Responsibility of Quality assurance (QA)

Introduction: Quality assurance (QA) activities include a planed system of review procedures conducted by personal not directly involved in the inventory compilation evelopment process. Reviews, preferably by independent third parties, should be performed up on a finalised inventory following the implementation of QC procedures. Reviews varify thatdata quality objectives were met, ensure that the inventory represents the best possible estimates of emissions and sinks given the current state of scientific knowledge and data available, and support the effectiveness of the QC program. Objectives:
To maximize the probability that minimum standards of quality are being

attained by the production process. To eliminate the faults on the product. To examine the Functional Specifications package and External Design with respect to completeness, accuracy, and compatibility among modules. To ensure that both the Functional Specifications and the External (Human) Interface design adhere to the documentation standards described in the Deliverables Reference Manual and in the Standards and Procedures Manual for the project. The four quality assurance steps:
Plan: Establish objectives and processes required to deliver the desired results. Do: Implement the process developed. Check: Monitor and evaluate the implemented process by testing the results

against the predetermined objectives Act: Apply actions necessary for improvement if the results require changes.
Textile testing & quality control-1 Page 1

Responsibilities: The Project Manager reviews all deliverables to ensure that they are within scope and to ensure that they are meeting the objectives of the contract.
Each Analyst reviews his own work and the work of the other Analysts to ensure

that there is a consistency among all the components of the system.

The Systems Assurance Officer (if one exists for the project, or the Project

Manager) reviews all deliverables to ensure that they are consistent with the project standards and of suitable quality to be released to the Acceptor. Methods of QA for Textile material: An analyst acting as the Data Analyst verifies the contents of the Functional Specifications modules and ensures that the data has been integrated across functional boundaries. The Systems Assurance Officer verifies that the level of detail in the Functional Specifications is consistent among the modules, and that the Module
Documentation File contains the minimum set of documents. Also ensure that the

formats of the Functional Specifications and the External (Human) Interlace adhere to documentation standards. The Team Leader or Project Manager reviews and verifies the Functional Specifications and the External (Human) Interface to ensure that they fit in with other specifications under development, and that the contents are consistent with the overall project objectives specified in the Initiation Report and the Architecture Definition. Such asTextile testing & quality control-1 Page 2

 Yarn twist Testing Washing Fastness Testing Arc Testing

Dial/Analogue Compression Testing Tearing strength Testing

Transference of color testing Button And Snap Pull Testing Lea Strength Testing Fibre Fineness Testing Colour Matching testing Bursting Strength Testing Light Fastness Testing Snap Button Pullout Testing Spray Testing Flammability Testing
Maturity yarn Testing Thermal Stress Testing etc.

In this perspective, now I am going to discuss about Yarn twisting method in detailYarn twist testing is a system by which we can count the twist in the yarn. Different methods are available. In one system consists of a set of clamps, one of which rotating and the other fixed. The rotating clamp is driven by hand through a speed increasing
Textile testing & quality control-1 Page 3

arrangement (by motor in motor operated model) and a five digit reset able revolution counter (digital counter in motor operated) to count the number of twists. Why twist a yarn? Why don't you take a thicker yarn instead of twisting two yarns together? This would not cost as much! A two-fold twisted yarn has, depending on construction, not only approximately 20 per cent more tensile strength and more extension than the two single yarns together, but even more than the equivalent thicker single yarn. The twisted yarn and the fabrics which have been produced out of it, are more even. The twisted yarn, which is made by a normal twist, is more voluminous, that means, the produced fabrics are better covered. With a twisted yarn a softer and pleasant fabric feel will be obtained. Fabrics made of twisted yarns are more durable and resistant to chaffing. With a twisted yarn a higher dimensional stability of the end-product will be achieved. With special twisted yarns a specific effect and character can be achieved. The twisted yarn has better running characteristics in the subsequent processing and allows a higher efficiency rate. A normal twisted yarn produces less curl than a single yarn (reduction of the inner torque).

