Lecture 1

Introduction to EC3 Structural analysis, design & Cross section classification
EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures
Faculty of Engineering
Steel Structures EN 1993 -1
Content
Structure of EC3 1-1 Technical terms & General terminology Design checks & Ultimate limit states Global analysis & Design Relation between Global analysis Design Section classification
Introduction to EC3
Structure of EC3 Part 1-1

EC3 Part 1-1 comprises 9 chapters and a number of Appendices

Chapter 1 General Chapter 2 Basis of Design Chapter 3 Materials Chapter 4 Durability Chapter 5 Structural analysis
Chapter 6 Ultimate limit states

Annex may be normative, in which case they have the same status as the chapters of EC3 to which they relate, or informative. Informative annexes are not mandatory but provide useful information.
Technical terms
Outstand Internal Internal Web Web
Outstand Internal
Web
Internal
Flange Rolled I-section
Flange Hollow section
Flange Welded box section
Technical terms
Technical terms
Place of the neutral axis with bending moment
W section modulus S first moment of area I second moment of area
General terminology
A - Action - this is a general term describing loads and other external influences such as temperature effects and imposed deformations which may act upon a structure. E - Effect of actions - this is a general term describing the result of an action on the structure or element (e.g. stresses, deflections, bending moments) R - Resistance - this is a general term to describe the ability of a structure or element to resist the effects of actions (e.g. bending strength and compressive strength) - Partial safety factors - these are factors which account for variability in parameters such as actions and material strength; they also provide for a global margin of safety
Faculty of Engineering Steel Structures EN 1993 -1 9
General terminology
The Eurocodes also makes extensive use of subscripts.
k - characteristic - this describes characteristic or typical values of variables such as actions or material strengths. d - design - this describes the values of variables such as strength or action to be used in the design calculation process; design values are determined from characteristic values modified by appropriate partial safety factors.
Normal symbols may also be used as subscripts, and subscripts are often combined, for example:
Rd Ed design resistance design values of internal force or moment
Subscripts can be arranged in sequence as necessary, separated by a decimal point for example: Npl.Rd design plastic axial resistance.
General terminology
Frame an assembly of structural elements Sub-frame part frame used for analysis
Colum (N) Beam-column (M+N) Beam (M) Joint
11
General terminology
12
General terminology
In-plane buckling Out-of-plane buckling Column buckling (only N) Lateral-torsional Beam-Colum buckling (M+N) buckling (M+N) Restrained beam Unrestrained beam Beam unable to move laterally Beam can move laterally
13
Special terms in EC3

Lengths relating to member stability:
System length: length between lateral restraints/end Buckling length: equivalent pin-ended system length
Lcr =1 L
Lcr = 0, 7 L
Lcr = 0,5 L
Lcr =2 L
14
Special terms in EC3

Type of framing:
JOINT MODELLING BEAM-TO-COLUMN JOINTS MAJOR AXIS BENDING BEAM SPLICES COLUMN BASES
SIMPLE
SEMICONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS
Simple joints do not resist moments Continuous joints assumed to be rigid Semi-continuous connection need explicit consideration in analysis
15
Special terms in EC3 (Joints)

Pinned joint: joints not capable of transmitting significant bending moments Rigid joint: capable of transmitting bending moments Semi-rigid joint: neither pinned nor rigid
Partial strength joint: design resistance less than the connected member
Framing and joints Continuous framing: Simple framing: Semi-continuous framing:
rigid joint pinned joint semi-rigid joint

16
Special terms in EC3 (frames)

Sway frames: insufficient lateral stiffness, therefore horizontal displacements must be accounted for Non-sway frames: sufficient lateral stiffness, so one can ignore forces from horizontal displacements
17
Special terms in EC3 (frames)

