Excavation Methodology

Данный документ является контролируемым. Не вносить неутвержденных изменений.

Данный документ выполнен на двух языках. Убедитесь, что изменения внесены в обе версии.
This is a controlled document. No un-authorized modifications.
This document is dual language. Ensure both versions are modified.

№ документа_ Ред: № проекта:

Document No_ Rev: Project Number:
Статус документа / Life Cycle Status: Implementation / Use / Внедрение / Использование

Защита информации / IP Security: Company Confidential / Конфиденциальная информация компании

Supplier Doc No: Supplier Doc Rev:

Purchase Order No: Contract/AWO No:

Equip No:
 Информация о документе
Document Information

Согласование документа Подрядчиком / Contractor Approvals:

ФИО/ должность Подпись Дата
Name/Title Signature Date
Подготовил 27-Jan-17
Originator
Проверил 27-Jan-17
Checked
Утвердил 27-Jan-17
Approved

Согласование документа в ПБР / TCO FGP Approvals:

ФИО/ должность Подпись Дата
Name/Title Signature Date
Утвердил
Approved

Данные о редакциях документа / Revision History:

Редакция Дата Статус Подготовил Проверил Утвердил
Revision Date Status Originator Checked Approved

U01 27-Jan-17 Implementation / Use /

Внедрение /
Использование

K01 02-Dec-16 Review & Comment /

Согласование и
комментарии
 Перечень редакций
Revision Description Sheet
РЕД. ПАРАГ. Описание редакции
Rev. Para. Revision Description
K01 ALL Издано для рассмотрения и представления замечаний /
Issued for Review and Comments
U01 1
U01 2

U01 4

U01 4.1

U01 4.2

U01 4.3

U01 4.4

U01 4.5

U01 4.6

U01 4.7

U01 ALL

Уточнение
Holds
№ уточнения Описание уточнения Стр.
Hold # Hold Description Page
 Table of Contents
1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 5
2 References ...................................................................................................................................... 5
3 Excavation methods ...................................................................................................................... 5
3.1 Full open cut method ........................................................................................................... 5
3.2 Braced excavation method .................................................................................................. 6
3.3 Anchored excavation method ............................................................................................. 7
3.4 Island excavation method ................................................................................................. 10
3.5 Top-down construction method ....................................................................................... 12
3.6 Zoned excavation method ................................................................................................. 14
3.7 Diaphragm wall method ..................................................................................................... 14
3.8 Strutting systems ............................................................................................................... 19
3.8.1 Selection of the retaining strut system ........................................................................ 22
4 Anchor Block Excavation and Steel Sheet Piling ..................................................................... 23
4.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 24
4.2 Materials Specifications ........................................................................................................ 24
4.3 Storage and Handling ........................................................................................................... 24
4.4 Steel Sheet Piling Installation ............................................................................................... 25
4.5 Driving Records: ................................................................................................................... 26
4.6 Quality Control ...................................................................................................................... 26
4.7 Safety.................................................................................................................................... 26
1 Introduction

Deep excavation or the construction of basements includes the construction of retaining walls, excavation,
installation of struts, construction of foundations and floor slabs, etc. With the great variety of excavation
methods and lateral supporting systems, to come out with the most appropriate design, we have to
consider, in combination, the local geological conditions, the environmental conditions, the allowable
construction period, budget, available construction equipment’s and to make an overall plan accordingly.
Some of the most used excavation methods are discussed below. Excavation Activities will have to comply
with the Permit to Work System (SI-105) specifically Section 2.7 (Confined Space Entry) for Excavation
deeper than 1.5 meters and Section 2.9 (Excavation Instruction).
2 References

SI-105 (Section 2.7) Confined Space Entry

SI-105 (Section 2.9) Excavation Instruction
PPL-SU-1800-TCO-0 Pipeline Construction
040-0000-OOO-PRO-000-000-00133-00-U03 Management of Groundwater
040-0000-OOO-PLN-000-000-00007-00-U04 Waste Management Plan
e.book.narotama Excavation Methods and Lateral Supporting Systems
Q-ST-2022 Driven Steel Sheet Piling

3 Excavation methods

The following are some commonly used excavation methods: the full open cut method, the braced
excavation method, the island excavation method, the anchored excavation method, the top-down
construction method, and the zoned excavation method. The braced excavation method is the most
commonly used among them. Selection of an appropriate excavation method necessarily considers many
factors, such as construction budget, allowable construction period, existence of adjacent excavations,
availability of construction equipment, area of construction site, conditions of adjacent buildings, foundation
types of adjacent buildings, and so on. Experienced engineers are able to make good selections, based on
these factors. This section will introduce the characteristics of the commonly used methods for reference.