Objectives of Twist: For Higher twist To increase yarn tenacity and yarn elongation; To produce lean yarns with low hairiness; To improve spinning stability; To obtain a clean-cut fabric appearance; and To improve the shifting resistance of the yarns.

For lower twist To achieve a soft hand in

Page 4

Textile testing & quality control-1

to snarl; and To increase output with the final fabric; To produce bulky and more hairy yarns; To reduce a yarns tendency same rotor speed.

There are two types of yarn twist:

Normal twisted yarn Fancy twists or nub yarn

Normal twisted yarn:

A "normal" twisted yarn (poplin) is made from two single yarns, which are twisted in Z direction. The twisted yarn itself will be twisted in the S direction. The rotation of this twisted yarn is more or less a single yarn twist and the result is, that the fibres will once again lie parallel to the twist axis.

The possibility of variation lies in the amount of the spun fibres as well as in the amount of the twist rotation. The optimum characteristics of the products can be brought out in this way. Stronger twists for weaving mills and softer ones for knitting mills are the general rule. The sewing thread is normally made of three S-twisted single yarns, which are twisted together in the Z direction.

Textile testing & quality control-1 Page 5

A tear-resistant thread with a round transverse section will thus be created. The voile is produced from a spun fibre which is twisted in Z direction. The special thing is, that the twisted yarn is also twisted in the same direction, as the spun fibre (z direction). A hard twisted yarn is the result, with a tendency to curl. The fabric made from it, will be transparent, robust in grip. Curtains were often produced from it years ago. To get a higher transparency and also to produce luminous colours the finished twisted yarn has to be gassed. This means that the fibres which stick out are burnt off.

Very highly twisted yarns are called crepe

twists.

Fancy twists or nub yarn: Fancy twists or nub yarns are twisted yarns which are made from different kinds of components such as nub, loop and other effects and are produced on special machines. Special constructions are multiple and multi stage twisted yarns, which are in praxis of little consequence due to the price factor.
Textile testing & quality control-1 Page 6

Manufacture: The twisting and post treatment takes place in several stages. First two (or more) threads on a doubling bobbin come together.

Doubling

This operation can also be made on the twisting machine, where the twisted yarn is very coarse. After that the actual twisting process follows by twisting two (or more) threads together.

Twisting

To produce more gloss and to avoid pilling, the fibres, which protrude after the twisting process, can be burnt off.

Textile testing & quality control-1 Page 7

Gassing Finally you can wind the package to remove the dust, to apply wax or just to get the required package format. A specialty of the company RUOSS-KISTLER AG is the combination of the doubling and gassing processes. With this combination it is possible to get an almost dust free twisted yarn.

Process:
In the area of cotton yarns there are three main types of twisting processes. 1. Two-for-one twisting 2. Terrace twisting / Tritec) 3. Ring twisting Two-for-one twisting is the most common twisting process in our field. In this process the twisted yarn gets two ply twists with just one spindle turn.

Textile testing & quality control-1 Page 8

Fig: Two-for-one spindle

Fig: Two-for-one twisting machine back to process

The process of terrace twisting or tritec is mostly employed in the coarse counts and is used in special areas.

Tritec-Spindle

Textile testing & quality control-1 Page 9

The ring twisting process is still only meaningful for nub yarn production. It would be very profitable, but for quality reasons (too many knots in the twisted yarn) hardly used any more. Had a way been found to replace the knots with a perfect twisting connection (splice), a renaissance of the ring twisting machine would not be impossible. Preparation of yarn samples : Combed cotton yarn samples of 14.8 tex and 9.8 tex were spun using a Lakshmi G 5/1 Ring frame from rovings of 369.1 tex and 246 tex respectively. The yarn samples were produced with different levels of twist (a normal twist level and 10 to 50% higher than a normal twist level). Then each of these yarn samples was ply-twisted in the opposite direction to single-yarn twist at three different ply-twist levels (1/3, 1/2 and 3/4 the single-yarn twist).

