetic code  artificial intelligence 2. In pairs make up 5 gapped sentences and test your fellow students on the
 to cultivate/repair human organs  telecommunications
 nanotechnology  to grow more powerful and intelligent
usage of another and other.
 intelligent clothing  to have advantages over sth
 autonomous control  to merge with computers 3. Work in teams. Hold a competition. Brainstorm as many changes that
will have occurred in our life by 2050 as possible.
Tick (V) the points you are confident about and cross (X) the ones you need to revise.

4. Read these sayings. Comment on the one you like most.

 Recall Murphy’s Law - if anything can happen, it eventually will.
 “When it comes to the future, there are three kinds of people: those
who let it happen, those who make it happen, and those who wonder
what happened”. John M. Richardson.
 “The real danger is not that computers will begin to think like men,
but that men will begin to think like computers”. Sydney J. Harris

Progress Test
1. Spot the odd one out.
a) advances developments progress benefit
b) foundations origins evolution basis
c) gizmo tools devices instruments
d) consequence affect result effect

2. Think about the year 2030. What do you think you

– will be able to do?
– will be doing?
– will have done by that time?
Write several sentences. Be sure to use the various tense forms of
expressing future. Read out your predictions. Discuss them as a class.

194 195
3. Fill in the gaps with another, other, others. Use the where necessary.
a) I left my pencil at home. Do you have any .............. pencils? QUESTIONS TO GUIDE YOU:
 What particular area in your field of study have you chosen for your
b) I have four dictionaries. Two of them are electronic, but .............. are
poster presentation?
books.  What most recent significant achievements or advances can you name?
c) We had to drive .............. ten miles to get to the seashore.  What are the most challenging problems in this field at present?
d) .............. day we went to the exhibition of gemstones and samples of  What innovations/advances are about to come?
meteorites at the university museum.
NB! Make use of the instructions on how to make a poster or poster presentation
e) Kate has three rulers. One of them is white, .............. are black.
f) Don’t worry, I’ll finish writing the essay and submit it before the Managing your learning: Making a poster or poster presentation
deadline one way or .............. . Step One – Brainstorm the ideas you are going to highlight in
g) Where are .............. samples of minerals? Has anybody seen them? your poster.
Step Two – Go online to find the information to include in your
h) I’m still hungry, can I have .............. hamburger?
poster.
– Develop the information you have found into
4. Complete the sentences with the appropriate idiom. separate paragraphs.
a) We developed the new software through .............. . – Write each paragraph on a separate piece of paper.
b) I think he decided .............. because he didn’t want us to ask any Step Three – Structure your text. Think of the order and place of
questions. each paragraph on your poster.
Step Four – Proofread the material checking the spelling,
c) We’re talking basic common sense here - .............. .
– punctuation, grammar and vocabulary.
d) I would like to do a postgraduate course and get involved in a .............. Step Five – Add necessary photos, diagrams, timelines, etc. to
research. attractive. make your poster more comprehensible and
e) I’m really glad Professor Jenkins is my scientific adviser. We are Step Six – Try to predict the questions that might be asked and
.............. . think how you would answer them.
Step Seven – Pin the poster on the wall of the classroom and give
your presentation.
Self study

At the Cutting Edge

Throughout history, the discoveries and inventions have determined to a large
extent the ways in which we live our lives. Science has had a significant impact on
our daily routines.
Your faculty is planning an exhibition on future trends and challenges that will
occur in the 21th century. You are willing to participate in the project. To make a
successful poster which is both informative and eye-catching you need to do some
research on the topic.

 Search the Internet to find relevant information to include in your poster

 Include necessary photos, diagrams, timelines, etc.
 Prepare and present your poster to the class

196 197
THE SKILLFUL ME!

“Real success is finding your lifework

in the work that you love”
David McCullough

Learning Goals

 to do information search for job ads

 to write a CV and a personal letter about a job
 to learn how to speak on the phone and arrange for a
meeting
 to talk about the part-time/holiday job you would like to do
 to revisit multi-word verbs
 to revisit reported speech
Unit 1 Job Opportunities for Students Reading

Lead-in 1. Work in groups. Discuss and make a list of the advantages

of holiday and part-time jobs for students.
1. Nowadays a lot of students combine studies at university with work. For
some it is a good way to earn pocket money, for others it is an opportunity 2. Read the text and check your guesses.
to gain some valuable work experience. What about you? Discuss as a
class. Part-time Jobs vs. Holiday Jobs
You’re working your way through university or college, and you need
2. Fill in the questionnaire below. In pairs discuss what jobs are suitable for some money… The last thing you want to do is get a job that requires lots
you. of time and will affect your studies.
Careers guidance questionnaire You know you have to get a student job, but a new dilemma hits you. Do
you work during term-time and get a part-time job? Although part-time jobs
a. Which of these areas would you like to work in? are popular and fairly easy to come by, there is the possibility that it will
 Business  Entertainment affect both your studies and your socializing. There is nothing worse than
 Industry  Retail jobs having to work on a Friday night when all your mates are ready to go out
 Service industries  Science and research and have some fun.
b. Tick the statements which are true of you: So, there are problems with part-time jobs – but what are your other
I don’t mind working long hours I can’t stand taking orders from others options? Holiday jobs could be the answer. You have a few months off over
I am not prepared to wear a uniform I don’t like doing repetitive work the summer. You’re probably going to be back home, and have fewer things
I enjoy manual work I like doing paper work to do. With some full-time work over a few weeks you could save enough
I hate working at weekends I am prepared to get up early
money to last you a few extra months when you go back to your college or
I am prepared to meet deadlines
university. What are the other benefits of holiday jobs?
c. Tick the skills you think you have?
I easily get on with other people I find it easy to work in a team
Holiday Job Benefits
I am good at making decisions I am able to work on my own a) Opportunity to get some work experience – if you are with a big
I have good problem solving skills I am good at organizing things company that has permanent vacancies available, they may well ask
I am good with figures I have working knowledge of English you to come back after your studies.
I am computer literate I have good word processing skills b) Opportunity to build up your CV – holiday jobs allow you to show a
d. What do you expect from the job? Choose five options from the list: potential employer that you have had experience, and have gained an
A chance to travel Free food and other perks understanding of that industry, or have gained some knowledge that
Gaining work experience Developing knowledge of your particular may be relevant for your new position.
Prospects of promotion area of expertise c) An opportunity for you to try a few different jobs to see what you are
A good salary Opportunity to express your personality most interested in and what career most suits you.
Developing your creativity
d) Frequently a full-time holiday job will pay a weekly or monthly wage.
e. Which do you prefer doing: a summer or a part-time job? Why?
This could easily work out better than an hourly part-time job rate,
so with any job this is worth checking out!
200 201
Part-time Job Benefits 9) salary i) a document showing the amount of money that
a) One of the greatest things about a part-time job is that it doesn’t have you have earned.
to take over your life. A couple of evening shifts here or there leaves
you plenty of time to do the things you want to do. 2. Match the verbs in A with the nouns in B. Some verbs can go with more
b) Part-time jobs frequently involve work where you can earn more than than one noun.
your basic hourly wage. Part-time jobs such as bar work, waitering, A B
etc. in general pay a pretty standard rate. Take into account tips and 1) to get a) cash
bonuses (and maybe food and drink) and all of a sudden the pay 2) to affect b) job
becomes pretty good! This is something you want to look into before 3) to save c) studies
taking any job. 4) to have d) knowledge
c) Working over the holidays means you have less time for holidays – 5) to gain e) experience
part-time jobs may take a few hours during your term, but at least 6) to take f) shifts
you’ll have the whole holidays to do what you want to do. 7) to do g) money
If you do end up with the dilemma of choosing a part-time job or a 8) to earn
holiday job always make sure of a few things. With proper research and a
What do you think?
bit of luck anyone can get a job that they will both enjoy and earn reasonable
 Are you planning to have any part-time or summer job? Will it be
money from.
(Abridged from the site http://www.e4s.co.uk/docs/part-time-jobs.htm)
related to your specialization? Why?/Why not?
 What is the most important thing to keep in mind when choosing a
job: your interests and ambitions, your skills and abilities, your
Comprehension check
preferences or something else?
1. Match the words in A with their definitions in B. Refer back to the text if
necessary. Translate them into your native language.
Focus on language
1. Complete the word web for the word money. Refer back to the text or
A B
consult a dictionary if necessary.
1) benefit a) privileges granted to an employee by a company
or corporation save
2) tip b) money that employees receive for doing their job
verbs
3) perks c) pay given to an employee who is on a holiday
or vacation money
4) bonus d) an amount of money paid at regular intervals
5) holiday pay e) a small present of money for a service given or
expected
adjectives reasonable
6) wage f) pay given to an employee who is away from
work because of illness
7) pay cheque g) a kind of award to employees beyond their 2. Read the sentence from the text. What does the verb phrase in bold mean?
normal pay  If you do end up with the dilemma of choosing a part-time job or a
8) sick pay h) advantage holiday job always make sure of a few things…
202 203
Multi-word verbs (verbs with prepositions and particles)
Many English verbs can be followed by prepositions or adverb particles. These combinations
are rather like multi-word verbs. They are often called ‘phrasal verbs’. Some phrasal verbs are
idiomatic, i.e. the meaning of the verb and particle together is sometimes different from the
separate literal meanings of the verb and the particle.
e.g. You’d better look up this word in a dictionary. (a literal meaning = to look for
information in a dictionary)
e.g. Everyone looks up to Robert because he always makes time to help others. (idiomatic
meaning = to admire or respect)
e.g. I’m looking forward to summer vacation. (idiomatic meaning = to be thinking with
pleasure about sth that is going to happen (because you expect to enjoy it)
f) Don’t worry. I’m sure we’ll find a solution to this problem.
g) He is so upset because if he fails the reexamination he will definitely
be excluded from the college.
h) Oh, I’m afraid, I’ve failed to do the task before the deadline.
i) If this device stops working again I won’t finish doing my observations
today.
j) I’ve missed so many lectures on this subject through my illness, now
I have to work really hard to keep pace with my fellow students.

Practice Listening
1. Which of the highlighted phrasal verbs in the text have a similar meaning to:
 to become bigger or more important  to find out if sth is correct 1. Listen to several job advertisements. Take notes on the jobs you hear
than sth else or to replace sth  to do sth from beginning to about.
 to return end, especially when it takes
 to examine sth a lot of time or effort 2. Listen again and complete the chart.
 to create or develop sth  to find out by reasoning or Jobs
 to manage to get sth calculation
 to be finally in a particular place or  to leave your house to go to a Duties
situation social event
Hours
2. Replace the verbs in italics by the suitable phrasal verbs from the box
below. Put letters L if the meaning is literal or I if it is idiomatic. Consult Salary
a dictionary if necessary.
Job
break down come across pick up work out(2)
preferences
check out find out drop out of catch up with sb
Requirements
be fed up with put up with fall back (with sth)

a) My roommate answered the phone as I was having a shower.

b) This printer isn’t working properly. Do you think you could have a
look at it?
c) I’m so tired of your being always late for classes. I’m not going to
tolerate it any longer.
d) I’ve recently discovered that I’m pretty good at memorizing complex
formulae.
e) She was very much surprised when she found this rare insect in the park.
Get real
Search the Internet for more summer or part-time jobs for students. Find
the job you would like to do best of all. Tell the class about it and see how
many people would also like to do it. Follow the guidelines below:
 Name of the job

204 205
  Duties involved Applicants must be hard-working, have
 Personal qualities required excellent communication skills and be
 Skills and qualifications required motivated to making positive social change.
To apply mail to: obsthatmatter@ffpir.org
 Advantages of the job
C. Ski Resort Jobs D. Summer Camp Jobs
 Possible disadvantages of the job
Do you like meeting new people from all Working at a summer camp is just fun! Who
over the world? Would you like to live, wouldn't want to spend the day swimming,
Reading work and play in a state that averages over shooting bows and arrows and telling ghost
300 days of sunshine per year? Well if stories around camp fires? All camp
you answered yes to any of these employees need a genuine love of working
1. Work in 4 groups. Choose to read one of the advertisements (A, B, C or D) questions, then welcome to Heavenly, with kids.
for holiday and part-time jobs. Answer the questions. Lake Tahoe's premier winter playground! Cottontail Ranch is a summer residence
Amazing views of Lake Tahoe, combined camp and group retreat in Malibu Canyon,
 What does the job involve doing?
with enthusiastic and dependable California. Traditional camp activities like
 What kind of personality are the employers looking for?
employees, makes Heavenly one of the horseback riding, rock climbing, fishing,
 Does the job require any special training or qualifications? greatest places to work in the world. Our hiking, tennis, photography, dance and
 What does the advertisement say about working hours and salary? guests rank Heavenly as having some of drama combine with surfing, water-skiing,
 What skills would you develop in this job? the most helpful, friendly, knowledgeable, mountain biking and trips to Disney World
 What should you do next if you are interested in the job? and customer-oriented employees in the and Magic Mountain to make Cottontail a
resort industry. Please take time to explore unique camp experience.
A. The Dolphin Institute B. Campaign to Save the Environment our employment website and see what Ski Pay: Varies, most $195 per week.
Are you fascinated by whales and Do you want to make a difference? Are you Heavenly has to offer! Food and Lodging: Room and Board
dolphins? Then sign up for a fun short- ready to roll up your sleeves and work on To apply mail to: provided.
term participant program in Hawaii! There the most pressing environmental issues of Heavenly Human Resources Applicants are required to have First Aid
is a great opportunity to research whales our generation? PO Box 2180 certification.
while living in Maui. As a participant, you Environmental Campaign Staff – work on Stateline, NV 89449 Email: cottontail@earthlink.net
will assist with behavioral observations of behalf of the nation’s most progressive Feel free to attach a resume and cover
the whales from our research vessel and environmental groups – like the Sierra Club,
letter to your application.
shore station, attend a variety of the State PIRGs and Environmental Action –
educational lectures. The program to protect the Arctic Refuge, fight global
activities also include writing papers and warming, and defend the Clean Air Act. What do you think?
presenting findings. It's a unique and Earn $4000–6000 over the summer, learn  Which advertisement appeals to you most? Why?
exciting educational and hands-on valuable skills and make this country a
 What don’t you like about the other jobs?
experience! Researchers and participants safer, healthier and more democratic place
live together in a house on Maui island to live in.  Would you apply for any of these jobs? Why? Why not?
near the study site. Responsibilities include raising money,
It's easy to sign up for the Surveying educating the public about pressing Focus on language
Maui's Humpback Whales project! environmental issues, recruiting new
Fill out the application form and mail members to increase the political power of 1. Talk to your partner. Express your opinion of each job by choosing
to: The Dolphin Institute, P.O. Box these organizations, and collecting and information from columns A, B, and C.
700694, Kapolei, HI 96709. sending petition and postcard signatures to
A $200 deposit is required to reserve a Congress and other political leaders as well A B C
single space on a two-week team. as organizing press conferences.
Being a ski instructor fantastic
Working as hotel staff seems to be prestigious
206 207
Being a ski instructor fantastic
Working as hotel staff seems to be prestigious 2. Telephone the office for information. In pairs take turns at being the
Working in the resort industry a good start student and the Personnel Officer. Ask about the job using the questions
Working with or/and entertaining is definitely very challenging from task 1. Arrange to meet for the interview. Make use of the diagram
children quite manageable and the phrases in the box.
Being on a participant program must be motivating Tool box: On the phone
You Office staff
in Hawaii monotonous Hello. Could I speak to Frank Speaking (= I am …)
Making behavioral observations sounds nerve-racking Dawson? Who's calling, please?… can I help you?
of marine animals demanding I’m calling about … Can I have your name, please?
I saw your advertisement in … Are you still interested?
Teaching photography/surfing/ could be pretty difficult Can you give me the address, please? Can you come in for an interview …. (day, date,
rock climbing to children really rewarding Could you give me a few more details time)?
Participating in the would be boring about the job? Are there any questions you would like to ask
Environmental Campaign I’ll be there. about the job?
We will contact you next week.

