Code-Mixing Among Jantuk People in Mantang

THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to Achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education

By : Firman Koma Febdilan EID 107 037

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION MATARAM UNIVERSITY

2011
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION I.I. Background of Study

Jantuk language is one of languages in the province of West Nusa Tenggara which is used by Jantuk people that located in Mantang district of Batukliang of Central Lombok. It is part of Sumbawa language that is often used when people in Jantuk interact with their society. The language is derived from Taliwang Sumbawa and is used or adopted by Jantuk Mantang community of Batukliang district. According to the older people who lived there, Jantuk people in Mantang have already used the languages for their daily communication. Many people who are not from Jantuk Mantang have already familiar used the language, because it was influenced by the community that used the language. Jantuk people are able to communicate not only by using Jantuk language, but also by using the other languages such as: Sasak and Indonesian. Mostly, in every interaction, Jantuk people commonly use Sasak. Sasak is their first language. They also use a different vernacular language like Jantuk language and I often find some people mix their language from sasak to Jantuk. It is a unique phenomenon in the conversation among people who are able to master two languages. They can mix two languages that have different usage and it does not make matters for the

participants. They do not have difficulties in understanding their utterance. They are as if they enjoy doing it. The used of Jantuk language in Mantang is the one of second language subsequent to Sasak language. This case is marked by the use of Jantuk language only among its community ( the native speaker of Jantuk language by the Sumbawa generation). The Language community is made by those together who have the same rule of the language (linguistic rules) (Dr. H. Muhammad Sukri, M. Hum and Dr. H. Rusdiawan, M. Pd, Bahasa Dalam Realitas Sosial,hal: 38). Therefore we claim that the community of jantuk language is the society of its native speaker, in Jantuk country side, Mantang village, Batukliang district. In Lombok island, Jantuk language spread to some regency such as: in east Lombok there are three village who used that language, first is Jantuk village Sukamulia district, Rumbuk, Rempung and Kembang Kerang aik mel, second in Jantuk Mantang village central Lombok Batukliang district and Ganti village east Praya district, and third Taliwang village in west Lombok. Largely of villages that said above used Jantuk language but different dialect and same meaning. Variations language and pronunciations every word that said is very interesting for us to hear. The Dialect of the language used by Jantuk Mantang people influence the visitor who came to Jantuk Mantang, so that it rise a unique curiosity from the visitor to know and try or use that language. Almost of 50% people in the community used Jantuk language although they also used of the

origin language. However, the language is still mix with sasak language, and it is difficult to understand by other people. If we observe in terms of its history, Jantuk language has been already used in 1935. We see it from the elder people live in the community. Many factors influence the use of language and one of them is social factors, certain factors like which you are talking to, the social context of the talk, the function and topic of discussion turn out to be important for language choice in many different kinds of speech community. The factors that mentioned turn out to be the cause of language varieties. One of the varieties is the use of code. Code as term is used instead of language, speech variety, or dialect. It is sometimes considered a more neutral term than the others. People can use code when they want to stress the use of language or in a particular community. Some people like to communicate using one code of language, which is mixed up with another code of language. Code-mixing usually occurs in the syntactic structure level within a sentence. Thus in the one sentence, one elements is spoken in language A and the rest in language B the example of code mixing that usually occurs in daily conversation in jantuk mantang , antih semendaq, aku na lalo lo jeding dunu (wait a minute, I want to go to the bathroom). People who often use code mixing must have the competence to speak in another language besides his local language (Nababan, 1978). Moreover in such a situation there is an absorbing code and, absorbed code. The absorbed code is assimilated in the system of the

absorbing code. There is rarely a situations in which the user of such a mixing code cannot identify the absorbing and absorbed codes (kachru,1982). Like the example above, the absorbing code is bahasa sasak( antih semendak,aku na lalo lo kamar mandi dunu), While the absorbed code is jantuk language (na lalo lo and dunu). The speaker mixes up sasak language and jantuk language in order to show off their education or social status in their society. Therefore, the Jantuk language is a big field for the linguists to review and observe the phenomenon of this language. For that, the writer consistent to observe the Jantuk language with an expectation that the writer will be able to illustrate and explain the level of Jantuk code-mixing, and to see how far this language is able to maintain with its natives. 1.2. Statement of problem This research is to investigate how code-mixing expression and it used in jantuk language in mantang.for the investigation,the research question are formulated as follows; a. Why people do code-mixing b. Does code-mixing influence the conversation c. What the purpose for doing code-mixing d. Is there negative effect in that case of doing code-mixing

1.3.

