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WEEK 3
Submission of Work Plane and other Materials
Objectives: 1. To study the characteristics of heat transfer from a vertical hot jet of air impinging on two types of horizontally mounted plate, a flat and a convex plate and to compare the two results. 2. To study the performance of flame retardant fabrics in contact both with a flat and a convex plate. 3. To compare the heat transfer characteristics of flat and convex plate (with and without fabric). 4. Simulation of the heat transfer on flat and convex plate due to hot air impingement.
Expected Outcomes: 1. Characteristics of convective heat transfer due to air impingement on a convex plate. 2. Characteristics of heat transfer of a flame retardant fabrics used by the local fire fighter.
WEEK 4
WEEK 4 (CONTINUED)
6. For larger z/d separation the surface heat flux is fluctuating. This occurs due to the mixing of surrounding air with hot fluid creates an eddy current which in turns create fluctuation in reading. 7. When the experiment done with fabrics in contact with plate the maximum Nu occurred off the centre but no secondary peak occurred. So it can be said that the turbulence effect is less when fabrics is used.
8. Another non-contact testing is done where the fabric is 6mm away from the plate. This was done to compare the energy transfer within the gap. The different FR fabrics give different result but each of them proves to be more heat resistant when testing with air gap.
9. The results obtained using a shim stock testing is scattered with no definite pattern. They have concluded that the testing apparatus was not perfect to test such situation.
10. Adding 6mm air gap contributes to reducing the heat transfer between the plate and warm jet. As z/d become larger the Nu difference at centre became smaller. This is due to the appearance of maximum value at the stagnation point.
WEEK 5 (CONTINUED)
Transient Heat Transfer Through Thin Fibrous Layers Performed by, Raul Munoz Anguiano Test Condition: Velocity of Air Jet: 13m/s
Temperature: 1024
Nozzle Diameter: 32mm Nozzle to Fabrics Distance: 128mm
WEEK 5 (CONTINUED)
WEEK 5 (CONTINUED)
Heat and Mass Transfer in a Permeable Fabric System Under Hot Air Jet Impingement Proceedings of the International Heat Transfer Conference, August 8-13, 2010 ASME 2010
Test Condition:
Velocity of Air Jet: 32m/s Temperature: 100C and 200C Nozzle Diameter: 20.6mm Nozzle to Fabrics Distance: 76.2mm
3 Radial Position
5.675
8.5
1 1
13.6 10 Velocity
100
WEEK 6 COMMENTS
Centerline Velocity at maximum opening of Wind Tunnel: 4.2 m/s
The exit velocity is not uniform due the presence of valve at the end. Velocity at the outside periphery is higher due to the turbulence created by the valve blade end. Thus only center portion of the tunnel cross-section is selected for the upcoming experiment.
Nozzle Diameters = 25.4 mm (1 inch) Inlet Velocity = 4.75 m/s Expected Jet Velocity = 73.62 m/s
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
ASTM STANDARD
Thermal Sensor Copper Slug Calorimeter Diameter = 40.05cm Mass = 180.05g Electrical Grade Copper Thermocouple: ANSI Type J (Fe/Cu-Ni) or ANSI Type K(NiCr/Ni-Al) Wire Dia = 0.254 mm
ASTM Standard F 2703 - 08
Shutter
A manual or computer-controlled shutter is used to block the heat flux from the burner (placed between the specimen holder and the burner). Water cooling is recommended to minimize radiant heat transfer to other equipment components and to prevent thermal damage to the shutter itself.