Braced frame: sway resisted by a stiff bracing system Unbraced frame: inadequate sway resistance
Braced frame (may be sway if bracing is very flexible)
Unbraced frame (may be non-sway if it is insensitive to horizontal loads)
18
Material properties
Three nominal grades of steel (EN 1993-1-1):
S235 nominal yield strength = 235N/mm2 S275 nominal yield strength = 275N/mm2 S355 nominal yield strength = 355N/mm2
Strengths reduce for 80mm t > 40mm Slightly other strength in EN 10025-2 For all structural steels E = 210 kN/mm2. Special requirements for plastic analysis, fracture toughness, and cold-formed steel
Steel Structures EN 1993 -1 19
Design checks
Design checks depend on type of structure
frames must be checked for:
resistance of cross-sections resistance of members resistance of connections frame stability static equilibrium
tension members need only be checked for

resistance of cross-sections
20
Ultimate Limit State

Check under factored loads Effects on individual elements determined by analysis Elements designed as isolated components Design checks depend on type of member
SLS (Serviceability Limit State): deflection and vibrations
21
Structural analysis, design & Cross section classification
24
Global analysis
Internal forces and corresponding deformations
Elastic analysis
Can practically always be used (with linear load deflection curve; may be combined with plastic calculation of the section)
Plastic analysis
Requirements to material, section class, restrains, joint ductility Only section class 1
25
Global analysis
Elastic analysis Plastic analysis
26
Global analysis
Internal forces and corresponding deformations
1st order theory

(used for non-sway frames or by taking the deformation into account other ways)
2nd order theory

(Equilibrium equations are formulated for the deformed structure, can always be used)
27
Global analysis
First-order analysis done when non-sway frame:
cr 10 cr 15 cr
for elastic analysis for plastic analysis h H , Ed for portal frames with shallow roof slopes
H Fcr = Ed or cr FEd VEd
otherwise it is a sway frame, and Second-order analysis must be done (including imperfections) Usually First-order analysis can be done Steel industrial halls (portal frames) are generally non-sway structures
Design
Calculation of the section
Elastic calculation
Section class 3+4
Plastic calculation
Section class 1+2
29
Design
Elastic
Plastic
Fully plastic
30
Implications for design of the choice of the global analysis

Global analysis: internal forces and deformation ULS: Ultimate Limit State
Shtcinfgbals oi ia ol anys ps to ol a i Sro hef a er fo ft bwn ee te ts as k Ganys lbals ol a i Udinhk L egcc Ss es Spianfgbals i lfci ol anys m to ol a i i
Overall Design Task= Analysis + Design Checks

Implications for design of the choice of the global analysis

The more sophisticated the analysis is, the less design check tasks are required.
With a true 2nd order elastic analysis, the inplane stability check, for the members and for the frame, is no longer needed. Following a true 2nd order elastic-plastic analysis, in addition, cross-section resistance checks may not be necessary.
Overview analysis & design

Global analysis Plastic (P) Elastic (E) Elastic (E)
Faculty of Engineering Steel Structures EN 1993 -1
Design
(Calculation of the section)
Plastic (P) Plastic (P) Elastic (E)

37
Basis of section classification

Some are outstand - flanges of I beams - legs of angles and Tees Rolled or welded sections may be considered as an assembly of individual plate elements Internal Internal Web Web Web Internal
Some are internal - webs of open beams - flanges of boxes Outstand Internal
Outstand

Flange Hollow section

38

Simply supported edge b
Local buckling
(c)
http://www.shf.tugraz.at/elearning.html
L t
Free edge
(a )
(b)
S im p ly s u p p o r t e a ll f o u r e d g e s
39

As the plate elements are relatively thin, when loaded in compression they may buckle locally The tendency of any plate element within the cross section to buckle may limit the axial load carrying capacity, or the bending resistance of the section, by preventing the attainment of yield. Avoidance of premature failure arising from the effects of local buckling may be achieved by limiting the width-to-thickness ratio for individual elements within the cross section.
Outstand Web Internal Web Flange Hollow section Internal Outstand Web Internal Internal


