Gypsum products & Denture polymers

Todays lecture is about dental material especially gypsum products & denture polymer to know how to handle it & how to work with it. Outlines: Dental gypsum products - Requirements for dental die/model material - ISO classification of dental gypsum products. - Setting reaction of dental gypsum products. - Other uses of dental gypsum products.

Done by : Darawshe Muhammad

Page 1

Denture polymers: (this is the main part of our lecture today) - Acrylics in dentistry. - ISO classification of denture acrylics. - Polymerization of acrylic. - Heat cured acrylic contents, because its the most used type of acrylic we will concentrate about the contents & processing methods. - Stages in production of heat in heat cured acrylic denture bases, physical defects in heat cured acrylic & how we can avoid them - Disadvantages of acrylic. - Acrylic teeth. - Denture lining material. In dentistry we can use acryl as denture base, or in teeth or denture lining material.

Dental gypsum:
This material is available in bags which contains powder that is enough to produce many models . The basic color of gypsum is white but its available in pigmented mixtures . Its mixed with waiter to pour impressions to produce casts on which we fabricate our restorations & prosthesis.
Done by : Darawshe Muhammad Page 2

Basic information about gypsum material: The composition is CaSO4.2H2O when the gypsum sets (when its mixed with water). The types of dental gypsum products are mainly 2 types: Dental plaster and Dental stone The dental gypsum can be used as impression material but this is very rare now days & also can be used for dental models & dies. Model: an exact replica of the patient's teeth, gingiva, and surrounding tissues in the mouth. Die: is the part of model that used to fabricate a restoration.

Now in general if we are going to use this material to pour impressions & fabricate prosthesis on them we need to know the ideal type to use for models or dies so we need to know in general the requirements of gypsum to use the suitable type for each case :
So we know that when powder is mixed with water the mix flows in order to pour impressions. Has an adequate working time to pour the impression and short sitting time not to wait for the sitting so long after we pour the impression.

Done by : Darawshe Muhammad

Page 3

 Sets without significant dimensional change coz when we take an accurate impressions we need an accurate cast in order to have accurate final outcome & accurate prosthesis as well. Reproduces fine details coz we took fine impression we need fine details. Not affected by the chemistry of the impression material we know the gypsum sets by chemical rxn so we dont want any rxn between the cast & the impression material coz if any rxn happens we will have voids, bubbles ,the rxn adverse effects & this will affect model die -> the prosthesis. Set material stable over time. cos as you know we spend weeks to fabricate dentures so we need it to be stable.

Sufficient strength & Good abrasion resistance in order to be able to do surveying , to construct prosthesis over them so they need to be strong. Insoluble they shouldnt be affected by water coz we use water in dentures construction. So those are the requirement in general for dental die or model & the most common type we use is dental gypsum.

Done by : Darawshe Muhammad

Page 4

So now we will cover the ISO classification for dental gypsum products. There are many classification for gypsum products but the DR. prefers the ISO COZ this organization is the responsible to put criterias & standards for all dental material so if the material complies with the requirements which set by this organization so here we know that we have a good products if not dont buy it !! So in future try to look for ISO classification for any products Now according to ISO classification dental gypsum is divided into 5 types: Type 1 : Impression plaster : o Which is rarely used now days. Type 2 : Dental plaster o Used to make models. Type 3 : Dental stone : o The ordinary stone to make dies. Type 4 : Dental stone: o For dies, high strength, low setting expansion. Type 5 : Dental stone : o Die, high strength, high setting expansion.

Done by : Darawshe Muhammad

Page 5

So according to this which type is the best???

Type 4 So to make this more clear if we compare between gypsum products according to 2 things which are setting expansion & compressive strength.

Type1: (0-0.15 & 4) this is good as impression material coz we dont use it to fabricate models & dies . Type2: (0-0.30& 9) . Type3: (0-0.20&20). Type4: (0-0.15 & 35) so it has the best properties type the lowest setting expansion & the highest compressive strength.
Done by : Darawshe Muhammad Page 6

Type5: Has the same compressive strength as type 4 but more setting expansion .

