ARTICOLUL Tipuri: 1. Hotarat 2. Nehotarat 3. Zero 1. ARTICOLUL HOTARAT Are forma unica the Utilizare: 1.1.

Cand substantivul a fost pomenit anterior Ex: I see a man. The man is tall. 1.2. Ex.
1.3.

Pt. unicitati The Earth; the sky; the Moon; the Bible. In apozitie (apozitie = grup de cuvinte pt. a lamuri) The poet Eminescu Cand defineste o categorie The elephant is a big animal. Substantive provenite din adjective The reach; the poor; the blind. Substantiv urmat de pronume relativ This is the man that loves me. (man = substantiv; that = pronume relativ) Cu nationalitati privite ca o entitate The Romanians Documente si perioade istorice: The Middle Ages; The Declaration of Independence. Dinastiile The Tudors Adjectivul la superlativ The best Numerarul ordinal The first Puncte cardinale Turn to the East Numele de familie le plural The Browns Instrumente muzicale daca sunt precedate de playthe I play the piano

Ex.
1.4.

Ex: 1.5. Ex. 1.6. Ex.

1.7.

Ex: 1.8. Ex: 1.9. Ex: 1.10. Ex: 1.11. Ex. 1.12. Ex: 1.13. Ex:
1.14.

Ex:

1.15. Ex: 1.16. Ex:

Un singur continent The Arctic Tari formate din mai multe state The United States of America

Exceptii: The Argentina; the Congo; the Sudan; the Emen; the Netherlands. 1.17. Ex: 1.18. Ex: 1.19. Ex: 1.20. Ex: 1.21. Ex:
1.22.

Arhipelaguri The Philippines Un singur oras The Hague O singura strada: The High Street Lanturile muntoase The Alps; the Carpathians Toate formele de relief The Sahara desert Toate apele cu exceptia lacurilor The Black Sea; The Danube Canalele The Panama Channel Numele de ziare (revistele nu: Cosmopolitan) The Times Numele de avioane The Titanic, the Flying Dutch Monumente si dotari celebre The Pyramids Orice substantiv care se doreste a fi subliniat The Mary I see is not the Mary I like. Toate institutiile de importante in oras (cinema, teatru, restaurant), Exceptie: gara si aeroportul The Sofitel Hotel (exceptie: Kennedy airport) Institutiile de invatamant daca sunt precedate de of The University of Cambridge/Cambridge University Toate substantivele proprii compuse alcatuite din adjectiv + substantiv The Central Park / Hyde Park The Royal Palace / Buckingham Palace

Ex: 1.23. Ex:

1.24.

Ex: 1.25. Ex: 1.26. Ex: 1.27. Ex: 1.28. Ex:

1.29.

Ex:
1.30.

Ex:

2. ARTICOLUL NEHOTARAT Are forma unica a care devine an atunci cand cuvantul care urmeaza incepe cu o vocala (an egg) sau h aspirat (an hour ago). ! Cuvantul care incepe cu u va primi a si nu an daca u formeaza singur silaba. a u-ni-ver-si-ty a u-ni-form diferit de an um-bre-lla Aceeasi regula pentru cuvintele care incepe cu eu A European Country ! In fata lui one avem intotdeauna a si nu an A one hundred dollars bill. Utilizare
2.1.

Ex:
2.2.

Cand substantivul a fost pomenit pentru prima oara. This is a house. Ca inlocuitor a lui one. A hundred dollars. Cand caracterizeaza o intreaga categorie A manager is a person who Cand e precedat de as I am dressed as a pirate. In propozitiile exclamative cand este precedat de what sau such What a lovely dress. Such a beautiful night. In apozitie John a friend of my mother. Cand e urmat de Mr., Mrs., sau Mss. + substantiv propriu si nu cunosc identitatea persoanei. A Mss Brown wants to see you. Cand e precedat de verbul to be; to become; to remain si urmeaza nationalitatea, sex, apartenenta politica, religie sau ocupatie. He is a doctor. You are an English.

Ex:
2.3.

Ex:
2.4.

Ex: 2.5. Ex: 2.6. Ex:

2.7.

Ex.
2.8.

Ex:

Exceptie: titluri si functii dobandite temporar de anumite persoane. Ex: He is Vice president of a company. 2.9. Ex: Pentru unitatile de masura ca inlocuitor a lui per. One hundred kilometers per hour. One hundred kilometers an hour.

2.10.

In fata lui little si few pentru a le schimba sensul din negativ in pozitiv.

Little = almost nothing (sens negativ folosit pentru substantive nenumarabile) Ex: I eat little bread (Nu mananc paine aproape deloc). A little = at least some (are sens pozitiv si se foloseste cu substantive nenumarabile) Ex: I have a little money on me (Am ceva bani la mine). Few = almost nothing (sens negativ pt. substantive numarabile) Ex: I have few friends here (n-am aproape deloc prieteni aici) A few = at least some (are sens pozitiv si se foloseste cu substantive numarabile) Ex: I have a few books to give you (am ceva carti sa-ti dau). 3. ARTICOULU ZERO Lipsa articolului
3.1.

Ex:
3.2.

Folosit in enumerare I like the books, flowers, chocolate, that you offered me. Substantive legate prin and sau or Give me the book and note book. Parti ale corpului Give me your hand (Da-mi mana). Imbracamintea in relatie cu corpul (se prefera adjectiv posesiv) Give me your coat (Da-mi haina). Momentele zilei: In the - morning - afternoon - evening At

Ex: 3.3. Ex:

3.4.

Ex: 3.5.

articulate

- dawn (zori) - noon - midday - midnoon nearticulate - night - midnight - dusk

3.6.

3.7. 3.8. 3.9.

3.10.

Adevaruri universal valabile, legi (Water boils at 100 degrees). Alimentele Materialele si substantele Zilele sapt., lunile anului, anotimpuri, sarbatori Denumirile geografice precedate de: Lake, Cape, Mount

The Alps / Mount Everest

3.11. Ex: 3.12. Ex: 3.13.

Stiinte, ob. de studii, nationalitati si limbi We are Romanians. I speak English / The Romanian you speak is very good. Mesele zilei privite ca abstracte: Breakfast is at seven / the breakfast is on the table. Abstractiunile I go to school. (la scoala ca studiu) I go to bed. (ma duc sa ma culc). Mijloace de locomotie daca sunt precedate de prepozitia by: By car By train By sub On foot (pe jos) Structuri paralele: Hand in hand Face to face Step by step Arm in arm Day after day Structurile inchise (cap-coada): From.to From sunrise to sunset From right to left From beginning to end

3.14.

3.15.

3.16.