Figure 1 . Mechanism of surface fibre trapping between Yarn twists Tester: Yarn twist is tested by the tester which is in bellow Hand drive twist tester Power drive twist tester

Hand Drive Twist Tester: Fig: Hand Drive Twist Testing m/c
Textile testing & quality control-1 Page 10

The use of hand drive twist tester is much. This tester is driven by hand. This is a slow process and sometimes it is fail to give accurate result.

Feature of Hand Drive Twist Tester:

Hand driven twist tester is suitable to test single yarn In "Z" twist at 10 inch

specimen length with variable tension arrangement. It works in the principle of untwist and retwist.
Test results are obtained by the help of precise

mechanical counter.

Power drive twists tester: The types of power drive twist tester is given bellow
Double Yarn Twist Testing

Electronic Twist Testing Torsion Twist Testing Microprocessor Twist Testing Double Yarn Twist Tester: Double Yarn Twist Tester is used to check the twist in yarn. It is used to determine the twist per inch/cm in double or plied yarns. Our Double Yarn Twist Tester widely finds its applications in various textile industrial sectors. These double yarn twist tester are widely available in various specifications and dimensions.

Textile testing & quality control-1 Page 11

Feature of Double Yarn Twist Tester: Ergonomically latest design with modern aesthetics. Smooth precision-engineered mechanism. Fig: Double Yarn Twist Testing m/c

With analogy re-settable twist counter.

Complete with all accessories along with proper tension device. Supplied with calibration & inspection certificates.

Specification of Double Yarn Twist Tester: Test length Counter Overall Dimension of the units Weight of Machine : 50 mm, 100 mm, 150 mm & 200mm : Five digit revolution counters to give twist directly and Z twist by subtracting from 100,000 : 350mm (L), 100mm (W), 100mm (H). : 1.260 Kg

Working Procedure: Double Twist Tester for yarns consists of a set of clamps; one of which is rotating and the other fixed. The rotating clamp is driven by hand through a speed increasing arrangement and a five-digit re-settable revolution counter to count the number of twists. The fixed clamp has a knob by which yarn is clamp. Applied the require Tension to the yarn. The fixed clamp assembly can be moved over a guide bar for setting the required test length of yarn. The Test Length is indicated on a strip scale fixed to the base against a pointer attached to the moving assembly.
Textile testing & quality control-1 Page 12

The various components are fixed on a rigid cast iron base. The unit is nicely finished and all parts are bright chrome plated to give a corrosion resistant finish.

Electronic Twist Tester: Determining optimum twist can have a critical effect on the physical characteristics of yarns. Yarns with a low twist count are capable or producing a yarn with increased softness for knitting and warmth. Increasing twist count can provide additional tensile strength. However, maximum tensile strength can decrease if the twist angle is greater than the desired amount. The model Electronic Twist Tester meets applicable International Standards for measuring both the untwist/retwist method and yarn twist method by direct rotational counting. In addition the software reports sample statistics including average, standard deviation, maximum and minimum. Result data can also be printed or sent to a PC. Electronic Twist Tester is a motorized unit consisting of two clamps. One clamp is adjustable for varying sample length before and during a test and a second clamp is rotated in either direction to measure counts. Feature of Electronic Twist Tester: Clamp distance is variable from 1 to 50 centimeters. Elongation indicator up to 100 mm with accuracy of 1 mm. Electronic counter with 4 displays. Pre-determined shutoff setting at end of test. Specification of Electronic Twist Tester: Depth: 10 in. (25cm) Fig: Electronic Twist Testing m/c

Textile testing & quality control-1 Page 13

Height: Width: Weight:

8 in. (20cm) 42 in. (106cm) 42bs (19kg)

Working Procedure: The Electronic Twist Tester meets applicable International Standards for measuring both the untwist/retwist method and yarn twist method by direct rotational counting. Instrument software allows the selection of both twist methods, in addition the software reports sample statistics including average, standard deviation, maximum and minimum. Result data can also be printed or sent to a PC.The Electronic Twist Tester is a motorized unit consisting of two clamps. One clamp is adjustable for varying sample length before and during a test and a second clamp is rotated in either direction to measure counts. Torsion Twist Tester:
The Torsion Twist Tester rotates a wire sample about its own center to test the wire for brittleness, inclusions, hidden seams and other flaws. This offers three different types for wire diameters ranging from .010" to .750"(0,2mm to 19mm).

