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I t d ti t W ll T ti IntroductiontoWellTesting
esc pt o o a e est DescriptionofaWellTest WellTestobjectives Informationobtainedfromwelltesting g
D i ti f W ll T t DescriptionofaWellTest
g p Duringawelltest,atransient p pressureresponseis createdbyatemporarychangeinproductionrate(1).
Rate e,q drawdown Pi Pressure,P buildup
Time,t
Th ll i ll i dd i Thewellresponseisusuallymonitoredduringa relativelyshortperiodoftimecomparedtothelifeof p g p j thereservoir,dependinguponthetestobjectives. Forwellevaluation,testsarefrequentlyachievedinless thantwodays. Inthecaseofreservoirlimittesting,severalmonthsof I h f i li i i l h f pressuredatamaybeneeded. Inmostcases,theflowrateismeasuredatsurface whilethepressureisrecordeddownhole. Beforeopening,theinitialpressurePiisconstantand uniforminthereservoir. f h Duringtheflowingperiod,thedrawdownpressure responsepisdefinedasfollows:
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011
BU&DDPressureSequence
Whenthewellisshutin,thebuilduppressurechangepis estimatedfromthelastflowingpressurep(t=0):
W ll T t bj ti WellTestobjectives
y p Welltestanalysisprovidesinformationonthereservoir andonthewell. Geological,geophysicalandpetrophysicalinformationis usedwherepossibleinconjunctionwiththewelltest d h ibl i j ti ithth llt t informationtobuildareservoirmodelforpredictionof thefieldbehaviorandfluidrecoveryfordifferent operatingscenarios. Thequalityofthecommunicationbetweenthewelland thereservoirindicatesthepossibilitytoimprovethewell productivity. Usually,thetestobjectivescanbesummarizedasfollows:
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011
Explorationwell: toconfirmtheexplorationhypothesisand toestablishafirstproductionforecast:natureandtherateof producedfluids,initialpressureandwellandreservoir properties(DST DrillStemTesting) properties(DST Appraisalwell: toconfirmthewellproductivity,reservoir heterogeneitiesandboundaries,drivemechanisms.Bottom holefluidsamplesaretakenforPVTanalysis.Longer holefluidsamplesaretakenforPVTanalysis Longer durationtesting(productiontesting)isusuallycarriedout. Developmentwell: periodicteststoadjustthereservoir descriptionandtoevaluatetheneedforwelltreatment,such d i ti dt l t th df llt t t h asworkover,perforationstrategyorcompletiondesign,to maximizethewell'sproductionlife.Communication betweenwells(interferencetesting),monitoringofthe b ll (i f i ) i i f h averagereservoirpressurearesomeusualobjectivesof developmentwelltesting.
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011
InformationObtainedfromWellTesting
Welltestresponsescharacterizetheabilityofthefluidflowthrough thereservoirandtothewell.Testprovideadescriptionofthe reservoirindynamicconditions,asopposedtogeologicalandlog data.Astheinvestigatedreservoirvolumeisrelativelylarge,the estimatedparametersareaveragevalues.Frompressurecurve i d l F analysis,itispossibletodeterminethefollowingproperties(1): Reservoirdescription
Permeability(horizontalandvertical) Reservoirheterogeneities(naturalfractures,layering,changeof characteristics) Boundaries(distance,sizeandshape), Pressures(initialp;andaveragep).
Welldescription
Productionpotential(productivityindexPIandskinfactorS) WellGeometry
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011
Testprocedure p
Drawdowntest:theflowingbottomholepressureisused foranalysis.Ideally,thewellshouldbeproducingat constantratebutinpractice,thisisdifficulttoachieve b i i hi i diffi l hi anddrawdownpressuredataiserratic. Theanalysisofflowingperiods(drawdown)isfrequently difficultandinaccurate. Builduptest:theincreaseofbottomholepressureafter shutinisusedforanalysis.Beforethebuilduptest,the h i i df l i B f h b ild h wellmusthavebeenflowinglongenoughtoreach stabilizedrate.Duringshut inperiods,theflowrateis stabilizedrate.Duringshutinperiods,theflowrateis accuratelycontrolled(zero). Itisforthisreasonbuilduptestsshouldbeperformed.
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011
Injectiontest/fallofftest:whenfluidisinjectedintothe Injectiontest/fall offtest:whenfluidisinjectedintothe reservoir,thebottomholepressureincreasesand,after shutin,itdropsduringthefalloffperiod.Theproperties oftheinjectedfluidareingeneraldifferentfromthatof fth i j t dfl id i ldiff tf th t f thereservoirfluid,interpretationofinjectionandfalloff testsrequiresmoreattentiontodetailthanforproducers. Interferencetestandpulsetesting:thebottomhole pressureismonitoredinashutinobservationwellsome distanceawayfromtheproducer.Interferencetestsare distanceawayfromtheproducer Interferencetestsare designedtoevaluatecommunicationbetweenwells.With pulsetests,theactivewellisproducedwithaseriesof shortflow/shutinperiodsandtheresultingpressure h fl h d d h l oscillationsintheobservationwellareanalyzed.