Are you familiar with MPa?? Mega Pascal & Pascal is for stress =force/area.

Now mixing ratio:

Plaster: Water: 45 60 ml Powder: 100 g Stone: Water: 25 30 ml Powder: 100 g (we always need more water for stone). Now something important that after you pour your impression were to leave it (Setting environment; wet or dry). Sure dry to avoid absorption which will lead in wet environment to have extra expansion & this extra expansion due to wet environment we call it hygroscopic expansion: Its the extra expansion that happens due to setting in wet environment

Done by : Darawshe Muhammad

Page 7

Setting reaction of dental gypsum products:

{Before mixing 2(CaSO4.1/2H2O)} + 3H2O {The set structure 2(CaSO 4.2H2O)}+ Heat Remember that gypsum rxn is exothermic that produce heat This is the chemical rxn for all gypsum products

So this is the rxn for dental plaster & stone so why stone needs more water??? Coz of the way of making stone particles You need heat +pressure+ water to make stone particles But to make plaster you need only heat!! So this will produce different shape of particles & the shape of stone particles needs more water when its mixed. So they have the same chemical composition but to differentiate between stone & plaster particles we call stone particles . hemihydrates.

Done by : Darawshe Muhammad

Page 8

And the plaster particles hemihydrates. Now we know that the main disadvantage of gypsum products is setting expansion so how manufacturers can reduce this expansion?? This can be done by adding chemical material which can be either borax or potassium sulphate .

When we add kso4 the expansion will be decreased & also the setting time will be also decreased here I mean by setting time (working time + setting time) so that means no enough working time. So in order to prevent this great decrease in the setting time we add also borax this will decrease expansion but will increase setting time so when we add these two materials together we will have as final result: Decrease in setting expansion & Decrease setting time but not as much if it was k2so4 alone.
Done by : Darawshe Muhammad Page 9

Coloration:
Its important & has some advantages not only fancy The main advantages of coloring is to have differentiation between the cast & the restoration this is important if you have tooth colored restoration, as example if you have composite restoration as onlay or inlay . Here the cast should be in different color to insure the good margins & fitting of the restoration. Its also important for the technician to have visual differentiation between the cast & the restoration. Dental gypsum products not used only in dentistry!! Its used in Forensic science

Reasons:
Accurate. Durable. Can set in wet conditions. The most widely used material in dentistry to fabricate dentures is acrylic before that they used ivory dentures with natural teeth & metal springs. Other material is vulcanite , its a good material but the main disadvantage is aesthetic coz it has dark colour. But now acrylic replaced all other materials . Acrylic used also to make other than denture bases, used for teeth, denture relining & rebasing material.
Done by : Darawshe Muhammad Page 10

ISO classification of denture acrylics:

Now the types 1 & 2 has two sub classes: Type 1 : class1 heat processed (powder & liquid).the type that we use commonly use for dentures & we will concentrate on it today !!!!!

Done by : Darawshe Muhammad

Page 11

Type 1: class2 heat processed (plastic cake).like impression compound. Type 2: The auto-polymerization acrylic (powder& liquid or powder & pourable liquid) Type 3: Thermoplastic like impression compound comes in cake form. Type4: Light cured material. Type5: Microwave cured material. Now in type 2 the difference between liquid & pourable liquid the liquid is volatile but pourable that you can pour it & you dont need to cover it.

To understand all the physical defects you need to review the stages of heat cured material :p The polymerization idea is many monomers react to make polymer .

Done by : Darawshe Muhammad

Page 12

Polymerisation of acrylic
Monomer Polymer Three stages: Initiation : initiator and activator. Propagation : linking of monomers. Termination : end of polymerisation. We will start to discus each stage one by one!!