3.1 Full open cut method

The full open cut method can be distinguished from the slope full open cut method and the cantilever
method. As Figure 3.1 shows, the slope method does not use retaining walls or struts. Instead, the
construction site is excavated with sloped sides. Since there is no strut to obstruct excavation, the cost is
thereby quite cheap if the excavation is not too deep. However, in deep excavations or if the slopes are very
gentle, the amount of excavated soil is tremendous and а great amount of soil will be needed to backfill after
the construction is finished. Thus, the cost as а whole will be high.
 Figure 3.2 illustrates the cantilever full open cut method.

The stiffness of retaining walls is the sole source to keep them stable without the temporary
installation of struts, which will obstruct excavation activities. The cantilever metl10d, though
requiring the construction of retaining walls, does not necessitate digging the slope and backfilling.
Therefore, the cost may not be necessarily higher than that of the slope method. Which method is
more economic and safer should be determined according to the results of analysis, design, and
evaluation.

3.2 Braced excavation method

Installing horizontal struts in front of retaining walls to resist the earth pressure on the backs of walls
is called tl1e braced excavation method. Figure 3.3 shows the typical arrangement of horizontal struts.
Figure 3.4 is the photo of а braced excavation. The bracing system of the braced excavation method
includes struts, walls, end braces, comer braces, and center posts. The function of walls is to transfer
the earth pressure on the back of retaining walls into horizontal struts. End or corner braces can help
shorten the span of walls without increasing the number of struts. For example, some distances
between horizontal struts may slightly exceed allowable distance out of construction expediency;
adding one more strut however, will make the distance too small.
 End corner braces can be used to adjust this distance. Center posts are to support the struts, so that
they will not fall out of their own weight.
In cases of deep excavations, construction is often carried out in stages. The following are the
construction procedure of the braced excavation method:

1.Place center posts in the construction area.

2.Proceed to the first stage of excavation.
3.Install walls above the excavation surface, then install horizontal struts and have them preloaded.
4.Repeat procedures 2 and 3 till the designed depth.
5.Build the foundation of the building.
6.Demolish the struts above the foundation.
7.Construct floor slabs.
8.Repeat procedures 6 and 7 till the construction of the floor slabs of the ground floor is completed.

Though struts and center posts may obstruct the excavation process, the braced excavation method is
the most commonly used method, applicable to any excavation depth or width. Since the length of а
single strut is finite, it may require splicing several struts together to span the width, as it is difficult to
keep the spliced struts aligned and misalignment may result in deficiency of lateral resistance.

3.3 Anchored excavation method

Braced excavation methods, as discussed in Section 3.2, use struts to offer lateral support against
lateral earth pressure. Anchored excavation methods substitute anchors for struts to counteract the
lateral earth pressure. Figure 3.5 is the photo of an anchored excavation.
The configuration of an anchor can be divided into (1) the fixed section which offers anchoring force,
(2) the free section-which transfers the anchoring force to the anchor head, and (3) the anchor head-
which locks the tendons and transfers the anchoring force to the structure (see Figure 3.6). As Figure
3.7 shows, the construction procedure of the anchored excavation method is described as follows:

1.Set out the first-stage excavation.

2.Bore for anchors.
3.Insert tendons into the bores.
4.Inject grouts.
5.Preload anchors and lock them.
6.Proceed to the second stage of excavation.
7.Repeat procedures 2-6 till the designed depth.
8.Build the foundation of the building.
9.Construct the floor slabs from the foundation up to the ground sequentially.

The anchored excavation counts solely on soil strength to offer the anchoring force. The higher the
soil strength, the stronger the anchoring force and vice versa. Granular soils (such as sandy soils or
gravel soils) have high strengths and thus offer strong anchoring force while clay has weak strength
and creep will further decrease the anchoring force.
 Therefore, the anchoring section should avoid being installed in clay. Granular soils, however, usually
have rather High permeability, while clayey soils do not. Thus, an anchor installed in а granular soil
with high groundwater level often encounters difficulty in sealing bores because of the higher water
pressure outside the excavation area as shown in Figure 3.8.

