Complex Analysis Cheat Sheet

Guide
Unless explicitly stated, G is a domain (open and connected). Hol (G) is the set of holomorphic functions on G, M er (G) and Har (G) are the sets of mero-

Mbius Transformations ( (z) = az+b , C is a clircle) cz+d

1. For each A GL2 , hA (z) transformations clircles to clircles. 2. If A, B GL2 , then hA hB = hAB . Therefore: (a) = 0, hA = hA . (b) hdd = hI . 3. has at most 2 xed points. If hA has 3 xed points, then it is hI . 4. z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 C are distinct. Then [z1 , z2 , z3, z4 ] = [ (z1 ) , (z2 ) , (z3 ) , (z4 )]. Therefore, if w1 , w2 , w3, w4 C are distinct, there exists such that 1j4 T zj = wj 5. Suppose operates on C1 C2 . Then every z, [z] 1 z, [z] 2 . C C 6. z2 , z3 , z4 are distinct and on C . Then [z1 ] , z2 , z3 , z4 = [z1 , z2 , z3, z4 ]. C

morphic (holomorphic, save for countable isolated singularities) and harmonic functions on G.

C (G) is the set of continuous functions on G.

Theorems
Topology
1. The set S is closed S c is open 2. Let G C be an open set. The following denitions for connectivity are equivalent:

(a) G cannot be decomposed into two disjoint open sets: if X G is open and X \ G is open, 7. zj , 1 j 4 are all on the same clircle if (z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 ) R. then either X = G or X = . (b) Let a, b G. So there exitsts a polygonal curve that starts at a and ends at b. Functions (c) For each locally constant f : G C, f is necessarily globally constant. 1. Let G C, u1 , u2 be branches of log. Then u1 u2 const. (d) Every continuous f : G R satises the intermediate value property: , .f () = 1 2. Let G C, l : G C be a branch of log. Then l Hol (G) and l (z) = z . s, f () = t [s, t] Img (f ) 3. : [a, b] C is cont. and does not vanish. Then : [a, b] C such that e(t) = (t). It is uniqe up to 2i. 4. ind (z0 ) =
1 2i

3. Let f (: G C) Hol (G) and suppose that u is a branch of log (f ). Then u is holomorphic (z) and z G.u (z) = f (z) . f 4. Let f (: G C) Hol (G) , z0 G, f (z0 ) = 0. Then > 0 such that D (z0 , ) contains a branch of log (f ).

dz zz0

5. G is closed and piecewise C 1 , f Hol (), them

dz = 2i indf (0) 6. f Hol (G) ; 0 , 1 : [, ] G. Then 0 1 0 f = 1 f

f f

Series
1. If a series converges absolutely to a, it is invariant to any permutation of its order of summation. 2. Weierstrass' M-Test: let {un (z)} be a series of functions in G, and {Mn } a series of n=0 n=0 positive numbers such that: (a) supzG |un | < Mn (b) Mn < + n=0 Then
n=0

7. Jordan: if is simple, it divides C into two connected components. 8. If G is simply connected: (a) is closed, f Hol (G). Then

f =0 (b) f Hol (G) has a primitive, F (z) = zz0 f

(c) is closed, z0 G, then ind (z0 ) = 0 / (d) f Hol (G) and does not vanish, then it has a branch of log f, f there. 9. f Hol (G) , G is closed. Then: G is simply connected C\G is connected z0 G, is closed them ind (z0 ) = 0 f = 0 if f does not vanish on G there / exists log f Hol (G). 10. G1 , G2 C, f : G1 G2 is continuous, 1-1 and onto with a continuous f 1 , then G1 is simply connected G2 is simply connected. 11. Schwarz's Lemma:Hol (D) f : D D with f (0) = 0. Then |f (z)| |z| and only reaches equality when f (z) = z, || = 1 12. Hol (D)
f : D D, 1-1 and onto with f (0) = 0. Then there exists [0, 2] such that f (z) = ei z
za 1az

un (z) uniformly and absolutely in G.

3. D'alembert:
limn sup
n

For
|an |

n n=0 cn z

, R = limn
n

cn cn+1

; Cauchy-Hadamard: R1 =

4. Suppose f (z) =

n=0 cn

(z z0 ) is a power series with convergence radius R [0, ].

(a) The series converges normally at D (z0 , R). (b) If |z z0 | > R the series diverges. (c) f (z) is holomorphic in D (z0 , R) and its derivative is f (z) = convergence radius is the same as in f (z). Therefore: (a) f (z) =
n=0 cn

n=1 cn n (z

z0 )

n1

. Its

13. f : D D is conformal on D. Then there exist |a| < 1, [0, 2] such that f (z) =

(z z0 ) is C on D (z0 , R), and f (k) (z) =

n f
(k)

n! n=k (nk)! cn

(z z0 )

nk

14. Riemann's thm: Let G C, G = C and is simply connected. Then there exists a unique holomorphic transform f : G D, 1-1 and onto, with f (a) = 0, R f (a) > 0. 15. Pick's Lemma : f : D D is holomorphic, so |f (z)|
1|f (z)|2 1|z|2

Specically for z = z0 : = ck . (b) Suppose WLOG that z0 = 0. f has a primitive function with the same radius of convern+1 gence: G (z) = cn z . n=0 n+1
(z0 ) k!

