DC GENERATOR

Vita Lystianingrum

REFERENCES
1. Theraja, B. L., Electrical Technology, S. Chand & Company Ltd., 1978. 2. Chapman, S. J, Electric Machinery Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill, 2005.

RE1334 KONVERSI TENAGA LISTRIK I

1: Energi dan permasalahannya 2: Konsep konversi energi 3: Pembangkitan energi listrik konvensional & non konvensional 4: Dasar elektromagnetik, pengenalan bahan magnetik dan elektromekanik 5: Mesin arus searah (DC) 6: Generator DC: cara kerja, klasifikasi dan persamaan tegangan 7: Generator DC: rugi-rugi daya dan efisiensi, efisiensi maksimum serta karakteristik 8: 9-10: Ujian Tengah Semester

DC GENERATOR
Emf induction Armature reaction Loaded generator Equivalent circuit: separately-excited; shunt; series; compound Voltage, power, current; Voltage control; Energy, losses, efficiency; Characteristics;
4

TOTAL LOSS IN A GENERATOR [1]

Total Loss in a DC machine (1)

Armature Cu Loss Field Cu Loss

Copper Losses
hysteresis

Total Losses

Iron/Magnetic Losses

Eddy current

Mechanical Losses

friction windage

IRON LOSS IN THE ARMATURE (1)

Hysteresis Loss
This loss is due to the reversal of magnetism of the armature core. (Every portion of the rotating core passes under N and S pole alternately, thereby attaining S and N polarity respectively. Review: Hysteresis Loss

IRON LOSS IN THE ARMATURE (2)

Eddy Current Loss

Eddy Current Loss

.The core material is electrically conductive. .When it rotates, it also cuts the flux. .Hence, an emf is induced in the body of the core. .This emf sets up current in the body of the core..

Eddy Current Loss

.The core material is electrically conductive. .When it rotates, it also cuts the flux. .Hence, an emf is induced in the body of the core. .This emf sets up current in the body of the core..

10

Total Loss in a DC machine (1)

Armature Cu Loss Field Cu Loss

Copper Losses
hysteresis

Total Losses

Iron/Magnetic Losses

Eddy current

Mechanical Losses

friction windage

11

Copper Loss
Copper losses (Cu losses) .Armature copper loss = Ia2Ra .Field copper loss = If2Rf .Loss due to brush contact resistance; usually included in the armature copper loss.

Rse Ra Rsh Rsh Ra

12

Mechanical Loss
.Friction loss at bearings and commutator .Air-friction or windage loss of rotating armature
Poles Brushes Fan

Rotor winding Bearing

Commutator

13

Total Loss in a DC machine

Armature Cu Loss Field Cu Loss

Copper Losses
hysteresis

Total Losses

Iron/Magnetic Losses

Eddy current

Mechanical Losses

friction windage

Stray Losses: usually magnetic and mechanical losses are collectively known as Stray Losses. Constant Losses: Wc, consists of stray losses and shunt Cu losses. Variable Loss: varied with the load current -> armature Cu loss.
14

Generator Power Stages

Mechanical Power Input

Iron and Friction Losses

Electrical Power developed in armature. EIa, Watt

Copper Losses

Electrical Power Output VI, Watts

Total Losses = Constant Losses + Variable Losses

15

INTERNAL GENERATED VOLTAGE AND INDUCED TORQUE EQUATIONS

The induced voltage in any given machine depends on 3 factors:
The flux in the machine The speed n or of the machines rotor A constant depending on the construction of the machine

E = cn

16

Torque Power Conversion

.If Ta is the torque exerted by the prime mover running at n rps, then the power developed is:

Ta 2n watt
.and the mechanical power converted into electrical power in the armature is:

E I a watt
then

Ta 2n = E I a
17

Review: HP (horse power) & Watt

1 HP = 746 Watt.

18

Efficiency

A
Mechanical Power Input Iron and Friction Losses

B
Electrical Power developed in armature. EIa, Watt Copper Losses

C
Electrical Power Output VI, Watts

Mechanical Efficiency = B / A Electrical Efficiency = C / B Overall/Commercial Efficiency = C / A

19

CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY

Generator output = VI Gen input = gen output + losses = VI + Ia2Ra + Wc (I = Ia + Ish)

However if Ish is negligible as compared to load current, then Ia = I (approx.) 1 = output / input =

1 + ( IRa + Wc ) V VI

Efficiency is max when denominator is minimum, when:

d IRa Wc + =0 dI V VI

Ra Wc 2 =0 V VI

I 2 Ra = Wc
20

CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY (2)

I 2 Ra = Wc
Variable loss = constant loss. The load current corresponding to max efficiency is:
21

I=

Wc Ra

EXAMPLES
21-18 21-20 21-19

22