The anchored excavation method has the following merits notwithstanding:

1.High efficiency for excavation and underground structure construction.
2.Short construction period.
3.Fit for excavation projects with large areas and shallow depths.
The drawbacks of the anchored excavation method are:
1.This method of excavation is not applicable to weak soil layers.
2.When applied to а depth 10 т below the groundwater table in granular soils (such as sandy soils or gravel
soils), anchors should be installed with care.
3.Large settlement may occur if the construction quality of anchors is not good enough.
3.4 Island excavation method

The concept of island excavation method can be explained as follows: excavate the central part of
the site first and keep the soil near the retaining walls to form slopes; build the main structure in the
central part; excavate the slope and install struts between the retaining walls and the main structure;
dismantle the struts and build the other parts of the structure.
If the excavation depth is not too great, we can use rakers for strutting, as shown in Figure 3.9 and
finish excavation in а single stage. If the excavation exceeds а certain depth, and if the removal of
slopes will cause problem then resort to braced excavation method (Section 3.2.) or the anchored
excavation method (Section 3.3), that is, excavation and installation of struts or anchors proceeding
by tums till the designed depth, as shown in Figure 3.10. Figure 3.11 offers а photo of the island
excavation.
 If the island excavation method is to be applied to а certain site, the site must be large enough and the
construction method must consider the location of the main structure. The widths and gradients of
slopes have to be determined in such а way that they will not cause slope failures. Even though slope
failures do not occur, the passive resistance offered by slopes is smaller than that in the normal state.
This fact will bring about larger wall deflection or ground surface settlement. Therefore, analysis is
required before excavation for the sake of adjacent property protection.

The most prominent strength of the island excavation method is the increase of efficiency and,
accordingly, the shortened construction period. Compared to the braced excavation method, it requires
fewer struts and reduces the cost of strut installation and dismantling. Used in large area excavations,
it can avoid the drawbacks both of the braced excavation method where the larger span of struts may
reduce the strut's resistance to lateral earth pressure and of the anchored method where high water
pressures obstruct the anchor installation. The island excavation method can resolve most of those
problems. The major shortcoming is possible water leakage or weak structural joints between the main
structure in the center part and other structures in the surroundings. Besides, larger wall deflection and
ground movement usually occur due to the lower passive resistance offered by slopes smaller than
those in the normal state, especially in soft soil.

3.5 Top-down construction method

Following the braced excavation method, excavation is carried out through to the designed depth and
then raft foundations or foundation slabs are built; struts can then be removed floor By floor and floor
slabs are built accordingly. Thus, the whole underground construction is finished. As such, the
underground structure is constructed from bottom to top, which is the most conventional construction
method and is generally called the bottom-up construction method. Precisely speaking, the anchored
excavation method, the full open cut excavation method, and the braced excavation method all belong
to the bottom-up construction method.
Contrary to the bottom-up construction method, the top-down construction method is to erect molds
and construct floor slabs right after each excavation. The floor slabs are permanent structures, which
replace temporary steel struts in the braced excavation method to counteract the earth pressure from
the back of the retaining wall. In this way, the underground structure construction is finished with the
completion of the excavation process. The construction of the underground structure is from the top to
the bottom and is contrary to conventional foundation construction methods. The method is therefore
called the top-down construction method.
The floor slabs used in the top-down construction method are heavier than the steel struts used in
conventional excavation methods. In addition, the superstructure, which is constructed simultaneously
during excavation, puts more weight on the column. Thus, the bearing capacity of the column has to
be considered. As а result, pile foundations are often chosen to be used for the top-down construction
method.
The typical construction procedure of the top-down construction method is as follows (see Figure
3.12):
1.Construct the retaining wall.
2.Construct piles. Place the steel columns where the piles are constructed.
3.Proceed to the first stage of excavation.
4.Cast the floor slab of the first basement level (В1 slab).
5.Begin to construct the superstructure.
6.Proceed to the second stage of excavation. Cast the floor slab of the second basement level (В2 slab).
7.Repeat the same procedures till the designed depth.
8.Construct foundation slabs and ground beams, etc. Complete the basement.
9.Keep constructing the superstructure till finished.