2. Following the models below discuss what kind of people would be best A B
suited for a particular job. Use the words and phrases from the box.
Phone the contact number.
Example:
a) To be a research assistant at the Dolphin Institute you should have Answer the phone.
energy and patience.
b) Being a research assistant at the Dolphin Institute you have to be Introduce yourself and say
energetic and patient. why you are calling.
 active  well-organised  good at analysing Find out applicant’s full
 friendly  unemotional situations/working name, age and other
 sensitive  hard-working with other people/kids personal information/details.
 creative  self-confident  concerned with details Give all necessary
 helpful  an outgoing  able to work without information.
 responsible personality supervision Find out why the applicant
 enthusiastic about would like to do this job.
 careful
Explain why you are
 calm new tasks interested in the job.
Suggest an applicant to
Speaking come for an interview.
Agree.
1. You want one of the jobs advertised above. Make notes of the things you Suggest the day and the
want to know about this job. Write your questions here: time.
_______________________________________________________? Agree. Confirm the details
______________________________________________________? Thank for assistance and
_______________________________________________________? end the call End the call
208 209
 Unit 1. Progress Monitoring
Writing In this unit you have worked on the vocabulary related to the topic “Job and career
options”:
 to earn/save money  excellent source of money
Write a letter to a friend about the summer job you’re going to do or a part  to work long or flexible  to have experience/previous training
time job you are doing. The questions below may be of help. hours/shifts  to have good communication skills
 How did you find the job?  to apply for a job  to gain work experience or develop
 How did you apply?  to be prepared to meet knowledge/creativity/skills
 What are your duties and responsibilities?
deadlines/take orders from  to be well-organized/self-
others confident/careful/hard-
 Which of your personal qualities help you to do the job?
 a challenging/demanding/ working/active/creative/ responsible
 Do you need any special skills and qualifications for the job?
prestigious/nerveracking/mon  wage; salary; tips; bonuses; perks;
 What do you like most about the job? Are there any problems with it? otonous/rewarding/motivating sick pay
job  job responsibilities/duties
 to require special training/
In the Realm of Jobs skills/qualifications/ personal
qualities
Many advertisers use abbreviations in their classified advertisements in Tick (V) the points you are confident about and cross (X) the ones you need to revise.
newspapers for one purpose - to save money. The less space they use, the
cheaper the advertisement will be. The following list of abbreviations can
be found in the Positions Vacant columns of most newspapers. Remember
what they mean.
p.t. posn – part-time position
f. time – flexible time/hours
pd. wkly – paid weekly
cap. person reqd – capable person required
sal. neg – salary negotiable
approx 20hrs p.w – approximately 20 hours per week
stdnt – student
prom. oppty – promotion opportunity
trng. incl – training included
techncl. exp. nec – technical experience necessary
intvw – interview
temp. reqd – temporary required
exper. essent – experience is essential
char. refs. nec. – characteristics references necessary
excel. conds – excellent conditions
ph. for appt – telephone for appointment
Pers. dept – Personnel department
bus. hrs., B/H – during business hours
210 211
Unit 2 On the Job
Lead-in
1. Read the entry of the word ‘intern’ from the Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary and discuss the questions below.
Intern [……] – n[C] esp. Am a) A student or new graduate who is getting
practical experience in a job, for example during the summer holiday
 What do you think a job of an intern involves doing?
 Do you think it is well or badly paid?
 Where would you like to work as an intern?
 What valuable practical experience can you get working as an
intern?
Reading
1. Read the article and check your guesses about internship.
The experience that is shaping the rest of my life
By Hannah Hoag
Every spring millions of university students look for summer work. Some work
in retail, others in the service industry, but those curious about science careers can
find themselves redesigning mirrors for the Hubble Space Telescope, developing
drugs or testing components of a particle accelerator. Internships exist in all sectors,
from academic and research institutions to government laboratories to industry
campuses.
A summer internship is a great way to get experience in a variety of settings.
Students make valuable contacts, learn about lab culture or alternative careers,
and may even get published. Moreover, undergraduates get a chance to try out
academia or industry before taking the leap to graduate school.
Undergraduates often use the chance to explore research. Most research
vacancies are found in academia or at centres such as the Harvard Stem Cell
Institute or the Department of Energy's Fermilab in Batavia, Illinois. These
programs are mostly intended for undergraduates in their third and fourth years.
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"It tells them whether or not they are interested in doing research in astronomy or
astrophysics, or whether they are interested in research at all," says the director of
the summer internship program at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Students there may spend their summer analyzing
data from X-ray satellites or looking for gas emissions from galactic clusters.
At NASA, summer students can participate in lab work at different research
centres across the country. "One of NASA's missions is to inspire the next
generation of explorers," says Dave Rosage, director of the NASA Academy and
the NASA Robotics Academy at Goddard Space Flight Center, near Washington
DC. Undergraduates in the summer research program have a chance to conduct
high-risk cutting-edge research.
Interns work on research problems three days a week, with Thursdays and
Fridays set aside for lectures, group project work and field trips to other NASA
centres.
Abbott Laboratories in Illinois also brings graduates and undergraduates to its
campus each summer to identify talented individuals, with the intention of hiring
them as full-time employees. “Students leave with meaningful and transferable
work experience”, says Christi Lehner, director of college relations.
In addition to research experience, summer internships are full of perks, which
students may want to consider when choosing a program. Lunch-and-learn sessions
offer students a chance to interact with principle investigators, program directors or
vice-presidents.
"You can navigate your way through the organization once you have got
through the door as an intern," says Lehner. "It opens up future positions throughout
the company."
Most internships provide a window into research culture. At the end of the
summer, the majority of students must present the fruits of their labours. It might
be a poster for staff and parents or a presentation for board members.
Students often find themselves as co-authors on journal articles. Besides,
choosing a supervisor for the final-year thesis is significantly easier when they can
go into a meeting and talk about their summer research, list the techniques that they
know and give a presentation.
An internship may provide a chance to try out an alternative career. At Jackson
Laboratory, science students with an interest in writing can join the lab's public-
relations staff for the summer. “They enjoy communicating and translating
science to the general population," says Geiger. All in all, the experience and
relationships gained from an internship can bring young scientists closer to
achieving their dream jobs.
(Adapted from the http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2006/060126/full/ nj7075-504a.html)
2. Work with a partner. Look back in the text. Find the expressions in bold
and work out their meaning from the context. Consult a dictionary if
necessary.
213
3. Look back in the text. Match the verbs in A with their complements in B. Practice
Translate the phrases into your native language. 1. Complete the table to illustrate the basic rules for backshift when
A B transforming direct speech into reported speech.
1) make a) a window into research culture
2) try out b) research problems Direct Speech Reported Speech
3) sign c) students a chance now
4) analyze d) the fruits of their labours the day before
5) inspire e) valuable contacts two days ago
6) work on f) a presentation the week before
7) offer g) the contract next year
8) provide h) data the next day/the following day
9) present i) academia or industry here
10) give j) the next generation of explorers that
these
What do you think?
 What are the benefits of internship?
2. Complete the table showing the change of tenses in reported speech.
 What kind of opportunities does it provide?
 Do you agree that internship is equally important to all university students?
Direct Speech Reported Speech
 Are there any internship programmes available for students in your
Simple Present
country? If not, do you think they would be popular with science
students? Why?/Why not? Present Progressive
Simple Past
Focus on language Present Perfect Simple
Past Perfect Simple
Reported Speech
Reported speech is used to express what others have said. It is also used when you are writing a Past Progressive
paper at college level. In this case, it involves paraphrasing and summarizing what different Present Perfect Progressive
authors have said.
e.g.: Professor Jenkins said: “You have to submit your course work on Friday.” Past Perfect Progressive
Professor Jenkins said (that) we had to submit our course work on Friday. Future (be going to)
Verbs of speaking + that Verbs of speaking + pronoun + that
Future (will)
say, agree, explain, reply, tell
complain, suggest 3. Look back in the text. Report what people say about internships.
e.g.: “You are absolutely right!” – He told me (that) I was absolutely right.
“I saw Professor Jenkins yesterday.” – She said (that) she had seen Professor Example: You can navigate your way through the organization once
Jenkins the day before yesterday. you have got through the door as an intern,” says Christi Lehner
“Students have broken a lot of glassware today!” – The lab assistant
complained that students had broken a lot of glassware that day. You say: Christi Lehner said that one could navigate his or her way
through the organization once he/she had got through the door as
Verbs of speaking + to + verb Verbs of speaking + noun/pronoun
offer refuse agree introduce greet accept refuse explain interrupt
an intern.
e.g. “Look, I can’t go to the party tonight” – She refused to go to the party.
“Hello everybody, nice to see you.” – He greeted everybody.

214 215
4. Report what the former interns said about their experience.
I am glad I chose this programme because I gained
field and lab experience. My mentors, including
grad students, really helped me to understand what
was going on.
Research at VIMS was a wonderful
experience. It was especially helpful in
learning about graduate school and helping
me decide what I want in a graduate
program.
I have more confidence because I’ve always
felt as if my grades didn’t reflect my abilities;
this project allowed me to excel and now I see
that I enjoy this field and can do well in it.
VIMS is a great institution for pursuing a
career in marine science. The research
experience helped me to understand that this
is what I want to do with my life.
Internships provide important information
necessary for prospective students to
decide if they would want to make a career
in science.
216
Listening
1. You are going to hear an education report about internship programmes
in the USA. As you listen take notes to answer the questions.
a) What kind of jobs is getting more popular with students in the USA?
b) Do summer interns earn much?
c) What expenses can internships involve?
d) How do students benefit from working as interns?
e) How do employers benefit from internships programs?
f) Why are internship programmes often criticized?
g) What can students receive in the unpaid internships?
h) What does Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland offer
students?
Get real
Search the Internet to find information on the internship programmes
available in your field of study abroad. Choose the one you like best of all
and take notes about this programmes under the following guidelines:
 Name of the job
 Opportunities for foreign students
 Duties involved
 Personal qualities required
 Skills and qualifications to gain
Speaking
Work in groups. Present and discuss the information on the internship
programmes you have found. See how many students would like to do it.
Reading
1. Work with a partner. Discuss these questions.
a) What kind of a job do you hope to get with your university degree?
217
 b) What degree is reguired to work in research areas?
c) Which would you prefer: to work in pure or applied science? Why?
d) Why do industries require the application of scientific knowledge in
a wider range?
2. As a class name as many science-related jobs as you can ending in
-ist, -er/or, -ant/ent, -tian/cian. How many have you got?
3. Read the text to find out more about carrer options for science graduates.
What can I do with a Science degree?
Your science degree opens up many career options. To choose a career,
you need to consider the extent to which you would like to use your scientific
knowledge in your future career. You may choose to work in pure science,
applied science, an alternative career requiring an understanding of science
or use the general skills you have acquired while studying.
Also, you have gained a high level of technical ability alongside general
skills which will make you more employable.
Careers for science graduates fall into three main categories:
– careers using your specialist science knowledge;
– careers where an understanding of science is an advantage;
– careers using your other skills.
Those of you who have thoroughly enjoyed studying your major* at the
university may like to continue to work in science. Science is a kind of an
industry with new doors opening all the time. If you want to find work in a
specialized area related to your major, you may find that you need more
than a pass degree*. Professional scientists usually have at least an honours
degree but more likely a PhD, particularly if working in research areas.
Occupations which would allow you to work with your expertise include:
Research – university academic, environmental researcher, agricultural
researcher, marine scientist, biotechnologist, physicist, research scientist,
laboratory research technician, etc.
Analysis and investigation – forensic investigator, IT systems analyst,
statistician, clinical research associate in pharmaceutical industry, nutritionist
and/or dietitian, analytical chemist, geophysical technician, etc.
Consultancy – environmental information consultant, agricultural
consultant, IT consultant, IT systems developer, information services officer,
geoscientist, etc.
218
Quality control – environmental health officer, resource manager,
toxicology consultant, water treatment consultant, quality assurance officer,
etc.
Product and process development – pharmacologist, industrial chemist,
product designer, etc.
Scientists are found in such industries as biotechnology, telecommunications,
IT, electronic-design-automation as well as in academic institutions,
hospitals, pharmaceutical and utility companies and research organizations.
The industry you choose will have an effect on the type of work you do.
Many industries require the application of scientific knowledge to solve
practical problems such as utilising resources, developing new products or
ensuring safe use for humans.
(Abridged from:http://www.careers.usyd.edu.au/students/careeroptdegree_science.shtml)
————————
*major – здесь специализация.
*pass degree – здесь степень, присуждаемая после сдачи выпускных экзаменов в
университете по облегчённой программе.
What do you think?
 When choosing a career what should a graduate with a science degree
take into account?
 What are the career opportunities for science students in your country?
 Which field/area of science should you choose as your major in order
to get the job you like?
 Which jobs mentioned in the text would you like to do most? Give
reasons for your choice.
 What kind of skills do you think are necessary for the job you would
like to do most?
Get real
Managing your learning
A Curriculum Vitae, commonly referred to as
Search the Internet to find some CV (AmE Resume) is a written record of your
tips or rules on writing a CV. education and the jobs you have done, that you
send when you are applying for a job. It is a
Discuss them as a class and create detailed summary not only of your academic
a Class File on CV writing rules. backgrounds but also teaching and research
experience, publications, presentations, awards,
honors and other details.
219
 Writing Explain what you expect from the
program participants.