Core Region
Decaying Jet Region Stagnation Region Wall Jet Region
Less turbulence
A downstream flow contraction (vena-contracta)
Juckerman and Lior defines the end of the core region as the axial position where the centerline flow dynamic pressure reaches 95% of its original value. Begins at 4~8D from the nozzle exit Axial velocity component decreased Axial velocity and jet width vary linearly
Decaying jet region & free jet region may not exist if the nozzle lies within a distance of 2D from the target Elevated static pressure in the stagnation region influence the flow immediately at the nozzle exit
STAGNATION REGION
Flow losses axial velocity and turns
Minimum thickness occurs within 0.75~3D from the jet axis, then continually thickens moving farther away from the nozzle
Boundary layers begins within the wall, where its thickness measures more than 1% of the jet Shearing layer influence by velocity gradient with respect to both at the wall and at the fluid outside the wall Entrains flow and grows in thickness
MAJOR PARAMETERS
Nusselt Number, =
Recovery factor =
2 2
= =
0.4
OTHER PARAMETERS
Prandlt Number, Pr
:
r/D: nondimensional radial position from center of the jet z/D: nondimensional vertical position measured from the wall Turbulence intensity, Tu Renolds Number, Re Mach Number, M
:
Free Area,
Relative Nozzle Area,
EMPIRICAL CORRELATIONS
= ( ) For Single Round Nozzle, Martin correlation =
11.1 0.42 1+0.1( 6)
EMPIRICAL CORRELATIONS
FLAME IMPINGEMENT
Transfer heat very effectively and tends to have higher turbulence
If some fuel travels through the stagnation region without complete combustion, further reaction in the wall jet will release additional thermal energy and improve uniformity Also transfer heat by radiation from the flame
60-70% heat transfer by convection [Malikov et al] Accumulation of soot may occur on the target which ultimately impede heat transfer
= erf
2 4
= 0
= , ,
Where,
, = |=
, =
= , , + ,
, ,
, =
, =
, = 1 =
|=
900
800 700 Temperature (C) 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 Length (m) 2 2.5 3 3.5
Week 7
Gauge Wire 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
Ohms/ft at Room Temperature Diameter (mm) NiCr A 2.591 0.06248 2.311 0.07849 2.057 0.09907 1.829 0.12540 1.626 0.15870 1.448 0.20010 1.295 0.24990 1.143 0.32100 1.016 0.40630 0.914 0.50150 0.813 0.63480 0.7239 0.80020 0.6426 1.01500 0.5740 1.27300 0.5105 1.60900 0.4547 2.02900 0.4039 2.571 0.3607 3.224 0.3200 4.094 0.2870 5.090 0.2540 6.500 0.2261 8.206 0.2032 10.160 0.1803 12.890 0.1600 16.380 0.1422 20.730 0.1270 26.000 0.1143 32.100 0.1016 40.630 0.0889 53.060
NiCr C 0.06488 0.08151 0.10290 0.13020 0.16480 0.20780 0.25950 0.33330 0.42190 0.52080 0.65920 0.83100 1.05500 1.32200 1.67100 2.10700 2.670 3.348 4.252 5.286 6.750 8.522 10.550 13.390 17.010 21.520 27.000 33.330 42.190 55.100
Gauge Wire 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Diameter (mm) 2.591 2.311 2.057 1.829 1.626 1.448 1.295 1.143 1.016 0.914 0.813 0.7239 0.6426 0.5740 0.5105 0.4547 0.4039 0.3607 0.3200 0.2870 0.2540 0.2261 0.2032 0.1803 0.1600
400F 205C 16.2 13.8 11.6 9.80 8.40 7.20 6.40 5.50 4.80 4.30 3.80 3.30 2.90 2.58 2.21 1.92 1.67 1.44 1.24 1.08 0.92 0.77 0.68 0.59 0.50
600 316 23.3 19.2 16.1 13.6 11.6 10.0 8.70 7.50 6.50 5.80 5.10 4.30 3.70 3.30 2.90 2.52 2.14 1.84 1.61 1.41 1.19 1.03 0.90 0.79 0.68
800 427 29.7 24.8 20.8 17.6 15.0 12.8 10.9 9.50 8.20 7.20 6.30 5.30 4.50 4.00 3.40 3.00 2.60 2.25 1.95 1.73 1.47 1.28 1.13 0.97 0.83
1000 538 37.5 31.5 26.5 22.5 18.8 16.1 13.7 11.7 10.1 8.70 7.60 6.50 5.60 4.90 4.20 3.60 3.20 2.73 2.38 2.10 1.78 1.54 1.36 1.17 1.00
1200 649 46.0 39.0 33.5 28.2 23.5 20.0 17.0 14.5 12.2 10.6 9.10 7.80 6.80 5.90 5.10 4.30 3.80 3.30 2.85 2.51 2.14 1.84 1.62 1.40 1.20
1400 760 56.0 48.0 40.8 34.2 29.0 24.5 20.9 17.6 14.8 12.7 11.0 9.40 8.20 7.00 6.00 5.20 4.50 3.90 3.40 2.95 2.52 2.17 1.89 1.62 1.41
1600 871 68.0 57.0 48.0 41.0 34.6 29.4 25.1 21.1 17.7 15.2 13.0 11.0 9.60 8.30 7.10 6.10 5.30 4.60 3.90 3.40 2.90 2.52 2.18 1.86 1.60
1800 982 80.0 67.0 56.0 48.0 40.5 34.3 29.4 24.6 20.7 17.8 15.2 12.9 11.0 9.60 8.20 7.10 6.10 5.30 4.50 3.90 3.30 2.85 2.46 2.12 1.80
2000 1093 92.0 78.0 65.0 55.0 46.0 39.2 33.6 28.1 23.7 20.5 17.5 14.8 12.5 11.0 9.40 8.00 6.90 6.00 5.10 4.40 3.70 3.2 2.76 2.35 1.99
120.00