The merits of the top-down construction method include:

1.The shortened construction period due to the simultaneous construction of the basement and the
superstructure.
2.More operational space gained from the advanced construction of floor slabs.
3.The higher stiffness of floor slabs compared to steel struts improves the safety of excavation.
The drawbacks of the top-down construction method are:
1.Higher cost (due to the construction of pile foundations).
2.Since the construction period of the basement is lengthened, the lateral displacement of retaining walls or
ground settlement may possibly increase due to the influence of creep, if soft soil layers are encountered.
3.The construction quality may Be influenced because of the worsened ventilation and illumination under floor
slabs.
3.6 Zoned excavation method

The excavations that use diaphragm walls as retaining walls, because of the arching effect of
concrete walls, have less deformation of the retaining walls or ground settlement at or around
comers. Deformation on the shorter side of the excavation is less than that on the longer side of the
excavation, as shown in Figure 3.13. Zoned excavation takes advantage of the above principle to
reduce wall deformation or ground settlement during excavation.

As Figure 3.14 shows, divide the excavation into two areas, А and В, excavate area А to а certain
depth while keeping area В intact. Area А is like а small-sized excavation with soil in area В left to
support point b. Thus, deformation at point а or b is less than that in а full area excavation. After
excavating area А, install struts over the area and proceed to the excavation in area В, which is
again а small-sized site with struts in area А to support point а. less wall deformation will then be
generated accordingly at point а or b. After the installation of struts in area В, repeat the same
procedures and then proceed to the next stage of excavation till completion.

3.7 Diaphragm wall method

Diaphragm walls are also called slurry walls. Since first adopted in Italy in the l 950s, they
have been widely used around the world. With technological a d v a n c e s , more and more
new methods and construction equipment have been developed. The basement wall (BW)
method and Impresa Construzioni Opere Specializzate (ICOS) method, designed
separately by а Japanese company and an Italian company are commonly used in some
Asian countries. The Masago Hydraulic Long bucket (MHL) method, taking advantage of а
bailing bucket to excavate the trenches of the diaphragm wall, are also used in many
countries. As shown in Figure 3.25, the teeth of the steel bailing bucket can clutch soils
and rocks and store them inside the bucket. Then, the full bucket is lifted out of the trench
and soil and rocks inside are bailed out. Thus, stabilizing fluid need not be pumped out and
mud separation equipment is saved. The method is easy in operation. The span of the bailing
bucket is about 2.5-3.3 m .

The first stage of the constructing of diaphragm walls is to divide the whole length into
several panels according to the construction conditions. The construction procedure of
each panel is as follows: the construction of guided walls, the excavation of trenches,
placing steel cages, and concrete casting, as shown in Figure 3.26. After excavating the
trench, mud in the trench must be cleared from the trench. Concrete casting, the last
stage of diaphragm wall panel construction, adopts the Tremie pipe to pour concrete into
the trench and f o r m а diaphragm wall panel. Figure 3.27 shows the construction
procedure of а diaphragm wall panel, including excavating trenches, placing connection
pipes (depending on the method), placing steel cages, and concrete casting. Figure 3.28
is а photo depicting the placing of а steel cage into the trench with а crane.
The joints between panels of а diaphragm wall have to Be carefully treated so that they are
watertight and are able to transmit bending moments and shear forces. There are many
types of joints of diaphragm walls. There is no standard form. Some patent methods are
available. The connection pipe method and the end-plate method are the commonly used joint
methods. The former is highly watertight. On the other hand, its capability of transmitting
bending moments and shear forces is not good; the connection pipe method can serve the
purpose.
If they are meant for permanent structure, the end-plate method is recommended for its better capability
to transmit bending moments and shear forces.

As shown in Figures 3.27 and 3.29, when the trench excavation of the primary panel is finished, put а
connection pipe into the trench, then place the steel cage with а crane and pour concrete into the trench.
Once the concrete has been poured, dismantle the connection pipe in two or three hours and proceed to
the construction of secondary panel.