G ll Gaswelltest:specifictestingmethodsareusedtoevaluatethe
deliverabilityofgaswells(AbsoluteOpenFlowPotential,AOFP)andthe possibilityofnonDarcyflowcondition(ratedependentskinfactorS). TheusualproceduresareBackPressuretest (FlowafterFlow),IsochronalandModifiedIsochronaltests. InthefollowingFigure,thetypicaltestsequenceofanexplorationoil wellispresented. Initially,thewelliscleanedupbyproducingatdifferentrates,untilthe fluidproducedatsurfacecorrespondstothereservoirfluid. Thewellisthenshutintorunthedownholepressuregauges,and reopenedforthemainflow.Theflowrateiscontrolledbyproducing throughacalibratedorificeonthechokemanifold.Severalchoke diametersarefrequentlyused,untilstabilizedflowingconditionsare reached. Aftersomeflowtimeataconstantrate,thewellisshut inforthefinal Aftersomeflowtimeataconstantrate,thewellisshutinforthefinal builduptest.
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011
Typicaltestsequence
Inputdatarequiredforwelltestanalysis
Testdata:flowrateandbottomholepressureasafunctionof
time.Thetestsequenceofeventsmustbedetailed,including time Thetestsequenceofeventsmustbedetailed including anyoperationalproblemsthatmayaffectthewellresponse. Resultsofanalysisaredependentupontheaccuracyof thewelltestdata. Whentheproductionratehasnotbeenmeasuredduringsome flowperiods,itmustbeaccuratelyestimated. flowperiods itmustbeaccuratelyestimated
Welldata:wellboreradiusrw wellgeometry(suchasinclined
orhorizontalwell),depths(formation,gauges).
Theabovereservoirandfluidparametersareusedforcalculationof theresults;usinginterpretationmodel.Afterafirstinterpretation, theresults;usinginterpretationmodel Afterafirstinterpretation theymayalwaysbechangedoradjustedifneededtorefinethe results,forthesametheoreticalinterpretationmodel. Additionaldatacanbeusefulinsomecases:productionlog,gradient dd ld b f l d l d surveys,reservoirtemperature,bubblepointpressureetc.General informationobtainedfromgeologistandgeophysicistsare requiredtovalidatethewelltestinterpretationresults.
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011
Typesofflowbehavior
Thedifferentflowbehaviorsareusuallyclassifiedintermsof rateofchangeofpressurewithrespecttotime. f h f h
1Steadystate
Duringsteadystateflow,thepressuredoesnotchangewith Duringsteady stateflow thepressuredoesnotchangewith time.Thisisobservedforexamplewhenaconstantpressure effect,suchasresultingfromagascaporsometypesofwater drive,ensuresapressuremaintenanceintheproducing drive ensuresapressuremaintenanceintheproducing formation.
2Pseudosteadystate
Thepseudosteadystateregimecharacterizesaclosedsystemresponse. Thepseudosteadystateregimecharacterizesaclosedsystemresponse
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011
3Transientstate
Transientresponsesareobservedbeforeconstantpressureor closedboundaryeffectsarereached. Thepressurevariationwithtimeisafunctionofthewell Th i ti ithti i f ti fth ll geometryandthereservoirproperties,suchaspermeability andheterogeneity. g y
P =0 t i
ThisequationstatesthattherateofchangeofpressureP with q g p respecttotimet atanylocationi iszero.Inreservoirthiscondition canonlybeachievedwhenthereservoirissupportedbyastrong aquifer,gascaporpressuremaintainingoperations.
P = constant t i
ThisequationstatesthattherateofchangeofpressureP with q g p respecttotimet atanylocationi isconstant.Thepseudosteady stateregimecharacterizesaclosedsystemresponse.
UnsteadystateFlow (TransientFlow) (T i t Fl )
Unsteadystateflow,alsoknownastransientflow,isobservedbefore constantpressureorclosedboundaryeffectsarereached.The l db d ff h d Th pressurevariationwithtimeisafunctionofthewellgeometryandthe reservoirpropertieslikepermeabilityandheterogeneity. y p Mathematicallythisconditionisexpressedas:
P = f (i, t ) t i
Welltestinterpretationfocusesonthetransientpressureresponse. p p p Nearwellboreconditionsareseenfirstandlater,whenthe drainageareaexpands,thepressureresponseisthecharacteristics ofthereservoirpropertiesuntilboundaryeffectsareseenatlater time(atwhichflowregimechangestopseudosteadystateor steadystate.
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011
P = constant t i
Pseudosteadystateflow
P = f (i, t ) t i
Unsteadystateflow
Time
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011