Feature of Torsion Twist Tester:

Programmable counter with automatic forward and/or reverse capability 12 possible twisting programs with memory of the

Fig: Torsion Twist Testing

complete cycle
Includes a digital display and positive holding chucks with replaceable jaws

Interlocked guard to ensure operator safety

Textile testing & quality control-1 Page 14

Working Procedure: The system consists of a set of clamps, one of which rotating and the other fixed and weight. The rotating clamp is driven by hand through a speed increasing arrangement and a five digit reset able revolution counter to count the number of twists. The fixed clamp is pivoted on jewel bearings and carries of a pendulum arm having a sliding weight to give the desired tension to the yarn. The fixed clamp assembly can be moved over a guide bar for setting the required test length of yarn which is indicated on a strip scale fixed to base against a pointer attached to the moving assembly. A viewing plate and a magnifying glass are provided for accurate determination of the end point. A dissecting needle for ascertaining complete removal of twist is supplied as standard accessory with the equipment. The various components are fixed on a rigid base strength and durability. All parts of the instruments are either painted or bright chrome plated to give a corrosion resistant finish and highly aesthetic appearance. Benefits:

Safe, automatic operation Provides consistent output test results Meets ASTM Test Specifications E558 and A930

Application: The Torsion Twist Tester is used whenever wire needs to be tested for brittleness, inclusions, hidden seams and other flaws.

High carbon steel wire Copper and aluminum rod

Microprocessor Twist Tester: Microprocessor twist tester is used to test single yarn, double yarn and open-end yarn. Built in auto program
Textile testing & quality control-1

Fig: Microprocessor Twist Testing

Page 15

Fig to control the test automatically. A special auto multiple Untwist and twist program for open end yarns. Auto Selection to test S and Z twist of yarn with specimen length adjustable from 0 to 20 inch or 0 to 50 cm. Feature of Microprocessor Twist Tester:

Test results contains Individual readings in TPI or TPM, Mean, Standard Deviation and CV% It has the provision to interface printer Results available in display and printout

Calculation of Twist:
Ply twist table (of a twisted yarn) Weaving Knitting T/m 470 540 610 670 720 770 820 860 900 940 980 1'020 1'050 1'090 1'120 T/m tex 440 33.3 x2 510 25.0x2 570 20.0x2 620 16.7x2 670 14.3x2 720 12.5x2 760 11.1x2 800 10.0x2 840 880 910 950 980 1'010 1'040 9.1x2 8.3x2 7.7x2 7.1x2 6.7x2 6.3x2 5.9x2 Weaving T/i 12.7 15.6 18.0 20.1 22.0 23.8 T/m 500 614 709 791 866 937 Knitting T/i 11.7 14.4 16.6 18.6 20.3 21.9 23.5 24.9 26.2 27.5 28.7 29.9 31.0 32.1 33.2 T/m tex 461 29.5x2 567 19.7x2 654 14.8x2 732 11.8x2 799 862 925 980 1031 1083 1130 1177 1220 1264 1307 9.8x2 8.4x2 7.4x2 6.6x2 5.9x2 5.4x2 4.9x2 4.5x2 4.2x2 3.9x2 3.7x2 Page 16

Nm 30/2 40/2 50/2 60/2 70/2 80/2 90/2 100/2 110/2 120/2 130/2 140/2 150/2 160/2 170/2

Ne 20/2 30/2 40/2 50/2 60/2 70/2 80/2 90/2 100/2 110/2 120/2 130/2 140/2 150/2 160/2

