COMSATS Institute of Information Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering ___________________________________________________________________________

Course: EEE464 Wireless Communication Systems Class: BTE-B8&9 Date: May 17, 2011 Spring Semester 2011 Home Assignment # 6

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Part A: Assigned Reading: Rappaport Chapter 3

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

What is the general configuration of the cellular system? What is the ideal cell shape and why? In practice, what determines the cell shape and cell grid structure? What is meant by user co-channel interference? What is meant by frequency re-use? What is meant by a cell cluster? What restrictions are there on cell cluster sizes? Provide a relationship between cluster size, reuse distance (or inter site distance) and cell radius? Give also a simple relationship with C/I.

8.

What determines the bandwidth of a cellular system? What determines the user capacity of a cellular system?

9.

What is meant by adjacent channel interference? What is meant by the near-far effect? How can this interference be reduced?

10. 11.

What does handoff or handover involve? What is meant by handoff received power level (threshold)? What determines the threshold level?

12. 13.

What are the effects of small scale fading on the handoff procedure? What differences in the handoff procedure have occurred in progressing from 1G->2G>3G?

14.

Example 3.2: If a signal-to-interference ratio of 15 dB is required for satisfactory forward channel performance of a cellular system, what is the frequency reuse factor and cluster size that should be used for maximum capacity if the path loss exponent is a. n=4 b. n = 3?

Assume that there are six co-channel cells in the first tier, and all of them are at the same distance from the mobile. Use suitable approximations.

15. 16. 17. 18.

What is meant by Trunking? What is meant by GoS? What is meant by Erlang? Erlang B System: a. What is the GoS for this system? b. What is the expression for the GoS for this system?

19.

Example 3.4: How many users can be supported for 0.5% blocking probability for the following number of trunked channels in a blocked call cleared system? a. 1 b. 5 c. 10 d. 20 e. 100.

Assume each user generates 0.1 Erlangs of traffic. 20. Example 3.5: An urban area has a population of two million residents. Three competing trunked mobile networks (Systems A, B, and C) provide cellular service in this area. System A has 394 cells with 19 Channels each, System B has 98 cells with 57 cells channels each, and System C has 49 cells, each with 100 channels. Find the number of users that can be supported at 2% blocking if each user averages two calls per hour at an average call duration of three minutes. Assuming that all three trunked systems are operated at maximum capacity, compute the percentage market penetration of each cellular provider. 21. Example 3.6: A certain city has an area of 1,300 square miles and is covered by a cellular system using a seven-cell reuse pattern. Each cell has a radius of four miles an d the city is allocated 40 MHz of spectrum with a full duplex channel bandwidth of 60 KHz. Assume a GoS of 2% for an Erlang B system is specified. If the offered traffic per user is 0.03 Erlangs, compute a. The number of cells in the service area b. The number of channels per cell c. Traffic intensity of each cell d. The maximum carried traffic e. The total number of users that can be served for 2% GoS f. The number of mobiles per unique channel (where it is understood that the channels are reused) g. The theoretical maximum number of users that could be served at one time by the system. 22. Erlang C System:

a. What is the GoS for this system? b. What is the expression for the GoS for this system? 23. Example 3.7: A hexagonal cell within a four-cell system has a radius of 1.387 Km. A total of 60 channels are used within the entire system. If the load per user is 0.029 Erlangs, and = 1 call/hour, compute the following for an Erlang C system that has a 5% probability of delayed call. a. How many users per square kilometer will this system support? b. What is the probability that a delayed call will have to wait for more than 10 seconds? c. What is the probability that a call will be delayed for more than 10 seconds. 24. What is meant by capacity? Name the two methods that can be used to improve the user capacity. 25. Cell Splitting: a. How does it improve capacity? b. What changes to transmit power are required and why? 26. Example 3.8: Consider Figure 3.9 of your Textbook (Rappaport). Assume each base station uses 60 channels, regardless of cell-size. If each original cell has a radius of 1 Km and each microcell has a radius of 0.5 Km, find the number of channels contained in a 3 Km by 3 Km square centered around A under the following conditions: a. Without the use of microcells b. When the lettered microcells as shown in the figure are used. c. If all the original base stations are replaced by microcells Assume cells on the edge of the square to be contained within the square. 27. Sectoring: a. How does this improve capacity? b. What are the effects of this on Trunking efficiency? 28. List techniques which can be used to increase the number of users which can be accommodated in fixed bandwidth (spectral efficiency).
Part B: Practice Problems: Rappaport Chapter 3

29.

If 20 MHz of total spectrum is allocated for a duplex wireless cellular system and each simplex channel has 25 KHz RF bandwidth, find: a. The number of duplex channels b. The total number of channels per cell site, if N = 4 cell reuse is used.

30.

Consider a cellular system that uses a 7-cell reuse pattern with hexagonal cells. (a) Show graphically the worst-case locations and corresponding propagation paths of the channel user and the first tier of co-channel interferers for the uplink. (b) Assuming the simple power-law path loss model, find the expression of S/I for this case in terms of n, the propagation exponent. Calculate the values for n = 2, 3, 4.