1. Write your CV for a job of your choice (say what it is). Use your own
details and qualifications and work experience which you hope to
get in the future.
2. With the partner exchange your CVs and check out if your CVs follow Answer the questions
the rules on CV writing. (describe your qualities, skills,
etc.).
Speaking Offer to ask additional questions.

Ask about the length of the

You have come across an advertisement on internship programs and made
program, starting date, travel
an appointment for an interview. Now you are in the Personnel Manager
and other expenses, etc.
office. Talk to the manager.
You Manager Explain all the working
conditions. Ask if he/she still
Greet the applicant. Offer to take wants to enroll.
a sit. Make your decision.
Return greeting. Introduce Say good bye.
yourself.
Say good bye.
Ask for the CV.

Check the formal requirements.

Give all the necessary In the Realm of Jobs

information.
We all have certain skills which will be useful to employers. Some of the
Say what internship options are words listed below are ideal “active words” for you to use when describing
available. Ask which one the yourself in your resume and in the job application process.
applicant is interested in.
People Skills Word Skills Figure Skills Skills with
Say what program you would Things
like to join and why. guiding explaining counting driving
Ask about the applicant’s previous
experience, skills, qualities. listening to coordinating calculating operating
negotiating with processing timing installing
instructing organising recording repairing
supervising classifying compiling adjusting
220 221
supervising classifying compiling adjusting Unit 3 Revise & Practise
understanding typing comparing producing
persuading proof reading correcting changing 1. Explain the difference between these pairs.
speaking to editing analysing adapting job – career
serving composing graphing creating
industry – academia
helping communicating problem solving classifying
encouraging writing planning using perks – bonuses
leading reading improving manual work – paper work
motivating imagining collecting job experience – job skills
disciplining comparing selling challenging – rewarding
organizing growing dream job – holiday job
directing copying
evaluating 2. Within a minute complete the word web for the noun job.
coaching/teaching
well-paid
For each skill on these lists, state whether you:
 have that skill already (put a V)
 don’t have it yet but have the potential to develop it (put a ?)
 will never have that skill (put a X) JOB

Unit 2. Progress Monitoring

In this unit you have worked on the vocabulary related to the topic “Jobs and
Career Options”:
 to gain high-level technical  to use specialist science 3. Write down a short vocabulary list (10 items) on the topic “Job” and
ability or general skills knowledge
compare your lists with the partner. Cross out the items you have on
 a research vacancy  to work in research areas
 lab or research culture/experience  to choose a science career
both lists and explain the meaning of the rest of the words and phrases.
 to try out an alternative career  to apply scientific knowledge
to solve practical problems 4. Read these sayings. Comment on the one you like most.
 to achieve a dream job  to have a passion for research  “If a man does only what is required of him, he is a slave. If a man
 the cutting-edge research  to work in pure/applied science does more than is required of him, he is a free man.” Chinese proverb
 to hire someone as a full/part-  to share one’s research results  “Pleasure in the job puts perfection in the work.” Aristotel
time employee with colleagues
 to make valuable contacts  to get job satisfaction “No problem is insurmountable. With a little courage, teamwork and
 to acquire skills/knowledge  team work and competition determination a person can overcome anything.” B. Dodge
“Striving for success without hard work is like trying to harvest where
Tick (V) the points you are confident about and cross (X) the ones you need to revise. you haven’t planted.” David Bly