Objective The objective of this study is to investigate the phenomena of codemixing in Jantuk people in Mantang. This study will try to explain why most people in Jantuk people do code-mixing in their conversation. Then this study will study what the effect of the conversation made by the visitor who come to Jantuk Mantang. The writer expects this study give some contribution to the theory of sociolinguistic in particularly the theory of code-mixing commonly happen in a community. This will useful for student of English Department to give insight to them for the phenomena of sociolinguistic features.

1.4.

Scope of the study This study is limited in investigating the phenomena of code-mixing among Jantuk people when they do conversation. I will limited my description on the theory of sociolinguistic because the language influence the community in Jantuk Mantang. The study will apply some data recorded then describe it with some theory of code-mixing related to sociolinguistic perspective. This study only investigates the phenomena of code-mixing among the Jantuk people.

1.5.

Reason

There are some reasons why I choose the topic. The first point is to investigate about the phenomena of code-mixing in Jantuk Mantang. I found sometimes asked my self why most people in Jantuk Mantang switch their code in term of mixing them to be both language in one sentence. I try to ask to older people about that but no one knows about the phenomena. They only told me that was their culture and the way they make conversation. The second point is I will introduce my language to the student or people who interested in linguistic. As I believe when they pride to their language it means that the people is wish man. Then I come to this study with all of pride of my heart. I want all people know about language.

1.6. Setting of the research This study is done in a community of Jantuk in Mantang district of Batukliang central Lombok. I will record some conversation that commonly use in Jantuk people. this study will take randomly recording. It means that I will choose two kind of gender in the community that is man and woman. Each conversation minimally will have three people involve in it. I will record some conversation hold in my neighbor in Jantuk. Then from the recorder I will get some data that I will describe consist of the phenomena of codemixed in that community. 1.7. Assumption

There are a lot of visitor do not understand the code-mixing that come from the community. When other people from other village who do not belong to the community rather do not understand and do not get the point when they talk to the Jantuk Mantang. This phenomenon makes some conversation between people who do not belong to the community with the Jantuk people rather unclear in term of misunderstanding of missing the massage.

1.8. Significant of study This study will give some insight for me to more understand about codemixing, what lay behind this phenomena. This study is expected to give some contribution to the student in English Department of FKIP in particularly those who interested in linguistic in particular in sociolinguistic. By this study the student are able to understand about the phenomena of code-mixing in their surrounding or environment. They will begin to count about the relationship between the language and the community.

1.9. Definition of key terms There are some terms that should be specifed in order to make this study clearer and have more focus. They are: 1. Code Mixing Code mixing is the condition when the speaker is mixing up two or more codes (languages) varieties indiscriminately or perhaps because of

incompetence, whereas the mixing ups are very well motivated in relation to the symbolic or social meanings of the codes (languages) variety. (Holmes, 1992) 2. Code: the term code can be used to refer to any of system that two or more people employ for a communication. in this case a code is the particular language one chooses to use in any occasion, a system used for a communication between two or more parties. ( wardaugh,1986:86-89). 3. Jantuk Mantang People : Jantuk mantang people are the people who live in the province of West Nusa Tenggara Jantuk Mantang Batukliang district. Almost 95% Islam religious and remainder Hindu religious. Jantuk people has organization that helped community in wedding party, death, Muhammad birthday (maulid) and helped to poor people. It name of organization is teenagers organization or ( Pemuda Jantuk Mantang ).