Initiation:
Initiator + activator Free radicals

**The Initiator in all acrylics is the same :

Benzoyl peroxide
** Activator this is the material that makes the difference : o Heat (type 1, type3 and type 5) o Light (type 4) o Chemical* (type 2)* (Amine or Dimethyl para toulidine)

Done by : Darawshe Muhammad

Page 13

In the reaction the initiator dissociate and gives free radicals, the radicals will react with the activator this will start the linking of monomers with each other in order to form polymer. This leads to the 2nd stage propagation

Propagation and Termination: Propagation: Free radicals + Monomer Polymer o Monomer : methyl-methacrylate o Polymer : poly-methyl-methacrylate Termination: Direct coupling or disproportioning. Just know this you dont need to get into details.

Done by : Darawshe Muhammad

Page 14

Polymerization shrinkage:
Monomer (liquid) + Monomer (liquid) Polymer Shrinkage 20% Monomer (liquid) + Polymer (powder) Polymer Shrinkage 7% . So here when we mix the monomer & the polymer we mix powder & liquid to reduce the shrinkage 7%, coz if it was liquid with liquid we will have more shrinkage 20%.

The mixing Ratio (5 parts polymer powder : 2 parts monomer) to keep the shrinkage ratio the same coz any alterations will make the shrinkage worse!! So if you want to fasten the polymerization you can use warmer liquid but dont alter this ratio.

Done by : Darawshe Muhammad

Page 15

Now as we said the most common used material is heat cured so it will be the bulk of our lecture today.

Heat cured acrylic contents

Powder: o o o o o Polymer chains. Pigment. Vein fibres (red nylon) Benzoyl peroxide( initiator) Plasticizer (makes the material softer)

Liquid: Methyl methacrylate molecules (monomer). Glycol dimethacrylate(cross linking agent). Hydroquinone (inhibitor) to prevent any early rxns or polymerization.

Done by : Darawshe Muhammad

Page 16

*After mixing .. Changes in texture after mixing of powder and liquid The material first will be like Sand in water Stringy This two stags are very important: We have two techniques to produce acrylic dentures Predough here we Inject the acrylic in that stage & makes the final denture more accurate. Dough here we Pack the acrylic at that stage & this the stage that we used at the center.

Rubber Solid

Done by : Darawshe Muhammad

Page 17

How dough time can be altered? With warmer liquid.

Now after we ensure that everything is ok with our trial dentures we start the Production of heat cures acrylic dentures: Flasking: Remember all the lab work We put the sealed casts with the dentures in the center of the flask fill it with plaster ,close the flask fill the other half with stone,,,,,, we all familiar with that point then Dewaxing: After dewaxing here we have 2 choices : a) Packing: Full dough state we open the flask put the acrylic inside then close it put it in hydrolic pressure until the two parts of the flask meets in flush.

Done by : Darawshe Muhammad

Page 18

b) Injecting: The acrylic will be injected in Pre-dough state into the acrylic space by sprus in a more accurate way! And you can overcome the granularity, porosity So better results .

Curing: After packing or injecting you will start the curing & because its heat cured you will look for heat as an activator either : Water bath. Thermal oven. Important temperatures: ((those temperatures are critical)) so 65C : The temperature at which and above Benzoyl peroxide dissociates, the polymerization starts.

Done by : Darawshe Muhammad

Page 19

100.3C : The temperature at which monomer boils,the important thing that for most of the curing process the temperature should be around 65C but the last half hour of the curing we should raise(spilling) the temperature to 100c to boil the residual monomer the monomers that still not reacted coz if they stayed (residual monomers)they will adverse affect our dentures!! And its important not to raise the temperature more that 65c in an early stage to avoid physical defects in final acrylic dentures. Defalsking: You know the procedure

Done by : Darawshe Muhammad

Page 20

Polishing: to finish the denture & polish it !

Physical defects in acrylic denture bases: this slide is important (there will be QSin the exam):
While processing:
Gaseous porosity: If you raise the temperature of the curing water to 100c in an early stage. So the temperature should stay @ 65c until the polymerization completed then raise it to 100c to boil the residual monomer. Contraction porosity: If we have insufficient amount of dough this will lead to contraction porosity, the effect of the contraction is not localized its all over the denture.

Done by : Darawshe Muhammad

Page 21

Granularity: 1) Insufficient amount of monomer. 2) While mixing the powder & liquid the dough was not covered so that lead to evaporation of the monomer.