222 223
 f) No, you are wrong! The course starting date is next week, not
5. Game tomorrow! (Helen ...)
g) Peter is so absent-minded! Last week he had an accident in our chemistry
Guess the job lab. He broke a test tube with some toxic substance in it! (Peter ...)
Work in teams. One of you should think about a job in your subject area and h) Hello, everybody! Let me introduce Mia Travis to you. She is a new
the others in the group must try to guess what the job is by asking “Yes” and member of the ‘Whale Programme’ team. (The tutor ...)
“No” questions about it. Make sure everyone asks the same number of i) Sorry, I can’t take your point. (Mr. Brown ...)
questions. j) Why don’t we do a summer internship? (Bob ...)
Example: In your job…
Do you work… Do you have to be … 2. Complete sentences with the most suitable phrasal verb in the box. Use
 outside?  ambitious? the correct form of the verb.
 inside?  imaginative?
 in a lab?  good with numbers?
build up go out catch up with dropped out
 etc.  etc.
come across put up with check out
Do you have to … Do you … to build up worked out
 have special qualifications?  work on your own?
 work under supervision?  use any kind of tool? a) I’m a member of three university clubs so I .............. every other day.
 wear a uniform?  instruct other people? b) She started a degree but .............. after only a year.
 etc.  etc. c) I agree, this problem is difficult but I’ve .............. a new way of doing
it!
6. Roleplay d) I’m sure we need .............. a society for dealing with environmental
Your friend has just applied for one of the part-time/holiday jobs from the issues in you city.
ads you have read in Unit 1. Talk to him/her and find out about the job: e) Look, Peter, I can’t ......................... your being so inaccurate in
 responsibilities and hours measurements. You should ...................... the numbers you’ve got.
 skills and personal qualities required f) This plate is very fragile so ................... very carefully or it’ll break
 salary and benefits/perks down.
g) I’ve recently .............. one more explanation of this theorem.
Progress Test h) If you want ...................... your class you need to practise a lot of
1. Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. Use various verbs of speaking. programming.
a) I’m afraid I can’t take the job before January. (She explained …)
b) Paul Smith has just come back from his yearlong expedition around 3. From the words below make nouns describing people by adding suffixes
the globe. (They ...) -er, -or, -ist, -ar, -ant/ent -tian/cian. Make any necessary spelling
c) Now, if you look at this graph you will see the temperature changes changes.
in this region over 50 years. (The lecturer ...)
d) I’m sure in 2050 thousands of people will be living in giant space teach research science experiment mathematics
stations. (Prof. Smith ...) assist direct geography technical environment
e) Studying the dolphins’ behavior was the most exciting thing I’ve ever analysis consult develop part-time design
done. (Paul ...)
224 225
4. Read the letter of application and fill in the gaps with the words in the would appreciate the opportunity to discuss a position with you, and
box. will k) -------------- you in a week or ten days to answer any questions
you may have and to see if you need any other information from me
degree skills suited Career Search such as a company l) ------------ form or transcripts. Thank you for your
teamneeds benefit responsibilities application consideration.
contact position background qualifications Sincerely,
William Stevens
123 Ascot Lane
Blacksburg, VA 24060
December 12, 2009
(540) 555-2556
Mr. Robert Burns
WStevens@vt.edu
President, Template Division
Resume attached as MS Word document
MEGATEK Corporation
9845 Technical Way
Arlington, VA 22207 Self study
burns@megatek.com
Exploring Career Information
Dear Mr. Burns, It is important for students to undertake the job preparation process early in their
academic career, from reading job ads and examining the job market, to building
their CVs (resumes). By starting this process early, you can better explore and
I learned of MEGATEK through online research using the a) --- guide your interests so that you establish clear and focused coursework tracks.
----------- database through Career Services at Virginia Tech where I There are a great number of websites that are designed to help you explore career
am completing my Master's b) ------------ in Mechanical Engineering. paths and find practical information about the job search process.
From my research on your web site, I believe there would be a good fit
between my c) --------------- and interests and your d) ---------------. I am  Search the sites
interested in a software engineering e) --------------- upon completion of http://www.bls.gov/k12/index.htm
http://www.the-aps.org/education/k-12misc/careers.htm
my degree in May 2012.  Do the career exploration in your subject area.
As a graduate student, I am one of six members on a software  Make a resource for your fellow students. You can do this in the form of a
development f) ---------- where we are writing a computer aided aircraft handout or a poster.
design
As a graduate student, I am one of six members on a software QUESTIONS TO GUIDE YOU:
development f) ---------- where we are writing a computer aided aircraft  What is this job like: job responsibilities and working conditions?
 What are the training requirements?
design program for NASA. My g) -------------- include designing,
 How much does this job pay?
coding, and testing of a graphical portion of the program which  How many jobs are available in this area?
requires the use of GIARO for graphics input and output. I have a  What are the prospects?
strong h) --------------- in computer aided design, software development
and engineering, and believe that these skills would benefit the
designing and manufacturing aspects of Template software. Enclosed is
my resume which further outlines my i) ----------------------.
program for NASA. My g) -------------- include designing,
226 227
 Scripts
Module 1 Unit 1
Five New Year’s Resolutions for English Learners
AA: I’m Avi Arditti with Rosanne Skirble, and this week on Wordmaster: English teacher
Lida Baker suggests five resolutions for people who want to improve their English in the
New Year.
LIDA BAKER: “My first resolution that I would recommend people make is to spend a
certain amount of time listening to English — and it can be five minutes a day or it can be
10 minutes a week or it can be whatever suits a person’s work schedule, life schedule or
whatever. But it’s really important to set goals and to stick to them. And it would be very
helpful if people had Internet access to do this, because what I’m going to recommend is
listening to sites that have scripts included. “
RS: “What do you do if you don’t have access to a computer, how can you listen better?
LIDA BAKER: “Well, almost everyone all over the world has access to pop music. And
one of my resolutions would be to spend time listening to English music. The advantage of
listening to music is that it’s a really wonderful way to work on your pronunciation, because
you know, you get a feeling for the stress and the rhythm of the language when you’re
singing. And also music is full of idioms, so it’s a terrific way to learn colloquial vocabulary
and to work on your pronunciation. And a third advantage of listening to music is that it’s
really easy to remember. “So for people who have access only to a radio, even they can do
something to improve their English just by listening to pop music. And I might add, if you
do have access to the Internet, there are lots of Internet sites that will give you the lyrics to
pop songs. Do a search, type ‘music’ or ‘songs’ plus ‘lyrics,’ and you’ll find sites where you
can type in the name of the song and it will give you the lyrics to the song.
RS: “So spend a little bit more time listening, or have a goal for listening. Listen to English
music. What else?”
LIDA BAKER: “Something else I tell my students, and they’re always surprised when I
tell them this, is read children’s books.”
AA: “That makes sense, though.”
LIDA BAKER: “Yeah. Why do you say that?”
RS: “Well, few words.”
AA: “It’s simpler.”
RS: “Direct, simple. Lots of pictures.”
LIDA BAKER: “There you go.”
RS: “That puts it in a context.”
LIDA BAKER: “There you go. And the other thing is, you can find children’s books at all
levels. If you were a total beginner in English, you start with books that have just a few
words on the page and lots of pictures, and you can work your way up to books that have
relatively speaking more text and fewer illustrations. But again, children’s books are very
motivating. To this day I enjoy reading the books that I read to my daughter when she was
a little girl.”
AA: “So now we’ve got the listening to the radio, listening to music, going online and
looking for scripts of programs to go with the audio, reading children’s books. What’s your
next resolution?”
228
LIDA BAKER: “Learn a new word every day. And if you don’t have time to do it every
day, do it every other day. Again, pick a realistic goal. Choose your word, look up the
meaning, but then don’t stop there. Look at the examples in the dictionary for how the word
is used. You know -is it used as a noun? Is it a verb? Is it used to talk about people? If it’s an
adjective, does it have a positive meaning or a negative meaning? So look for what’s called
the connotation of the word. And then, when you’re sitting in your car, or you’re walking to
the bus stop or sitting on the bus, practice. Put the word into your own sentences. Think of
ways that you could use that word. … And so now we come to our last resolution, which in
a way is the most difficult one, because my last resolution would be, even if it’s only very
occasionally, talk to native speakers every chance you get.
RS: Lida Baker teaches English and writes textbooks in Los Angeles, California.
AA: That’s all for Wordmaster this week. Our e-mail address is word@voanews.com. And
Internet users can read and listen to all of our segments at voanews.com/wordmaster.
RS: With Avi Arditti, I’m Rosanne Skirble. A version of this program first aired on December
22, 2004
(http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/archive/2006-01/2006-01-10-voa10.cfm)
Module 1 Unit 2
Jackie: Hello, welcome to Weekender! My name’s… umm, my name’s… oh dear what was
it again? Oh yes! Jackie Dalton. Today’s topic is memory and the programme will hopefully
provide you with some helpful study tips when it comes to memorizing information. We’ll
do this with the help of Andrew Maze. He’s a cognitive neuroscientist at the University of
Manchester in the UK. What’s his tip for how to learn things you need to remember?
Andrew: The best way to learn it is to space your learning. So you don’t say I’ve got to
learn this… so sit down and spend about ten hours trying to put it in your head in a sort of
mass practice fashion.
Jackie: Andrew’s tip for effective learning is to space it out – don’t try and learn a lot in one
go. Why is this?
Andrew: What you do is you process certain parts of it on one day and then you come back
to it the following day or a few days later and learn it again and then you do that again and
again. And this is much more efficient with much less time spent on the learning, you can
get up to very high levels of memory performance and furthermore, it survives over long
periods of time much better than if you learn it all in one go.
Jackie: Andrew talks about ‘processing’ information, which means organising it, -taking
the information in and putting it in the right place – processing information. He says you
process what you learn much better if you just do a little at a time and leave a gap before
you try to learn more. This, he says, is a more ‘efficient’ way of learning – more efficient –
it’s a better way of using your time.
Jackie: Another tip for you, I always thought the best time to study for exams was the
morning, because that’s when I felt most focused and awake. But according to Andrew, we
tend to remember things better if we learn them at night. Why is this? Listen to Andrew to
find out.
Andrew: If you learn something last thing at night and then go to sleep and compare that with
learning something during the day and you then have 8 active hours after that in which you’re
learning new things, what you find after a few days is that you remember the information that
229
you learnt last thing at night, immediately before you went to sleep - you remember that best.
If you learn something during the day and then carry on learning other things for about eight
hours or so, you remember that stuff much less efficiently.
Jackie: So according to Andrew, if you memorize things before you go to sleep, you
remember them better because your brain can process the information overnight. It’s harder
to memorize things in the morning because your brain still has to cope with all the other
information it receives over the rest of the day. Let’s listen to Andrew again. We’ll look at
some of the language he uses afterwards.
Andrew: And the evidence is growing that that’s because if we learn new things, the parts
of the brain that store this new information are busy storing these new memories and that
interrupts the memories that went in immediately before, it prevents them being consolidated
very efficiently.
Jackie: So if your brain is trying to store things you’ve just learnt, then you start trying to
learn something else, that gets in the way of the processing. What expression did Andrew
use to say that it’s become more and more clear that this is what happens?
Andrew: And the evidence is growing that …
Jackie: The evidence is growing that. ‘Evidence’ is facts or signs that show that something
is true. Andrew said evidence is growing – so there are more and more facts that show that
trying to learn a lot in one go is less efficient than just learning a little at a time. He also
used the word ‘consolidated’. Do you know what that means? If not, try to work it out from
the context.
Andrew: And the evidence is growing that that’s because if we learn new things, the parts
of the brain that store this new information are busy storing these new memories and that
interrupts the memories that went in immediately before, it prevents them being consolidated
very efficiently.
Jackie: To ‘consolidate’ means to bring things together in order to make them more easy to
deal with. Well, I hope you’ve managed to consolidate all the information you’ve just
received. And if you want to make sure you remember what you learnt today, have a rest, go
to sleep, come back another day and go through it all again. Happy learning!
Module 2 Unit 1
A Look at Washington University
This is the VOA Special English Education Report. A student at Xinjiang Normal
University in China has a question for our Foreign Student Series. Akbar Mamat wants to
go overseas after graduation and would like some information about Washington University.
Washington University in Saint Louis, Missouri, is a medium-sized school in the
Midwest. It has almost eleven thousand students. Twelve percent this last school year were
international students, mostly graduate students. The university has schools for law, medicine
and social work. It also has a business school, a school of design and visual arts and a
school of engineering and applied science. But more than seventy percent of courses are
taught through the Arts and Sciences program.
The new school year that begins this fall will cost fifty-two thousand dollars for
undergraduates. That includes twelve months of living expenses estimated at seventeen
thousand dollars. Graduate tuition differs by prog-ram. Tuition for the Master of Social
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Work program, for example, will cost twenty-seven thousand dollars in the coming year.
The Master of Business Administration program will cost about thirty-eight thousand dollars.
The university offers financial assistance to international students, including first-year
students, but says its resources are limited. Scholarships are available. The university also
offers a monthly payment plan to spread out the cost of tuition. And it offers loan programs.
International students in the United States generally cannot receive federal student loans.
But they may be able to take out private loans, as many American students do. The student loan
industry is in the news right now. Investigations are looking at questionable dealings between
colleges and lenders.
Washington University in Saint Louis was named Eliot Seminary when it opened in
eighteen fifty-three. Later the name was changed to honor the first American president,
George Washington. But other schools share the name Washington, including the University
of Washington and George Washington University. So in nineteen seventy-six Washington
University added the words “in Saint Louis” to its name.
And that’s the VOA Special English Education Report, written by Nancy Steinbach.
Our Foreign Student Series on higher education in the United States is online at
voaspecialenglish.com. I’m Steve Ember.
(http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/archive/2007-06/2007-06-20-voa2.cfm)
Module 2 Unit 1
Speaker 1 Sylvia Earle Biologist
(2.2) I grew up more or less fearless with respect to all sorts of things — spiders,
squirrels, birds, mammals — because of the gentleness that both my father and my mother
and my family in general expressed toward our fellow citizens on the planet. That empathy
for living things became naturally expanded as I grew up into a study of living things. I
became a biologist just following my heart, I suppose. I couldn’t imagine wanting to do
anything else.
(2.3) When asked as a child “What do you want to be when you grow up?” I didn’t know
exactly what to call it, but I did know that I wanted to do something that related to plants and
animals. I think for a while I entertained the thought that maybe I wanted to be a veterinarian.
I knew about veterinarians, and I loved cats and dogs and horses, and all the traditional kinds
of creatures that human beings surround themselves with. But I was increasingly interested,
fascinated, and really enchanted by the wild creatures. As I grew older and learned more
about them, I think I determined that was the direction I would be taking.
(2.4) Well, I say that I worked when I went through school, but it wasn’t to me work. It
was really a source of pleasure. I worked as a laboratory assistant, and it was throwing me
right into the midst of the very people that I wanted to be with. And never mind that I was
washing glassware, and whipping up banana medium to feed the fruit flies and things and
things of that sort. I found it just that... that I was with the people I most admired. It gave me
an entree. It gave me experience. It gave me acceptance with them – I became the lowliest
member of the team, but part of the team.
Speaker 2 Linus Pauling Nobel Prizes in Chemistry and Peace
(2.5) When I was 11 years old, I became interested in insects — entomology. And for a
year I read books about insects and collected specimens of butterflies and beetles in the
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Willamette Valley in Oregon. When I was 12, I became interested in rocks and minerals. I
couldn’t collect very many; there wasn’t a good source of minerals except agates, but I read a
great deal about minerals. Then when I was 13, I became interested in chemistry in these
remarkable phenomena in which one substance is converted into another substance, or two
substances react to produce a third substance with quite different properties. Then when I was
18, in 1919, when I was teaching quantitative analysis full time at Oregon Agricultural College
for one year between my sophomore and junior years, I read the papers of Irving Langmuir in
the Journal of the American Chemical Society, in 1919 and went back to G.N. Lewis’s 1916
paper. These papers dealing with the nature of the chemical bond, the role of electrons in
holding atoms together interested me very much. That has been, essentially, the story of my
life ever since.
(2.6) So far as my scientific career goes, of course, there was the decision that I made in
1945 — ’46 perhaps, but starting in 1945 — and that may have been made by my wife
rather than me, to sacrifice part of my scientific career to working for control of nuclear
weapons and for the achievement of world peace. So, for years I devoted half my time,
perhaps, to giving hundreds of lectures and to writing my book, No More War, but in the
earlier years especially, to studying international affairs and social, political and economic
theory, to the extent that it enabled me ultimately to feel that I was speaking with the same
authority as when I talked about science. This is what my wife said to me back around
1946. If I wanted to be effective, I’d have to reach the point where I could speak with
authority about these matters and not just quote statements that politicians and other people
of that sort had made.
Speaker 3 Donna Shirley Mars Exploration Program
(2.7) I always wanted to fly airplanes, from the time I was very small. And when I was six, a
friend of mine, a girlfriend, and I had this plan. She was going to be a nurse and I was going to be
a bush pilot and we were going to fly into the outback and rescue people. And that was our
objective. So, I built model airplanes and hung them from the ceiling and had a lot of books about
airplanes. And then, when I was 10, we went to my uncle’s graduation from medical school and on
the program it said, aeronautical engineering. I asked my mother what that was and she said, “Oh,
that’s people who build airplanes.” I said, “That’s what I want to be.” And so, that’s when I decided
that I was going to be an aeronautic engineer.
(2.8) When I was 12 or so I started reading science fiction. And, I read Arthur C. Clarke’s
The Sands of Mars, and Ray Bradbury’s Martian Chronicles, and Heinlein’s books about
Mars, and just got completely fascinated with the idea of Mars and going into space and
space travel. And so, when I got to college, there really wasn’t a space program. I got to
college in 1958 and that was the year that Explorer One was orbited, following Sputnik.
And so, you really couldn’t specialize in space, nobody knew how to do it. And so, I ended
up still working on airplanes.
(2.9) I signed up for 19 hours. The normal load was 15, but I wanted to take flying. And
so, I signed up for this flying class, in addition to a fairly heavy course load. And plus, I’m
good at taking multiple choice tests, which was the entrance exam for school. And so, they
put me in advanced chemistry and calculus and all these advanced classes, and I was woefully
unprepared for them. So, with the heavy course load, flying took a lot of time. So, I really
didn’t do very well for at least the first eight weeks. And in fact, I was flunking and my
parents came up and, oh my gosh, you know, “Can we get you a tutor? What can we do?”
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So I went home over Christmas and just studied the whole time, and pulled out a B average
that semester. But it was pretty hairy.
Speaker 4 Leon Lederman Nobel Prize in Physics
(2.10) When I was a kid, it was science, it was very romantic activities, I read newspaper
articles about scientists. It turned out to be physics in retrospect, I didn’t know it at the time, I
couldn’t spell it. I read a book by Einstein, for kids, he wrote it for kids. It was called The
Meaning of Relativity - wonderful book. He compared science with a detective story, where you
have clues, and the scientist as detective, trying to put things together. False clues, you got to
check up on them, make sure they’re right. That was a big impression.
(2.11) (My brother) liked to do experiments. He would collect all kinds of equipment –
electricity, chemicals from the drug store. Occasionally, somehow he’d get hold of a chemistry
set, and we had a flash of opulence. And he loved to do things, and he’d make things work,
and I loved to watch him, and I think that was a strong influence on me. It sort of introduced
me to things and how they work, and that was impressive. So I think that he probably
disposed me toward chemistry, and in high school the chemistry teachers were more fun.
So there I was a chemist.
(2.12) I had spent three years in the army, and the first year in graduate school a tough
one, because I had forgotten how to study, and I wasn’t doing that well, and the classes were
very crowded. The professors were just getting back from their own war work, and didn’t have
much time for counseling. And so I was sort of at loose ends, and depressed, and my course
work was poor, and I went around looking for my old college friends — who were either in
graduate school or already had graduated — to get support, and they supported me. I remember
trying to — several of them were clustered up at MIT, and they said “Why don’t you transfer
here, and we’ll help you?” So I tried to, but my early grades were so bad I couldn’t get into MIT.
People at MIT are a little embarrassed about that now.
(Adapted from: http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/halls/sci)
Module 3 Unit 1
Now, the VOA Special English program, WORDS AND THEIR STORIES.
Computer technology has become a major part of people’s lives. This technology has its
own special words. One example is the word mouse. A computer mouse is not a small
animal that lives in buildings and open fields. It is a small device that you move around on
a flat surface in front of a computer. The mouse moves the pointer, or cursor, on the computer
screen.
Computer expert Douglas Engelbart developed the idea for the mouse in the early
nineteen sixties. The first computer mouse was a carved block of wood with two metal
wheels. It was called a mouse because it had a tail at one end. The tail was the wire that
connected it to the computer.
Using a computer takes some training. People who are experts are sometimes called
hackers. A hacker is usually a person who writes software programs in a special computer
language. But the word hacker is also used to describe a person who tries to steal information
from computer systems.
Another well known computer word is Google, spelled g-o-o-g-l-e. It is the name of a
popular search engine for the Internet. People use the search engine to find information
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about almost any subject on the Internet. The people who started the company named it
Google because in mathematics, googol, spelled g-o-o-g-o-l, is an extremely large number. It
is the number one followed by one hundred zeros.
When you Google a subject, you can get a large amount of information about it. Some
people like to Google their friends or themselves to see how many times their name appears
on the Internet.
If you Google someone, you might find that person’s name on a blog. A blog is the
shortened name for a Web log. A blog is a personal Web page. It may contain stories,
comments, pictures and links to other Web sites. Some people add information to their
blogs every day. People who have blogs are called bloggers.
Blogs are not the same as spam. Spam is unwanted sales messages sent to your electronic
mailbox. The name is based on a funny joke many years ago on a British television show,
Monty Python’s Flying Circus. Some friends are at an eating place that only serves a
processed meat product from the United States called SPAM. Every time the friends try to
speak, another group of people starts singing the word SPAM very loudly. This interferes
with the friends’ discussion – just as unwanted sales messages interfere with communication
over the Internet.
This VOA Special English program, WORDS AND THEIR STORIES, was written
by Jill Moss. I’m Faith Lapidus.
(http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/archive/2007-11/2007-11-20-voa2.cfm)
Module 3 Unit 2
Website of the Week — Universal Digital Library
Time again for our Website of the Week, when we showcase interesting and innovative
online destinations. Our web guide is VOA’s Art Chimes.
This time it’s an online library with a rather ambitious goal.
SHAMOS: “Universal Digital Library is a project started at Carnegie Mellon more than 10
years ago with the unabashed objective of digitizing all published works of man and making
them freely accessible over the Internet at any time, any place, for anybody.”
Professor Michael Shamos of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh is a director of
the Universal Digital Library at ulib.org. When he says “published works,” he’s not just
talking about books. The library will eventually also include newspapers, magazines,
photographs, and other media.
Institutions in China, India and Egypt are also involved, with books being scanned in
50 centers around the world. The library has digitized more than 1.5 million books so far in
about 20 languages. Most of them are older works, no longer under copyright.
That sounds like a lot, but Shamos notes it’s less than two percent of all books ever
published. The priority for adding books to the digital library is pretty much based on what’s
available. Not every university library is willing to lend out thousands of books for months
at a time while they are scanned.
SHAMOS: “We had many debates about this early in the project. Do you convene a
committee of scholars to pick the million most important things there are on Earth? I don’t
think we could ever do that. So instead of doing that we said, look, the ultimate goal is to
digitize everything. If you’re going to do that, it doesn’t matter what you do first.”Shamos
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says the Universal Digital Library will equalize opportunities for those who don’t now
have access to a great library or the means to buy lots of books.
SHAMOS: “If there happens to be some brilliant kid who lives in an impoverished town in
India, and he doesn’t have access to educationalmaterials, he will never be able to develop
into the kind of genius that he might be. And so, this is critical for dissemination of information
to those who don’t have access.”
But you don’t have to be a budding, young genius to use the Universal Digital Library.
All you need is an Internet connection to ulib.org, or get the link from our site, voanews.com.
(by Art Chimes, 2007, http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-12/2007-12-
07voa30.cfm?CFID=23670522&CFTOKEN=99751850)
Module 4 Unit 1
An ancient piece of Greek technology recovered from a shipwreck more than 100 years
ago is amazing scientists who have analyzed it in detail. Fragments of bronze gearwheels,
now green and crumbling from millennia of underwater corrosion, have long been thought
to be parts of a 2,100-year-old astronomical calculator. VOA’s David McAlary reports that
the new examination shows the mechanism to have been far more sophisticated for its time
than anyone had thought.
This is what the ancient Greek device probably sounded like. The noise comes from a
recent reconstruction based on pieces recovered by sponge divers exploring a 2,100-year-
old shipwreck off the Greek island Antikythera in 1901.
Astronomer Mike Edmunds of Cardiff University in Wales is part of the British, Greek,
and American team that made the copy and analyzed the original so-called Antikythera
Mechanism.
“This is a unique device,” said Mike Edmunds. “Nothing like a device of this complication
is known for 1,000 years afterwards until you get to the medieval cathedral clocks.”
The Greek device contains a complicated arrangement of at least 30 precision, hand-cut
bronze gears and three pointing styluses housed inside a wooden case covered with
inscriptions. Because the machine is fragmented, its specific functions have been
controversial.
Scientists have been trying to copy it ever since its discovery, but Edmunds’ team was
able to do so after using high resolution X-ray scanning technology to examine the pieces.
They were also able to decipher twice as many of the inscriptions as had been read by the
late Yale University scholar Derek Price, who studied it decades ago.
Team member Xenophon Moussas, a physicist at the University of Athens, described the
device to Nature magazine, which has published the group’s paper on it.
“We can count something like 30 gears, which helped astronomers of the second century
BC, we believe now, to calculate the positions of the sun, perhaps to work out the time of
eclipses of the moon and and possibly of the sun as well,” said Xenophon Moussas. “Since
we discovered inside the mechanisms very many hidden writings, which are the manual of
this ancient computer, we know for sure that many parts of the text refer to the motion of
the planets.”
In a Nature magazine commentary, Francois Charette of Ludwig-Maximilians University
in Munich, says the research shows the Antikythera Mechanism to be the most sophisticated
such object yet found from the ancient and medieval periods. He points out that the
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archaeological record to date shows it was a long time before gearing mechanisms so
advanced re-emerged.
The curator of mechanical engineering of the Science Museum of London, Michael Wright,
had previously studied the device. He told Nature magazine that much skill went into it.
“I can tell you from having examined the original that the man who made it was a
highly skilled mechanic,” said Michael Wright. “He knew exactly what he was doing. The
other thing I can tell you about it is that the man who designed it certainly knew his
astronomy.”
The paper on the device shows the Antikythera Mechanism is based on a mathematical
model of the moon’s motion developed by the astronomer Hipparchus of Rhodes 2,100
years ago. Mike Edmunds at Cardiff University speculates that the ancient Greek scientist
even helped design it.
“It’s very tempting to think so,” he said. “We haven’t actually found his sort of
fingerprints or actually ‘Hipparchus made this’ [inscribed] on the mechanism, but whoever
did build this was extremely intelligent. It’s just beautifully designed. I think that is one of
the most surprising things that comes out of this.” Francois Charette at Ludwig-Maximilians
University writes that the long interval between the design of the Antikythera Mechanism
and the advent of medieval gearing makes it obvious that the technical sophistication available
to some parts of the Greco-Roman world was simply not transmitted further. The gear-
wheel, he says, had to be re-invented.
(by David McAlary, 2006, http://www.voanews.com/english/2006-11-30-voa72.cfm)
Module 4 Unit2
The Discoveries Behind This Year’s Nobel Prizes for Science
VOICE ONE: This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS in VOA Special English. I’m Bob Doughty.
VOICE TWO: And I’m Faith Lapidus. This week – we tell about the Nobel Prizes. We
also tell about the winners of the two thousand six prizes in chemistry, physics and medicine.
VOICE ONE: The Nobel Prizes are presented each year on December tenth. The Peace
Prize is given in Oslo, Norway. The others are given in Stockholm, Sweden.
December tenth is the anniversary of the death of Alfred Nobel. He died in eighteen
ninety-six. The Swedish engineer held legal rights to more than three hundred inventions.
One is for the explosive dynamite.
Alfred Nobel left nine million dollars to establish yearly prizes in his name. He said
they should go to living people who have worked most effectively to improve human life.
He said the physics and chemistry prizes should be given by the Swedish Academy of