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE. Linguistics is concerned with human language as a universal and recognizable part of human behavior and of the human abilities.There were some of linguistic features that come to be a phenomena in the world. Each of phenomena will involve

in a society and make a relationship with those people belong to it. We can see the feature from the structures and the function of the language. Linguistics is competence as being a person potential to speak a language, and his or her linguistics performance as the realization of that potential. Monica Crabtree & Joyce Powers (1994). Linguistics have some branches ; general linguistic, micro linguistic (phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantic, pragmatic, discourse, applied linguistic), macro linguistic (stylist, developmental, historical, geography,

psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, biolinguistics and sociolinguistics). Based on the branch of the linguistic a linguist might search a phenomena by chose some of it to get the point of his research. As the Here, my workplace is on sociolinguistics as my thesis; Code-Mixing among Jantuk People a Case Study in Mantang.

2.1. Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistic(s) is study of relationship between language and society (Janet Holmes: 1992). And other linguist says Any study of language in relation to society. Commonly, from the late 1960s, of studies of variation in language by Labov and his followers. In that sense, sociolinguistics might be defined as the study of correlations between linguistic variables (e.g. the precise phonetic quality of a vowel, or the presence or absence of a certain element in a construction. but, According to Coates (1986) is defined as the study of

languanges in the social context. Another sociolinguist, like Holmes (1992;1-2) states that sociolinguistic is the study relationship between language and society.from these two statements, sociolinguistic is concerned with the relationship between language and context in which it is used. According to janet holmes,people will know how language works and social relationship exist in a community by examining the relationship. another opinion is by Hudson, who states that sociolinguist is the study of language in relation to society.(1980:1a). According to his opinion if a person wants to study a language ; he cannot only learn the structure of the language exclusively apart from its connection with the society. There are two reasons to support his opinion. First, the implication of language is in a social notion that a group of people speaks it. for example when one sayslanguage x, he should not refer only to the sociolinguistics rule of the language because it is only one part of language. One can be said to have learned a language thoroughly when he also undergoes the other part of language namely the social rules of the languages. It means the relations between the language and the society itself. The second reason is speech itself functions as means of communication as well as social group identity. Therefore, the study of language separately from its relation to society means shutting out the

possibility to get social explanation why a linguistic form is being used outy of the others. The same as definitions above, Nababan (1991:2-3) explain that sociolinguistics is the study of language user as a members of society. in other words, sociolinguistics studies the social aspects of a language, especially

varieties in a language

in a relation to social factors. He also states that

sociolinguistics is actually an interdisciplinary study. The term sociolinguistics comes from the wordssocio which means society and linguistic which means the study of elements of a language. In this case, Nababan and Hudson have the same idea that according to sociolinguistics, language has two aspects, namely linguistics and social aspect of language, which is very important matter when someone is analyzing a language used by a member of a community.

Another definition is by Joshua A.Fishman(1970:14) which states that sociolinguistics is the study of characteristics of a language varieties, their functions and their languages in a speech community. these three factors interact and change one another. To clarify his definitions, Fishman states that sociolinguistics is actually the discipline whose purpose is to find out who speaks what variety of what language to whom, when concerning what. Concerning the varieties of languages, language can be said to have verbal repertoire then, the members of the speech community may choose what variety is code to be used when talking to a friend, for example about a certain subject. Conclusions from the opinions above is that sociolinguistic actually the study of a relationship between language and society. To live, men need to interact with others, means of communicating information, is an important means of establishing and maintaining relationship with other people( Trudgill 1963 ). It is a fact that language is closely related to the society and it will only be useful if the society can use in the right way.

This sociolinguistic theories as supporting theories for my analysis. I apply these theories for the interpretation on my findings, because in doing this research related to the language and the society itself.

2.2. Code Mixing

Code-mixing is the change of one language to another within the same utterance or in the same oral/written text. It is a common phenomenon in societies in which two or more languages are used. Study of code-mixing enhance our understanding of the nature, processes and constrains of language (Myres-Scotton,1993a;Boeschoten,1998;Azuma,1998) ,and of the relationship between language use and individual values, communicative strategies, language attitudes and functions within particular socio-cultural context ( ,1998; Jacobson, 1998; Myers-scotton, Auer1993b;ludi, 2003). There are some definitions of code-mixing. Kridalaksana (1993:35) gives the definitions of code mixing that is the use of a languange unit of one languange to another one to broaden the languange style or languange variety. In this case, it includes the application of word,clause,idiom,greeting, and so on. Code-mixing indicates the motivations of the speaker that underlie it. The British sociolinguistic sociolinguist Le Page states that one function of code mixing is to enable a speaker to signal two identities at once.For example, people in big cities in Indonesia often mix up