After use:
Distortion: This happens due to internal or external pressure when the denture close to the ( glass transition temperature : At which the denture start to flow so here if a pt. wants to clean his denture so he boil it, so while its boiling he applied a pressure or stress so here the internal distortion happens. so the distortion happens if the load applied to denture while its close to glass transition temperature. Fatigue cracks: Happens due to frequent use, loading for many years . Crazing: It is formed due to tensile stress and solvent penetration. Bleaching: Misuse during bleaching. Staining: Happens due to some sort of food ,drinks ,medications, smoking ect .
Done by : Darawshe Muhammad Page 22

Disadvantages of acrylics:
1) Lack of adequate radio-opacity: coz if the pt. swallow the denture you will not be able to find it metal inset in the denture base material.

2) Not strong : To solve this problem we can add Carbon fiber strengthening but this technique has many problems: - Technical: To insert the fibers is very difficult - Protruding fibers irritate soft tissues: - Not aesthetic: they have different color so we dont encourage on adding fibers.

Acrylic teeth:
The 2nd use of acrylic as teeth , the material here is called: **Poly(methylmethacrylate/ glycol dimethacrylate) copolymer** its not a polymer its a copolymer

Done by : Darawshe Muhammad

Page 23

in general for acrylic teeth you should know that they are Three layers: o Translucent surface layer (enamel): o Semi-opaque body: (Dentine core). o Base: its impeded in the denture base material

Acrylic teeth vs. porcelain teeth:

Acrylic teeth
Adhesion to the denture base No noise weaker Moderate wear

Porcelain teeth
No adhesion to the denture base Click noise stronger Low wear

Done by : Darawshe Muhammad

Page 24

Porcelain: low wear rate, they are strong Acrylic: better bond to the denture base, they are not noisy they dont produce click noise! So they are better

Denture lining material:

Rigid materials : or they are named permanent hard denture lining material Short-term soft lining materials:(temporary-soft). Long-term soft lining materials: (permanent-soft). **Now lets start to talk about the permanent hard denture lining materialthey are 2 types: Lower acrylic type: Powder : p-methyl-methacrylate (pmma). Liquid : mma monomer + plasticizer. Higher acrylic type: Powder : poly ethyl methacrylate (pema) Liquid : butyl methacrylate (bma) + primer.

Done by : Darawshe Muhammad

Page 25

Which is better and why !? The better one is the higher acrylic type Coz in the lower the powder is poly-methyl-methacrylate And this material may coz allergy so always we try to avoid the 1st type.

Permanent lining might be at chair side or at the lab.

Long term soft lining materials; Advantages over rigid lining materials ? a) They can distribute the stress evenly over the residual ridge. b) They can absorb the impact from the masticatory function so we call them shock absorbing material or cushioning affect of the material.

Done by : Darawshe Muhammad

Page 26

o Soft acrylic: Heat cure or self cure.

Free radical polymerisation. Powder: pema liquid: bma

o Silicone rubber: Self cure Condensation reaction.

Heat cure Free radical polymerisation.

Short term soft lining materials: Tissue conditioner or functional impression material. o Powder/liquid: Powder : pema. Liquid : ethanol and plasticizer. o Ready to use sheet: From the pharmacy
Done by : Darawshe Muhammad Page 27

Setting process : the special here that there is No chemical reaction only physical , the powder will absorb the liquid to form the gel. This material can aid in the diagnosis coz its Reversible procedure. So we can add it to the denture then if the pt. is satisfied we can remove it then add the permanent lining material.

Difference between tissue conditioner and functional impression material :

both of them are soft from the beginning ,in the functional impression we take the shape of the mucosa & the functional state so we need the material in order to do that to be flow-able first few hours so it will take the impression at function, then its ok if it becomes elastic. Tissue conditioner: Elastic from the start. Functional impression: Flowable at the start then becomes elastic.

The End
Done by : Darawshe Muhammad Page 28

 )) )) . . ( ) . . .

Done by : Darawshe Muhammad

92 Page