Sciences. He asked the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm to present the medical prizes.
VOICE TWO: The first Nobel prizes were presented in nineteen-oh-one. Each award includes
a gold medal and ten million Swedish kronor. Today, that is worth more than one million three
hundred thousand dollars. The money is shared if more than one person wins a prize. However,
a prize may not be divided among more than three persons.
Scientific groups in Sweden choose the winners from among those nominated by past
winners and specially chosen university professors. How the choices are made is a secret
among the committee members. The names of those nominated are not made public for fifty
years.
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VOICE ONE: The Karolinska Institute this year chose two Americans to share the Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Craig Mello is a professor at the University of Massachusetts
Medical School in Worcester, Massachusetts. Andrew Fire is a professor at the Stanford
University School of Medicine in Palo Alto, California.
The scientists did their prize-winning work in the nineteen nineties for the Carnegie
Institution of Washington, D.C. At the time, the two men worked at laboratories in Baltimore,
Maryland. They performed experiments with very small worms. They found they could control
genes in the creatures with injections of specially designed ribonucleic acid, or RNA.
VOICE TWO: All living cells need molecules of RNA and another chemical, called
deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. DNA makes copies of itself for new cells. RNA makes
other chemicals necessary for these cells.
The RNA used in the experiments needed to possess two lists of genetic orders, or
strands. The scientists found that this double-stranded RNA stopped the action of targeted
genes within cells more effectively than other methods. This discovery of the way cells
control individual genes is known as RNA interference, or RNAi.
VOICE ONE: The discovery was made just eight years ago. That is considered very recent
for a Nobel Prize. But scientists say the Nobel Committee probably recognized the work so
quickly because it changed the science of genetics. They say Professors Fire and Mello
opened up a whole new area of research.
Later experiments showed that RNAi is present in cells of nearly all organisms. Scientists
have begun working on ways to use it to get cells to control genes responsible for causing
diseases. The discovery already is being used to develop possible treatments for diseases
such as macular degeneration and hepatitis.
VOICE TWO: Two Americans are the winners of the two thousand six Nobel Prize for
physics. John Mather and George Smoot won for producing what scientists say is the strongest
evidence yet that the universe began with a great explosion. The two men are being honored
for their work with the Cosmic Background Explorer satellite, or COBE.
The American space agency launched the satellite into Earth’s orbit in nineteen eighty-
nine. An instrument on COBE was designed to receive energy waves from the first big
explosion, also known as the Big Bang. It measured the temperature of the energy waves.
The measurements confirmed the main idea of the Big Bang theory — that the explosion
created a huge number of microwaves that have continued to expand and cool.
VOICE ONE: John Mather is an unusual Nobel Prize winner because he works for the
United States government. He is a top scientist with the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, NASA. He was the main investigator in developing the COBE satellite.
George Smoot works at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in Berkeley, California. He led
the team that studied the information provided by the satellite.
Mister Mather explained their work by calling it an attempt to solve the mystery of the
beginning of the universe. He said COBE found small amounts of the earliest moment of
time. Scientists have used the findings to estimate the age of the universe as more than
thirteen thousand million years old.
The chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee for Physics said the two Americans did not
prove the Big Bang theory, but gave it very strong support. Per Carlson called their work
one of the greatest discoveries of the century. He said it increases our knowledge of our
place in the universe.
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VOICE TWO: Still another American won the two thousand six Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Roger Kornberg is being honored for his work in genetic research. The Nobel Prize committee
said he showed how information in the nucleus of genes is copied and moved to other parts
of a cell. The committee said he was the first to show pictures of this process taking place.
The process involves copying information from a cell’s DNA into what is called
messenger RNA. The messenger RNA then moves the information from the nucleus to
other areas of the cell where it builds proteins that control cell action.
Scientists say this “transcription” is what keeps living things alive. Any interference
causes cancer, heart disease or other disorders.
VOICE ONE: Roger Kornberg told the New York Times newspaper that his work has
influenced the development of drugs and treatments for medical conditions. He said
understanding transcription is central to research into using stem cells to cure diseases like
diabetes.
Professor Kornberg works at Stanford University School of Medicine in California.
Reports say he is the sixth Nobel Prize winner to have a father who also won a Nobel.
Arthur Kornberg shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine in nineteen fifty-nine, also for work in
genetics. He and Severo Ochoa were honored for discovering how cells produce DNA.
Roger Kornberg said he clearly remembers visiting Stockholm when he was twelve
years old to see his father receive the Nobel Prize. And he expressed happiness that he can
take his family there for the ceremonies this year.
VOICE TWO: It must be noted that Americans won all the scientific Nobel Prizes this
year. An Associated News report says Nobel officials were not surprised. The permanent
secretary for the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences reportedly said the United States is
leading Europe in scientific research. Gunnar Oquist also said European governments are
not providing scientists with the money they need to carry out good research.
Other Nobel Prize committee members said money to pay for research is extremely
important to producing good scientific work. Anders Liljas is a member of the Nobel
Committee for Chemistry. He reportedly said American universities often have more creative
environments than those in other countries. He said American scientists talk to each other a
lot instead of working separately.
VOICE ONE: This is not the first time that Americans have won the Nobel Prizes in
medicine, physics and chemistry all in the same year.
In nineteen eighty-three, Subramanyan Chandrasekhar and William Fowler shared the
physics prize for increasing the understanding of the universe. Henry Taube won the chemistry
prize for work on electron transfer reactions. And, Barbara McClintock won the medicine
prize for discoveries in genetics.
VOICE TWO: SCIENCE IN THE NEWS was written by Nancy Steinbach. Brianna Blake
was our producer. I’m Faith Lapidus.
VOICE ONE: And I’m Bob Doughty. Internet users can download transcripts
And audio files at voaspecialenglish.com. Join us again next week for more news
about science in Special English on the Voice of America.
(2006, http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/archive/2006-10/2006-10-16-voa2.cfm)
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Module 5 Unit 1
Cities Around the World Are ‘Going Green’
VOICE ONE: I’m Steve Ember.
VOICE TWO: And I’m Barbara Klein with EXPLORATIONS in VOA Special English.
Today we explore ways in which local governments around the world are working to protect
the environment. These “green cities” are working to reduce energy use and pollution in
new and creative ways. Such efforts by city governments not only help reverse the effects
of climate change. They also help governments save large amounts of money on energy
costs. And, cities that are leaders in this green movement set a good example to their citizens
about the importance of environmental issues.
VOICE ONE: The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement aimed at reducing the
release of harmful gases that are believed to cause climate change. The United States is not
part of the agreement. But since two thousand five, over eight hundred American mayors
across the country have agreed to sign their own version of the protocol. It is called the
Mayors Climate Protection Agreement. Local leaders have agreed to follow the suggestions
of the Kyoto Protocol in their communities. These mayors have come together to show how
acting locally can help solve world problems and protect the environment. “Going green”
generally includes saving energy and water, using natural and renewable materials and re-
using materials. Here are some interesting ways in which several American communities
are “going green.”
VOICE TWO: Eight years ago, officials in Chicago, Illinois, decided to replace the black
tar roof on the city government building with a planted garden. The aim was to reduce
energy costs, improve air quality and control the amount of rainwater entering the city’s
waste system. Green roofs also help reduce a problem called urban heat islands. During hot
weather, the building’s tar roof could reach temperatures of up to seventy-six degrees Celsius.
With the garden, the temperature of the roof area was reduced by at least thirty degrees
Celsius. Workers planted over one hundred fifty kinds of plants that could survive severe
weather. Now, the area is cooler, the building requires less energy to keep cool, and the roof
looks nice. Chicago also offers money to help people pay for building their own green roof
systems.
VOICE ONE: The city of Boston, Massachusetts has started developing a plan for a program
to make compost fertilizer out of dead leaves, plants and food waste. The gases released
from the plant waste would provide the electrical power needed to operate the compost
center. After being processed in this environmentally safe center, the compost material
could be sold locally. This plan would reduce pollution made by the current waste center
and could produce enough electricity to power up to one thousand five hundred homes.
New York City is experimenting with using waves in the East River to create energy. And,
in Oakland California, you can ride on one of several public hydrogen-powered buses.
These buses release zero pollution into the air. However, they cost five times more than
common buses.
VOICE ONE: Popular Science magazine recently published a list of the fifty “greenest”
cities in the United States. Researchers combined information from United States population
records as well as the Green Guide made by the National Geographic Society. The list rates
cities by looking at their renewable energy sources, transportation programs, recycling efforts
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and “Green Living” grade. The magazine defined Green Living as the number of buildings
approved by the United States Green Building Council. This nonprofit organization has a
rating system for making environmentally safe buildings. It is called Leadership in Energy
and Environmental Design, or LEED. According to this list, the greenest city in the United
States is Portland, Oregon. San Francisco, California came in second on the list, while
Boston, Massachusetts was third. Fourth and fifth were Oakland, California and Eugene,
Oregon.
VOICE TWO: Cities around the world are also taking action to protect the environment.
For example, the mayor of London, England has made environmental planning an important
part of his work. The city has created a Climate Change Action Plan to help cut pollution
levels. London has also started a Green Grid program in the eastern part of the city. Its aim
is to create and protect planted areas in which people can enjoy the outdoors. In the
Netherlands, a Dutch company has built a system that uses cold lake water to cool people’s
homes in one area of Amsterdam. This use of a renewable natural resource helps reduce
pollution and energy costs.
VOICE ONE: About five years ago, officials in Thane, India decided to reduce its
dependency on power from coal. This city, near Mumbai, often experiences lack of power
because of the large numbers of people using electricity. Officials decided to save energy
by putting water heaters powered by the sun on top of the city’s main hospital. The hospital
saved thousands of dollars in energy costs each year. Officials then began building solar
powered water heaters around the city. Thane later started requiring solar water heaters for
all new buildings. And, the city offers a reduced property tax rate for people who place
these water heaters in their homes.
VOICE TWO: China has announced plans to create an eco-city called Dongtan. The
company designing the city says it will produce its energy from the wind, sun and reused
waste. The aim is for the city to be an example to the rest of China. China is also working
to make the Olympic games this year in Beijing as green as possible. For example, the
Olympic Village where athletes and officials live during the games uses solar power
technologies and other renewable energy sources.
VOICE ONE: The United Arab Emirates and the environmental group World Wide Fund for
Nature have taken green building a step further with the Masdar City project. Its aim is to be the
greenest city in the world. The city will meet environmental rules set by the WWF One Living
Planet and the company BioRegional. The city is expected to produce no waste, no carbon
pollution and contain no cars. The city will create renewable energy from the wind, sun and
other technologies. And, buildings will be made using only recycled materials. Masdar City is
expected to be finished by two thousand sixteen. The United Arab Emirates has given the company
Masdar Initiative fifteen billion dollars to develop future energy sources. The country aims to
become a world leader in renewable energy technologies. Experts say developments like this
may lead to a greener future for all cities in the world.
VOICE TWO: This program was written and produced by Dana Demange. I’m Barbara
Klein.
VOICE ONE: And I’m Steve Ember. Join us again next week for Explorations in VOA
Special English.
(2008, http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/archive/2008-03/2008-03-18-voa1.cfm)
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Module 5 Unit 2
Electronic Waste
What is ‘electronic waste’ (e-waste)?
Electronic waste is the fastest growing waste stream in the world. It’s everything electronic:
from our cell phones, to our IPods, to laptops and television sets, computers, and our copiers
and printers. Everything electronic encompasses e-waste
Why is e-waste a growing concern?
E-waste has lots of hazardous materials and toxic materials in it, such as lead, mercury,
cadmium, and beryllium. If these items end up in our landfills, and then leech into our
ground and water supplies, they tend to pollute our environment to the point where it is
then ingested by a human being or animals. We want to prevent that.
Why should I recycle my e-waste?
You should do it because it’s easy to recycle. You get back to an appropriate collector or
recycler who will demount the factors of the materials to plastics, metals and glass. Also,
everything in your cell phone or your television set is reusable, and reuses the essence of
recycling. Everybody should be participating.
How much of the solid waste in landfills is e-waste?
Approximately two percent and growing is e-waste in our landfills, but it makes up a lot greater
percentage of our toxic material. It is paramount that we keep e-waste out of our landfills. We do
not want it’s toxic elements to end up in the landfills, in our land and water supplies.
Is it illegal to dispose of computers in the trash?
In California today, in 2007, it’s illegal to throw out your computers or e-waste into the
trash. Other states and other countries are yet to catch up with California’s leading recycling
laws, but I believe other states and countries will soon come on aboard with the landmark
laws that have been passed here in California.
How long has e-waste recycling been around?
E-waste recycling has been around, internationally speaking, since 1991, when Switzerland
and some European countries started passing initiatives. In California, they passed the
landmark SB 20 law in 2003. That law just got enacted January 1, 2005. So e-waste as we
know it in the United States is a growing trend that has been around only since 2003, and
operating since 2005.
Who started the e-waste recycling movement?
It’s unclear who really started the e-waste recycling movement, but there’s lots of responsible
groups and people out there that saw what was coming and saw the growing trend with
technology and the fast turnover that we have now with technology. Many people got together
to pass the landmark laws that have been passed in Massachusetts, which has had a landfill
ban since the early 2000 years and in California which passed SB20 and created the landfill
bans here in California.
What percentage of electronics today are being recycled properly?
A very, very low percentage of electronics are now being recycled appropriately in the
United States. Unfortunately, California has led the way on this issue but the other states
have been slow to follow and the other countries have been slow to follow. However, changes
are in the wind. I believe that other states and other countries are going to start catching up,
because they see the great success of the California Recycling Model. In 2005, 65 million
pounds of electronic waste was recycled appropriately in the state of California. In 2006,
241
over 120 million pounds of electronic waste was recycled in California. Those numbers are
growing, year over year and day over day.
(Videojug: Ask the expert: Electronic waste. http://www.videojug.com)
Module 6 Unit 1
Scientists Receive National Medals of Science and Technology
This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS in VOA Special English. I’m Barbara Klein.
And I’m Steve Ember.This week, we tell about the highest honors for science and
technology in the United States.
VOICE ONE: On July twenty-seventh, President Bush honored recent winners of the
National Medals of Science and Technology at special ceremonies at the White House. The
National Science Foundation administers the science awards. It accepts nominations for
the award each year from universities and other organizations. Each nominee must be a
United States citizen or a permanent resident seeking citizenship.
A committee of twelve scientists and engineers is named by the president to examine
the nominees’ work. They study how each one has affected scientific knowledge. They also
look at how other scientists have honored each nominee in the past, and how the work of
each has influenced the education of future scientists through publications and teaching.
Two groups of winners were announced this year. Scientists in the first group were named
in May and received the two thousand five National Medal of Science. Those in the second
group were named in July and received the National Medal of Science for two thousand six.
VOICE TWO: Jan Achenbach of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois was honored
for his engineering research in the area of solid mechanics. He developed ways to find
weak areas in structures, which has greatly affected the airplane industry.
Another Northwestern professor also received the National Medal of Science. Tobin
Marks’ research involves the study and design of new substances. He designed a material
that made possible an improved way to produce a plastic substance.
Two professors at Stanford University in Stanford, California were also among the
winners. Gordon Bower was a professor of psychology who retired in two thousand five.
He worked in experimental studies of human memory, language, feelings and actions. Bradley
Efron invented a statistical tool known as the bootstrap method for estimating.
VOICE ONE: Another honoree was the former president of Rockefeller University in New
York City. Torsten Wiesel shared the nineteen eighty-one Nobel Prize in Medicine for studies
on how visual information moves from the retina of the eye to the brain.
Also honored with the National Medal of Science was Lonnie Thompson, a professor of earth
science at the Ohio State University in Columbus. His studies of climate conditions have provided
evidence that the last one hundred years was the warmest period of time in recorded history.
Anthony Fauci of the National Institutes of Health near Washington, D.C., also received
a National Medal of Science. He is the director of the National Institute of Allergies and
Infectious Diseases. He studies ways to prevent and treat diseases such as AIDS, tuberculosis,
influenza and malaria.
The final National Medal of Science winner for two thousand five was Ralph Alpher of the
Dudley Observatory in Schenectady, New York. His work in the nineteen forties led to the
development of the Big Bang Theory, now accepted as explaining the beginnings of the universe.
Until two thousand four, he was professor of physics at Union College, in Utica, New York.
242
VOICE TWO: The winners of the two thousand six National Medal of Science include
two women. Rita Colwell is a professor at the University of Maryland in College Park.
She received the award for creating a better understanding of microbes that cause the disease
cholera. Nina Federoff works at the Pennsylvania State University in State College. Her
work with plants includes efforts to copy several kinds of plant genes.
Another Medal of Science winner is Marvin Caruthers, a professor at the University of
Colorado at Boulder. He was honored for his work with the genetic material DNA and the
human genome project. Peter Dervan of the California Institute of Technology in San
Marino was honored for research in organic chemistry and biology, and for influencing
education and industry.
Lubert Stryer is a former professor at Stanford University in California. He was honored
for work with biological molecules. Hyman Bass of the University of Michigan in Ann
Arbor was recognized for establishing a new kind of mathematics.
Two professors at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge also received
the National Medal of Science. Robert Langer was honored for helping develop new medical
technologies. Daniel Kleppner is a former professor at MIT. He was honored for his
research into the links between atoms and light.
VOICE ONE: The National Medal of Technology is awarded to Americans considered to
be the leading developers of new technology ideas and products. It was established by
Congress in nineteen eighty. The medal is given every year to researchers, teams of
researchers and or companies for excellent technology work.
The National Medal of Technology is administered by the United States Department of
Commerce. A special committee studies all nominations for the award. The secretary of
commerce appoints the committee members for three-year terms. Members of the committee
are generally experts in the areas of science, technology, business and law.
Again, this year two groups of winners were honored at the same ceremony in Washington
on July twenty-seventh. The first group of winners was announced in June. They received
the medal for two thousand five. The second group was named in July and received the two
thousand six awards.
VOICE TWO: The two thousand five technology winners included two individuals, one
team and three companies. The first went to Alfred Cho of Alcatel-Lucent’s Bell Labs in
Murray Hill, New Jersey.
He was honored for helping invent a technology that is used to produce cellular
telephones, compact disc players and high-speed communication devices.
Dean Sicking is a professor at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln. He was recognized
for his design and development of safety technologies that stop the energy involved in
high-speed vehicle crashes. The committee said his work has prevented many deaths and
injuries on roads every year.
A scientific team at Wyeth Pharmaceuticals in Madison, New Jersey received a
technology award for developing the first vaccine to prevent deadly streptococcus pneumonia
in children. The committee said the work has been described as the most important advance
in medicine for children in the past ten years.
The first company award went to the Genzyme Corporation in Cambridge, Massachusetts
for improving the health of people with rare diseases. The Semiconductor Research Corporation
in Durham, North Carolina was honored for building a research force to support the growth
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of the semiconductor industry. And the Xerox Corporation in Stamford, Connecticut was
recognized for fifty years of work that has created the modern printing industry.
VOICE ONE: The Technology Medals for two thousand six went to five individuals. Leslie
Geddes is a former professor at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. He was honored
for his research into the electricity involved in medical devices.
Charles Vest is a former president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He
was recognized for working toward joint scientific efforts among universities, the government
and industry.
James West is a professor at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. He
received the technology award for helping invent the electret microphone in nineteen sixty-
two. That technology is now used in several kinds of communication devices.
Paul Kaminski is the chairman of the Technovation Company in Fairfax Station, Virginia.
He was honored for developing new kinds of pictures from space and his work in national
security. And Herwig Kogelnik works at Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New
Jersey. He received a technology medal for his leadership in the development of lasers and
lightwave communications systems.
VOICE TWO: This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS was written by Nancy Steinbach. Brianna
Blake was our producer. I’m Steve Ember.
VOICE ONE: And I’m Barbara Klein. Read and listen to our programs at
voaspecialenglish.com. Join us again at this time next week for more news about science in
Special English on the Voice of America.
(http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/archive/2007-08/2007-08-13-voa1.cfm)
Module 6 Unit 2
Future Kids
Simon and Todd talk about how the future will be different for his newborn son.
Todd: OK, Simon, I was wondering you know, you have a newborn son and before you
know it, he’ll probably be 10 years old, 12 years old, and I wonder if his life will be a lot
different than it was for us when we were 10 or 12. Like for example, education, do you
remember what school was like when you were 12.
Simon: Yeah, sure I do. I think his education will be the same as mine. I don’t think, like I
had a classroom with maybe 15 or 20 students in it. He’ll probably have a classroom with
15 or 20 students in it. … Of course there will be a lot more technology in his classroom. I
mean, I remember my first computer had green and white, green and black screen. He’ll
probably have 3-dimensional shapes with his computer screen.
Todd: That will be amazing. What about sports? Do you think sports will be the same? That
he’ll play pick up games with his friends and go to the park and play soccer, whatever.
Simon: Sure. The only difference is for example, I played soccer when I was young. I
played on grass. He’ll probably play on artificial turf on the top of a building somewhere.
Todd: Right. Actually that kind of things worried me about kids today. They don’t play
sports and as freely as I did, you know, when I was 12 … cause when I was 12, we would
always play pick-up basketball games or pick-up baseball games. I don’t know if kids do
that so much anymore.
Simon: I think they’ll probably do.
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Todd: You think so. OK. … Well what about entertainment?
Simon: I think some things never change so when he is 12 years old he will do exactly what
I don’t want him to do, which is exactly what I did so … those things might be different,
like I would probably hang out with my friends and go skateboarding. He’ll probably have
a jet board instead.
Todd: A jet board. Right.
Simon: Well, who knows. I don’t know, but something, something new.
Todd: Right. Right. OK, that’s cool. …. Anything else you think might be different for your
son, especially when you son is 30, in his 30’s like you.
Simon: Yeah, but I guess technology, I think technology and overpopulation so he’ll probably
see a lot less natural sites or won’t be able to experience nature as I did. I mean even now I
don’t see as much nature as I did 20 years ago.
Todd: Right. Yeah, it’s kind of a sad thing. OK, anyway, thanks a lot Simon.
Simon: Yeah, no problem.
http://www.elllo.org/Text0601/645-Simon-Future.htm
Module 7 Unit 1
Job Centre
Thanks for calling the local College Job Center. We have lots of jobs just for you. Our
first job is at the local radio station. We need a DJ. This person needs to work from 5 to 8 in
the morning, morning people, on Saturday and Sunday. This is perfect for people who love
music. You need to have a good clear voice, and if you like to go out and stay late and, you
know, party on Saturday and Sunday, this job is not for you.
Alright, we also got a job for people that love animals. The local pet care company needs
people to walk dogs for people when they’re out of town, so if you like dogs, you like exercise,
and you know, you want to be outside, this is a good job for you. It pays ten dollars an hour,
but hours very. It summer there’s lots of work because people are out of town, but in winter,
not so much, so it kind of depends, but still, if you like animals, it’s a good job.
Now if you want a job where you don’t have to talk to people and you like good physical
work, then you should work for the university bookstore. They need people in their
warehouse. Basically the books come in. You got to take the books out of the boxed and
stack them in the warehouse. It pays pretty good. It’s fifteen dollars an hour. The hours are
flexible but you got to work at least twenty hours a week, so if you need lots of money and
you want to work hard this is a good job for you.
This is probably our best job. It pays twenty dollars an hour. We need somebody to work
with the university president, but you got to know computers. You must know Excel, Powerpoint,
and Word. You need to be able to type sixty words a minute. And you have to have good phone
skills. But job pays twenty dollars an hour and it’s twenty hours a week so it’s really good for
students if you need to make a lot of money.
Also, it looks like we have a job at the university movie theater. They need ushers and ticket
collectors, so the pay’s not so great - only seven dollars an hour - but the hours are pretty good,
about twenty hours a week, but you get to see movies for free. You get free popcorn. Things like
that. The bad thing about his job, is you got to work Friday and Saturdays. They say that’s very
important. Everybody must work Friday and Saturday night.
245
 We have one more job if you’re interested. If you have a car, you must have your own car, Keys
the pizza palace is looking for people do deliver pizzas on campus. Basically you deliver pizzas.
You got to move quick to get the pizzas there as soon as people order them, but it’s a nice job if Module 1 Unit 1
you like to drive, you like to be by yourself, but you like to meet people. The pay is eight dollars
Focus on language
an hour and you get tips. So usually they say it works out to about fifteen dollars an hour with
tips. Oh, another thing. You got to work weekends - Friday and Saturday night. Practice 2
1. have changed have become contain has also changed
OK, those are all the jobs at the job center. Hopefully you found something just for you.
2. doesn’t go attends usually has is working
http://www.elllo.org/english/Games/G013-JobCenter.html 3. have you taken
4. is always studying is doing has just enrolled
Module 7 Unit 2
5. often tutors is helping doesn’t understand are working
6. have been trying
Interns Provide Free Labor, But Internships Are Not Always Free
This is the VOA Special English Education Report. Listening
Many college students in the United States use their summer break to earn money in a Focus on language 1
temporary job. But more and more are working as summer interns. 1d 2a 3g 4f 5b 6c 7e 8h
Some internship programs accept students in high school.
Internships are usually unpaid, and the work might not always be the most exciting. Focus on language 2
But they offer a chance to gain experience in business, public service or some other area of a) - b) to c) to d) - e) to f) on
interest. They can also be a chance to get to know a possible future employer. More g) for h) - i) up j) for k) in l) on
importantly, internships can help students make sure their area of study is a good choice. m) to n) - o) at
For most organizations, interns mean extra workers for little or no cost. They also get a
chance to see if a student might make a good future employee. Some interns are promised
Reading
a full-time job once they finish their studies.
Comprehension check 2
Yet some students have no choice but to get a paying job during the summer. They have
fast - rapid
a real financial need.
to be successful - to succeed
Interns provide free labor, but internship programs can involve costs for travel, housing
very important - essential
and meals.
starting dealing with - approaching
Businesses might require interns to receive college credit for their experience. These
ability - capability
businesses are concerned about labor laws that say workers must receive something in
communicating - interacting
return for their work. So, if not money, then credits.
saying - adage
Many colleges and universities resist such requirements. They say students should earn credit
to get - to gain
only for school experience. Some other schools provide the credits but charge students for them.
remove - delete/discard
So, for a student from a poor family, an unpaid internship just may not be possible.
a lot of - plenty of
Economic realities like this sometimes lead to criticism of internship programs.
But some colleges and universities are offering help for students who want to be interns.
Some provide scholarships to help pay for housing and meals, but they do not always give Module 1 Unit 2
academic credits.
Brandeis University near Boston, Massachusetts, offers a summer internship class. Students Listening
pay for one college credit. They must write an essay or keep a journal of their internship. a) F b) T c) T d) F e) F f) T
Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, is considering a similar one-credit
summer class. Associate Dean John Bader says the students would work with a professor, In the Realm of Science 2
but would not have to pay any money. i.e. – that is e.g. – for example etc. – and so on
And that’s the VOA Special English Education Report, written by Nancy Steinbach. at al. – and the others A.D. – B.C.
You can read transcripts and hear past reports at voaspecialenglish.com. I’m Pat Bodnar.
(2006, http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/archive/2006-08/2006-08-09-voa3.cfm)