, and

f (z)f (w) 1f (z)f (w)

zw 1zw

5. Tauber: Suppose n |cn | n 0, and f (z) = cn = L. 6. Abel: Suppose cn .

n

cn z n has a limit limR

n1

f (x) = L, so

Dierentiation
1. If f is dierentiable at z0 , g is dierentiable at w0 = f (z0 ), then g (w0 ) f (z0 ). 2. f is dierentiable, at x0 it veries the Cauchy-Riemann equations.
d dt g (f

|zn 1| cn converges. Then if zn 1 and sup 1|zn | < , then limn f (zn ) =

(z))

z=z0

Curves
1. Chain rule for curves: suppose is dierentiable at t0 , f is holomorphic at (t0 ). So (f g) =
f ( (t0 )) (t0 )

Integrals 1. Newton-Leibnitz Formula: Suppose f : G C is Holomorphic, : [a, b] G is piecewise

dierentiable. Then (a)

f (z) dz = f ( (b)) f ( (a))

f depends only on the edges of b

a

(b) If the curve closed, the integral is 0. 2. Suppose f : [a, b] C, then

f (t) dt = b
a

Holomorphic Functions
1. Suppose f : G C is holomorphic. Then f is constant z G : f (z) = 0 2. If f : G C is holomorphic and real, then f is constant. 3. Suppose f : G C is holomorphic such that |f | is constant in G, then f is globally constant. 4. Suppose that f : G C is holomorphic and f (t) = 0, z G. Then f is a conformal transformation, such that (f (1 ) , f (2 )) = (1 , 2 ). 5. Suppose f : C C is an R-linear transformation. then z C f (z) = az + b, such that z a = f (0) ; b = f (0). z z 6. Suppose f : G C is R-dierentiable and conformal. Then f is holomorphic.

Ref (t) dt + i

b
a

Imf (t) dt.

3. Suppose 2 is a reparametrization of 1 and f is dened on the image of 1 , then 4. Suppose fn : G C is a sequence of continuous functions such that fn : [a, b] C be piecewise C 1 . Then fn f . 5.

f=

f on G. Let

f Length () supt[a,b] |f ( (t))|

6. Let G C, f : G C be continuous and : [a, b] be piecewise C 1 . Let > 0. So there exists > 0 such that for every partition = {a = t0 < . . . < tN = b}, such that () < : (a)

N 1 i=0

f (zi ) (zi+1 zi ) < , zi = (ti ).

Harmonic Functions
1. f Hol (G). If f has continuous second partial derivatives, then f is harmonic (meaning Im (f ) , Re (f ) are both harmonic), 2. u : G C is harmonic, then
u z

(b) Let be the polygonal curve connecting the vertices in f {}, then

<

Hol (G).

7. Goursat: Let G C, f : G be holomorphic. Suppose T is a triangle in G, with C counterclockwise orientation. Then f = 0. 8. If G C is convex and f : G C is holomorphic, then f has a primitive in G. 9. If G C is convex and f : G C is holomorphic, and suppose is closed and piecewise continuous. Then f = 0 . 10. Cauchy's formula for a disk: See Section.

3. Let u : G R be harmonic. Then: (a) If G = C, there always exists a harmonic conjugate v . (b) For each G, it is single up to c.

11. Intermediate Value Theorem:suppose f is holomorphic inside a circle containing D C about Hyperbolic Geometry 2 1 z0 , then z D: f (z) = 2i 0 f z + eit dt. Therefore, any holomorphic function is locally 1. Aut (D) f : D D, : [a, b] D piecewise C 1 . Then LH () = LH (f ). a Power Series. 12. The Cauchy integral is holomorphic outside the curve on which it is dened, and is C there. 2. If said f is not an autmorphism, then LH [f ] LH [] 13. Power Series Coecients:
D (z0 , R) , f (z) = f (z)dz n! (a) an = 2i D(z0 ,R) (zz0 )n+1 f (z)dz n! (b) f (n) (z1 ) = 2i D(z0 ,R) (zz )n+1
1

Suppose f is holomorphic on D (z0 , R). n=0 an (z z0 ) , and:

n

So z

3. There exists a uniqe Geodesic between two points, and it is contained in a clircle orthogonal to D.

Equations
Arithmetic Residues
For
g(z0 ) h (z0 )

14. Morera (Convex): Suppose G is convex, then (see 20) 15. Liouville: If f is entire (harmonic/holomorphic) and bounded, it is xed. 16. Fundamental thm of Algebra: P C [z] is a nonconstant polynomial, then P has a root. 17. General Cauchy thm+formula: See Section 18. There Exists no nonconstant holomorphic function for the following cases: (a) f : C D (but any domain that isn't C is applicable) (b) f : CP1 C (c) f : C C with two linearly independent cycles. 19. Maximum Modulus Principle: G is bounded with a regular contour, f Hol (G) C G . So the strict maximum is achieved on the boundary. Otherwise, the function is constant.