40
Section classification
EC3 defines four classes of cross section. The class into which a particular cross section falls depends upon
slenderness of each element (defined by a width-tothickness ratio) the compressive stress distribution
Classes are defined in terms of performance requirements for resistance of bending moments
41
Class 1 cross sections

Moment
Plastic moment on gross section
fy
M pl
Local Buckling
M Mpl
1
Class 1 crosssections are those which can form a plastic hinge with the required rotational capacity for plastic analysis.
Sufficient
1
rot pl
pl
42

Moment
Plastic moment on gross section
fy
Mpl
Local Buckling
M Mpl
1
Class 2 cross-sections are those which, although able to develop a plastic moment, have limited rotational capacity and are therefore unsuitable for structures designed by plastic analysis.
Limited
pl
43

Moment
Elastic moment on gross section
fy
Mpl
Mel Local Buckling
Class 3 cross-sections are those in which the calculated stress in the extreme compression fibre can reach yield but local buckling prevents the development of the plastic moment resistance.
M Mpl
None
1
pl
44

Moment
Plastic moment on Class 4 cross-sections are those in which local effective section
fy
Mpl
Mel
Local Buckling
M Mpl
buckling limits the moment resistance (or compression resistance for axially loaded members). Explicit allowance for the effects of local buckling is necessary.
None
pl
45
Cross section classification
46
Cross Section classification

Global analysis Plastic (P) Elastic (E) Elastic (E)
Design
(Calculation of the section)
Section Class 1 2 3 (and 4)

47
Plastic (P) Plastic (P) Elastic (E)

a. Webs: (internal elements perpendicular to axis of bending) tf
b. Internal flange elements:
(internal elements parallel to axis of bending)
b
tw Axis of Bending d tw
d
tw
tw
b axis of bending
d = h-3t (t = tf = t w)
tf
tf
tf
tf
Class Stress distribution in element (compression positive)
Web subject to bending + fy d fy _ d/t w < 72 h fy
Web subject to compression + fy d _ d/t w < 33 h
Web subject to bending and compression + fy d d h fy when > 0,5: d/t w < 396/(13 1) _ when < 0,5: d/t w _ 36/ <
Class Stress distribution in element and across section (compression positive)
Type + -
Section in bending fy
Section in compression + fy
- + 1 2 Rolled hollow section Other Rolled hollow section Other (b - 3t f )/ t f b / tf (b - 3t f )/ t f b/tf + fy fy

_ <33 _ <33 _ <38 _ <38
- + (b - 3t f)/ t f b / tf (b - 3t f )/ tf b / tf + fy
_ <42 * _ <42 _ <42 * _ <42
when > 0,5:

2 d/t w < 83 _ _ d/t w < 38 d/t w < 456/(13 1) _ when < 0,5: d/t w < 41,5/ _ +fy d + h fy when > 1: d/t w _ 42/(0,67 + 0,33) < _ when < 1: < d/t w _ 62/(1 ) = 235 / f y fy 235 1 275 0,92 d h
Stress distribution in element (compression positive)
+ fy d/2 h d/2 fy -
+ fy
Stress distribution in element and across section (compression positive)
- + 3 Rolled hollow section Other fy (b - 3t f )/ t f b / tf 235 1

_ <42 _ <42
- + _ (b - 3t f)/ t f <42 * _ <42 b / tf 275 0,92 335 0,81
= 235/ f y
d/t w < 124 _
_ d/t w < 42
* For a cross section in compression with no bending the classification 1,2,3 are irrelevant and hence the limit is the same in each case.
( )
355 0,81
48
c. Outstand flanges:
c tf
c tf tf c tf
d. Angles: Refer also to c. 'Outstand flanges' (Table 6) t
(Does not apply to angles in continuous contact with other components). b
t Class Section in compression + Stress distribution across section (compression positive) fy fy
Rolled sections Class Type of section Flange subject to compression + c
Welded sections Flange subject to compression and bending Tip in Tip in compression tension c c + c c _ c/t f < 10 _ c/t f < 9e _ c/t f < 10 _ 9 c/t f < 11
Stress distribution in element (compression positive)
+ 3 e. Tubular sections:
t
h b+h 15 : 115 , t 2t
Rolled Welded
_ c/t f < 10 < c/t f _ 9
Rolled 2 Welded
_ c/t f < 11 _ c/t f < 10 + c _ c/t f < 15 _ c/t f < 14 235 1
_ c/t f < 11 _ c/t f < 10 + c _ c/t f < 23 k c/t f < 23 k _ 275 0,92
_ c/t f <