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 Module 1 Unit 3 MIPT (Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology) – Moscow – Russia
Progress Test Task 1 Friedrich Wilhelm University – Bonn – Germany
is absorb am have completed am planning Cambridge – Cambridge – UK
Yale – New Heaven – USA
Progress Test Task 2 Sorbonne – Paris – France
a) that is b) language c) teaching
Reading 2
Progress Test Task 3 Description
a) etc. b) e.g. c) v.s. d) i.e. e) NB f) et al. A modular course is made up of _a number of self-contained units of study or modules

Course organization
Module 2 Unit 1 1. A full-time programme will require 9-12 modules______________each year.
Reading 3 2. Students have to take a number of __compulsory________ or “core” modules and
optional subjects__ within the specialist area or in an associated field.3. A number of
o to promote  to advance o to finance  to endow elective_______ modules are available. They focus on _completely different subject
o to devote  to dedicate o to train /teach  to educate areas________________
o teachers (AmE)  faculty o a graduate  an alumnus
o to stretch  to extent o learning  scholarship Advantages
o hostel/dormitory  Residence 1. Flexibility: students can design a program of study, choose topics of professional
Hall and general interest, transfer credit points to other institutions___
2. Easier to monitor the progress through end-of-module assessment __
Reading 4
– accredited – scholarship Disadvantages
– an undergraduate (student) – staff 1. students have to make more decisions_____________________________
– a campus – basin 2. require a lot of planning________________________________________
– a graduate (student) – a co-educational school Questions
1. What is CAT? Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme_________
Listening 2. Where can I study a modular course? At polytechnics, colleges of higher
Location – Saint Louis, Missouri educations and some traditional universities_
Number of students: 11000
Percent of international students – 12 %
Comprehension check 1
University Schools – law, medicine, social work, business, engineering,
applied science 1) d 2) f 3) b 4) i 5) h 6) c
Tuition fees for undergraduate students for a year – 11000$ 7) a 8) g 9) e
Tuition fees for the Master of Business Administration program – 38000$
Scholarships and lоans – available Comprehension check 2
Date of the foundation – 1853 offer opportunity design degree (course) do examination
take course undertake training (research) use method
Speaking 1
MSU (Moscow State University) - Moscow – Russia Writing 2
Humboldt University – Berlin - Germany 1i 2d 3g 4c 5a 6e 7b 8f 9h
MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) – Cambridge – USA
Tokyo Daigaku - Tokyo – Japan Module 2 Unit 2
Fudan University – Shanghai – China Reading 1
Harvard University - Cambridge – USA 1. Pollution Science (C)
Oxford – Oxford – UK 2. Ecology (E)
248 249
3. Environmental Management (A) Practice 2
4. Environmental Chemistry (D) a) consider b) is c) has d) speak e) were
5. Environmental Mathematics (B) f) there are g) is h) are i) has broken down