1 z = 2 ; zw = zw |z| |w| = |zw| z |z|

an z n about p, resp f = a1

g g, h are holomorphic in an open set with z0 , and suppose h has a simple pole. Then resz0 h =

If f is holomorphic in an open set with z0 and it has a zero of order m there, then resz0 f = m f if c is a pole of order n:

resc f =

20. Morera (General): Suppose f is continuous in G and for every triangle T G: f (z) dz = 0. Then f is holomorphic in G. Residues at T 21. Suppose I G is a closed contour. f Hol (G\I) C (G), Then f Hol (G). If limz f (z) = 0,then res f = limz z f (z)

dn1 1 n lim n1 ((z c) f (z)) (n 1)! zc dz

Laurent Series
1. A nonconstant holomorphic function has a nite nullset. 2. Suppose f is holomorphic around z0 . If f has a zero of order m there, then f (z) =
(z z0 ) g (z), where Hol (G)
m m

1 res f = res0 w2 f

1 w

resz0 f g = resz0 (f (g (z0 )) g (z0 ))

g (z) =

(z z0 ) am

f (z) z = z0 z = z0

Laurent Series
r = limn |an |
1 R 1/n

3. The nullset for f does not contain an accumulation point in G. 4. Suppose f, g Hol (G) and f = g on A G. If A has an accumulation point, f g . Therefore functions in R have a single analytic continuation. 5. Weierstra convergence thm: Suppose fn : G C is a sequence of holomorphic functions converging uniformly to a limit function f . (a) f Hol (G). (k) (b) For every k, fn f (k) locally uniformly. 6. Laurent Coecients: Suppose f (z) = 1 Then for every r (R1 , R2 ), an = 2i |z|=r
n n= an z f (z) z n+1 dz

= limn |an |

1/n

in the annulus A = {R1 < |z| < R2 }. . Therefore:

(a) Laurent series can be reconstructed from one circle. (b) Two laurent series which agree on one circle are equivalent. 7. Laurent's thm: f Hol (A) for A = {R1 < |z| < R2 }. Then there exist {an } n= such that f = an z n n=

Isolated Singularities 1. Riemann's Criterion :

f is bounded in D\ {z0 }, then z0 is needs a bounded neigborhood.

removable

. If z0 = . it also

2. Pole Criterion: f Hol (D (z0 , r) \ {z0 }). Then z0 is a pole limzz0 |f (z)| = . 3. Casorati-Weierstra: f has an essential singularity at z0 > 0, f {D (z0 , ) \ {z0 }} is dense in C. 4. Picard's Thm: If f has an essential singualrity, then # {C\f {D (z0 , ) \ {z0 }}} 1. 5. f Hol (D (z0 , r) \ {z0 }). Then 0 < < r,

|zz0 |=

f (z) dz = 2i resz0 f . (ZG PG ). G Must not vanish.

6. Argument principle:f M er (G) C G

f G f

= 2i

7. Rouch's thm: f, g Hol (G) C G , z G |f (z) g (z)| < |f (z)|. Then Zf = Zg in G. 8. Open Mapping thm:f Hol (G) and nonconstant. Then f maps open sets to open sets. 9. Inverse function thm: f : G C is holomorphic and 1-1. Then f 1 is holomorphic and 1 f 1 (z) = f (f 1 (z)) .
f (g (w)) g (w) dw 11. Residue at : If f Hol ({z | |z| > R}) then r > R, |z|=r f (z) dz = 2i res (f )
g()

10. Change of variables:

f (z) dz =

12. The sum of residues on C is 0. 13. f Hol (C) with a pole at f is a polynomial. 14. f M er (C) with a pole/removable sg. at f is rational. 15. Local Mapping thm: f Hol (G) and nonconstant. If z0 G, w0 = f (z0 ) with multiplicity m. Then for every suciently small > 0, there exists > 0 such that every |w w0 | < has m preimages in |z z0 | < .

Cauchy Theorems:
1. General thm: Suppose G is bounded with a regular contour, f : G C is continuous and holomorphic in G. Then G f (z) dz = 0 2. Isolated Singularities: G\ {a1 , . . . , an },

f = 2i

resak f

3. Residue thm: is a contour which doesn't run through any singularities. Then 2i ind (ak ) resak f 4. Using Winding Numbers: G is closed, z0 G\ . Then ind (z0 ) f (z0 ) =
f (z0 ) =
1 2i f (z) D zz0 1 2i

f =

f (z) zz0 dz

5. Disk formula: if D C is open and f is holomorphic inside a disk containing D, then z0 D,

6. General formula: For said G and Hol (G) C G f : G C:

0 zG / f (z) z G

1 2i

f () d G z

=
Written by Omer Shapira, using course notes from lectures by Prof. Bo'az Klartag, Tel Aviv University http://www.omershapira.com