Length (ft) 110.00 100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Gauge 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
538C
120.00
Length (ft) 110.00 100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Gauge 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
650.0000
600.0000 Resistance (ohms) 550.0000 500.0000 450.0000 400.0000 350.0000 300.0000 250.0000 200.0000 150.0000 100.0000 50.0000 0.0000 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Gauge Size 205C 316C 427C 538C
Length (m(
RECOMMENDATIONS (WEEK 7)
The design with only wall heating is complicated in a sense of physical setup constrain For heating purpose, more reliable and higher heat transfer system may be design
Internal Fin type heat exchanger may be design with NiChrome Wire heater
From the NiChrome Wire Properties, 30 gauge wire with 316C heating can be recommended for design Further study required for designing other type of heat exchanger
5 ft
400/-
600/300/60/85/- per kg
1 1 5
600/300/300/-
Specimen Holder Plastic Pipe To flow shield cooling water Steel Sheet 28 gauge For thermal shield 15/- per feet
2 x 2 sq. feet
560/-
Wood Structure
Thermocouple Measuring Plate
Size
8 ~ 18
12 12 8 8 12
Wattage Rating
400W ~ 3000W
2000W 1200W 400W 600W 500W
Unit Price
200/- ~ 1200/450/350/250/400/350/4 feet 400/-
CALCULATION (CONTINUED)
Initial Condition:
205C
Correlation: Nu=0.37 Re^0.8 for 17 < Re < 70000 McAdams, W. H., Heat Transmission, 3rd ed., New York, McGraw-Hill, 1954
CALCULATION (CONTINUED)
CALCULATION (CONTINUED)
Initial Condition:
[Zukauskas, A., Heat Transfer from Tubes in Cross Flow, Adv. Heat Transfer, vol 8, pp 93-160, 1972]
Temperature Increased per Stage: 20.2C
WEEK 8 COMMENTS
The calculation shows better heating can be achieved with this type of arrangement. Further calculation on the same arrangement but different configuration was recommended. Final design was encouraged to submit within the next week.
Simulating using CFD module was planned for the final design.
WEEK 9
Provisional Advanced Bill was submitted for sanction Extended Abstract was submitted for participating in the ICME 2011
WEEK 10
SIMULATION OF THE TESTING EQUIPMENT DESIGNED WITH ADIABATIC WALL CONDITION
DESIGN CHECK 2
DESIGN CHECK 3
WEEK 10 COMMENTS
The simulation showed a major drawback in the design that - the surface temperature increased tremendously at the end of the tube - the temperature attained using fixed heat transfer is not perfectly correct due to the physical constrain and the nature of heat transfer in the air Further modification was recommended by using baffle or extended chamber
WEEK 11 REDESIGN
REDESIGN (CONTINUED)
REDESIGN (CONTINUED)
REDESIGN COMMENTS
Temperature of the air attained is about 110C - which is required for the testing of fabric But the surface temperature of the Fin/Tube Heater is maximum about 2437C at some places - which will cause the heater to melt or break away before it reaches that high temperature Modification is recommended for the design
FINAL DESIGN
SPECIMEN HOLDER
COMMENTS
Air Temperature Expected: 120C Maximum Surface Temperature of Heater: 630C Jet Velocity Expected: 74 m/s
CONSTRUCTION (CONTINUED)
(a) After establishing the structure, the data acquisition system will be assembled with it.
(b) Then the calibration of testing equipment will be done. 2. Experiment on flame resistant fabric: Testing upon fabric will be performed by hot air jet impingement. 3. Calculation on the experimental value
Calculation on the experimental value and later comparison on the result will be done .
Further study will be done on steam and a comparative study will be presented on steam impingement technique.
The previous research on flame impingement shows that the significant difference between the air impingement and steam impingement. The momentum effect of steam is more acute than air. Further, the condensation occurs in the stagnation point will cause more heat flux upon the fabric material. Some recommendations will be presented on steam modeling and experimental constrained. The effect of steam exposures can also be studied because in many cases, the steam exposure may causes accident during working and emergency situation.
PREPARED BY AASHIQUE ALAM REZWAN (06 10 012) IN ASSOCIATION WITH SARZINA HOSSAIN (06 10 063)
SPECIAL THANKS FOR CONSTRUCTION WORK OF THE SETUP