Listening 1
1) b 2) c 3) c 4) a 5) b 6) a Module 2 Unit 3
7) c 8) b 9) a 10) b 11) c 12) a Progress Test Task 1
13) c 14) a 15) b 1 this 2 the former 3 the latter 4 that 5 they
6 which 7 which 8 who 9 such as 10 that
Listening 2 11 that 12 it
Who…? Silvia Leon Donna Linus
Earle Lederman Shirley Pauling Progress Test Task 2
as a child was determined about the V V V US British Russian
future profession of a scientist Associate of Arts Bachelor of Science Candidate of Science
loved reading popular science books for V V Bachelor of Science Master of Arts Bachelor of Science
kids and science fiction books Master of Arts Master of Philosophy Master of Arts
was inspired by stories describing V V Bachelor of Arts Bachelor of Arts Doctor of Science
explorations Master of Science Master of Science Master of Science
read books about insects and collected V Doctor of Philosophy Doctor of Philosophy Bachelor of Arts
specimens of butterflies and beetles
had a particular career in mind V Progress Test Task 3
worked as a lab assistant in school V D
gave lectures and wrote a book on V E L E C T I V E
world peace A G
was fond of experiments V P T R
chose the area of science unusual for a V C P S U B J E C T
girl O L T E
had at first difficulty studying at V V U I O
university/college A W A R D E R
S S A N D W I C H
Comprehension check 1 S E A O
a) 25 departments E W L N
b) majority of science graduates especially for those who have a particular career in mind S M O D U L E C O R E
c) scientific journalism, IT specialists, medical and research managers, etc. S R S U
d) at least two science themes and one non-science theme M A R K S R
e) Combined Science tutor E X A M G R A D E
N Y
Comprehension check 2 T
1 (d) 2 (g) 3 (i) 4 (a) 5 (h) 6 (k)
7 (c) 8 (e) 9 (j) 10 (l) 11 (b) 12 (f) Progress Test Task 4
1) b 2) f 3) d 4) c 5) a 6) e
Practice 1
a) 6 b) 7 c) 3 d) 4 e) 2 f) 5 g) 1 h) 5 i) 5 j) 5 k) 5

250 251
 Модуль 3 Unit 1 Focus on language 1
Lead in 2 a) to f) on
speak, read, write, count, solve, function, achieve, develop b) to g) on
c) for h) in
Reading 2 d) for i) –
1) e 2) c 3) a 4) b 5) f 6) d e) forward j) on

Reading 3 Focus on language 2

browse - look through a) link together b) search for c) to evaluate
navigate – get around d) tremendously e) to copy f) peer
search – look for g) non-profit organization h) to take time i) to design a web page
j) to double-check k) to advocate some points of view or an idea
Focus on language l) to proofread m) reliable n) indicate o) primary
Practice 1
a) Put b) To focus Focus on language 3
c) To narrow d) You have defined; you have chosen Information: reliable, relevant, falsified, true, available, free of error, current, commercial/
e) doing; first, then, next, finally f) Having set business, secret, factual, etc.
g) you find h) you have linked
Module 3 Unit 2
Speaking 1 Reading
Before accessing information a), e), h) Comprehension check 2
When accessing information b), g), i) 1) B 2) D 3) F 4) H 5) C 6) A 7) E 8) G
After accessing information c), d), f)
Comprehension check 3
Listening
Computer technology has become a major part of people’s lives. It has its own special words. Type of Source Popular Magazines Scholarly Journals
One example is the word mouse. A computer mouse is a device that you move around on New York Times, National Journal of American
a flat surface in front of a computer, it moves the pointer or cursor on the computer screen. Geographic, Scientific American, Mathematical Society, Science,
Examples
The idea was developed in the early 1960s by Douglas Engelbart. First devices – a carved Discover, New Scientist, Popular Nature, Physical Review Letters
block of wood with two metal wheels. Science
Its name is due to a tail at one end which was the wire that connected it to the computer. for broad audience for students, scholars,
Audience
Experts are called hackers. They write software programs in a special computer language. researchers
The other meaning of the word is a person who tries to steal information from computer language understood by any educated specialized vocabulary of the
Language
systems Google – a popular search engine for the Internet. People use it to find information. audience discipline
The name is connected to extremely large number in maths – 1+100 zeroes. When you research as news items, feature original research,
stories, editorials, short articles with experimentation, long and in-
google a subject – you get a large amount of information about it. A blog (a Web log) is a Content
no bibliographies or references depth articles, bibliographies,
personal Web page. It contains, stories, comments, pictures and links to other Web sites
references, abstract
Their owners are called bloggers Spam is unwanted sales messages sent to your mailbox.
attractive, in a newspaper format, graphs, charts, few exciting
The name is due to a joke on a British television show.
Appearance highly visual, a lot of advertisments, pictures or advertisements
color, photos, graphics and drawings
Comprehension check 2 journalists, a member of the editorial scholars in academic or
a) commercial Authors staff, a scholar, a freelance writer, not a professional field
b) education and research subject expert
c) government
d) non-profit organization
e) individuals

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Speaking 1
1) front cover 2) title 3) contents page 4) biographical details Reading 1
5) chapters 6) index 7) bibliography 8) reviews Name Country Field of science Accomplishments
9) back cover 10) blurb
Lomonosov Russia physics, Development of Natural Sciences;
geology, founded physical chemistry, atomic-
Speaking 2
geography, molecular theory of matter, molecular-
a) title b) biographical details c) blurb chemistry, kinetic theory; new discoveriesin
d) bibliography e) chapter f) content page astronomy astronomy, geology and mineralogy.
Pascal France mathematics Foundations of modern treatment of conic
Reading 2 sections; theory of probability; Pascal’s
1) d 2) f 3) e 4) a 5) b 6) c Triangle.
Edison The USA applied research Incandescent light bulb, phonograph for
Listening 1 soundrecording, experiments in
1) c 2) a 3) a, e, f 4) a, b, c, d, e, f 5) d 6) a, e, f wireless technology.

Focus on language
Module 3 Unit 3 Practice 2
Progress Test Task 1 International words “False Friends”
c) d) e) a) b) lecture, battery, lamp, menu, system, control, accurate, example, sodium,
detail, form, focus, category, location, magazine, intelligent, original, data,
Progress Test Task 3 technology, massive, priority, general, argument, paragraph, mixture,
– library fact, logic, pioneer, nature, affect, prospect, actual, technique, probe,
– periodicals problem, metal, type, vibration, transparent, list, activity, clay,
– plagiarism material, lava, encyclopedia, application, physician, phenomenon,
guarantee, industry, unique, repetition, correspondent, fabric,
Module 4 Unit 1 combination speculate, cabinet
Speaking 1
Listening 2
Microscope: to contain, concave, angle, magnification, to focus, image
1) c 2) j 3) g 4) a 5) b 6) h
Thermometer: to contain, liquid, volume, mercury, to measure, to expand
7) d 8) l 9) k 10) i 11) e 12) f
Telescope: concave, to observe, constellations
Compass: direction, to determine, component
Reading 2
Metric system: to multiply, decimal, unit 1) g 2) d 3) j 4) f 5) h 6) i 7) a 8) e 9) c 10) b
Speaking 2 Focus on language
a) A microscope is a device that uses lenses to magnify very small objects and Practice 2
scientifically examine them.
b) A magnetic compass is a tool for finding direction which has a freely suspended a) had already begun; got ;quietly took
needle which always points to a magnetic north. b) were discussing; walked
c) A thermometer is a device that is used for measuring temperature of the air, water or c) had been studying; got tired
people’s body. It is usually a graduated glass cylinder with a line of mercury or d) roamed; had become extinct; appeared
some other coloured alcohol that moves up when the temperature rises and moves e) called; was not; was studying
down when it falls. f) was asking; had been daydreaming
d) A telescope is a cylindrical instrument which contains lenses and curved mirrors to g) had never seen; visited
enlarge and observe distant stars and planets (for making distant objects look nearer h) left; collected
and larger in order to study them). i) was writing; was vacuum cleaning; could not concentrate; got angry
j) had passed; got; felt
254 255
 Module 4 Unit 2 Reading 3
Reading 1 a) F b) T c) F d) T e) T f) F g) F h) T i) T
1) d 2) f 3) a 4) g 5) h 6) i
7) c 8) b 9) e In the Realm of Science 2
Size: semi- mini- micro- mega
Focus on language Location: inter- super- extra- trans- peri- sub-
Practice 2 Time and order: pre- fore- post- tri- multy- oct-
Widen Number: mono- bi- dec-
Actor/ess action activity active deactivate Other: auto co- hydro- photo- aero- tele-
Develop development
Design designer In the Realm of Science 3
Create creature creative creativity 1) f 2) g 3) j 4) h 5) a 6) c 7) e 8) d