Figure 3.30 illustrates tl1e end-plate method where the joints between panels are lateral
overlapping reinforcements connected to each other.Tl1e reinforcements of the primary panel extend
outside the end p\ate to overlap with the reinforcements of the secondary panel. The end plate is а
thick steel plate, 3-5 cm smaller than the thickness of diaphragm walls and some 30 cm deeper than the
depth of diaphragm walls, to be embedded into tl1e bottom soil of the trench to prevent lateral
displacement of the end plate. The ends of end plate are equipped with strong nylon fibers to make а
blocking screen, together with the end plate, to prevent the grouting concrete from leaking into the
evacuated trenches. This type of joint is capable of transmitting bending moment and shear forces.
Theoretically speaking, it can be fairly water tight under normal construction conditions. The actual
results, however, are not satisfactory.
 Many improvement measures have been developed, some of which require jet grouting near the joints to
prevent the leaking of diaphragm walls during excavation.
To ensure the quality of diaphragm walls, many other construction details need to be taken care of.

The merits of diaphragm wall method include:

1.Low vibration, low noise, high rigidity, and relatively small wall deformation.
2.Adjustable thickness and depth of the wall.
3.Good sealing capability.
4.Maybe used as а permanent structure.
5.The diaphragm wall and foundation slabs form а unity, such that the former can serve as pile foundations.
The drawbacks of the diaphragm wall method are:
1.Massive equipment is required, long construction period, and great cost.
2.The peripheral equipment (e.g., the sediment pool) occupies а large space.
3.This method is not applicable to cobble-gravelly grounds.
4.It is difficult to construct when encountering quicksand.

Though there are several merits in this method, and it involves matured construction technology,
diaphragm walls as retaining walls have encountered quite а few excavation accidents. The reason is
either geological uncertainty or bad quality control, or both. Engineers should keep studying how to
improve the construction technology under different geological conditions by consulting case histories.

3.8 Strutting systems

Other than the gravity retaining walls (the retaining wall alone can rarely resist the lateral pressure),
supplementary strutting systems are also required. The selection of the strutting system depends on,
not only the magnitude of lateral pressure, but also on the period it will take to install the strutting
system and the obstruction it may bring on the construction. According to the material а strut is made
of, there are wood struts, reinforced concrete (RC) struts, and steel struts. In countries that are
abundant in wood, for the sake of saving costs, horizontal wooden struts are employed in excavations
that are narrow and not deep. Wood struts are of relatively low cost but their compression strength,
knots, cracks, and susceptibility to erosion lead to low axial stiffness. Besides, it is difficult to
splice wood pieces with one another, they are not reusable, and the scarcity of wood in some
countries also makes the wood strut an unwelcome c h o i c e .
The axial stiffness of RC struts is high and thus they are applicable to excavations of various shapes
without causing stress relaxation. The RC strut, on the other hand, with its heavy weight, is not easy to
dismantle. Also, preload cannot easily act on it. It takes some time for the strength of the RC strut to
work.
As for steel struts, except that they cannot easily be used at sites of great topographical undulation or
of great width, the merits of steel struts are many: easy to install and dismantle, short construction
period and low cost, easy to be preloaded. They have been widely accepted for strutting systems in
many countries.
According to the function of а strut, it is classified as an earth berm, а horizontal strut, а raker, an
anchor, or as а top-down floor slab, etc. Figure 3.31 shows an earth berm, which is made by
removing the soil in the central area while retaining an earth berm with а certain width for the lateral
support of retaining walls. The earth berm is usually supplementary to island excavation methods.
With the limitation of the width, the earth berm has accordingly limited lateral resistance and is useful
only on grounds with high strength, and is rendered useless on soft ground.
Horizontal struts can be made of wood, RC, or steel, whose merits and drawbacks are as mentioned
earlier.
А raker is а type of strut and can also be made of wood, RC, or steel. Known from the systematic
characteristics of а structure, the lateral support from the raker is smaller than that from the horizontal strut.
Rakers are mostly employed in the island excavation method though they can also be used separately as
shown in Figure 3.32. Anchors and top-down floor slabs are two other types of struts. Concerning their
structures, applications and strengths and shortcomings, please see Sections 3.3 and 3.5.
3.8.1 Selection of the retaining strut system
The retaining strut system consists of retaining walls and strutting systems. The selection of
retaining walls must consider the excavation depth, geological conditions, groundwater
conditions, adjacent building conditions, the site size, the construction period, and the budget,
etc. The characteristics of retaining walls are as described in Section 3.3. Table 3.1 offers the
application ranges of various retaining walls for design or construction r e f e r e n c e .