indonesian with foreign language, because if they mix up indonesia with regional languange they may regarded as uneducated.but if they only speak indonesia they may regarded as half educated which means not so smart,so, in order to show if they are citizen of big city they mix up indonesia with foreign languange.nowadays,because of wider interaction or through education,someone can master more that two languanges.That is why in speaking people often switch up from one languange by inserting other elements of languange or even mix them.(Rusyana,1989: Mackey and Fishman,1968:568).

2.3 Code

Based on Holmes ( 1992 ), the term variety or code is used to refer any set of linguistic forms which patterns according to social factors.Variety ( code ) is a sociolinguistic term referring to languange in context. A variety is a set of linguistic forms used under specific social circumstances with a distinctive social distribution. She added that variety is therefore a broad term which includes different accents,different linguistic styles,different dialects and even different languanges which contrast with each other for social reasons. It has proves a very useful sociolinguistic term because it is linguistically neutral and covers all the different realizations of the abstract concept languange in different social contexs.

Holmes also mentions that people may use different pronounciations, vocabulary, grammar,or stles of a languange for different purposes.they may use different dialect of a languange in diffent contexts. And in some communities they will select different languages according to the situation in which they are speaking.

2.4 Jantuk People

Jantuk people are the people who live in the province of West Nusa Tenggara Jantuk Mantang Batukliang district. Almost 95% Islam religious and remainder Hindu religious. It has different languange used, it is sasak languange and jantuk languange that make variety of languange used ( billingual people ). Jantuk people is very active within organization of teenager community or often said is teenagers organization. Work of teenager organization in Jantuk Mantang is helped the wedding party, death, Muhammad birthday (maulid) and helped to poor people. Amount of Jantuk community for 200 head family. It has a beautiful characteristic and friendly to every one and respect to old people. Every year they make a party of birthday their village. Event that they make for hilarious their village are gathering with teenager, make a band and travelling with big family jantuk teenagers to Benang Kelambu waterfall or Benang Stokel .

2.4. Mantang

Mantang is a name of village in batukliang district, in the central of Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. It has ten villages. They are Ceret, Batu Malang, Seganteng, Kabar, Rajumas, Otak Desa, Kelanjuh, Pedaleman, Gubuk Embung and Jantuk. Almost Each of village has same language in their conversation except jantuk village that differ. This because there are a variety of community that come from different background involve in jantuk village. This will lead some phenomena of language such as: language lost, language shift, and codeswitching and code-mixing.

Chapter III

Research methodology 3.1. Research approach In this analysis, in order to get the accurate data, I used qualitative approach. I believe it will control and give me some accurate data that I want in this study. This will prove my study in collecting data and I can analyze them to complete my research. I used qualitative approach to get a picture of what goes on in a particular situation or setting, especially related to spoken code-mixed used by the visitors.

3.2 Method of data collection In collecting data of the conversations, I will use direct method. It means I will involve in some conversation to get the data from the people of jantuk. I will set my recorder in this situation. I will record each of conversation in 10 minutes. I will have 5 recorder from different people and topic of conversation to get accurate data. The data of this research was collected from the utterances of the Jantuk people in Mantang (Loteng). I recorded the conversation between sasaknese and Jantuk people randomly.

3.2.1. Source of data The source of data in this analysis is taken from the recording of people interaction in Jantuk village. I used cell phone to record their conversation between Sasaknese and Jantuk people. Jantuk mantang village is located in west nusa tenggara ( central Lombok ) Mantang village. People there used code-mixed in their daily activities.

3.2.3. Method of data analysis After I get the data and transcribed I will analyze the data step by step. First, I will identify the codes, which use in each recorded conversation. Then the next I will identify what code-mixing from the recorded. Then I will analyze the data by giving the description with the theory I got. I will search some aspect belong and dealing with code-mixing. This will make the data contrast with what the phenomena happens in society.

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