Class
c/t f < 10 _
Stress distribution in element (compression positive) Rolled Welded
+ c
1 2 3 fy
2
Section in bending and/or compression d / t 50 2

d / t 70 2 d / t 90 2
For k see figure 2d and table 8 355 0,81
235 1 1
275 0,92 0,85
355 0,81 0,66
= 235/ f y
= 235/ f y
fy
49
Conclusion
No calculation of resistance against local buckling is necessary for class 1-3, only in class 4 local buckling may occur Cross-sections with class 4 elements may be replaced by an effective cross-section Class 4 - taken as the gross section minus holes where the buckles (from local buckling) may occur designed in a similar manner to class 3 sections using elastic cross-sectional resistance limited by yielding in the extreme fibres There will be no further work on local buckling during this course.
50
Working Example
Example 5.1: cross-section classification under combined bending and compression Designers Guide to EN 1993-1-1 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures general rules and rules for buildings
51
Working Example
5.12.15 Example 15 checking a simply supported beam THE BEHAVIOR AND DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES TO EC 3 (Note: m0=1,1 DK NA)
52
Working Example
4.9.2 Example 2 section moment resistance of a Class 3 I-beam THE BEHAVIOR AND DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES TO EC 3 (Note: m0=1,1 DK NA)
53
Working Example
Eksempel 3.7 Bestemmelse af tvrsnittsklasse Stlkonstruktioner efter DS/EN 1993
54
Summary
Structural sections may be considered as an assembly of individual plate elements. Plate elements may be internal or outstand When loaded in compression these plates may buckle locally Local buckling may limit the load carrying capacity of the section by preventing the attainment of yield strength Premature failure due to local buckling may be avoided by limiting the width to thickness ratio - or slenderness of individual elements within the cross section. This is the basis of the section classification approach.
Exercise
To the next lesson, please recall how to calculate:
Moment of intertia Iy and Iz Elastic section modulus Wel,y and Wel,z (also just called Wy and Wz) The elastic stress el=N/A+My/Wy+Mz/Wz for H profile and the stress distribution over the profile
Please do that within your group


Lecture 1

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Lecture 1

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Introduction to EC3 Structural analysis, design & Cross section classification

EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

Structure of EC3 Part 1-1

Chapter 6 Ultimate limit states

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

Outstand Internal Internal Web Web

Flange Rolled I-section

Flange Hollow section

Flange Welded box section

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

Place of the neutral axis with bending moment

W section modulus S first moment of area I second moment of area

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

Special terms in EC3

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

Special terms in EC3

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

Special terms in EC3 (Joints)

Framing and joints Continuous framing: Simple framing: Semi-continuous framing:

rigid joint pinned joint semi-rigid joint

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

Special terms in EC3 (frames)

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

Special terms in EC3 (frames)

Braced frame (may be sway if bracing is very flexible)

Unbraced frame (may be non-sway if it is insensitive to horizontal loads)

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

tension members need only be checked for

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

Ultimate Limit State

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

Structural analysis, design & Cross section classification

EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

1st order theory

2nd order theory

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

H Fcr = Ed or cr FEd VEd

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

Implications for design of the choice of the global analysis

Overall Design Task= Analysis + Design Checks

Implications for design of the choice of the global analysis

Overview analysis & design

Plastic (P) Plastic (P) Elastic (E)

Basis of section classification

Flange Rolled I-section

Flange Hollow section

Flange Welded box section

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

Basis of section classification

Steel Structures EN 1993 -1

Basis of section classification