Table 3.2 illustrates the nominal stiffness per unit length where the value of moment of inertia
(/) is not reduced. А stress or deformation analysis, however, has to consider the decrease
of stiffness of а soldier pile or а steel sheet pile because of repetitive use. А reduction of 80%
on the nominal stiffness is often s u g ges te d.

The f’c-value of а PIP pile is about 170 kg/cm 2 while that of а concrete pile, а r everse
circulation drill pile, or а diaphragm wall is about 210 kg/cm2 or more. Their Young's modulus
can be derived from Е = 15, 000/fc' kg/ cm 2. Considering the cracks in the retaining wall due to
bending moment, the moment of inertia may be reduced by 30-50%. Since the compressive
strength of а mixed pile is very small, about 5 kg/cm2 , its stiffness can be estimated
solely on the basis of the stiffness of the Н- steel. Listed in the sixth column o f Table 3.2 are
the stiffness ratios where the inverse values represent the deformation ratios under the same
construction condition (i.e. same excavation depth, strut location, and strut stiffness, etc.). For
example, the deformation of а SP-III steel sheet pile is 6.63 (5.3/0.8) times as great as а 50
ст thick diaphragm wall.

The selection of the strutting system is highly related to the excavation method and thus, there
are not many choices for selection.
4 Anchor Block Excavation and Steel Sheet Piling

This Excavation Methodology covers and defines all necessary activities for excavation and steel sheet piling
installation prior to foundation of Anchor Block and Pipeline that will be performed by the Contractor in the
below Scope of Work.

Geotechnical Interpretive Report of WP52-1

4.1 General

4.1.1 All work shall conform to the requirements of the specified revisions of the GOST and Snip
Codes, Standard and Specifications, National and International Codes Standards.
4.1.2 Contractor may proposed alternative equivalent internationally accepted codes and standards,
which shall be subject to the approval of the Company.
4.1.3 International Codes and Standards
BS EN 10248-1&2: 1996 Hot Rolled Sheet Piling of Non Alloy Steel
BS EN 10113 : 1993 Hot Rolled Products in Weldable Fine Grained Structural Steels

4.2 Materials Specifications

4.2.1 Contractor ensures that the steel piles for the permanent works will be new and as manufactured
by Corus, type LX or equivalent.
4.2.2 Contractor will ensures that the steel sheet piles materials will be Grade S-355GP, conforming to
BS 10248-1 and having a minimum impact test Charpy V-notch value of 27 Joules at -29°C
4.2.3 Contractor will ensures that the steel sheet piles shall be supplied with High-Build Isocyanate
cured epoxy pitch (Corus designation PC2 or equal) to a minimum dry film thickness of 400 microns.
Prior to installation of the coating system the material shall be blast cleaned to ISO-850-1, grade 2
4.4.4 Contractor will fabricate the sheet piles as per tolerance define in BS-10248-2
4.4.5 Slinging holes shall be provided by the vendor as per Corus standard ie; 40mm diameter by
150mm down slot at each end of sheet pile.
4.4.6 Contractor will submit to the Company calculations and drawings for review detailing the
proposed sheet pile profile, material specification, corner, junction and bracing/waling details.

4.3 Storage and Handling

4.3.1 Contractor will be stored and stacked all piles in accordance with the manufacturer
recommendations. Material will be supported off the ground on blocks. The blocks shall be closely
spaced to prevent excessive sagging of the piles between supports.
4.3.2 The Contractor will ensure that the operation involving loading, transporting, offloading, handling,
stacking and pitching the piles, are carried out in such a manner as to prevent damages to the piles or
their coating.
4.3.3 Contractor ensures that holes will not be burnt/drilled nor lifting brackets welded to the sheet piles
in permanent works without the prior approval of the Company. All modification approved shall be
made good after use.
4.3.4 Contractor will use slinging holes during lifting the piles. Lifting slings should be positioned such
there is no concentration of load at any one point of the pile.
4.4 Steel Sheet Piling Installation

4.4.1 Safety Policy

Before the commencement of any piling works, the Contractor will submit to the Company for approval
of safety policy which shall include the following information:
a) Calculation covering the design of all temporary works including bracing/walling
requirements during all phase of the works including consideration of maximum
groundwater levels likely to be encountered.
b) Adequate provision for the requirements of dewatering schemes to be used in conjunction
with the works.
c) The height, spacing, stability and type of piling guidance system and the number of piles in
each panel applicable
d) Proposed phasing of excavation/filling operations such that designed stresses in the piles
and frames/supports are not exceeded.