25.4 1000 27.0 1063 28.4 1118 29.8 1173 31.1 1224 32.4 1276 33.6 1323 34.8 1370 36.0 1417

Textile testing & quality control-1

180/2 190/2 200/2 210/2 220/2 230/2 240/2 250/2 260/2 270/2 280/2 290/2 300/2

1'150 1'190 1'220 1'250 1'280 1'300 1'330 1'360 1'390 1'410 1'440 1'460 1'490

1'070 1'100 1'130 1'160 1'190 1'210 1'240 1'260 1'290 1'310 1'340 1'360 1'390

5.6x2 5.3x2 5.0x2 4.8x2 4.5x2 4.3x2 4.2x2 4.0x2 3.8x2 3.7x2 3.6x2 3.4x2 3.3x2

170/2 180/2

37.1 1461 38.1 1500

34.2 35.2

1346 1386

3.5x2 3.3x2

Rotation coefficient (alfa): The twist of a doubled yarn depends on the twist number. The rotation coefficient (alfa) determines the hardness of a twisted yarn. The formula for the corresponding numbering-system:

tex-system

Nm

Ne

alfa tex = T * tex

alfa m = T / Nm

alfa e = T / Ne

T = twist rotation per m T = twist rotation per m T = twist rotation per inch tex = Number in tex Nm = metrics twist number Ne = English twist number

Examples of rotation coefficient: soft medium hard alfa tex alfa m alfa e 3100 100 3.25 3800 5700 125 4 6

Conversion: alfa tex = alfa m * 31.6 alfa tex = alfa e * 957

Page 17

180 Numbering system (fineness):

Textile testing & quality control-1

The fineness of cotton yarns can be expressed essentially in three systems. Metric number Nm English number Ne Tex-system

Nm and Ne are length numbers, this means, the fineness will be defined by the length, the result will be a specific weight. Nm declares which length weighs 1kg (for example Nm100: 1kg is 100km long). Ne declares how many times 840 Yards (1 Yard = 0.9144m) makes 1 English pound (0.45359kg) (for example Ne 60: 1 English pound is 60*840=50'400 Yards (=46,08576 km) The official tex-system, which up to now has not really caught on, is a weight numbering system, this means, the fineness is defined by the weight, which a specific length of the yarn has. tex means, how many grams does 1 km of a yarn weigh. (for example 10 tex:1 km weight 10 gr). The twist for weaving and knitting yarns naturally differ, as do the twist for yarns made from different raw materials (see twist customary in mill practice for weaving yarns in Fig. 2 and for knitting yarns in Fig. 3). A yarn twist:

Textile testing & quality control-1 Page 18

* Conversion factor dtex/Macronaire The number of turns inserted in a yarn depends on how long a given length of yarn spends in the rotor. If a yarn is withdrawn from the rotor more rapidly at a given rotor speed, fewer turns can be inserted (by the rotating rotor) in the yarn per unit of time than at a lower take-off speed when the yarn therefore spends more time in the rotor groove:

The specified number of turns for a given yarn is thus inserted, at a given rotor speed, by adjusting the delivery speed. The feed rollers are driven by infinitely adjustable inverters.

Conclusion: As soon as the buyer gives the order to the company, which the product is made according to the above process, the buyer will specially test the product. According to
Textile testing & quality control-1 Page 19

the product testing result, the buyer will investigate either the product has adjusted or rejected. From the discussion, ultimately we can say that this process is called Quality Assurance (QA). Reference:
1. http://pixel.quantserve.com 2. http://www.rieter.com 3. http://it.toolbox.com 4. http://www.wisegeek.com 5. http://www.bravenet.com 6. http://www.ruoss-kistler.ch 7. http://www.statcan.gc.ca 8. http://dmtracking2.alibaba.com

9. From Our teacher Sheet

10. http://www.hjsstudio.com

Textile testing & quality control-1 Page 20