Listening 4
Module 4 Unit 3
area of science physiology/medicine physics chemistry
Progress Test Task 1
winners Craig Mello John Mather and Roger Kornberg a) invention b) theoretical c) scientist
Andrew Fire George Smoot d) development e) chemical f) observation
country the USA the USA the USA g) mathematician h) exploration i) measurements
time period 1990s 1989 – j) discovery k) application l) accomplishment
research to control genes in the for producing the His work in genetic m) multiplication n) investigating
creatures with injections strong evidence research showed
of RNA that the universe how information in Progress Test Task 2
began with a the nucleus of genes
The answer is 5
great explosion is copied and
also known as moved to other
Progress Test Task 3
the Big Bang parts of a cell
got; was having
significance The work changed the Their work The work has was explaining; was looking out; daydreaming
science of genetics - allowed to influenced the started; took
opened up a whole new estimate the age development of
was frightened; was; was; had remembered; was
area of research; of the universe as drugs and
The discovery is used to more than treatments for
Progress Test Task 4. Rules of the Lab
develop possible thirteen thousand medical conditions
1) neatly 8) report 15) unmarked
treatments for diseases million years old;
such as macular it increases our 2) reproducible 9) question 16) contain
degeneration and knowledge of our 3) draw 10) convincing 7) toxic
hepatitis place in the 4) data 11) miracles 18) failure
universe 5) experience 12) rely on 19) negative
6) equipment 13) teamwork 20) glassware
Listening 5 7) record 14) blame
Prize in … (field of science)
Module 5 Unit 1
Chemistry prize
Prize – to give, to establish, to present, to divide, to share, to win, to receive, Reading
Prize – winning work Comprehension check 1
Prize winner a) huge b) affected by c) tiny d) dissolve
e) major f) contamination g) damage h) contributes to

256 257
i) neutralize j) extent k) exhausted l) grave Reading 3
m) total n) extensive o) consequence p) issue q) cramble 1) e 2) g 3) a 4) f 5) c 6) i 7) j 8) b 9) d 10) h

Focus on language 1 Reading 4

Practice 1 a) 5 b) 1 c) 4 d) 2 e) 3
a) developing b) increasing c) endangered d) extinct
e) contaminants f) harmful g) declining h) reactive Focus on language 1
i) damaged Practice 1
Focus on language 2 a) clearly b) badly c) definitely d) desperately e) fully
Practice 1 f) highly g) environmentally-friendly h)extremely i) commonly
a) , which b) that c) what d) , which e) what
f) which/that g) what h) , which i) , which
Module 5 Unit 2
Listening 4 Reading
country/city initiative aim/purpose Comprehension check 2
a) improving d) manufacturers
The USA replacing the black tar to reduce energy costs, improve air b) worry e) cut down
Chicago roof with planted gardens quality and control the amount of c) waste f) urge
rainwater entering the city’s waste
system; to reduce a problem called
urban heat islands Comprehension check 3
The USA a program to make to reduce pollution made by the a) throw out e) burning
Boston compost fertilizer out of current waste center and produce b) dangers f) supports
dead leaves, plants and enough electricity to power up to one c) persuade g) discard
food waste thousand five hundred homes d) lack for
The USA using waves in the East to create energy
New York River Focus on Language 1
The USA using hydrogen-powered to release zero pollution VERB NOUN
Oakland buses to recycle recycling
California to generate generation
London a Climate Change Action to cut pollution levels; to pollute pollution
Plan to create and protect planted areas in to encourage encouragement
which people can enjoy the outdoors to combine combination
The Netherlands system that uses cold helps to reduce pollution and energy to introduce introduction
lake water to cool costs to develop development
people’s homes in one to require requirement
area of Amsterdam to produce production
India water heaters powered by to save energy to equip equipment
Thane the sun
China a plan to create an eco- to be an example to the rest of China Focus on Language 2
city called Dongtan discover overnight dismantle
upload resource encourage
The United Arab the Masdar City project to be the greenest city in the world
disconnect upgrade discourage
Emirates
enlarge disable overcome
recycle subassemblies subscribe

258 259
Practice 1 Module 5 Unit 3
1) g 2) e 3) b 4) h 5) a 6) f 7) i 8) c 9) d Revise &Practice 3
o z o n e l a y e r d e p l e t i o n
Listening 2
1) waste 2) cell phones 3) laptops s h r i n k i n g h a b i t a t
4) television sets 5) computers 6) printers l o s s o f b i o d i v e r s i t y
7) e-waste 8) hazardous 9) toxic n a t u r a l d i s a s t e r s
10) landfills 11) environment 12) to prevent
a c i d r a i n
13) it’s easy 14) collector 15) plastics
16) glass 17) reusable 18) recycling a i r p o l l u t i o n
19) illegal 20) trash 21) catch up g l o b a l w a r m i n g
22) unclear 23) responsible 24) since 1991
s o i l c o n t a m i n a t i o n
25) passed 26) 2003 27) enacted
28) around 29) operating 30) 2005 g r e e n h o u s e g a s e s
e l e c t r o n i c w a s t e
Reading 1 d e f o r e s t a t i o n
1) f 2) e 3) i 4) c 5) a 6) b 7) h 8) g 9) d

Reading 2 Progress Test Task 1

a) A lot of rubbish is floating in the sea, which is a real danger to health.
b) The problem of soil erosion that has occurred ever since the man began destroy
refurbishers resale forests is discussed in this chapter.
businesses reparable c) Nuclear energy comes from the energy stored within the nuclei of atoms that are the
products basic building blocks of all matter.
donate d) The best things in life we often take for granted such as water and air are free.
collectors
non-reparable e) The manufacture of one PC requires 28 kg of liquid chemicals that have to be
general public neutralized by a further 11 kg of sodium hydroxide.
products
f) An average PC consumes 100 watts of electricity which is equivalent to a bright
light bulb when switched on but not in use.
demanufactures g) New machines that use no more than 30 watts are given the Energy Star Logo.
h) In 1993 the USA introduced the Energy Star Logo that eliminated the need to build
10 extra power stations.
processors i) In the USA computers use 5 % of commercial power which could rise to
15 %, or 100 billion kilowatt-hours per year by 2010.
j) Some factories had developed manufacturing processes that considerably cut the
amount of wastes produced.
precious waste-to- (other options are acceptable)
metal energy
lead smelting
separation incineration Progress Test Task 2
a) European countries formed a work group to work out the measures that will limit
computer dumping.
b) In order old computers can be used in schools and college they must be dismantled
and adapted.
c) Manufacturers are encouraged to make a lot of changes to their products so that
they are more easily recycled.

260 261
 d) Hewlett-Packard takes back old computers, faxes, printers, etc. for disassembling the Listening 4
office equipment and reconditioning its components. The National Medal of Science The National Medal of Technology
e) Hewlett-Packard disassembles old computing equipment, reconditions its  solid mechanics  production of cellular telephones, compact
subassemblies so that they are used as spare parts for customer’s existing equipment.  physiology disc players and high-speed communication
f) Manufacturers spend a lot of time and money for various retraining programmes in  statistics devices
order to retrain designers, engineers and assembly workers to perfor environmentally  medicine  design and development of safety
friendly computer design and manufacturing.  earth science technologies that stop the energy involved
(other options are acceptable)  physics (astronomy) in high-speed vehicle crashes
 microbiology  development of the first vaccine to prevent
Progress Test Task 3 deadly streptococcus pneumonia in children
 genetics
a) well e) confidently  printing industry
 organic chemistry and biology
b) unusually f) quickly  semiconductor industry
 molecular biology
c) absolutely g) well//highly  research into the electricity involved in
 mathematics
d) safely h) badly medical devices
 medical technologies
 development of communication devices
 developing new kinds of pictures from
Module 6 Unit 1 space and work in national security
Reading 4  development of lasers and lightwave
important – key, essential, crucial, major, vital, significant, main, communications systems
indispensible, momentous
Reading 2
Focus on language 1) c 2) e 3) a 4) b 5) d
Practice 1
a) both … and …/as well as … In the Realm of Science 1
b) neither … nor … AI – Artificial intelligence VR – Virtual reality
c) either … or … GM – Genetically modified GPS – Global positioning system
d) not only … but also …/as well as …/both … and … HDTV – High definition television HTML – Hypertext markup language
e) in addition to DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid R&D – Research and development
f) due to
Module 6 Unit 2
g) because of
Reading 1
Listening 3 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A
a) 27 July, at the White House, Washington, DC
b) The National Medal of Science – The National Science Foundation Focus on language 2
Practice 1
The National Medal of Technology – the United States Department of Commerce
a) the others b) another c) others d) another
c) Each nominee must be a United States citizen or a permanent resident seeking
e) other f) another g) another h) the other
citizenship.
i) others
d) The National Medal of Science is awarded for the years 2005 and 2006.
e) A committee of twelve scientists and engineers is named by the president to examine
Focus on language 2
the nominees’ work on the following criteria: 1) The work must affect scientific Practice 1
knowledge; 2) how other scientists have honored each nominee in the past if he/she a) is going to be f) will be studying
was, and 3) how the work has influenced the education of future scientists through в) will I say g) is going to be
publications and teaching. с) is having h) is going to
d) will be helping i) will be using
e) will have checked j) will have patented
262 263
Listening 1 to check out to find out if something is correct or to investigate
Future in 10 years’ time Future in 30 years’ time to take over to become bigger or more important than
something else or to replace something
 same number of students in class  more technology and overpopulation
 3-dimensional shapes of computer to look into to examine something
to end up with to be finally in a particular place or situation
screens  a lot less natural sites or they won't
 artificial turf on the top of a building be able to experience nature.
somewhere for playing soccer Focus on language 2
 jet boards instead of skate boards Practice 2
a) picked up (L) b) check it out (L)
c) am fed up with(I), to put up with (I) d) found out (L)
Realm of Science 1 e) came across (I) f) work out (I)
a) planet b) mercurial c) atom d) formula e) nucleus g) drop out of (I) h) fell back with (I)
f) guinea pig i) breaks down (I) j) to catch up with (I)
Module 6 Unit 3
Listening 1
Progress Test Task 1
Jobs DJ at the physical a secretarialushers and a job in
benefit evolution gizmo affect
at the local local pet work for job ticket the pizza
radio care the collectors palace on
Progress Test Task 3 station company university at the campus
a) other b) the others c) another d) the other bookstore university
e) the others f) another g) the other h) another movie
theatre
Progress Test Task 4 Duties – to walk – to work with – deliver
a) trial and error b) to blind us with science c) it isn’t rocket science dogs for the pizzas
d) cutting edge e) on the same wavelength people university
when president
they're
Module 7 Unit 1 out of
town
Reading 1
Hours 5–8 in the hours flexible twenty hours twenty weekends
Comprehension check 1 morning vary hours; a week hours a – Friday
1) h 2) e 3) a 4) g 5) c 6) d 7) i 8) f 9) b Saturday, at least week and
Sunday twenty Saturday
Comprehension check 2 hours a night
1) a, b, d, e, g 2) c 3) a, g 4) a, b, d, e, g week,
5) d, e 6) a, b, g 7) b, f 8) g Salary – ten fifteen twenty seven eight
dollars an dollars an dollars an dollars an dollars an
Focus on language 2 hour hour hour hour hour and
Practice 1 tips
to work your way through to do something from beginning to end, especially Job people who people to work – – if you like
when it takes a lot of time or ef fort preferences love music; who love hard to be by
to come by to manage to get something like to go animals; yourself
out and like and to
to go out to leave your house to go to a social event
stay late exercise; meet
to come back to return want to people
to build up to create or develop something be
to work out to find out by reasoning or calculation outside

264 265
Requirements good clear – knowledge of – have a car Module 7 Unit 3
voice Excel, Progress Test Task 1
Powerpoint, a) She explained that she couldn’t take the job before January.
and Word; b) They said that Paul Smith had just come back from his yearlong expedition around
be able to the globe.
type sixty c) The lecturer said that we would see the temperature changes in the region over 50
words a years if we looked at this graph.
minute; d) Professor Smith suggested that in 2050 thousands of people would be living in
have good giant space stations.
phone skills e) Paul agreed that studying the dolphins’ behavior had been the most exciting thing
he’d ever done.
Module 7 Unit 2 f) Helen said the course starting date was the following week./ Helen disagreed that
Reading 3 the course starting date was the next day.
1) e 2) i 3) g 4) h 5) j 6) b 7) c 8) a 9) d 10) f g) Peter is so absent-minded! Last week he had an accident in our chemistry lab. He
broke a test tube with some toxic substance in it!
Focus on language 1 h) The tutor greeted everybody and introduced Mia Travis. He explained that she was
Practice 1 a new member of the ‘Whale Programme’ team.
Direct Speech Reported Speech i) Mr. Brown refused to take my point.
now then j) Bob suggested that we do a summer internship.
yesterday the day before
two days ago two days before Progress Test Task 2
last week the week before a) go out b) dropped out c) worked out
next year the following year d) to build up e) put up with, check out
tomorrow the next day/the following day f) pick it up g) come across h) to catch up with
here there
this that Progress Test Task 3
these those teacher assistant analyst researcher
director consultants scientist geographer
Focus on language 1 developer experimentalist/experimenter technician
Practice 2 part-timer mathematician environmentalist designer
Direct Speech Reported Speech
Simple Present Simple Past Progress Test Task 4
Present Progressive Past Progressive a) Career Search b) degree c) skills d) needs
Simple Past Past Perfect Simple e) position f) team g) responsibilities h) background
Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple i) qualifications k) contact l) application
Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple
Past Progressive Past Perfect Progressive
Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive
Past Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive
Future (be going to) was / were going to
Future (will) would

266 267
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 Учебное издание

САФРОНЕНКО Ольга Ивановна

ПЕТРОСЯН Карина Сергеевна
РЕЗНИКОВА Светлана Юрьевна

LEARNING TO LEARN IN ENGLISH

Технический редактор Д. В. Свавицкая

Компьютерная верстка Е. А. Топоркова
Дизайнер обложки О. В. Чурбанова

Лицензия ЛР № 65-41 от 01.09.1999.

Подписано в печать 28.10.2009. Формат 60841/16.

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