31.

A cellular service provider decides to use a digital TDMA scheme which can tolerate a signal-tointerference ratio of 15 dB in the worst case. Assuming n = 4, find the optimal value of N for a) Omnidirectional antennas b) 120o sectoring c) 60o sectoring d) Should sectoring used? If so, which case (60o or 120o) should be used? Note: Consider about Trunking efficiency also before taking a final decision.

32.

If an intensive propagation measurement campaign showed that the mobile radio channel provided a propagation path loss exponent of n = 3 instead of 4, how would your design decisions in Problem 31 change? What is the optimal value of N for the case of n = 3?

33.

Consider a hexagonal grid system with omnidirectional antennas and frequency reuse with cluster size N = 9. Assume that the propagation path-loss exponent is equal to 5. Suppose that new receiver technology is contemplated which will reduce the required S/I ratio by 4 dB. Does this improvement justify the use of N = 7?

34.

A cellular communication system with a hexagonal cell layout and base stations placed in the middle of the cell (with omni directional antennas) has a total of 100 channels at its disposal. The distance between the two closest base stations is 2 km. The minimum required SIR for good signal quality is 11 dB. The system is designed such that this requirement is not only met, but an additional 8 dB fade margin is added. The propagation path loss is assumed to be proportional to the fourth power of the distance and thermal noise is negligible. Compute the cluster size, N, of the system and also determine the area capacity of the system in terms of channels/Km2.

35.

A receiver in an urban cellular radio system detects a 1 mW signal at d = do = 1 meter from the transmitter. In order to mitigate co-channel interference effects, it is required that the signal received at any base station receiver from another base station transmitter which operates with the same channel must be below -100 dBm. A measurement team has determined that the average path loss exponent in the system is n = 3. Determine the major radius of each cell if a seven-cell reuse pattern is used. What is the major radius if a four cell reuse pattern is used?

36.

A cellular system using a cluster size of seven is described in Problem 34. It is operated with 660 channels, 30 of which are designated as setup (control) channels so there are about 90 voice channels available per cell. If there is a potential user density of 9000 users/Km2 in the system, and each user makes an average of one call per hour and each call lasts 1 minute during peak hours,

determine the probability that a user will experience a delay greater than 20 seconds if all calls are queued. 37. Assume each user of a single base station mobile radio system averages three calls per hour, each call lasting an average of 5 minutes. a) What is the traffic intensity of each user? b) Find the number of users that could use the system with 1% blocking if only one channel is available. c) Find the number of users that could use the system with 1% blocking if five trunked channels are available. d) If the number of users that found in (c) is suddenly doubled, what is the new blocking probability of the five channels trunked mobile radio system? Would this be acceptable performance? Justify why or why not?

38.

Five years ago, there was a single company offering wireless communications service in a certain city. There were 15 channels per base station throughout the coverage area. Due to a recent court case against the monopoly, there are now 3 companies providing personal communications services in the same area. Assume the base station placement is the same as before, and the same number of channels are available at each base station. Each company now provides only 15/3 = 5 channels per base station. Assume that the customers are divided equally among the 3 companies. Note: the customer of one company will not be able to access the channels of the others. a) From the Erlang B chart, find the offered traffic intensity for 1% blocking probability for 15 channels and 5 channels respectively. What is the ratio of the total carried traffic per base station before and after the break-up? b) What is the blocking probability if 1/3 of the offered traffic you found in part (a) for 15 channels is offered to 1/3 of the channels (5 channels per base station)? c) What would you do to decrease the blocking probability of the new systems?

39.

Trunking (queuing) Theory and GoS. a) What is the maximum system capacity (total and per channel traffic carried) in Erlangs when providing a 2% blocking probability with 4 channels, with 20 channels, and with 30 channels? Use the attached Erlang B chart as necessary).

b) How many users can be supported with 40 channels at 2% blocking? Assume 1/ = 105 sec, = 1 call/hour. c) Using the traffic intensity calculated in Part (a), find the GoS in a lost call delayed system for the case of delay being greater than 20 seconds. Assume that H = 105 seconds, and determine the GoS for 4 channels, with 20 channels, and with 30 channels? d) Comparing part (a) and Part (c), does a lost call delayed system with a 20 second queue perform better than a system that clears blocked calls?
40. We need to design 2 base stations. One covers a shopping center and the other covers a nearby residential area. The total number of channels that can be used is 10. To limit co-channel interference, we need to divide the 10 channels into 2 channel sets and use one set at each base station. Assume the average user makes 0.5 call/hr and a call lasts 72 seconds on average. There are 60 users in the residential area and 300 users in the shopping center. a) What is the traffic offered to each of the two base stations? b) What is the number of channels to be allocated to each base station such that the users of the two base stations experience the same Erlang B blocking probability? Give also the resultant blocking probability. Part C: Problems to be Submitted

41. 42. 43.

Problem 3.29 Problem 4.33 (Parts a, b, c, e and f) Problem 4.34