Head First Object-Oriented Analysis and Design

Wouldnt it be dreamy if there was an analysis and design book that was more fun than going to an HR benefits meeting? Its probably nothing but a fantasy...

Brett D. McLaughlin Gary Pollice David West

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Head First Object-Oriented Analysis and Design

by Brett D. McLaughlin, Gary Pollice, and David West Copyright 2007 OReilly Media, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by OReilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. OReilly Media books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (safari.oreilly.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com.

Series Creators: Series Editor: Editor: Cover Designer: OO: A: D: Page Viewer: Printing History:
November 2006: First Edition.

Kathy Sierra, Bert Bates Brett D. McLaughlin Mary OBrien Mike Kohnke, Edie Freedman Brett D. McLaughlin David West Gary Pollice Dean and Robbie McLaughlin

The OReilly logo is a registered trademark of OReilly Media, Inc. The Head First series designations, Head First OOA&D, and related trade dress are trademarks of OReilly Media, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and OReilly Media, Inc., was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and the authors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. In other words, if you use anything in Head First OOA&D to, say, write code that controls an American space shuttle, youre on your own. No dogs, rabbits, or woodchucks were harmed in the making of this book, or Todd and Ginas dog door.

ISBN-10: 0-596-00867-8 ISBN-13: 978-0-596-00867-3 [M]

4 analysis: academic supplement

Taking Your Software into the Real World

I think Im nally ready!

Itstimetograduatetoreal-worldapplications.
Your application has to do more than work on your own personal development machine, nely tuned and perfectly set up; your apps have to work when real people use them. This chapter is all about making sure that your software works in a real-world context. Youll learn how textual analysis can take that use case youve been working on and turn it into classes and methods that you know are what your customers want. And when youre done, you too can say: I did it! My software is ready for the real world! this is a new supplement

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Short Answers 1.
If you want to be a UML lawyer, you need to understand different types of use cases and how they relate to each other. (If you just want to write great software, you probably can do without this, but you might find this on your UML LSAT exam, so give it a try.) Read about the include and extend relationships between use cases. Is it clear when you should use them? If not, what do you think the problem is? Do you think you need to use an include or extend relationship in most use case diagrams? What are the advantages and disadvantages? (References: http://www.sparxsystems.com.au/resources/tutorial/use_case_model.html, http:// dn.codegear.com/article/images/31863/usecase.html, http://www.agilemodeling.com/essays/ useCaseReuse.htm, http://www.bainsight.com/archives/33, and others)

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2.

Consider the final dog door application in this chapter. Can you draw a use case diagram that clearly expresses the different use cases? Can you use any include or extend relationships? Try it. Does it make the diagram clearer or more difficult to understand? Why?

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Short Answers 3.
You may remember the advertisements for a device that can turn electric devices on and off by clapping twice. Two claps, and the switch changes its state from on to off, or vice-versa. Analyze the problem by trying to figure out how it can, and should, be used in practice. What problems can you uncover by your analysis?

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4.

Develop a use case model from your analysis in question 3 that includes possible solutions to the problems and pitfalls.

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Short Answers 5.
The device described in questions 3 and 4 is called The Clapper, produced by Joseph Enterprises (the people who gave you the Chia pet, http://www.chia.com/index.html). Now there is a Clapper Plus. Does the new product address the problems you uncovered in question 3? Does it introduce new problems?

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6.

Update your use case model from question 4 to include the information you found about the Clapper Plus.

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Short Answers 7.
Joan comes to Doug with a problem. She owns a Basenji (see http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/ basenji.htm) that she loves dearly and wants to get a dog door system for it. However, Basenjis dont bark, per se. How can Doug help her? What will this mean for your software?

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8.

Perform a textual analysis on Ricks Guitars as we left the application at the end of Chapter 1. What variabilities can you find? Does the design of the application handle the variabilities? How does it, and where is it deficient?

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Short Answers 9.
When developing software, we talk about making it work in the real world. What do we mean by this? Is the real world always the physical world we live in? If not, give an example of software for which the real world is different? How does this affect the way we might analyze and design the problem, if at all?

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10.

It should be clear that there are many ways to solve a problem. In fact its doubtful if any of your solutions to the problems presented thus far are exactly like our solutions. If thats the case, how can you evaluate a solution for its goodness? (Does this mean that your instructor has no better answers to the problems than you do? Why are you taking the class?) Randy, Sam, and Maria all had different solutions to incorporating barks into the dog door system. And Marias was the best (Right? Do you agree?). Are there other ways you might evaluate the designs?

Hint: look at object-oriented metrics, which well get to later.

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Short Answers 11.

The use case you added on pp. 153-154 is a very simple one that describes, at a high level, what needs to be done. Can you elaborate this use case a bit more so it describes, in more detail, what might need to happen and what can go wrong (alternate paths)?