4.4.1 Pile Driving Equipment

before starting driving sheet pile, a few equipment must be prepared such as driving hammers and
jetting equipment. The driving energy for hammers shall be recommended by the manufacturer so that
it’s applicable to relevant sheet pile. While jetting equipment shall have a minimum of two removable or
fixed jets of the water or be a combination of air a water type.

4.4.3 Placing and Driving

After preparing all the sheet pile driving equipment, sheet piles can be started to place on the location
that shown in the construction drawings. Temporary wales, templates, or guide structures have to be
carried on to ensure the sheet pilings are placed and driven to the correct alignment. After the sheet a
pile is set on place, jetting machine will be starting to drive the sheet piles. Sheet piles have to be
driven with the proper size of hammer and by approved methods to ensure no damage to the sheet
piles and proper interlocking throughout their lengths. A protecting cap shall be employed on the tops
of sheet pile to prevent damage during driving with hammer.

4.4.4 Driving Tolerances

The tolerances and deviations during permanent sheet pile-driving work shall conform to the following:
Deviation to Line: Sheet piles shall be driven such that the lateral location of the center of the sheet
pile at the cut off level is +/-25mm in any horizontal direction of the specified position. Sheet pile shall
be driven to their design depth +/- 100mm
Deviation to Verticality: The maximum permitted deviation of the finished pile from the vertical is 1:75
Setting-out: Setting out of the sheet piles shall be the responsibility of the Contractor. The setting out
shall be carried out relative to survey monuments provided by the Company.

4.4.5 Cutting-Off and Splicing

after driving the sheet piles into the ground, if Contractor fined that they need additional penetration,
splicing or jointing works will be carried on. Driving works will be done again for the sheet piles until it
reaches its’ limit on the ground. After this, excessive of sheet pile will be cutting-off and removed from
the site. No Cutting or welding of piles shall be carried out by means of Oxy-propane or other approved
method. Cut-offs shall be marked so that it is clear from which pile they came and after agreement
from the Company will be disposed of in the pre-agreed manner. The finished level of the cut pile shall
be within 25mm of the theoretical level. Only welders who are qualified to the Company standard will
be used for pile welding. Proof of welder proficiency shall be made available to the Company on
 request. Field welded attachments shall be welded as shown on design drawing, approved welding
procedures and welding data sheet DS-60-W-0004.

4.4.6 Inspection of Driven piling

the contractor shall inspect the interlocked joints of driven sheet piles extending above ground. If
Contractor found out that the sheet piles are out of interlock, then the sheet piles have to be removed
and replaced with a new sheet pile.

4.4.7 Pulling and Re-driving

After the inspection of driven piling, another similar process has to be carried on which is called pulling
and red riving. The contractor shall pull selected sheet piles to determine the condition of the
underground portions of sheet piles. If contractor found any damages to the extent that its usefulness
in the structure is impaired, then the sheet piles have to be removed and replaced with a new sheet
pile.

4.5 Driving Records:

The Contractor will keep records of the installation of each pile and shall submit two signed copies of these
records to the Company’s Site Representative not later than noon of the next working day after the pile was
installed. The signed copies will form a record of the work.

4.6 Quality Control

4.6.1The Inspection and test Plan (60-0000-Q-ITP-0223) will be use by the Contractor in conjunction
with the overall Quality Plan for the works. Suitably qualified personnel will be present to carry out
Quality Control during all piling activities.

4.6.2 The Company may call for sheet piles to be partially exposed or extracted at the commencement
of a contract in order to demonstrate that the method of installation does not impair the effectiveness of
the system in the circumstances of use on the particular site. Where damage is found to have
occurred, or is likely to occur in the opinion of the Company additional measures or variation of the
method may be called for. At the discretion of the Company, further inspections shall be carried out to
ascertain the effectiveness of the additional measures.

4.7 Safety

4.7.1 A banksman shall be present at all times during piling operation