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12.

The use case from the previous question is the type of use case that is often overlooked. Lets call these administrative use cases. That is, they address questions like how the system is installed, initialized, shut down gracefully, upgraded, and removed. Identify such use cases for the dog door system and write the steps for the main path and any alternate paths.

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Short Answers 13.

Write the administrative use cases for Ricks guitars with the same amount of detail as in the previous use cases.

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14.

Administrative use cases will often introduce real world requirements that you might not have uncovered in previous use cases. For example, in question 12, it introduces the need for a persistent store where you can keep the dogs bark. (After all, its going to be difficult enough to get Fido to bark on cue one time; can you imagine having to get him to do it every time you start up the system?) Consider how you might implement the persistence. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each option?

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Short Answers 15.

Determine your options for persistence with Ricks application. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?

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16.

Craig Larman, a well-known OOAD expert, introduced a series of patterns called GRASP (General Responsibility Assignment Software Patterns) that help you decide which classes should be responsible for specific behaviors.

Pay attention, this is a really important topic!

The patterns provide you with a way of thinking about how to assign responsibilities. Look at the final dog door application in this chapter and use the Information Expert, Controller, and Creator GRASP patterns to assign responsibilities. Modify the design if necessary. Where did you use each pattern, if at all? Draw a class diagram showing your new analysis model.

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Short Answers 17. Maria clearly put a lot of thought into her analysis of the use case. Textual analysis helped, but
she also used her brain. There is no royal road to developing great software, just as there is no royal road to geometry (see http://library.thinkquest.org/22494/stories/Euclid.htm for the story if youre not familiar with it).

Textual analysis is a tool that should be used properly. Knowing about the problem domain is even more important. If you are assigned to work on a project in a domain that is unfamiliar to you, what are some ways you can become familiar with that domain so you can make informed judgments (a key to engineering) about your solutions?)

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18. Maria did a great job of encapsulating much of the behavior and delegating it to the appropriate
objects. Yet, theres still one thing that it seems she missed (at least we think so). Can you figure out what it is thats missing so that the system is even more general (were just sticking with dogs here and not worrying about cats and things yet)?

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Short Answers 19.

Candidate classes can come not only from doing a textual analysis, but by thinking about the actual objects in the domain. In fact some of the objects in a domain arent real objectsthey are often abstract concepts or intangible things that are needed to understand the problem. Can you think of an example where there are such intangible, or conceptual objects?

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20. If nouns help us identify classes and verbs help us identify behavior for the objects, what do
adjectives and adverbs help us with? Give examples.

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Implement persistence and the administrative use cases for the final instance of the dog door application in this chapter.

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Implement persistence and the administrative use cases for the Ricks Guitars application.

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Implement the system you described in problem 16.

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1
Assume that you have been hired by Joseph Enterprises to develop the software for the Clapper product line. a) Write down software feature requirements for your product that you find from the information on Web pages. Make sure you track the source of the requirements.

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b)

Develop a use case model for the product, if you havent done so in question 6 above.

Continues on the next page.

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1 (continued)
c) Perform a textual analysis on the requirements you have so far.

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d)

Create a class diagram from the analysis classes you identified in the previous step.

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e)

Perform a variability analysis on the analysis model youve developed so far. Identify those things that can vary, and those that might be most likely to vary.

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f)

Identify how the system might handle the possible variabilities identified in (e). Use design patterns where possible and justify your decisions for this step.

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2
In question 18 above, you should have come up with the idea that there might be multiple dog doors in a house and that they really should all be part of a single system. (If not, pretend you didwe wont tell.) a) Modify your analysis model to take this into account. Describe all of the changes that are needed.

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b)

Do you think that the amount of changes that need to be made when the requirements change provide an indication of how good or bad a design is? Explain.

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c)

Research metrics for coupling and cohesion. Can you compute them for your dog door design now?

d)

Implement the changes for this new design and, of course, test everything. Can you get 100% code coverage? (Theres a prize for the best coverage! You get to write different programs rather than having to fix bugs in what youve already written.)

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e)

If you can obtain an automated program analyzer that collects metrics, run it on your code and look at your cohesion and coupling metrics. What do they tell you?.

Continues on the next page.

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3
Textual analysis is but one way of identifying classes and assigning responsibilities. One popular method is called CRC cards (see pp. 564-5). Read the original CRC cards paper: A Laboratory for Teaching Object-Oriented Thinking, by Kent Beck and Ward Cunningham (http://c2.com/doc/oopsla89/paper.html) and analyze the dog door system using CRC Cards. Compare your experience between CRC cards and the approach we took in the text. Which do you prefer and why? Did you end up with the same design? If not, why do you think its different?

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